651
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Kaufmann SH, Dorhoi A. Molecular Determinants in Phagocyte-Bacteria Interactions. Immunity 2016; 44:476-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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652
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Zhang X, Zhuchenko O, Kuspa A, Soldati T. Social amoebae trap and kill bacteria by casting DNA nets. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10938. [PMID: 26927887 PMCID: PMC4773522 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular traps (ETs) from neutrophils are reticulated nets of DNA decorated with anti-microbial granules, and are capable of trapping and killing extracellular pathogens. Various phagocytes of mammals and invertebrates produce ETs, however, the evolutionary history of this DNA-based host defence strategy is unclear. Here we report that Sentinel (S) cells of the multicellular slug stage of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum produce ETs upon stimulation with bacteria or lipopolysaccharide in a reactive oxygen species-dependent manner. The production of ETs by S cells requires a Toll/Interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing protein TirA and reactive oxygen species-generating NADPH oxidases. Disruption of these genes results in decreased clearance of bacterial infections. Our results demonstrate that D. discoideum is a powerful model organism to study the evolution and conservation of mechanisms of cell-intrinsic immunity, and suggest that the origin of DNA-based ETs as an innate immune defence predates the emergence of metazoans. Neutrophils secrete net-like structures made of DNA and anti-microbial peptides, which can trap and kill extracellular pathogens. Here, the authors show that such nets are also produced by so-called Sentinel cells in the multicellular slug stage of the social amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhi Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
| | - Olga Zhuchenko
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030-3498, USA
| | - Adam Kuspa
- Verna and Marrs McLean Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030-3498, USA
| | - Thierry Soldati
- Department of Biochemistry, Science II, University of Geneva, Geneva 1211, Switzerland
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653
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Gordon S. Phagocytosis: An Immunobiologic Process. Immunity 2016; 44:463-475. [DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2016.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 352] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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654
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Underhill DM, Pearlman E. Immune Interactions with Pathogenic and Commensal Fungi: A Two-Way Street. Immunity 2016; 43:845-58. [PMID: 26588778 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We are exposed to a wide spectrum of fungi including innocuous environmental organisms, opportunistic pathogens, commensal organisms, and fungi that can actively and explicitly cause disease. Much less is understood about effective host immunity to fungi than is generally known about immunity to bacterial and viral pathogens. Innate and adaptive arms of the immune system are required for effective host defense against Candida, Aspergillus, Cryptococcus, and others, with specific elements of the host response regulating specific types of fungal infections (e.g., mucocutaneous versus systemic). Here we will review themes and controversies that are currently shaping investigation of antifungal immunity (primarily to Candida and Aspergillus) and will also examine the emerging field of the role of fungi in the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Underhill
- F. Widjaja Foundation Inflammatory Bowel & Immunobiology Research Institute, and the Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Institute for Immunology, and the Departments of Ophthalmology, and Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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655
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Parker D, Ahn D, Cohen T, Prince A. Innate Immune Signaling Activated by MDR Bacteria in the Airway. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:19-53. [PMID: 26582515 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Health care-associated bacterial pneumonias due to multiple-drug resistant (MDR) pathogens are an important public health problem and are major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In addition to antimicrobial resistance, these organisms have adapted to the milieu of the human airway and have acquired resistance to the innate immune clearance mechanisms that normally prevent pneumonia. Given the limited efficacy of antibiotics, bacterial clearance from the airway requires an effective immune response. Understanding how specific airway pathogens initiate and regulate innate immune signaling, and whether this response is excessive, leading to host-induced pathology may guide future immunomodulatory therapy. We will focus on three of the most important causes of health care-associated pneumonia, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, and review the mechanisms through which an inappropriate or damaging innate immune response is stimulated, as well as describe how airway pathogens cause persistent infection by evading immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane Parker
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Danielle Ahn
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Taylor Cohen
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Alice Prince
- Departments of Pediatrics and Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, New York
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656
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Huang J, Milton A, Arnold RD, Huang H, Smith F, Panizzi JR, Panizzi P. Methods for measuring myeloperoxidase activity toward assessing inhibitor efficacy in living systems. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 99:541-8. [PMID: 26884610 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0615-256r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloperoxidase aids in clearance of microbes by generation of peroxidase-mediated oxidants that kill leukocyte-engulfed pathogens. In this review, we will examine 1) strategies for in vitro evaluation of myeloperoxidase function and its inhibition, 2) ways to monitor generation of certain oxidant species during inflammation, and 3) how these methods can be used to approximate the total polymorphonuclear neutrophil chemotaxis following insult. Several optical imaging probes are designed to target reactive oxygen and nitrogen species during polymorphonuclear neutrophil inflammatory burst following injury. Here, we review the following 1) the broad effect of myeloperoxidase on normal physiology, 2) the difference between myeloperoxidase and other peroxidases, 3) the current optical probes available for use as surrogates for direct measures of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants, and 4) the range of preclinical options for imaging myeloperoxidase accumulation at sites of inflammation in mice. We also stress the advantages and drawbacks of each of these methods, the pharmacokinetic considerations that may limit probe use to strictly cell cultures for some reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, rather than in vivo utility as indicators of myeloperoxidase function. Taken together, our review should shed light on the fundamental rational behind these techniques for measuring myeloperoxidase activity and polymorphonuclear neutrophil response after injury toward developing safe myeloperoxidase inhibitors as potential therapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and rheumatoid arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiansheng Huang
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Amber Milton
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert D Arnold
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Hui Huang
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Forrest Smith
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Jennifer R Panizzi
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Peter Panizzi
- *Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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657
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Christo SN, Diener KR, Manavis J, Grimbaldeston MA, Bachhuka A, Vasilev K, Hayball JD. Inflammasome components ASC and AIM2 modulate the acute phase of biomaterial implant-induced foreign body responses. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20635. [PMID: 26860464 PMCID: PMC4748295 DOI: 10.1038/srep20635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Detailing the inflammatory mechanisms of biomaterial-implant induced foreign body responses (FBR) has implications for revealing targetable pathways that may reduce leukocyte activation and fibrotic encapsulation of the implant. We have adapted a model of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) bead injection to perform an assessment of the mechanistic role of the ASC-dependent inflammasome in this process. We first demonstrate that ASC−/− mice subjected to PMMA bead injections had reduced cell infiltration and altered collagen deposition, suggesting a role for the inflammasome in the FBR. We next investigated the NLRP3 and AIM2 sensors because of their known contributions in recognising damaged and apoptotic cells. We found that NLRP3 was dispensable for the fibrotic encapsulation; however AIM2 expression influenced leukocyte infiltration and controlled collagen deposition, suggesting a previously unexplored link between AIM2 and biomaterial-induced FBR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan N Christo
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kerrilyn R Diener
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Jim Manavis
- Centre for Neurological Diseases, SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Michele A Grimbaldeston
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Akash Bachhuka
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Krasimir Vasilev
- Mawson Institute, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia
| | - John D Hayball
- Experimental Therapeutics Laboratory, Sansom Institute and Hanson Institute, School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute, School of Paediatrics and Reproductive Health, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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658
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Nel JG, Theron AJ, Pool R, Durandt C, Tintinger GR, Anderson R. Neutrophil extracellular traps and their role in health and disease. S AFR J SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.17159/sajs.2016/20150072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract The human innate immune system is indispensable for protection against potentially invasive microbial and viral pathogens, either neutralising them or containing their spread until effective mobilisation of the slower, adaptive (specific), immune response. Until fairly recently, it was believed that the human innate immune system possessed minimal discriminatory activity in the setting of a rather limited range of microbicidal or virucidal mechanisms. However, recent discoveries have revealed that the innate immune system possesses an array of novel pathogen recognition mechanisms, as well as a resourceful and effective alternative mechanism of phagocyte (predominantly neutrophil)-mediated, anti-infective activity known as NETosis. The process of NETosis involves an unusual type of programmed, purposeful cell death, resulting in the extracellular release of a web of chromatin heavily impregnated with antimicrobial proteins. These structures, known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), immobilise and contribute to the eradication of microbial pathogens, ensuring that the anti-infective potential of neutrophils is sustained beyond the lifespan of these cells. The current review is focused on the mechanisms of NETosis and the role of this process in host defence. Other topics reviewed include the potential threats to human health posed by poorly controlled, excessive formation of NETs, specifically in relation to development of autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, as well as exacerbation of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders of the airways.
