701
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Liang H, Liu Y. Gasdermins pore cell membrane to pyroptosis. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2016; 59:1090-1092. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-016-0243-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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702
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Jorgensen I, Zhang Y, Krantz BA, Miao EA. Pyroptosis triggers pore-induced intracellular traps (PITs) that capture bacteria and lead to their clearance by efferocytosis. J Exp Med 2016; 213:2113-28. [PMID: 27573815 PMCID: PMC5030797 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20151613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
When inflammasomes trigger pyroptosis, the plasma membrane tears release-soluble cytosolic contents but retains organelles and intracellular bacteria. Neutrophils then efferocytose the pyroptotic cell debris and kill the entrapped bacteria. Inflammasomes activate caspase-1 in response to cytosolic contamination or perturbation. This inflammatory caspase triggers the opening of the GSDMD pore in the plasma membrane, resulting in lytic cell death called pyroptosis. We had previously assumed that pyroptosis releases intracellular bacteria to the extracellular space. Here, we find that viable bacteria instead remain trapped within the cellular debris of pyroptotic macrophages. This trapping appears to be an inevitable consequence of how osmotic lysis ruptures the plasma membrane, and may also apply to necroptosis and some forms of nonprogrammed necrosis. Although membrane tears release soluble cytosolic contents, they are small enough to retain organelles and bacteria. We call this structure the pore-induced intracellular trap (PIT), which is conceptually parallel to the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET). The PIT coordinates innate immune responses via complement and scavenger receptors to drive recruitment of and efferocytosis by neutrophils. Ultimately, this secondary phagocyte kills the bacteria. Hence, caspase-1–driven pore-induced cell death triggers a multifaceted defense against intracellular bacteria facilitated by trapping the pathogen within the cellular debris. Bona fide intracellular bacterial pathogens, such as Salmonella, must prevent or delay pyroptosis to avoid being trapped in the PIT and subsequently killed by neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ine Jorgensen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Bryan A Krantz
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Edward A Miao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Center for Gastrointestinal Biology and Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599 Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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703
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Li J, Chai QY, Liu CH. The ubiquitin system: a critical regulator of innate immunity and pathogen-host interactions. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 13:560-76. [PMID: 27524111 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system comprises enzymes that are responsible for ubiquitination and deubiquitination, as well as ubiquitin receptors that are capable of recognizing and deciphering the ubiquitin code, which act in coordination to regulate almost all host cellular processes, including host-pathogen interactions. In response to pathogen infection, the host innate immune system launches an array of distinct antimicrobial activities encompassing inflammatory signaling, phagosomal maturation, autophagy and apoptosis, all of which are fine-tuned by the ubiquitin system to eradicate the invading pathogens and to reduce concomitant host damage. By contrast, pathogens have evolved a cohort of exquisite strategies to evade host innate immunity by usurping the ubiquitin system for their own benefits. Here, we present recent advances regarding the ubiquitin system-mediated modulation of host-pathogen interplay, with a specific focus on host innate immune defenses and bacterial pathogen immune evasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Yao Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Cui Hua Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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704
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Kuriakose T, Man SM, Malireddi RKS, Karki R, Kesavardhana S, Place DE, Neale G, Vogel P, Kanneganti TD. ZBP1/DAI is an innate sensor of influenza virus triggering the NLRP3 inflammasome and programmed cell death pathways. Sci Immunol 2016; 1. [PMID: 27917412 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aag2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-inducible protein Z-DNA binding protein 1 (ZBP1, also known as DNA-dependent activator of IFN-regulatory factors (DAI) and DLM-1) was identified as a dsDNA sensor, which instigates innate immune responses. However, this classification has been disputed and whether ZBP1 functions as a pathogen sensor during an infection has remained unknown. Herein, we demonstrated ZBP1-mediated sensing of the influenza A virus (IAV) proteins NP and PB1, triggering cell death and inflammatory responses via the RIPK1-RIPK3-Caspase-8 axis. ZBP1 regulates NLRP3 inflammasome activation as well as induction of apoptosis, necroptosis and pyroptosis in IAV-infected cells. Importantly, ZBP1 deficiency protected mice from mortality during IAV infection owing to reduced inflammatory responses and epithelial damage. Overall, these findings indicate that ZBP1 is an innate immune sensor of IAV and highlight its importance in the pathogenesis of IAV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneema Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Si Ming Man
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - R K Subbarao Malireddi
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rajendra Karki
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sannula Kesavardhana
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - David E Place
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center for Bioinformatics & Biotechnology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Animal Resources Center and the Veterinary Pathology Core, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
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705
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Abstract
Various cell death mechanisms are integral to host defense in both plants and mammals. Plant defense against biotrophic pathogens is associated with programmed cell death (PCD) of the infected cell. This effector-triggered PCD is partly analogous to pyroptosis, an inflammatory host cell death process that plays a crucial role in defense against microbial infections in mammals. Plant effector-triggered PCD also shares with mammalian apoptosis the involvement of cell-cycle regulators as signaling components. Here we explore the similarities between these different cell death programs as they relate to host defense and their relationship to the cell cycle.
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706
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Conos SA, Lawlor KE, Vaux DL, Vince JE, Lindqvist LM. Cell death is not essential for caspase-1-mediated interleukin-1β activation and secretion. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1827-1838. [PMID: 27419363 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspase-1 cleaves and activates the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), yet the mechanism of IL-1β release and its dependence on cell death remains controversial. To address this issue, we generated a novel inflammasome independent system in which we directly activate caspase-1 by dimerization. In this system, caspase-1 dimerization induced the cleavage and secretion of IL-1β, which did not require processing of caspase-1 into its p20 and p10 subunits. Moreover, direct caspase-1 dimerization allowed caspase-1 activation of IL-1β to be separated from cell death. Specifically, we demonstrate at the single cell level that IL-1β can be released from live, metabolically active, cells following caspase-1 activation. In addition, we show that dimerized or endogenous caspase-8 can also directly cleave IL-1β into its biologically active form, in the absence of canonical inflammasome components. Therefore, cell death is not obligatory for the robust secretion of bioactive IL-1β.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Conos
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - K E Lawlor
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - D L Vaux
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - J E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - L M Lindqvist
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
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707
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Russo HM, Rathkey J, Boyd-Tressler A, Katsnelson MA, Abbott DW, Dubyak GR. Active Caspase-1 Induces Plasma Membrane Pores That Precede Pyroptotic Lysis and Are Blocked by Lanthanides. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1353-67. [PMID: 27385778 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Canonical inflammasome activation induces a caspase-1/gasdermin D (Gsdmd)-dependent lytic cell death called pyroptosis that promotes antimicrobial host defense but may contribute to sepsis. The nature of the caspase-1-dependent change in plasma membrane (PM) permeability during pyroptotic progression remains incompletely defined. We assayed propidium(2+) (Pro(2+)) influx kinetics during NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasome activation in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) as an indicator of this PM permeabilization. BMDMs were characterized by rapid Pro(2+) influx after initiation of NLRP3 or Pyrin inflammasomes by nigericin (NG) or Clostridium difficile toxin B (TcdB), respectively. No Pro(2+) uptake in response to NG or TcdB was observed in Casp1(-/-) or Asc(-/-) BMDMs. The cytoprotectant glycine profoundly suppressed NG and TcdB-induced lysis but not Pro(2+) influx. The absence of Gsdmd expression resulted in suppression of NG-stimulated Pro(2+) influx and pyroptotic lysis. Extracellular La(3+) and Gd(3+) rapidly and reversibly blocked the induced Pro(2+) influx and markedly delayed pyroptotic lysis without limiting upstream inflammasome assembly and caspase-1 activation. Thus, caspase-1-driven pyroptosis requires induction of initial prelytic pores in the PM that are dependent on Gsdmd expression. These PM pores also facilitated the efflux of cytosolic ATP and influx of extracellular Ca(2+) Although lanthanides and Gsdmd deletion both suppressed PM pore activity and pyroptotic lysis, robust IL-1β release was observed in lanthanide-treated BMDMs but not in Gsdmd-deficient cells. This suggests roles for Gsdmd in both passive IL-1β release secondary to pyroptotic lysis and in nonlytic/nonclassical IL-1β export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana M Russo
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Joseph Rathkey
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Andrea Boyd-Tressler
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and
| | | | - Derek W Abbott
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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708
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Lee S, Suh GY, Ryter SW, Choi AMK. Regulation and Function of the Nucleotide Binding Domain Leucine-Rich Repeat-Containing Receptor, Pyrin Domain-Containing-3 Inflammasome in Lung Disease. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:151-60. [PMID: 26418144 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0231tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are specialized inflammatory signaling platforms that govern the maturation and secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and IL-18, through the regulation of caspase-1-dependent proteolytic processing. Several nucleotide binding domain leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) family members (i.e., NLR family, pyrin domain containing [NLRP] 1, NLRP3, and NLR family, caspase recruitment domain containing-4 [NLRC4]) as well as the pyrin and hemopoietic expression, interferon-inducibility, nuclear localization domain-containing family member, absent in melanoma 2, can form inflammasome complexes in human cells. In particular, the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to cellular stresses through a two-component pathway, involving Toll-like receptor 4-ligand interaction (priming) followed by a second signal, such as ATP-dependent P2X purinoreceptor 7 receptor activation. Emerging studies suggest that the NLRP3 inflammasome can exert pleiotropic effects in human diseases with potentially both pro- and antipathogenic sequelae. Whereas NLRP3 inflammasome activation can serve as a vital component of host defense against invading bacteria and pathogens, excessive activation of the inflammasome can lead to inflammation-associated tissue injury in the setting of chronic disease. In addition, pyroptosis, an inflammasome-associated mode of cell death, contributes to host defense. Recent research has described the regulation and function of the NLRP3 inflammasome in various pulmonary diseases, including acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, respiratory infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, pulmonary hypertension, cystic fibrosis, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. The NLRP3 and related inflammasomes, and their regulated cytokines or receptors, may represent novel diagnostic or therapeutic targets in pulmonary diseases and other diseases in which inflammation contributes to pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonmin Lee
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Gee-Young Suh
- 1 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Stefan W Ryter
- 2 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and.,3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Augustine M K Choi
- 2 Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, New York; and.,3 Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, New York
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709
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Pore-forming activity and structural autoinhibition of the gasdermin family. Nature 2016; 535:111-6. [PMID: 27281216 DOI: 10.1038/nature18590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1717] [Impact Index Per Article: 214.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases cleave the gasdermin D (GSDMD) protein to trigger pyroptosis, a lytic form of cell death that is crucial for immune defences and diseases. GSDMD contains a functionally important gasdermin-N domain that is shared in the gasdermin family. The functional mechanism of action of gasdermin proteins is unknown. Here we show that the gasdermin-N domains of the gasdermin proteins GSDMD, GSDMA3 and GSDMA can bind membrane lipids, phosphoinositides and cardiolipin, and exhibit membrane-disrupting cytotoxicity in mammalian cells and artificially transformed bacteria. Gasdermin-N moved to the plasma membrane during pyroptosis. Purified gasdermin-N efficiently lysed phosphoinositide/cardiolipin-containing liposomes and formed pores on membranes made of artificial or natural phospholipid mixtures. Most gasdermin pores had an inner diameter of 10–14 nm and contained 16 symmetric protomers. The crystal structure of GSDMA3 showed an autoinhibited two-domain architecture that is conserved in the gasdermin family. Structure-guided mutagenesis demonstrated that the liposome-leakage and pore-forming activities of the gasdermin-N domain are required for pyroptosis. These findings reveal the mechanism for pyroptosis and provide insights into the roles of the gasdermin family in necrosis, immunity and diseases.