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659
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Teoh F, Pavelka N. How Chemotherapy Increases the Risk of Systemic Candidiasis in Cancer Patients: Current Paradigm and Future Directions. Pathogens 2016; 5:pathogens5010006. [PMID: 26784236 PMCID: PMC4810127 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens5010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is a fungal commensal and a major colonizer of the human skin, as well as of the gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts. It is also one of the leading causes of opportunistic microbial infections in cancer patients, often presenting in a life-threatening, systemic form. Increased susceptibility to such infections in cancer patients is attributed primarily to chemotherapy-induced depression of innate immune cells and weakened epithelial barriers, which are the body’s first-line defenses against fungal infections. Moreover, classical chemotherapeutic agents also have a detrimental effect on components of the adaptive immune system, which further play important roles in the antifungal response. In this review, we discuss the current paradigm regarding the mechanisms behind the increased risk of systemic candidiasis in cancer patients. We also highlight some recent findings, which suggest that chemotherapy may have more extensive effects beyond the human host, in particular towards C. albicans itself and the bacterial microbiota. The extent to which these additional effects contribute towards the development of candidiasis in chemotherapy-treated patients remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flora Teoh
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
| | - Norman Pavelka
- Singapore Immunology Network, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 8A Biomedical Grove, Immunos Building, Singapore 138648, Singapore.
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 637551, Singapore.
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660
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Alemán OR, Mora N, Cortes-Vieyra R, Uribe-Querol E, Rosales C. Differential Use of Human Neutrophil Fcγ Receptors for Inducing Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:2908034. [PMID: 27034964 PMCID: PMC4806689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2908034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils (PMN) are the most abundant leukocytes in the blood. PMN migrate from the circulation to sites of infection, where they are responsible for antimicrobial functions. PMN use phagocytosis, degranulation, and formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) to kill microbes. NETs are fibers composed of chromatin and neutrophil-granule proteins. Several pathogens, including bacteria, fungi, and parasites, and also some pharmacological stimuli such as phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) are efficient inducers of NETs. Antigen-antibody complexes are also capable of inducing NET formation. However the particular Fcγ receptor involved in triggering this function is a matter of controversy. In order to provide some insight into what Fcγ receptor is responsible for NET formation, each of the two human Fcγ receptors was stimulated individually by specific monoclonal antibodies and NET formation was evaluated. FcγRIIa cross-linking did not promote NET formation. Cross-linking other receptors such as integrins also did not promote NET formation. In contrast FcγRIIIb cross-linking induced NET formation similarly to PMA stimulation. NET formation was dependent on NADPH-oxidase, PKC, and ERK activation. These data show that cross-linking FcγRIIIb is responsible for NET formation by the human neutrophil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Rafael Alemán
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Nancy Mora
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Ricarda Cortes-Vieyra
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Eileen Uribe-Querol
- División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
| | - Carlos Rosales
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510 México, DF, Mexico
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661
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Abstract
Adult or postprimary tuberculosis (TB) accounts for most TB cases. Its hallmark is pulmonary cavitation, which occurs as a result of necrosis in the lung in individuals with tuberculous pneumonia. Postprimary TB has previously been known to be associated with vascular thrombosis and delayed-type hypersensitivity, but their roles in pulmonary cavitation are unclear. A necrosis-associated extracellular cluster (NEC) refers to a cluster of drug-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis attached to lysed host materials and is proposed to contribute to granulomatous TB. Here we suggest that NECs, perhaps due to big size, produce a distinct host response leading to postprimary TB. We propose that vascular thrombosis and pneumonia arise from NEC and that these processes are promoted by inflammatory cytokines produced from cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity, such as interleukin-17 and gamma interferon, eventually triggering necrosis in the lung and causing cavitation. According to this view, targeting NEC represents a necessary strategy to control adult TB.
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662
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Manda-Handzlik A, Bystrzycka W, Sieczkowska S, Demkow U, Ciepiela O. Antibiotics Modulate the Ability of Neutrophils to Release Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 944:47-52. [PMID: 27826884 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics directly inhibit the growth and kill microorganisms, and many of them have immunomodulatory properties. We investigated the influence of cefotaxime and gentamicin on the release of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) - recently described strategy employed by neutrophils to fight infections. We found that gentamicin inhibits NETs release by human neutrophils, while cefotaxime did not have any impact on this process. The information that antibiotics can modulate NETs release, can be useful in the therapy of infectious diseases in patients suffering from NET-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manda-Handzlik
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland. .,Postgraduate School of Molecular Medicine, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - W Bystrzycka
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - S Sieczkowska
- Student Scientific Group at the Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - U Demkow
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
| | - O Ciepiela
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics and Clinical Immunology of Developmental Age, Warsaw Medical University, 63A Zwirki i Wigury Street, 02-091, Warsaw, Poland
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663
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Rao AN, Kazzaz NM, Knight JS. Do neutrophil extracellular traps contribute to the heightened risk of thrombosis in inflammatory diseases? World J Cardiol 2015; 7:829-842. [PMID: 26730289 PMCID: PMC4691810 DOI: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i12.829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic events, both arterial and venous, are a major health concern worldwide. Further, autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-associated vasculitis, and antiphospholipid syndrome, predispose to thrombosis, and thereby push the risk for these morbid events even higher. In recent years, neutrophils have been identified as important players in both arterial and venous thrombosis. Specifically, chromatin-based structures called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) play a key role in activating the coagulation cascade, recruiting platelets, and serving as scaffolding upon which the thrombus can be assembled. At the same time, neutrophils and NETs are emerging as important mediators of pathogenic inflammation in the aforementioned autoimmune diseases. Here, we first review the general role of NETs in thrombosis. We then posit that exaggerated NET release contributes to the prothrombotic diatheses of systemic lupus erythematosus, ANCA-associated vasculitis, and antiphospholipid syndrome.
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664
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Shishikura K, Horiuchi T, Sakata N, Trinh DA, Shirakawa R, Kimura T, Asada Y, Horiuchi H. Prostaglandin E2 inhibits neutrophil extracellular trap formation through production of cyclic AMP. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:319-31. [PMID: 26505736 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Upon stimulation, neutrophils release their nuclear contents called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), which contain unfolded chromatin and lysosomal enzymes. NETs have been demonstrated to play a critical role in host defence, although the role of PGE2 , a bioactive substance generated in inflammatory tissues, in the formation of NETs remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of PGE2 , agonists and antagonists of its receptors, and modulators of the cAMP-PKA pathway on the formation of NETs were examined in vitro in isolated neutrophils and in vivo in a newly established mouse model. KEY RESULTS PGE2 inhibited PMA-induced NET formation in vitro through EP2 and EP4 Gαs-coupled receptors. Incubation with a cell-permeable cAMP analogue, dibutyryl cAMP, or various inhibitors of a cAMP-degrading enzyme, PDE, also suppressed NET formation. In the assay established here, where an agarose gel was s.c. implanted in mice and NET formation was detected on the surface of the gel, the extent of the NET formed was inhibited in agarose gels containing rolipram, a PDE4 inhibitor, and butaprost, an EP2 receptor agonist. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS PGE2 inhibits NET formation through the production of cAMP. These findings will contribute to the development of novel treatments for NETosis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyosuke Shishikura
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takahiro Horiuchi
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Natsumi Sakata
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Duc-Anh Trinh
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Department of Oral Cancer Therapeutics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Shirakawa
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kimura
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yujiro Asada
- The Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Hisanori Horiuchi
- The Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,The Department of Oral Cancer Therapeutics, Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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665
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Stephan A, Fabri M. The NET, the trap and the pathogen: neutrophil extracellular traps in cutaneous immunity. Exp Dermatol 2015; 24:161-6. [PMID: 25421224 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), large chromatin structures casted with various proteins, are externalized by neutrophils upon induction by both self- and non-self-stimuli. It has become clear that NETs are potent triggers of inflammation in autoimmune skin diseases. Moreover, the ability of NETs to trap pathogens suggests a crucial role in innate host defense. However, the outcome of the encounter between pathogens and NETs remains highly controversial. Here, we discuss recent insights into the morphology and formation of NETs, their role in skin inflammation and how NETs might contribute to host protection in skin infection.