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710
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Zanoni I, Tan Y, Di Gioia M, Broggi A, Ruan J, Shi J, Donado CA, Shao F, Wu H, Springstead JR, Kagan JC. An endogenous caspase-11 ligand elicits interleukin-1 release from living dendritic cells. Science 2016; 352:1232-6. [PMID: 27103670 PMCID: PMC5111085 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf3036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 405] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) use pattern recognition receptors to detect microorganisms and activate protective immunity. These cells and receptors are thought to operate in an all-or-nothing manner, existing in an immunologically active or inactive state. Here, we report that encounters with microbial products and self-encoded oxidized phospholipids (oxPAPC) induce an enhanced DC activation state, which we call "hyperactive." Hyperactive DCs induce potent adaptive immune responses and are elicited by caspase-11, an enzyme that binds oxPAPC and bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). oxPAPC and LPS bind caspase-11 via distinct domains and elicit different inflammasome-dependent activities. Both lipids induce caspase-11-dependent interleukin-1 release, but only LPS induces pyroptosis. The cells and receptors of the innate immune system can therefore achieve different activation states, which may permit context-dependent responses to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Zanoni
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy. Unit of Cell Signalling and Innate Immunity, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, Rozzano, Milan, Italy
| | - Yunhao Tan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marco Di Gioia
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Achille Broggi
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianbin Ruan
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianjin Shi
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Carlos A Donado
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Feng Shao
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James R Springstead
- Department of Chemical and Paper Engineering, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Jonathan C Kagan
- Harvard Medical School and Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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711
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Desai J, Mulay SR, Nakazawa D, Anders HJ. Matters of life and death. How neutrophils die or survive along NET release and is "NETosis" = necroptosis? Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2211-9. [PMID: 27048811 PMCID: PMC11108262 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2195-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) formation is a hallmark of many disorders that involve neutrophil recruitment, tissue damage, and inflammation. As NET formation is often associated with neutrophil death, the term "NETosis" has become popular. Upon discovery that neutrophils may survive NET release, apparent misnomers, such as "vital NETosis," have been proposed. Meanwhile, it has become obvious that certain stimuli can trigger neutrophil necroptosis, a process associated with NET-like chromatin release. Here, we discuss the relationship between NET release and neutrophil death in view highlighting that many assays used in the field do not properly distinguish between the two. An updated nomenclature is needed replacing the term "NETosis" to meet the growing variety of settings leading to chromatin release with and without neutrophil death. Dissecting which triggers of NET release involve which signaling pathway will help to define drugable molecular targets that inhibit NET release and/or neutrophil necrosis in specific disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyaysi Desai
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Shrikant R Mulay
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Daigo Nakazawa
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Anders
- Medizinische Klinik and Poliklinik IV, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität München, Klinikum der Universität München-Innenstadt, Ziemssenstr. 1, 80336, Muenchen, Germany.
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712
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Vince JE, Silke J. The intersection of cell death and inflammasome activation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2349-67. [PMID: 27066895 PMCID: PMC11108284 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes sense cellular danger to activate the cysteine-aspartic protease caspase-1, which processes precursor interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18 into their mature bioactive fragments. In addition, activated caspase-1 or the related inflammatory caspase, caspase-11, can cleave gasdermin D to induce a lytic cell death, termed pyroptosis. The intertwining of IL-1β activation and cell death is further highlighted by research showing that the extrinsic apoptotic caspase, caspase-8, may, like caspase-1, directly process IL-1β, activate the NLRP3 inflammasome itself, or bind to inflammasome complexes to induce apoptotic cell death. Similarly, RIPK3- and MLKL-dependent necroptotic signaling can activate the NLRP3 inflammasome to drive IL-1β inflammatory responses in vivo. Here, we review the mechanisms by which cell death signaling activates inflammasomes to initiate IL-1β-driven inflammation, and highlight the clinical relevance of these findings to heritable autoinflammatory diseases. We also discuss whether the act of cell death can be separated from IL-1β secretion and evaluate studies suggesting that several cell death regulatory proteins can directly interact with, and modulate the function of, inflammasome and IL-1β containing protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E Vince
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia.