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666
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Muñoz-Caro T, Rubio R MC, Silva LMR, Magdowski G, Gärtner U, McNeilly TN, Taubert A, Hermosilla C. Leucocyte-derived extracellular trap formation significantly contributes to Haemonchus contortus larval entrapment. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:607. [PMID: 26610335 PMCID: PMC4661960 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1219-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) and eosinophil extracellular trap (ETs) formation has recently been described as an important host effector mechanism against invading pathogens. So far, scarce evidence on metazoan-triggered ET formation has been published. We here describe for the first time Haemonchus contortus-triggered ETs being released by bovine PMN and ovine eosinophils in response to ensheathed and exsheathed third stage larvae (L3). METHODS The visualization of ETs was achieved by SEM analysis. The identification of classical ETs components was performed via fluorescence microscopy analysis. The effect of larval exsheathment and parasite integrity on ET formation was evaluated via Pico Green®- fluorescence intensities. ETs formation under acidic conditions was assessed by using media of different pH ranges. Parasite entrapment was evaluated microscopically after co-culture of PMN and L3. ET inhibition experiments were performed using inhibitors against NADPH oxidase, NE and MPO. Eosinophil-derived ETs were estimated via fluorescence microscopy analysis. RESULTS L3 significantly induced PMN-mediated ETs and significant parasite entrapment through ETs structures was rapidly observed after 60 min of PMN and L3 co-culture. Co-localization studies of PMN-derived extracellular DNA with histones (H3), neutrophil elastase (NE) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in parasite-entrapping structures confirmed the classical characteristics of ETs. Haemonchus contortus-triggered ETs were significantly diminished by NADPH oxidase-, NE- and MPO-inhibition. Interestingly, different forms of ETs, i.e. aggregated (aggETs), spread (sprETs) and diffused (diffETs) ETs, were induced by L3. AggETs and sprETs firmly ensnared larvae in a time dependent manner. Significantly stronger aggETs reactions were detected upon exposure of PMN to ensheathed larvae than to exsheathed ones. Low pH conditions as are present in the abomasum did not block ETosis and led to a moderate decrease of ETs. Eosinophil-ETs were identified extruding DNA via fluorescence staining. CONCLUSION We postulate that ETs may limit the establishment of H. contortus within the definitive host by immobilizing the larvae and hampering them from migrating into the site of infection. Consequently, H. contortus-mediated ET formation might have an impact on the outcome of the disease. Finally, besides PMN-triggered ETs, we here present first indications of ETs being released by eosinophils upon H. contortus L3 exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Muñoz-Caro
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Mario C Rubio R
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechny, Autonomous University of Sinaloa, Culiacán, Mexico.
| | - Liliana M R Silva
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Gerd Magdowski
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Gärtner
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Anja Taubert
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Carlos Hermosilla
- Institute of Parasitology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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667
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Sphingolipids as Regulators of the Phagocytic Response to Fungal Infections. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:640540. [PMID: 26688618 PMCID: PMC4673356 DOI: 10.1155/2015/640540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal infections pose a significant risk for the increasing population of individuals who are immunocompromised. Phagocytes play an important role in immune defense against fungal pathogens, but the interactions between host and fungi are still not well understood. Sphingolipids have been shown to play an important role in many cell functions, including the function of phagocytes. In this review, we discuss major findings that relate to the importance of sphingolipids in macrophage and neutrophil function and the role of macrophages and neutrophils in the most common types of fungal infections, as well as studies that have linked these three concepts to show the importance of sphingolipid signaling in immune response to fungal infections.
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668
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Chen GY, Li Z, Theile CS, Bardhan NM, Kumar PV, Duarte JN, Maruyama T, Rashidfarrokh A, Belcher AM, Ploegh HL. Graphene Oxide Nanosheets Modified with Single-Domain Antibodies for Rapid and Efficient Capture of Cells. Chemistry 2015; 21:17178-83. [PMID: 26472062 PMCID: PMC4715744 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral blood can provide valuable information on an individual's immune status. Cell-based assays typically target leukocytes and their products. Characterization of leukocytes from whole blood requires their separation from the far more numerous red blood cells.1 Current methods to classify leukocytes, such as recovery on antibody-coated beads or fluorescence-activated cell sorting require long sample preparation times and relatively large sample volumes.2 A simple method that enables the characterization of cells from a small peripheral whole blood sample could overcome limitations of current analytical techniques. We describe the development of a simple graphene oxide surface coated with single-domain antibody fragments. This format allows quick and efficient capture of distinct WBC subpopulations from small samples (∼30 μL) of whole blood in a geometry that does not require any specialized equipment such as cell sorters or microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Yu Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142 (USA)
- Present address: Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 30010 (Taiwan)
| | - Zeyang Li
- Department of Chemistry, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | | | - Neelkanth M Bardhan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Priyank V Kumar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Joao N Duarte
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142 (USA)
| | - Takeshi Maruyama
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142 (USA)
| | - Ali Rashidfarrokh
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142 (USA)
| | - Angela M Belcher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Biological Engineering, The David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139 (USA)
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Department of Biology, Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142 (USA).
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669
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Clark HL, Jhingran A, Sun Y, Vareechon C, de Jesus Carrion S, Skaar EP, Chazin WJ, Calera JA, Hohl TM, Pearlman E. Zinc and Manganese Chelation by Neutrophil S100A8/A9 (Calprotectin) Limits Extracellular Aspergillus fumigatus Hyphal Growth and Corneal Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 196:336-44. [PMID: 26582948 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Calprotectin, a heterodimer of S100A8 and S100A9, is an abundant neutrophil protein that possesses antimicrobial activity primarily because of its ability to chelate zinc and manganese. In the current study, we showed that neutrophils from calprotectin-deficient S100A9(-/-) mice have an impaired ability to inhibit Aspergillus fumigatus hyphal growth in vitro and in infected corneas in a murine model of fungal keratitis; however, the ability to inhibit hyphal growth was restored in S100A9(-/-) mice by injecting recombinant calprotectin. Furthermore, using recombinant calprotectin with mutations in either the Zn and Mn binding sites or the Mn binding site alone, we show that both zinc and manganese binding are necessary for calprotectin's antihyphal activity. In contrast to hyphae, we found no role for neutrophil calprotectin in uptake or killing of intracellular A. fumigatus conidia either in vitro or in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis. We also found that an A. fumigatus ∆zafA mutant, which demonstrates deficient zinc transport, exhibits impaired growth in infected corneas and following incubation with neutrophils or calprotectin in vitro as compared with wild-type. Collectively, these studies demonstrate a novel stage-specific susceptibility of A. fumigatus to zinc and manganese chelation by neutrophil-derived calprotectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather L Clark
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Anupam Jhingran
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Chairut Vareechon
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Steven de Jesus Carrion
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Eric P Skaar
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212
| | - Walter J Chazin
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; Center for Structural Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232; and
| | - José Antonio Calera
- Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica, Centro Mixto del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas y Universidad de Salamanca, 37002 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Tobias M Hohl
- Infectious Disease Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065
| | - Eric Pearlman
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697;
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671
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Abstract
What causes slow wound healing rates in diabetes is poorly understood. Wong et al. (2015) report that an increase in the deployment of neutrophil extracellular traps associated with hyperglycemia slows down wound healing.
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672
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Moreno-Altamirano MMB, Rodríguez-Espinosa O, Rojas-Espinosa O, Pliego-Rivero B, Sánchez-García FJ. Dengue Virus Serotype-2 Interferes with the Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps. Intervirology 2015; 58:250-9. [PMID: 26496355 DOI: 10.1159/000440723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Neutrophils play an important role in the control of pathogens through several mechanisms, including phagocytosis and the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The latter consists of DNA as a backbone with embedded antimicrobial peptides, histones, and proteases, providing a matrix to entrap and in some cases to kill microbes. Some metabolic requirements for NET formation have recently been described. The virus-induced formation of NETs and the role of these traps in viral infections remain scarcely reported. Here, we analyzed whether dengue virus serotype-2 (DENV-2) induces NET formation and the DENV-2 effect on phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced NETs. METHODS Peripheral blood-derived neutrophils were exposed in vitro to DENV-2 or exposed to DENV-2 and then stimulated with PMA. NET formation was assessed by fluorescence microscopy. Cell membrane Glut-1, glucose uptake, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production were assessed. RESULTS DENV-2 does not induce the formation of NETs. Moreover, DENV-2 inhibits PMA-induced formation of NETs by about 80%. This effect is not related to the production of ROS. The mechanism seemingly accountable for this inhibitory effect is the DENV-2-mediated inhibition of PMA-induced glucose uptake by neutrophils. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that DENV-2 inhibits glucose uptake as a metabolism-based way to avoid the formation of NETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Maximina B Moreno-Altamirano
- Laboratorio de Inmunorregulacix00F3;n, Departamento de Inmunologx00ED;a, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biolx00F3;gicas, Instituto Politx00E9;cnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
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673
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White PC, Chicca IJ, Cooper PR, Milward MR, Chapple ILC. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Periodontitis: A Web of Intrigue. J Dent Res 2015; 95:26-34. [PMID: 26442948 DOI: 10.1177/0022034515609097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) represent a novel paradigm in neutrophil-mediated immunity. NETs are believed to constitute a highly conserved antimicrobial strategy comprising decondensed nuclear DNA and associated histones that are extruded into the extracellular space. Associated with the web-like strands of DNA is an array of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which facilitate the extracellular destruction of microorganisms that become entrapped within the NETs. NETs can be released by cells that remain viable or following a unique form of programmed cell death known as NETosis, which is dependent on the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the decondensing of the nuclear DNA catalyzed by peptidyl arginine deiminase-4. NETs are produced in response to a range of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, as well as host-derived mediators. NET release is, however, not without cost, as the concomitant release of cytotoxic molecules can also cause host tissue damage. This is evidenced by a number of immune-mediated diseases, in which excess or dysfunctional NET production, bacterial NET evasion, and decreased NET removal are associated with disease pathogenesis. Periodontitis is the most prevalent infectious-inflammatory disease of humans, characterized by a dysregulated neutrophilic response to specific bacterial species within the subgingival plaque biofilm. Neutrophils are the predominant inflammatory cell involved in periodontitis and have previously been found to exhibit hyperactivity and hyperreactivity in terms of ROS production in chronic periodontitis patients. However, the contribution of ROS-dependent NET formation to periodontal health or disease remains unclear. In this focused review, we discuss the mechanisms, stimuli, and requirements for NET production; the ability of NET-DNA and NET-associated AMPs to entrap and kill pathogens; and the potential immunogenicity of NETs in disease. We also speculate on the potential role of NETs in the pathogenesis of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C White
- Periodontal Research Group & MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Dental School, Birmingham, UK
| | - I J Chicca
- Periodontal Research Group & MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Dental School, Birmingham, UK Imagen Biotech Ltd, Alderley Edge, Cheshire, UK
| | - P R Cooper
- Periodontal Research Group & MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Dental School, Birmingham, UK
| | - M R Milward
- Periodontal Research Group & MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Dental School, Birmingham, UK
| | - I L C Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group & MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Birmingham Dental School, Birmingham, UK
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674
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Netea MG, Joosten LAB, van der Meer JWM, Kullberg BJ, van de Veerdonk FL. Immune defence against Candida fungal infections. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 15:630-42. [DOI: 10.1038/nri3897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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675
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Participation of dectin-1 receptor on NETs release against Paracoccidioides brasiliensis: Role on extracellular killing. Immunobiology 2015; 221:228-35. [PMID: 26416210 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Paracoccidioides brasiliensis is a dimorphic fungus from the Paracoccidioides genus, which is the causative agent of paracoccidioidomycosis, a chronic, subacute or acute mycosis, with visceral and cutaneous involvement. This disease that is acquired through inhalation primarily attacks the lungs but, can spread to other organs. Phagocytic cells as neutrophils play an important role during innate immune response against this fungus, but studies on antifungal activities of these cells are scarce. In addition to their ability to eliminate pathogens by phagocytosis and antimicrobial secretions, neutrophils can trap and kill microorganisms by release of extracellular structures composed by DNA and antimicrobial proteins, called neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). Here, we provide evidence that P. brasiliensis virulent strain (P. brasiliensis 18) induces NETs release. These structures were well evidenced by scanning electron microscopy, and specific NETs compounds such as histone, elastase and DNA were shown by confocal microscopy. In addition, we have shown that dectin-1 receptor is the main PRR to which fungus binds to induce NETS release. Fungi were ensnared by NETs, denoting the role of these structures in confining the fungus, avoiding dissemination. NETs were also shown to be involved in fungus killing, since fungicidal activity detected before and mainly after neutrophils activation with TNF-α, IFN-γ and GM-CSF was significantly inhibited by cocultures treatment with DNAse.
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676
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Jhunjhunwala S, Aresta-DaSilva S, Tang K, Alvarez D, Webber MJ, Tang BC, Lavin DM, Veiseh O, Doloff JC, Bose S, Vegas A, Ma M, Sahay G, Chiu A, Bader A, Langan E, Siebert S, Li J, Greiner DL, Newburger PE, von Andrian UH, Langer R, Anderson DG. Neutrophil Responses to Sterile Implant Materials. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137550. [PMID: 26355958 PMCID: PMC4565661 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo implantation of sterile materials and devices results in a foreign body immune response leading to fibrosis of implanted material. Neutrophils, one of the first immune cells to be recruited to implantation sites, have been suggested to contribute to the establishment of the inflammatory microenvironment that initiates the fibrotic response. However, the precise numbers and roles of neutrophils in response to implanted devices remains unclear. Using a mouse model of peritoneal microcapsule implantation, we show 30–500 fold increased neutrophil presence in the peritoneal exudates in response to implants. We demonstrate that these neutrophils secrete increased amounts of a variety of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Further, we observe that they participate in the foreign body response through the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) on implant surfaces. Our results provide new insight into neutrophil function during a foreign body response to peritoneal implants which has implications for the development of biologically compatible medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Jhunjhunwala
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Stephanie Aresta-DaSilva
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Katherine Tang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - David Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Matthew J. Webber
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Benjamin C. Tang
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Danya M. Lavin
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Omid Veiseh
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Doloff
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Suman Bose
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Arturo Vegas
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Minglin Ma
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Alan Chiu
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Andrew Bader
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Erin Langan
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Sean Siebert
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
| | - Peter E. Newburger
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, 01605, United States of America
| | - Ulrich H. von Andrian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
| | - Robert Langer
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
| | - Daniel G. Anderson
- David H. Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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677
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Bennike TB, Carlsen TG, Ellingsen T, Bonderup OK, Glerup H, Bøgsted M, Christiansen G, Birkelund S, Stensballe A, Andersen V. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Ulcerative Colitis: A Proteome Analysis of Intestinal Biopsies. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:2052-67. [PMID: 25993694 PMCID: PMC4603666 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of the inflammatory bowel diseases, including ulcerative colitis (UC), remains incompletely explained. We hypothesized that an analysis of the UC colon proteome could reveal novel insights into the disease etiology. METHODS Mucosal colon biopsies were taken by endoscopy from noninflamed tissue of 10 patients with UC and 10 controls. The biopsies were either snap-frozen for protein analysis or prepared for histology. The protein content of the biopsies was characterized by high-throughput gel-free quantitative proteomics, and biopsy histology was analyzed by light microscopy and confocal microscopy. RESULTS We identified and quantified 5711 different proteins with proteomics. The abundance of the proteins calprotectin and lactotransferrin in the tissue correlated with the degree of tissue inflammation as determined by histology. However, fecal calprotectin did not correlate. Forty-six proteins were measured with a statistically significant differences in abundances between the UC colon tissue and controls. Eleven of the proteins with increased abundances in the UC biopsies were associated with neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular traps. The findings were validated by microscopy, where an increased abundance of neutrophils and the presence of neutrophil extracellular traps by extracellular DNA present in the UC colon tissue were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS Neutrophils, induced neutrophil extracellular traps, and several proteins that play a part in innate immunity are all increased in abundance in the morphologically normal colon mucosa from patients with UC. The increased abundance of these antimicrobial compounds points to the stimulation of the innate immune system in the etiology of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tue Bjerg Bennike
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Soenderjylland, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Torkell Ellingsen
- Department of Rheumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Ole Kristian Bonderup
- Diagnostic Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Silkeborg, Denmark