| | - John Silke
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia
- Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3050, Australia
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713
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de Vasconcelos NM, Van Opdenbosch N, Lamkanfi M. Inflammasomes as polyvalent cell death platforms. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:2335-47. [PMID: 27048821 PMCID: PMC11108487 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2204-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammasomes are multi-protein platforms that are organized in the cytosol to cope with pathogens and cellular stress. The pattern recognition receptors NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, AIM2 and Pyrin all assemble canonical platforms for caspase-1 activation, while caspase-11-dependent inflammasomes respond to intracellular Gram-negative pathogens. Inflammasomes are chiefly known for their roles in maturation and secretion of the inflammatory cytokines interleukin-(IL)1β and IL18, but they can also induce regulated cell death. Activation of caspases 1 and 11 in myeloid cells can trigger pyroptosis, a lytic and inflammatory cell death mode. Pyroptosis has been implicated in secretion of IL1β, IL18 and intracellular alarmins. Akin to these factors, it may have beneficial roles in controlling pathogen replication, but become detrimental in the context of chronic autoinflammatory diseases. Inflammasomes are increasingly implicated in induction of additional regulated cell death modes such as pyronecrosis and apoptosis. In this review, we overview recent advances in inflammasome-associated cell death research, illustrating the polyvalent roles of these macromolecular platforms in regulated cell death signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M de Vasconcelos
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Nina Van Opdenbosch
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Lamkanfi
- NOD-like Receptor and Inflammasome Laboratory, Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Technologiepark 927, B-9052, Zwijnaarde, Belgium.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ghent University, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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714
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715
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Keller H, Boyer L, Abad P. Disease susceptibility in the Zig-Zag model of host-microbe interactions: only a consequence of immune suppression? MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:475-9. [PMID: 26788791 PMCID: PMC6638450 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Harald Keller
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
- CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice and Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
| | - Laurent Boyer
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice and Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
- INSERM, U1065 Centre Méditerranéen de Médecine Moléculaire, Toxines Microbiennes dans la relation hôte pathogènes, Nice 06200, France
| | - Pierre Abad
- INRA, UMR 1355 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
- CNRS, UMR 7254 Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
- Université de Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice and Sophia Antipolis 06903, France
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716
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Wallach D, Kang TB, Dillon CP, Green DR. Programmed necrosis in inflammation: Toward identification of the effector molecules. Science 2016; 352:aaf2154. [PMID: 27034377 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Until recently, programmed cell death was conceived of as a single set of molecular pathways. We now know of several distinct sets of death-inducing mechanisms that lead to differing cell-death processes. In one of them--apoptosis--the dying cell affects others minimally. In contrast, programmed necrotic cell death causes release of immunostimulatory intracellular components after cell-membrane rupture. Defining the in vivo relevance of necrotic death is hampered because the molecules initiating it [such as receptor-interacting protein kinase-1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, or caspase-1] also serve other functions. Proteins that participate in late events in two forms of programmed necrosis [mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) in necroptosis and gasdermin-D in pyroptosis] were recently discovered, bringing us closer to identifying molecules that strictly serve in death mediation, thereby providing probes for better assessing its role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Wallach
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Tae-Bong Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chung-Ju 380-701, Korea
| | - Christopher P Dillon
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA.
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717
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Wang X, Mbondji-Wonje C, Zhao J, Hewlett I. IL-1β and IL-18 inhibition of HIV-1 replication in Jurkat cells and PBMCs. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 473:926-930. [PMID: 27049306 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.03.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
HIV-1 infection-induced apoptosis is able to ensure viral replication. The death of some CD4+ T cells residing in lymphoid tissues can be induced by HIV-1 infection through caspase-1 driven pyroptosis with release of cytokine of IL-1β and IL-18. It is not well known whether IL-1β and IL-18 affect HIV-1 replication in lymphocytic cells. Using susceptible lymphocytic cell line, Jurkat cells, and primary peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), we studied the effects of IL-1β and IL-18 on HIV-1 replication. We found that treatment with exogenous IL-1β protein (rIL-1β) and IL-18 protein (rIL-18), or expression of IL-1β and IL-18 significantly reduced HIV-1 replication. HIV-1 infection enhanced caspase-3 expression and its activation, and had no effects on caspase-1 activity. Treatment with rIL-1β and rIL-18 dramatically lowered caspase-3 activity. IL-1β and IL-18 also played roles in diminishing reactivation of viral replication from latency in J1.1 cells. These results indicate that IL-1β and IL-18 are able to inhibit HIV-1 replication, and their effects may be due to signaling through apoptosis involved in inactivation of caspase-3 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
| | - Christelle Mbondji-Wonje
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Jiangqin Zhao
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Indira Hewlett
- Lab of Molecular Virology, Division of Emerging and Transfusion Transmitted Diseases, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA.
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718
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The clearance of dying cells: table for two. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:915-26. [PMID: 26990661 PMCID: PMC4987729 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Phagocytic cells of the immune system must constantly survey for, recognize, and efficiently clear the billions of cellular corpses that arise as a result of development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis. This process, termed efferocytosis, is critical for the prevention of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders, and persistence of dead cells in tissue is characteristic of many human autoimmune diseases, notably systemic lupus erythematosus. The most notable characteristic of the efferocytosis of apoptotic cells is its ‘immunologically silent' response. Although the mechanisms by which phagocytes facilitate engulfment of dead cells has been a well-studied area, the pathways that coordinate to process the ingested corpse and direct the subsequent immune response is an area of growing interest. The recently described pathway of LC3 (microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3)-associated phagocytosis (LAP) has shed some light on this issue. LAP is triggered when an extracellular particle, such as a dead cell, engages an extracellular receptor during phagocytosis, induces the translocation of autophagy machinery, and ultimately LC3 to the cargo-containing phagosome, termed the LAPosome. In this review, we will examine efferocytosis and the impact of LAP on efferocytosis, allowing us to reimagine the impact of the autophagy machinery on innate host defense mechanisms.
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719
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Crosstalk between microbiota, pathogens and the innate immune responses. Int J Med Microbiol 2016; 306:257-265. [PMID: 26996809 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2016.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Research in the last decade has convincingly demonstrated that the microbiota is crucial in order to prime and orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses of their host and influence barrier function as well as multiple developmental and metabolic parameters of the host. Reciprocally, host reactions and immune responses instruct the composition of the microbiota. This review summarizes recent evidence from experimental and human studies which supports these arms of mutual relationship and crosstalk between host and resident microbiota, with a focus on innate immune responses in the gut, the role of cell death pathways and antimicrobial peptides. We also provide some recent examples on how dysbiosis and pathogens can act in concert to promote intestinal infection, inflammatory pathologies and cancer. The future perspectives of these combined research efforts include the discovery of protective species within the microbiota and specific traits and factors of microbes that weaken or enforce host intestinal homeostasis.
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720
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Brownstein MJ. NLRC4 inflammasomes: ‘their appearance and their work was a wheel in the middle of a wheel’. Oral Dis 2016; 22:85-6. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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721
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Lin WP, Xiong GP, Lin Q, Chen XW, Zhang LQ, Shi JX, Ke QF, Lin JH. Heme oxygenase-1 promotes neuron survival through down-regulation of neuronal NLRP1 expression after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:52. [PMID: 26925775 PMCID: PMC4772494 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0521-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the mechanisms underlying neuronal death in spinal cord injury (SCI) and developing novel therapeutic approaches for SCI-induced damage are critical for functional recovery. Here we investigated the role of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in neuroprotection after SCI. Methods Adeno-associated virus expressing HO-1 was prepared and injected into rat spinal cords before SCI model was performed. HO-1 expression, inflammasome activation, and the presence of inflammatory cytokines were determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunohistological staining, immunoblot, and immunoprecipitation. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling. The hindlimb locomotor function was evaluated for extent of neurologic damage. In an in vitro model, hydrogen peroxide was used to induce similar inflammasome activation in cultured primary spinal cord neurons, followed by evaluation of above parameters with or without transduction of HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus. Results Endogenous HO-1 expression was found in spinal cord neurons after SCI in vivo, in association with the expression of Nod-like receptor protein 1 (NLRP1) and the formation of NLRP1 inflammasomes. Administration of HO-1-expressing adeno-associated virus effectively decreased expression of NLRP1, therefore alleviating NLRP1 inflammasome-induced neuronal death and improving functional recovery. In the in vitro model, exogenous HO-1 expression protected neurons from hydrogen peroxide-induced neuronal death by inhibiting NLRP1 expression. In addition, HO-1 inhibited expression of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), which is a transcription factor regulating NLRP1 expression. Conclusions HO-1 protects spinal cord neurons after SCI through inhibiting NLRP1 inflammasome formation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0521-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ping Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Gong-Peng Xiong
- Hepatology Unit, Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xiamen, 361009, China.
| | - Qing Lin
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350108, China.
| | - Xuan-Wei Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Li-Qun Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
| | - Jin-Xing Shi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Qing-Feng Ke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou, 362000, China.
| | - Jian-Hua Lin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350004, China.