- University Research Clinic for Innovative Patient Pathways, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henning Glerup
- Diagnostic Center, Section of Gastroenterology, Regional Hospital Silkeborg, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | - Martin Bøgsted
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Department of Haematology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Svend Birkelund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Allan Stensballe
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Andersen
- Organ Center, Hospital of Southern Jutland, Aabenraa, Denmark
- Institute of Regional Health Research-Center Soenderjylland, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Internal Medicine, Regional Hospital Viborg, Viborg, Denmark
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Della Coletta AM, Bachiega TF, de Quaglia e Silva JC, Soares ÂMVDC, De Faveri J, Marques SA, Marques MEA, Ximenes VF, Dias-Melicio LA. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Identification in Tegumentary Lesions of Patients with Paracoccidioidomycosis and Different Patterns of NETs Generation In Vitro. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0004037. [PMID: 26327485 PMCID: PMC4556621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis, endemic in most Latin American countries, especially in Brazil. It is caused by the thermo-dimorphic fungus of the genus Paracoccidioides (Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and Paracoccidioides lutzii). Innate immune response plays a crucial role in host defense against fungal infections, and neutrophils (PMNs) are able to combat microorganisms with three different mechanisms: phagocytosis, secretion of granular proteins, which have antimicrobial properties, and the most recent described mechanism called NETosis. This new process is characterized by the release of net-like structures called Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), which is composed of nuclear (decondensed DNA and histones) and granular material such as elastase. Several microorganisms have the ability of inducing NETs formation, including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, viruses and some fungi. We proposed to identify NETs in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM and to analyze the interaction between two strains of P. brasiliensis and human PMNs by NETs formation in vitro. In this context, the presence of NETs in vivo was evidenced in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM by confocal spectrum analyzer. Furthermore, we showed that the high virulent P. brasiliensis strain 18 (Pb18) and the lower virulent strain Pb265 are able to induce different patterns of NETs formation in vitro. The quantification of extracellular DNA corroborates the idea of the ability of P. brasiliensis in inducing NETs release. In conclusion, our data show for the first time the identification of NETs in lesions of patients with PCM and demonstrate distinct patterns of NETs in cultures challenged with fungi in vitro. The presence of NETs components both in vivo and in vitro open new possibilities for the detailed investigation of immunity in PCM. Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is an infectious disease caused by fungi of genus Paracoccidioides (P. brasiliensis and P. lutzii). PCM is endemic in Latin America, with a greater incidence in Brazil, Colombia, and Argentina. Over the last years, studies are focusing on neutrophils’ (PMNs) actions against P. brasiliensis, due to the capacity of these cells to develop different defense strategies against pathogens. and especially due to constant presence of inflammatory infiltrates full of PMNs in the granuloma of the disease. As PMN release of both granular and nuclear material, identified as Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs), is a spectacular action mechanism against microbes, we seek to identify whether this process would be an important mechanism triggered against P. brasiliensis. Thus, we showed for the first time the identification of NETs in tegumentary lesions of patients with PCM by viewing the individual components of NETs. Beyond that, we demonstrated the entrapment of P. brasiliensis in vitro by these structures released from human PMNs of patients with PCM and healthy donors, with different patterns, in a dependence of the evaluated strain. Our data provides important new information regarding the role of PMNs against P. brasiliensis, opening new avenues for the research on immunity of PCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Manoel Della Coletta
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tatiana Fernanda Bachiega
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNESP—São Paulo State University, Biosciences Institute, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Julio De Faveri
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio Alencar Marques
- Department of Dermatology and Radiotherapy, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Valdecir Farias Ximenes
- Department of Chemistry, UNESP—São Paulo State University, School of Sciences, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alarcão Dias-Melicio
- Department of Pathology, UNESP – São Paulo State University, Botucatu Medical School, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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679
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Bikov A, Boots A, Bjerg A, Jacinto T, Olland A, Skoczyński S. 13th ERS Lung Science Conference. The most important take home messages: News from the Underground. Breathe (Sheff) 2015; 11:149-52. [PMID: 26306116 PMCID: PMC4487375 DOI: 10.1183/20734735.04015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The 13th ERS Lung Science Conference (LSC) was organised to bring academics together from all over the world to present and discuss the latest developments regarding lung infection and immunity. The conference took place in breathtaking Estoril, Portugal; however, it wasn't the beautiful surroundings that were our main motivation to attend, but instead the scientific merit of the conference and the chance to create new scientific collaborations. The scientific programme [1] was packed with the most up-to-date content in the field of lung infection and immunity and included some of the top researchers within this exciting area. Moreover, the convenient size of the LSC offered the opportunity to renew and intensify friendships and collaborations. In particular, for researchers at the start of their career, this is a great feature and we therefore warmly recommend the LSC to ERS Juniors Members!
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Bikov
- Dept of Pulmonology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Agnes Boots
- Dept of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Anders Bjerg
- Krefting Research Center, Dept of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Anne Olland
- Lung Transplantation Group, Thoracic Surgery Dept, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
| | - Szymon Skoczyński
- Lung Transplantation Group, Thoracic Surgery Dept, University Hospital Strasbourg, France
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680
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Li Z, Liang T, Lv S, Zhuang Q, Liu Z. A Rationally Designed Upconversion Nanoprobe for in Vivo Detection of Hydroxyl Radical. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11179-85. [PMID: 26287332 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b06972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The detection of •OH in live organisms is crucial to the understanding of its physiological and pathological roles; while this is too challenging because of the extremely low concentration and high reactivity of the species in the body. Herein, we report the rational design and fabrication of an NIR-light excited luminescence resonance energy transfer-based nanoprobe, which for the first time realizes the in vivo detection of •OH. The nanoprobe is composed of two moieties: upconversion nanoparticles with sandwich structure and bared surface as the energy donor; and mOG, a modified azo dye with tunable light absorption, as both the energy acceptor and the •OH recognizing ligand. The as-constructed nanoprobe exhibited ultrahigh sensitivity (with the quantification limit down to 1.2 femtomolar, several orders of magnitude lower than that of most previous •OH probes), good biocompatibility, and specificity. It was successfully used for monitoring [•OH] levels in live cells and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Tao Liang
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Songwei Lv
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qinggeng Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University , Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Zhihong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan 430072, China
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681
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Whibley N, Gaffen SL. Beyond Candida albicans: Mechanisms of immunity to non-albicans Candida species. Cytokine 2015; 76:42-52. [PMID: 26276374 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The fungal genus Candida encompasses numerous species that inhabit a variety of hosts, either as commensal microbes and/or pathogens. Candida species are a major cause of fungal infections, yet to date there are no vaccines against Candida or indeed any other fungal pathogen. Our knowledge of immunity to Candida mainly comes from studies on Candida albicans, the most frequent species associated with disease. However, non-albicans Candida (NAC) species also cause disease and their prevalence is increasing. Although research into immunity to NAC species is still at an early stage, it is becoming apparent that immunity to C. albicans differs in important ways from non-albicans species, with important implications for treatment, therapy and predicted demographic susceptibility. This review will discuss the current understanding of immunity to NAC species in the context of immunity to C. albicans, and highlight as-yet unanswered questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Whibley
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Sarah L Gaffen
- Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, Dept. of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Division of Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, BST S702, 200 Lothrop St., Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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682
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Andiappan AK, Melchiotti R, Poh TY, Nah M, Puan KJ, Vigano E, Haase D, Yusof N, San Luis B, Lum J, Kumar D, Foo S, Zhuang L, Vasudev A, Irwanto A, Lee B, Nardin A, Liu H, Zhang F, Connolly J, Liu J, Mortellaro A, Wang DY, Poidinger M, Larbi A, Zolezzi F, Rotzschke O. Genome-wide analysis of the genetic regulation of gene expression in human neutrophils. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7971. [PMID: 26259071 PMCID: PMC4918343 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are an abundant immune cell type involved in both antimicrobial defence and autoimmunity. The regulation of their gene expression, however, is still largely unknown. Here we report an eQTL study on isolated neutrophils from 114 healthy individuals of Chinese ethnicity, identifying 21,210 eQTLs on 832 unique genes. Unsupervised clustering analysis of these eQTLs confirms their role in inflammatory responses and immunological diseases but also indicates strong involvement in dermatological pathologies. One of the strongest eQTL identified (rs2058660) is also the tagSNP of a linkage block reported to affect leprosy and Crohn's disease in opposite directions. In a functional study, we can link the C allele with low expression of the β-chain of IL18-receptor (IL18RAP). In neutrophils, this results in a reduced responsiveness to IL-18, detected both on the RNA and protein level. Thus, the polymorphic regulation of human neutrophils can impact beneficial as well as pathological inflammatory responses. Neutrophils are abundant immune cells important for antimicrobial defence and in autoimmunity. Here, by mapping expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) in neutrophils of Chinese ethnicity from Singapore, Andiappan et al. provide a resource for understanding immune-related trait associated genetic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Andiappan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rossella Melchiotti
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuang Yeow Poh
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michelle Nah
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kia Joo Puan
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Elena Vigano
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Doreen Haase
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nurhashikin Yusof
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boris San Luis
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Josephine Lum
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dilip Kumar
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shihui Foo