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722
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Corrales L, Woo SR, Williams JB, McWhirter SM, Dubensky TW, Gajewski TF. Antagonism of the STING Pathway via Activation of the AIM2 Inflammasome by Intracellular DNA. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:3191-8. [PMID: 26927800 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that innate immune sensing of cytosolic DNA in dendritic cells via the host STING pathway is a major mechanism leading to spontaneous T cell responses against tumors. However, the impact of the other major pathway triggered by intracellular DNA, the absent in melanoma 2 (AIM2) inflammasome, on the functional output from the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway is poorly understood. We found that dendritic cells and macrophages deficient in AIM2, apoptosis-associated specklike protein, or caspase-1 produced markedly higher IFN-β in response to DNA. Biochemical analyses showed enhanced generation of cyclic GMP-AMP, STING aggregation, and TANK-binding kinase 1 and IFN regulatory factor 3 phosphorylation in inflammasome-deficient cells. Induction of pyroptosis by the AIM2 inflammasome was a major component of this effect, and inhibition of caspase-1 reduced cell death, augmenting phosphorylation of TANK-binding kinase 1/IFN regulatory factor 3 and production of IFN-β. Our data suggest that in vitro activation of the AIM2 inflammasome in murine macrophages and dendritic cells leads to reduced activation of the STING pathway, in part through promoting caspase-1-dependent cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Corrales
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Seng-Ryong Woo
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jason B Williams
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | | | | | - Thomas F Gajewski
- Department of Pathology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637; Section of Hematology/Oncology 2, Department of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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723
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Samarani S, Allam O, Sagala P, Aldabah Z, Jenabian MA, Mehraj V, Tremblay C, Routy JP, Amre D, Ahmad A. Imbalanced production of IL-18 and its antagonist in human diseases, and its implications for HIV-1 infection. Cytokine 2016; 82:38-51. [PMID: 26898120 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IL-18 is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that belongs to the IL-1 family. It is produced as a biologically inactive precursor, which is cleaved into its active mature form mainly by caspase-1. The caspase becomes active from its inactive precursor (procaspase-1) upon assembly of an inflammasome. Because of IL-18's potential pro-inflammatory and tissue destructive effects, its biological activities are tightly controlled in the body by its naturally occurring antagonist called IL-18BP. The antagonist is produced in the body both constitutively and in response to an increased production of IL-18 as a negative feedback mechanism. Under physiological conditions, most of IL-18 in the circulation is bound with IL-18BP and is inactive. However, an imbalance in the production of IL-18 and its antagonist (an increase in the production of IL-18 with a decrease, no increase or an insufficient increase in the production of IL-18BP) has been described in many chronic inflammatory diseases in humans. The imbalance results in an increase in the concentrations of free IL-18 (unbound with its antagonist) resulting in increased biological activities of the cytokine that contribute towards pathogenesis of the disease. In this article, we provide an overview of the current biology of IL-18 and its antagonist, discuss how the imbalance occurs in HIV infections and how it contributes towards development of AIDS and other non-AIDS-associated clinical conditions occurring in HIV-infected individuals undergoing combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART). Finally, we discuss challenges facing immunotherapeutic strategies aimed at restoring balance between IL-18 and its antagonist in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Samarani
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ossama Allam
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patrick Sagala
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Zainab Aldabah
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Vikram Mehraj
- McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; Division of Infectious Diseases, CHUM, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- McGill University Health Center, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Devendra Amre
- CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ali Ahmad
- Laboratory of Innate Immunity, Canada; CHU-Sainte-Justine Research Center, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology & Immunology, Canada; University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada.
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724
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725
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Lin QR, Li CG, Zha QB, Xu LH, Pan H, Zhao GX, Ouyang DY, He XH. Gossypol induces pyroptosis in mouse macrophages via a non-canonical inflammasome pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 292:56-64. [PMID: 26765310 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gossypol, a polyphenolic compound isolated from cottonseeds, has been reported to possess many pharmacological activities, but whether it can influence inflammasome activation remains unclear. In this study, we found that in mouse macrophages, gossypol induced cell death characterized by rapid membrane rupture and robust release of HMGB1 and pro-caspase-11 comparable to ATP treatment, suggesting an induction of pyroptotic cell death. Unlike ATP, gossypol induced much low levels of mature interleukin-1β (IL-1β) secretion from mouse peritoneal macrophages primed with LPS, although it caused pro-IL-1β release similar to that of ATP. Consistent with this, activated caspase-1 responsible for pro-IL-1β maturation was undetectable in gossypol-treated peritoneal macrophages. Besides, RAW 264.7 cells lacking ASC expression and caspase-1 activation also underwent pyroptotic cell death upon gossypol treatment. In further support of pyroptosis induction, both pan-caspase inhibitor and caspase-1 subfamily inhibitor, but not caspase-3 inhibitor, could sharply suppress gossypol-induced cell death. Other canonical pyroptotic inhibitors, including potassium chloride and N-acetyl-l-cysteine, could suppress ATP-induced pyroptosis but failed to inhibit or even enhanced gossypol-induced cell death, whereas nonspecific pore-formation inhibitor glycine could attenuate this process, suggesting involvement of a non-canonical pathway. Of note, gossypol treatment eliminated thioglycollate-induced macrophages in the peritoneal cavity with recruitment of other leukocytes. Moreover, gossypol administration markedly decreased the survival of mice in a bacterial sepsis model. Collectively, these results suggested that gossypol induced pyroptosis in mouse macrophages via a non-canonical inflammasome pathway, which raises a concern for its in vivo cytotoxicity to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ru Lin
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chen-Guang Li
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qing-Bing Zha
- Department of Fetal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Li-Hui Xu
- Department of Cell Biology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hao Pan
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gao-Xiang Zhao
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dong-Yun Ouyang
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Xian-Hui He
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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726
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Human Primary Keratinocytes as a Tool for the Analysis of Caspase-1-Dependent Unconventional Protein Secretion. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1459:135-47. [PMID: 27665556 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3804-9_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammasomes comprise a group of protein complexes, which activate the protease caspase-1 upon sensing a variety of stress factors. Active caspase-1 in turn cleaves and thereby activates the pro-inflammatory cytokines prointerleukin (IL)-1β and -18, and induces unconventional protein secretion (UPS) of mature IL-1β, IL-18, as well as of many other proteins involved in and required for induction of inflammation. Human primary keratinocytes (HPKs) represent epithelial cells able to activate caspase-1 in an inflammasome-dependent manner upon irradiation with a physiological dose of ultraviolet B (UVB) light. Here, we describe the isolation of keratinocytes from human skin, their cultivation, and induction of caspase-1-dependent UPS upon UVB irradiation as well as its siRNA- and chemical-mediated inhibition. In contrast to inflammasome activation of professional immune cells, UVB-irradiated HPKs represent a robust and physiological cell culture system for the analysis of UPS induced by active caspase-1.
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727
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Converging roles of caspases in inflammasome activation, cell death and innate immunity. Nat Rev Immunol 2015; 16:7-21. [PMID: 26655628 DOI: 10.1038/nri.2015.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory and apoptotic caspases are central players in inflammation and apoptosis, respectively. However, recent studies have revealed that these caspases have functions beyond their established roles. In addition to mediating cleavage of the inflammasome-associated cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18, inflammatory caspases modulate distinct forms of programmed cell death and coordinate cell-autonomous immunity and other fundamental cellular processes. Certain apoptotic caspases assemble structurally diverse and dynamic complexes that direct inflammasome and interferon responses to fine-tune inflammation. In this Review, we discuss the expanding and interconnected roles of caspases that highlight new aspects of this family of cysteine proteases in innate immunity.
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728
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Stephenson HN, Herzig A, Zychlinsky A. Beyond the grave: When is cell death critical for immunity to infection? Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 38:59-66. [PMID: 26682763 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Immune cell death is often observed in response to infection. There are three potential beneficial outcomes after host cell death: (1) the removal of an intracellular niche for microbes, (2) direct microbicidal activity of released components and (3) the propagation of an inflammatory response. Recent findings suggest that three forms of non-apoptotic regulated cell death, pyroptosis, necroptosis and NETosis, can impact on immunity to bacterial infection. However, it is challenging to design experiments that unequivocally prove the advantageous effects of regulated cell death on immunity. Recent advances in the genetic manipulation of regulated cell death and danger-associated molecular patterns and 'alarmins', such as HMGB1 and the IL-1 family, may hold the key to delineating the consequences of cell death in immunity to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N Stephenson
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - A Herzig
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany
| | - A Zychlinsky
- Department of Cellular Microbiology, Max-Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin 10117, Germany.
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729
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Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E, Meseguer J. Phagocytosis in Teleosts. Implications of the New Cells Involved. BIOLOGY 2015; 4:907-22. [PMID: 26690236 PMCID: PMC4690022 DOI: 10.3390/biology4040907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 11/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Phagocytosis is the process by which cells engulf some solid particles to form internal vesicles known as phagosomes. Phagocytosis is in fact a specific form of endocytosis involving the vesicular interiorization of particles. Phagocytosis is essentially a defensive reaction against infection and invasion of the body by foreign substances and, in the immune system, phagocytosis is a major mechanism used to remove pathogens and/or cell debris. For these reasons, phagocytosis in vertebrates has been recognized as a critical component of the innate and adaptive immune responses to pathogens. Furthermore, more recent studies have revealed that phagocytosis is also crucial for tissue homeostasis and remodeling. Professional phagocytes in teleosts are monocyte/macrophages, granulocytes and dendritic cells. Nevertheless, in recent years phagocytic properties have also been attributed to teleost lymphocytes and thrombocytes. The possible implications of such cells on this important biological process, new factors affecting phagocytosis, evasion of phagocytosis or new forms of phagocytosis will be considered and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Alberto Cuesta
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Elena Chaves-Pozo
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - José Meseguer
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
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730
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Swartz TH, Dubyak GR, Chen BK. Purinergic Receptors: Key Mediators of HIV-1 Infection and Inflammation. Front Immunol 2015; 6:585. [PMID: 26635799 PMCID: PMC4659914 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) causes a chronic infection that afflicts more than 30 million individuals worldwide. While the infection can be suppressed with potent antiretroviral therapies, individuals infected with HIV-1 have elevated levels of inflammation as indicated by increased T cell activation, soluble biomarkers, and associated morbidity and mortality. A single mechanism linking HIV-1 pathogenesis to this inflammation has yet to be identified. Purinergic receptors are known to mediate inflammation and have been shown to be required for HIV-1 infection at the level of HIV-1 membrane fusion. Here, we review the literature on the role of purinergic receptors in HIV-1 infection and associated inflammation and describe a role for these receptors as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia H Swartz
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
| | - George R Dubyak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, OH , USA
| | - Benjamin K Chen
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY , USA
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731
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Magna M, Pisetsky DS. The Role of Cell Death in the Pathogenesis of SLE: Is Pyroptosis the Missing Link? Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:218-24. [PMID: 26118732 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a prototypic autoimmune disease characterized by the production of antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) in association with systemic inflammation and organ damage. In addition to genetic factors, a contribution of infection to disease induction has been proposed. In the pathogenesis of lupus, immune complexes of ANAs with nuclear antigens can form and both deposit in the tissue and stimulate cytokine production to intensify inflammation. As such, the extracellular release of nuclear antigens to form pathogenic immune complexes is an important step in the pathway to disease. This release has been considered the consequence of cell death, with apoptotic cells the relevant source of nuclear material. While apoptosis could serve this role, other death forms may act similarly. Among these death forms, pyroptosis, which can be induced by inflammasome activation during infection, has features suggesting involvement in lupus. Thus, unlike apoptosis, pyroptosis is a pro-inflammatory process. Furthermore, pyroptosis leads to the release of intracellular contents including HMGB1 and ATP, both of which can act as DAMPs (death associated molecular patterns) to stimulate further inflammation. Importantly, pyroptosis can lead to the release of intact nuclei, suggesting a relationship to events in the formation of LE cells. While the role of pyroptosis in SLE is hypothetical at this time, further analysis of this death form should provide new insights into lupus pathogenesis and provide the missing link between infection and the initiation of lupus by products of dead and dying cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Magna