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Zhuang
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anusha Vasudev
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Astrid Irwanto
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bernett Lee
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alessandra Nardin
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hong Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Furen Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital for Skin Diseases, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, China.,School of Medicine, Shandong University, Shandong Provincial Medical Center for Dermatovenereology, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Shandong Provincial Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Provincial Academy of Medical Science, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - John Connolly
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Department of Human Genetics, Genome institute of Singapore (GIS), Singapore, Singapore.,School of Life Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Alessandra Mortellaro
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - De Yun Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael Poidinger
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anis Larbi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Francesca Zolezzi
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olaf Rotzschke
- Singapore Immunology Network (SIgN), Agency for Science Technology and Research (A*STAR), #04-06, 8A Biomedical Grove, Singapore, Singapore
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683
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Crawford A, Wilson D. Essential metals at the host-pathogen interface: nutritional immunity and micronutrient assimilation by human fungal pathogens. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 15:fov071. [PMID: 26242402 PMCID: PMC4629794 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of pathogenic microorganisms to assimilate sufficient nutrients for growth within their hosts is a fundamental requirement for pathogenicity. However, certain trace nutrients, including iron, zinc and manganese, are actively withheld from invading pathogens in a process called nutritional immunity. Therefore, successful pathogenic species must have evolved specialized mechanisms in order to adapt to the nutritionally restrictive environment of the host and cause disease. In this review, we discuss recent advances which have been made in our understanding of fungal iron and zinc acquisition strategies and nutritional immunity against fungal infections, and explore the mechanisms of micronutrient uptake by human pathogenic fungi. The human body tightly sequesters essential micronutrients, restricting their access to invading microorganisms, and pathogenic species must counteract this action of ‘nutritional immunity’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Crawford
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
| | - Duncan Wilson
- Aberdeen Fungal Group, School of Medical Sciences, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, UK
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684
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Warnatsch A, Ioannou M, Wang Q, Papayannopoulos V. Inflammation. Neutrophil extracellular traps license macrophages for cytokine production in atherosclerosis. Science 2015; 349:316-20. [PMID: 26185250 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa8064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 853] [Impact Index Per Article: 94.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Secretion of the cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) by macrophages, a major driver of pathogenesis in atherosclerosis, requires two steps: Priming signals promote transcription of immature IL-1β, and then endogenous "danger" signals activate innate immune signaling complexes called inflammasomes to process IL-1β for secretion. Although cholesterol crystals are known to act as danger signals in atherosclerosis, what primes IL-1β transcription remains elusive. Using a murine model of atherosclerosis, we found that cholesterol crystals acted both as priming and danger signals for IL-1β production. Cholesterol crystals triggered neutrophils to release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs primed macrophages for cytokine release, activating T helper 17 (TH17) cells that amplify immune cell recruitment in atherosclerotic plaques. Therefore, danger signals may drive sterile inflammation, such as that seen in atherosclerosis, through their interactions with neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Warnatsch
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Marianna Ioannou
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Qian Wang
- Mill Hill Laboratory, Francis Crick Institute, London NW7 1AA, UK
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685
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Scharrig E, Carestia A, Ferrer MF, Cédola M, Pretre G, Drut R, Picardeau M, Schattner M, Gómez RM. Neutrophil Extracellular Traps are Involved in the Innate Immune Response to Infection with Leptospira. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003927. [PMID: 26161745 PMCID: PMC4498591 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
NETosis is a process by which neutrophils extrude their DNA together with bactericidal proteins that trap and/or kill pathogens. In the present study, we evaluated the ability of Leptospira spp. to induce NETosis using human ex vivo and murine in vivo models. Microscopy and fluorometric studies showed that incubation of human neutrophils with Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain Fiocruz L1-130 (LIC) resulted in the release of DNA extracellular traps (NETs). The bacteria number, pathogenicity and viability were relevant factors for induction of NETs, but bacteria motility was not. Entrapment of LIC in the NETs resulted in LIC death; however, pathogenic but not saprophytic Leptospira sp. exerted nuclease activity and degraded DNA. Mice infected with LIC showed circulating NETs after 2 days post-infection (dpi). Depletion of neutrophils with mAb1A8 significantly reduced the amount of intravascular NETs in LIC-infected mice, increasing bacteremia at 3 dpi. Although there was a low bacterial burden, scarce neutrophils and an absence of inflammation in the early stages of infection in the kidney and liver, at the beginning of the leptospiruric phase, the bacterial burden was significantly higher in kidneys of neutrophil-depleted-mice compared to non-depleted and infected mice. Surprisingly, interstitial nephritis was of similar intensity in both groups of infected mice. Taken together, these data suggest that LIC triggers NETs, and that the intravascular formation of these DNA traps appears to be critical not only to prevent early leptospiral dissemination but also to preclude further bacterial burden. Neutrophils extracellular traps (NETs) are a relatively novel pathogen-killing mechanism for extracellular microbes independent of phagocytic uptake and degranulation. Although it was originally proposed that NETs are formed exclusively in tissues at sites of infection, NETs have also been found within blood vessels where they ensnare microbes in circulation during sepsis. Leptospirosis is a global zoonosis that has become prevalent in slum areas, where its diagnosis and treatment may be overlooked. Here, for the first time, we characterized NETs formation as a result of Leptospira spp. stimulus. We also showed that mice lacking neutrophils exhibit early reduced levels of circulating NETs, but higher bacteremia, a fact that was later associated with higher bacterial burden in kidney. The present results demonstrate that Leptospira spp. can trigger NET formation and that this innate immune mechanism can play a role in the pathogenesis of leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Scharrig
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agostina Carestia
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F. Ferrer
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia Cédola
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Pretre
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ricardo Drut
- Division of Pathology, Children Hospital “Superiora Sor María Ludovica”, La Plata, Argentina
- Cátedra de Patología “A”, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Mirta Schattner
- Laboratory of Experimental Thrombosis, Institute of Experimental Medicine, CONICET-National Academy of Medicine, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MS); (RMG)
| | - Ricardo M. Gómez
- Laboratory of Animal Viruses, Institute of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, CCT-La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail: (MS); (RMG)
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686
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Tsai YF, Hwang TL. Neutrophil elastase inhibitors: a patent review and potential applications for inflammatory lung diseases (2010 - 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:1145-58. [PMID: 26118988 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1061998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The proteolytic activity of neutrophil elastase (NE) not only destroys pathogens but also degrades host matrix tissues by generating a localized protease-antiprotease imbalance. In humans, NE is well known to be involved in various acute and chronic inflammatory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, emphysema, asthma, acute lung injury, acute respiratory distress syndrome and cystic fibrosis. The regulation of NE activity is thought to represent a promising therapeutic approach, and NE is considered as an important target for the development of novel selective inhibitors to treat these diseases. AREAS COVERED This article summarizes and analyzes patents on NE inhibitors and their therapeutic potential based on a review of patent applications disclosed between 2010 and 2014. EXPERT OPINION According to this review of recent NE inhibitor patents, all of the disclosed inhibitors can be classified into peptide- and non-peptide-based groups. The non-peptide NE inhibitors include heterocyclics, uracil derivatives and deuterium oxide. Among the heterocyclic analogs, derivatives of pyrimidinones, tetrahydropyrrolopyrimidinediones, pyrazinones, benzoxazinones and hypersulfated disaccharides were introduced. The literature has increasingly implicated NE in the pathogenesis of various diseases, of which inflammatory destructive lung diseases remain a major concern. However, only a few agents have been validated for therapeutic use in clinical settings to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Fong Tsai
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,b 2 Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Department of Anesthesiology , Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tsong-Long Hwang
- a 1 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,c 3 Chang Gung University, Healthy Aging Research Center, Chinese Herbal Medicine Research Team , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,d 4 Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Department of Cosmetic Science and Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,e 5 Chang Gung University, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine , Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan +88 6 3211 8506 ; +88 6 3211 8506 ;
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687
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Joo H, Upchurch K, Zhang W, Ni L, Li D, Xue Y, Li XH, Hori T, Zurawski S, Liu YJ, Zurawski G, Oh S. Opposing Roles of Dectin-1 Expressed on Human Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells and Myeloid Dendritic Cells in Th2 Polarization. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:1723-31. [PMID: 26123355 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can induce and control host immune responses. DC subset-dependent functional specialties and their ability to display functional plasticity, which is mainly driven by signals via pattern recognition receptors, identify DCs as immune orchestrators. A pattern recognition receptor, Dectin-1, is expressed on myeloid DCs and known to play important roles in Th17 induction and activation during fungal and certain bacterial infections. In this study, we first demonstrate that human plasmacytoid DCs express Dectin-1 in both mRNA and protein levels. More interestingly, Dectin-1-activated plasmacytoid DCs promote Th2-type T cell responses, whereas Dectin-1-activated myeloid DCs decrease Th2-type T cell responses. Such contrasting outcomes of Th2-type T cell responses by the two DC subsets are mainly due to their distinct abilities to control surface OX40L expression in response to β-glucan. This study provides new insights for the regulation of host immune responses by Dectin-1 expressed on DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- HyeMee Joo
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Katherine Upchurch
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX 76706; and
| | - Wei Zhang
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Ling Ni
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Dapeng Li
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Yaming Xue
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Xiao-Hua Li
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Toshiyuki Hori
- College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan
| | | | - Yong-Jun Liu
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204
| | - Gerard Zurawski
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX 76706; and
| | - SangKon Oh
- Baylor Institute for Immunology Research, Dallas, TX 75204; Baylor University, Institute for Biomedical Studies, Waco, TX 76706; and
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688
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Acetylcholine Protects against Candida albicans Infection by Inhibiting Biofilm Formation and Promoting Hemocyte Function in a Galleria mellonella Infection Model. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:834-44. [PMID: 26092919 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00067-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Both neuronal acetylcholine and nonneuronal acetylcholine have been demonstrated to modulate inflammatory responses. Studies investigating the role of acetylcholine in the pathogenesis of bacterial infections have revealed contradictory findings with regard to disease outcome. At present, the role of acetylcholine in the pathogenesis of fungal infections is unknown. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine whether acetylcholine plays a role in fungal biofilm formation and the pathogenesis of Candida albicans infection. The effect of acetylcholine on C. albicans biofilm formation and metabolism in vitro was assessed using a crystal violet assay and phenotypic microarray analysis. Its effect on the outcome of a C. albicans infection, fungal burden, and biofilm formation were investigated in vivo using a Galleria mellonella infection model. In addition, its effect on modulation of host immunity to C. albicans infection was also determined in vivo using hemocyte counts, cytospin analysis, larval histology, lysozyme assays, hemolytic assays, and real-time PCR. Acetylcholine was shown to have the ability to inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation in vitro and in vivo. In addition, acetylcholine protected G. mellonella larvae from C. albicans infection mortality. The in vivo protection occurred through acetylcholine enhancing the function of hemocytes while at the same time inhibiting C. albicans biofilm formation. Furthermore, acetylcholine also inhibited inflammation-induced damage to internal organs. This is the first demonstration of a role for acetylcholine in protection against fungal infections, in addition to being the first report that this molecule can inhibit C. albicans biofilm formation. Therefore, acetylcholine has the capacity to modulate complex host-fungal interactions and plays a role in dictating the pathogenesis of fungal infections.
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689
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Oliveira-Coelho A, Rodrigues F, Campos A, Lacerda JF, Carvalho A, Cunha C. Paving the way for predictive diagnostics and personalized treatment of invasive aspergillosis. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:411. [PMID: 25999936 PMCID: PMC4419722 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasive aspergillosis (IA) is a life-threatening fungal disease commonly diagnosed among individuals with immunological deficits, namely hematological patients undergoing chemotherapy or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Vaccines are not available, and despite the improved diagnosis and antifungal therapy, the treatment of IA is associated with a poor outcome. Importantly, the risk of infection and its clinical outcome vary significantly even among patients with similar predisposing clinical factors and microbiological exposure. Recent insights into antifungal immunity have further highlighted the complexity of host-fungus interactions and the multiple pathogen-sensing systems activated to control infection. How to decode this information into clinical practice remains however, a challenging issue in medical mycology. Here, we address recent advances in our understanding of the host-fungus interaction and discuss the application of this knowledge in potential strategies with the aim of moving toward personalized diagnostics and treatment (theranostics) in immunocompromised patients. Ultimately, the integration of individual traits into a clinically applicable process to predict the risk and progression of disease, and the efficacy of antifungal prophylaxis and therapy, holds the promise of a pioneering innovation benefiting patients at risk of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Oliveira-Coelho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Fernando Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - António Campos
- Serviço de Transplantação de Medula Óssea, Instituto Português de Oncologia do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - João F Lacerda
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa , Lisboa, Portugal ; Serviço de Hematologia e Transplantação de Medula, Hospital de Santa Maria , Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Carvalho
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Cristina Cunha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Health Sciences, University of Minho , Braga, Portugal ; ICVS/3B's - PT Government Associate Laboratory , Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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690
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Yuan L, Wang L, Agrawalla BK, Park SJ, Zhu H, Sivaraman B, Peng J, Xu QH, Chang YT. Development of Targetable Two-Photon Fluorescent Probes to Image Hypochlorous Acid in Mitochondria and Lysosome in Live Cell and Inflamed Mouse Model. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:5930-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yuan
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- State
Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, PR China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Sung-Jin Park
- Laboratory
of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore 117543
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | | | - Juanjuan Peng
- Laboratory
of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore 117543
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Department
of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
- Laboratory
of Bioimaging Probe Development, Singapore Bioimaging Consortium, Singapore 117543
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691
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Zaiss DMW, Gause WC, Osborne LC, Artis D. Emerging functions of amphiregulin in orchestrating immunity, inflammation, and tissue repair. Immunity 2015; 42:216-226. [PMID: 25692699 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 inflammatory responses can be elicited by diverse stimuli, including toxins, venoms, allergens, and infectious agents, and play critical roles in resistance and tolerance associated with infection, wound healing, tissue repair, and tumor development. Emerging data suggest that in addition to characteristic type 2-associated cytokines, the epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like molecule Amphiregulin (AREG) might be a critical component of type 2-mediated resistance and tolerance. Notably, numerous studies demonstrate that in addition to the established role of epithelial- and mesenchymal-derived AREG, multiple leukocyte populations including mast cells, basophils, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), and a subset of tissue-resident regulatory CD4(+) T cells can express AREG. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the AREG-EGF receptor pathway and its involvement in infection and inflammation and propose a model for the function of this pathway in the context of resistance and tissue tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar M W Zaiss
- Ashworth Laboratories, Institute of Immunology and Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK.
| | - William C Gause
- Department of Medicine, Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
| | - Lisa C Osborne
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - David Artis
- Jill Roberts Institute for Research in IBD, Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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692
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Zabieglo K, Majewski P, Majchrzak-Gorecka M, Wlodarczyk A, Grygier B, Zegar A, Kapinska-Mrowiecka M, Naskalska A, Pyrc K, Dubin A, Wahl SM, Cichy J. The inhibitory effect of secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) on formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:99-106. [PMID: 25917460 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ab1114-543r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), web-like DNA structures, provide efficient means of eliminating invading microorganisms but can also present a potential threat to its host because it is a likely source of autoantigens or by promoting bystander tissue damage. Therefore, it is important to identify mechanisms that inhibit NET formation. Neutrophil elastase (NE)-dependent chromatin decondensation is a key event in the release of NETs release. We hypothesized that inhibitors of NE, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) and α(1)-proteinase inhibitor (α(1)-PI), has a role in restricting NET generation. Here, we demonstrate that exogenous human SLPI, but not α(1)-PI markedly inhibited NET formation in human neutrophils. The ability of exogenous SLPI to attenuate NET formation correlated with an inhibition of a core histone, histone 4 (H4), cleavage, and partial dependence on SLPI-inhibitory activity against NE. Moreover, neutrophils from SLPI(-/-) mice were more efficient at generating NETs than were neutrophils from wild-type mice in vitro, and in experimental psoriasis in vivo. Finally, endogenous SLPI colocalized with NE in the nucleus of human neutrophils in vitro, as well as in vivo in inflamed skin of patients with psoriasis. Together, these findings support a controlling role for SLPI in NET generation, which is of potential relevance to infectious and autoinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Zabieglo
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Pawel Majewski
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika Majchrzak-Gorecka
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Agnieszka Wlodarczyk
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Beata Grygier
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Aneta Zegar
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Monika Kapinska-Mrowiecka
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Antonina Naskalska
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Krzysztof Pyrc
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Dubin
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Sharon M Wahl
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Joanna Cichy
- *Department of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, and Department of Analytical Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, and Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland; Department of Dermatology, Zeromski Hospital, Kraków, Poland; and Cellular Immunology Section, Oral Infection and Immunity Branch, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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693
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694
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Free DNA in cystic fibrosis airway fluids correlates with airflow obstruction. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:408935. [PMID: 25918476 PMCID: PMC4397025 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive lung disease determines morbidity and mortality of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). CF airways are characterized by a nonresolving neutrophilic inflammation. After pathogen contact or prolonged activation, neutrophils release DNA fibres decorated with antimicrobial proteins, forming neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NETs have been described to act in a beneficial way for innate host defense by bactericidal, fungicidal, and virucidal actions. On the other hand, excessive NET formation has been linked to the pathogenesis of autoinflammatory and autoimmune disease conditions. We quantified free DNA structures characteristic of NETs in airway fluids of CF patients and a mouse model with CF-like lung disease. Free DNA levels correlated with airflow obstruction, fungal colonization, and CXC chemokine levels in CF patients and CF-like mice. When viewed in combination, our results demonstrate that neutrophilic inflammation in CF airways is associated with abundant free DNA characteristic for NETosis, and suggest that free DNA may be implicated in lung function decline in patients with CF.