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D S Pisetsky
- Medical Research Service, Durham Veterans Administration Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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732
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Shao BZ, Xu ZQ, Han BZ, Su DF, Liu C. NLRP3 inflammasome and its inhibitors: a review. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:262. [PMID: 26594174 PMCID: PMC4633676 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 585] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammasomes are newly recognized, vital players in innate immunity. The best characterized is the NLRP3 inflammasome, so-called because the NLRP3 protein in the complex belongs to the family of nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain-like receptors (NLRs) and is also known as “pyrin domain-containing protein 3”. The NLRP3 inflammasome is associated with onset and progression of various diseases, including metabolic disorders, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease, cryopyrin-associated periodic fever syndrome, as well as other auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases. Several NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors have been described, some of which show promise in the clinic. The present review will describe the structure and mechanisms of activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome, its association with various auto-immune and auto-inflammatory diseases, and the state of research into NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Zong Shao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Zhe-Qi Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Bin-Ze Han
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Ding-Feng Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University Shanghai, China
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733
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734
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LaRock CN, Nizet V. Inflammasome/IL-1β Responses to Streptococcal Pathogens. Front Immunol 2015; 6:518. [PMID: 26500655 PMCID: PMC4597127 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation mediated by the inflammasome and the cytokine IL-1β are some of the earliest and most important alarms to infection. These pathways are responsive to the virulence factors that pathogens use to subvert immune processes, and thus are typically activated only by microbes with potential to cause severe disease. Among the most serious human infections are those caused by the pathogenic streptococci, in part because these species numerous strategies for immune evasion. Since the virulence factor armament of each pathogen is unique, the role of IL-1β and the pathways leading to its activation varies for each infection. This review summarizes the role of IL-1β during infections caused by streptococcal pathogens, with emphasis on emergent mechanisms and concepts countering paradigms determined for other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N LaRock
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA ; Skaggs School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego , La Jolla, CA , USA
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735
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Cleavage of GSDMD by inflammatory caspases determines pyroptotic cell death. Nature 2015; 526:660-5. [PMID: 26375003 DOI: 10.1038/nature15514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3917] [Impact Index Per Article: 435.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory caspases (caspase-1, -4, -5 and -11) are critical for innate defences. Caspase-1 is activated by ligands of various canonical inflammasomes, and caspase-4, -5 and -11 directly recognize bacterial lipopolysaccharide, both of which trigger pyroptosis. Despite the crucial role in immunity and endotoxic shock, the mechanism for pyroptosis induction by inflammatory caspases is unknown. Here we identify gasdermin D (Gsdmd) by genome-wide clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeat (CRISPR)-Cas9 nuclease screens of caspase-11- and caspase-1-mediated pyroptosis in mouse bone marrow macrophages. GSDMD-deficient cells resisted the induction of pyroptosis by cytosolic lipopolysaccharide and known canonical inflammasome ligands. Interleukin-1β release was also diminished in Gsdmd(-/-) cells, despite intact processing by caspase-1. Caspase-1 and caspase-4/5/11 specifically cleaved the linker between the amino-terminal gasdermin-N and carboxy-terminal gasdermin-C domains in GSDMD, which was required and sufficient for pyroptosis. The cleavage released the intramolecular inhibition on the gasdermin-N domain that showed intrinsic pyroptosis-inducing activity. Other gasdermin family members were not cleaved by inflammatory caspases but shared the autoinhibition; gain-of-function mutations in Gsdma3 that cause alopecia and skin defects disrupted the autoinhibition, allowing its gasdermin-N domain to trigger pyroptosis. These findings offer insight into inflammasome-mediated immunity/diseases and also change our understanding of pyroptosis and programmed necrosis.
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Abstract
During development, stress, infection, or normal homeostasis, billions of cells die on a daily basis, and the responsibility of clearing these cellular corpses lies with the phagocytes of innate immune system. This process, termed efferocytosis , is critical for the prevention of inflammation and autoimmunity , as well as modulation of the adaptive immune response. Defective clearance of dead cells is characteristic of many human autoimmune or autoinflammatory disorders, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), atherosclerosis, and diabetes. The mechanisms that phagocytes employ to sense, engulf, and process dead cells for an appropriate immune response have been an area of great interest. However, insight into novel mechanisms of programmed cell death , such as necroptosis, has shed light on the fact that while the diner (or phagocyte) is important, the meal itself (the type of dead cell) can play a crucial role in shaping the pursuant immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA.
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