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695
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Molecular mechanisms of NET formation and degradation revealed by intravital imaging in the liver vasculature. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6673. [PMID: 25809117 PMCID: PMC4389265 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) composed of DNA decorated with histones and proteases trap and kill bacteria but also injure host tissue. Here we show that during a bloodstream infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the majority of bacteria are sequestered immediately by hepatic Kupffer cells, resulting in transient increases in liver enzymes, focal ischaemic areas and a robust neutrophil infiltration into the liver. The neutrophils release NETs into the liver vasculature, which remain anchored to the vascular wall via von Willebrand factor and reveal significant neutrophil elastase (NE) proteolytic activity. Importantly, DNase although very effective at DNA removal, and somewhat effective at inhibiting NE proteolytic activity, fails to remove the majority of histones from the vessel wall and only partly reduces injury. By contrast, inhibition of NET production as modelled by PAD4-deficiency, or prevention of NET formation and proteolytic activity as modelled in NE−/− mice prevent collateral host tissue damage. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) released by neutrophils trap pathogens but may also cause tissue damage. Here the authors show that during systemic Staphylococcus aureus infection NETs anchoring to the vasculature are only partially DNase-sensitive, advocating for better anti-NET therapies.
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696
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Achouiti A, Vogl T, Van der Meer AJ, Stroo I, Florquin S, de Boer OJ, Roth J, Zeerleder S, van 't Veer C, de Vos AF, van der Poll T. Myeloid-related protein-14 deficiency promotes inflammation in staphylococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2015; 46:464-73. [PMID: 25792636 DOI: 10.1183/09031936.00183814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has evolved as an important cause of pneumonia in both hospital and community settings. Staphylococcal lung infection can lead to overwhelming pulmonary inflammation. During infection, neutrophils release complexes of myeloid-related protein (MRP)8 and MRP14 (MRP8/14). MRP8/14 has been shown to exert pro-inflammatory and chemotactic activity, and to assist in the killing of S. aureus. In the current study we sought to determine the role of MRP8/14 in the host response during S. aureus pneumonia.Pneumonia was induced in wildtype and MRP14-deficient mice (mice unable to form MRP8/14) by intranasal inoculation of 1×10(7) CFU of S. aureus USA300. Mice were sacrificed at 6, 24, 48 or 72 h after infection for analyses.S. aureus pneumonia was associated with a strong rise in MRP8/14 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung tissue. Surprisingly, MRP14 deficiency had a limited effect on bacterial clearance and was associated with increased cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and aggravated lung histopathology. MRP14 deficiency in addition was associated with a diminished transmigration of neutrophils into bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at late time-points after infection together with reduced release of nucleosomes.MRP8/14 serves in an unexpected protective role for the lung in staphylococcal pneumonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Achouiti
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Vogl
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Anne J Van der Meer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Stroo
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Florquin
- Dept of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Onno J de Boer
- Dept of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes Roth
- Institute of Immunology, University of Munster, Munster, Germany
| | - Sacha Zeerleder
- Dept of Hematology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Dept of Immunopathology, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis van 't Veer
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alex F de Vos
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tom van der Poll
- Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Center for Infection and Immunity Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Division of Infectious Diseases, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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697
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Abstract
Neutrophils, the most abundant human immune cells, are rapidly recruited to sites of infection, where they fulfill their life-saving antimicrobial functions. While traditionally regarded as short-lived phagocytes, recent findings on long-term survival, neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation, heterogeneity and plasticity, suppressive functions, and tissue injury have expanded our understanding of their diverse role in infection and inflammation. This review summarises our current understanding of neutrophils in host-pathogen interactions and disease involvement, illustrating the versatility and plasticity of the neutrophil, moving between host defence, immune modulation, and tissue damage.
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698
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A lipid mediator hepoxilin A3 is a natural inducer of neutrophil extracellular traps in human neutrophils. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:520871. [PMID: 25784781 PMCID: PMC4345265 DOI: 10.1155/2015/520871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary exacerbations in cystic fibrosis airways are accompanied by inflammation, neutrophilia, and mucous thickening. Cystic fibrosis sputum contains a large amount of uncleared DNA contributed by neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation from neutrophils. The exact mechanisms of the induction of NETosis in cystic fibrosis airways remain unclear, especially in uninfected lungs of patients with early cystic fibrosis lung disease. Here we show that Hepoxilin A3, a proinflammatory eicosanoid, and the synthetic analog of Hepoxilin B3, PBT-3, directly induce NETosis in human neutrophils. Furthermore, we show that Hepoxilin A3-mediated NETosis is NADPH-oxidase-dependent at lower doses of Hepoxilin A3, while it is NADPH-oxidase-independent at higher doses. Together, these results demonstrate that Hepoxilin A3 is a previously unrecognized inducer of NETosis in cystic fibrosis lungs and may represent a new therapeutic target for treating cystic fibrosis and other inflammatory lung diseases.
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699
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Kobayashi Y. Neutrophil biology: an update. EXCLI JOURNAL 2015; 14:220-7. [PMID: 26600743 PMCID: PMC4650944 DOI: 10.17179/excli2015-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) are involved in bacterial killing as well as autoimmunity, because NETs contain proteases, bactericidal peptides, DNA and ribonucleoprotein. NETs are formed via a novel type of cell death called NETosis. NETosis is distinct from apoptosis, but it resembles necrosis in that both membranes are not intact so that they allow intracellular proteins to leak outside of the cells. Removal of NETs and neutrophils undergoing NETosis by phagocytes and its subsequent response are not completely clarified, as compared with the response after removal of either apoptotic or necrotic neutrophils by phagocytes. How neutrophil density in peripheral blood is kept within a certain range is important for health and disease. Although the studies on severe congenital neutropenia and benign ethnic neutropenia have provided unbiased views on it, the studies are rather limited to human neutropenia, and mice with a mutation of mouse counterpart gene often fail to exhibit neutropenia. Degranulation plays a critical role in bactericidal action. The recent studies revealed that it is also involved in immunomodulation, pain control and estrous cycle control. N1 and N2 are representative of neutrophil subpopulations. The dichotomy holds true in patients or mice with severe trauma or cancer, providing the basis of differential roles of neutrophils in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiro Kobayashi
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Dept. of Biomolecular Science, Faculty of Science, Toho University, Chiba, Japan
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700
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Recognition of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae by human plasmacytoid dendritic cells is mediated by dectin-2 and results in formation of extracellular traps. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1004643. [PMID: 25659141 PMCID: PMC4450068 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) were initially considered as critical for innate immunity to viruses. However, our group has shown that pDCs bind to and inhibit the growth of Aspergillus fumigatus hyphae and that depletion of pDCs renders mice hypersusceptible to experimental aspergillosis. In this study, we examined pDC receptors contributing to hyphal recognition and downstream events in pDCs stimulated by A. fumigatus hyphae. Our data show that Dectin-2, but not Dectin-1, participates in A. fumigatus hyphal recognition, TNF-α and IFN-α release, and antifungal activity. Moreover, Dectin-2 acts in cooperation with the FcRγ chain to trigger signaling responses. In addition, using confocal and electron microscopy we demonstrated that the interaction between pDCs and A. fumigatus induced the formation of pDC extracellular traps (pETs) containing DNA and citrullinated histone H3. These structures closely resembled those of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). The microarray analysis of the pDC transcriptome upon A. fumigatus infection also demonstrated up-regulated expression of genes associated with apoptosis as well as type I interferon-induced genes. Thus, human pDCs directly recognize A. fumigatus hyphae via Dectin-2; this interaction results in cytokine release and antifungal activity. Moreover, hyphal stimulation of pDCs triggers a distinct pattern of pDC gene expression and leads to pET formation.
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