751
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Hierarchical Status Predicts Behavioral Vulnerability and Nucleus Accumbens Metabolic Profile Following Chronic Social Defeat Stress. Curr Biol 2017; 27:2202-2210.e4. [PMID: 28712571 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extensive data highlight the existence of major differences in individuals' susceptibility to stress [1-4]. While genetic factors [5, 6] and exposure to early life stress [7, 8] are key components for such neurobehavioral diversity, intriguing observations revealed individual differences in response to stress in inbred mice [9-12]. This raised the possibility that other factors might be critical in stress vulnerability. A key challenge in the field is to identify non-invasively risk factors for vulnerability to stress. Here, we investigated whether behavioral factors, emerging from preexisting dominance hierarchies, could predict vulnerability to chronic stress [9, 13-16]. We applied a chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) model of depression in C57BL/6J mice to investigate the predictive power of hierarchical status to pinpoint which individuals will exhibit susceptibility to CSDS. Given that the high social status of dominant mice would be the one particularly challenged by CSDS, we predicted and found that dominant individuals were the ones showing a strong susceptibility profile as indicated by strong social avoidance following CSDS, while subordinate mice were not affected. Data from 1H-NMR spectroscopy revealed that the metabolic profile in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) relates to social status and vulnerability to stress. Under basal conditions, subordinates show lower levels of energy-related metabolites compared to dominants. In subordinates, but not dominants, levels of these metabolites were increased after exposure to CSDS. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that identifies non-invasively the origin of behavioral risk factors predictive of stress-induced depression-like behaviors associated with metabolic changes.
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752
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Role of the lateral habenula in memory through online processing of information. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 162:69-78. [PMID: 28709783 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Our memory abilities, whether they involve short-term working memory or long-term episodic or procedural memories, are essential for our well-being, our capacity to adapt to constraints of our environment and survival. Therefore, several key brain regions and neurotransmitter systems are engaged in the processing of sensory information to either maintain such information in working memory so that it will quickly be used, and/or participate in the elaboration and storage of enduring traces useful for longer periods of time. Animal research has recently attracted attention on the lateral habenula which, as shown in rodents and non-human primates, seems to process information stemming in the main regions involved in memory processing, e.g., the medial prefrontal cortex, the hippocampus, the amygdala, the septal region, the basal ganglia, and participates in the control of key memory-related neurotransmitters systems, i.e., dopamine, serotonin, acetylcholine. Recently, the lateral habenula has been involved in working and spatial reference memories, in rodents, likely by participating in online processing of contextual information. In addition, several behavioral studies strongly suggest that it is also involved in the processing of the emotional valance of incoming information in order to adapt to particularly stressful situations. Therefore, the lateral habenula appears like a key region at the interface between cognition and emotion to participate in the selection of appropriate behaviors.
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753
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Aoki Y, Nishimura Y, Hondrich T, Nakayama R, Igata H, Sasaki T, Ikegaya Y. Selective attenuation of electrophysiological activity of the dentate gyrus in a social defeat mouse model. J Physiol Sci 2017; 67:507-513. [PMID: 27573168 PMCID: PMC10717681 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Current research on stress pathology has revealed a set of molecular and cellular mechanisms through which psychosocial stress impairs brain function. However, there are few studies that have examined how chronic stress exposure alters neuronal activity patterns at a network level. Here, we recorded ensemble neuronal activity patterns of the cortico-hippocampal network from urethane-anesthetized mice that were subjected to repeated social defeat stress. In socially defeated mice, the magnitudes of local field potential signals, including theta, slow gamma, and fast gamma oscillations, were significantly reduced in the dentate gyrus, whereas they remained unchanged in the hippocampus and somatosensory cortex. In accordance with the vast majority of histological and biochemical studies, our evidence from electrophysiological investigations highlights the dentate gyrus as a key brain area that is primarily susceptible to stress-induced dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yuya Nishimura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Timm Hondrich
- Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 504, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ryota Nakayama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hideyoshi Igata
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takuya Sasaki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Yuji Ikegaya
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
- Center for Information and Neural Networks, 1-4 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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754
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The Nucleus Accumbens and Ketamine Treatment in Major Depressive Disorder. Neuropsychopharmacology 2017; 42:1739-1746. [PMID: 28272497 PMCID: PMC5518908 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of depression repeatedly showed stress-induced nucleus accumbens (NAc) hypertrophy. Recently, ketamine was found to normalize this stress-induced NAc structural growth. Here, we investigated NAc structural abnormalities in major depressive disorder (MDD) in two cohorts. Cohort A included a cross-sectional sample of 34 MDD and 26 healthy control (HC) subjects, with high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to estimate NAc volumes. Proton MR spectroscopy (1H MRS) was used to divide MDD subjects into two subgroups: glutamate-based depression (GBD) and non-GBD. A separate longitudinal sample (cohort B) included 16 MDD patients who underwent MRI at baseline then 24 h following intravenous infusion of ketamine (0.5 mg/kg). In cohort A, we found larger left NAc volume in MDD compared to controls (Cohen's d=1.05), but no significant enlargement in the right NAc (d=0.44). Follow-up analyses revealed significant subgrouping effects on the left (d⩾1.48) and right NAc (d⩾0.95) with larger bilateral NAc in non-GBD compared to GBD and HC. NAc volumes were not different between GBD and HC. In cohort B, ketamine treatment reduced left NAc, but increased left hippocampal, volumes in patients achieving remission. The cross-sectional data provided the first evidence of enlarged NAc in patients with MDD. These NAc abnormalities were limited to patients with non-GBD. The pilot longitudinal data revealed a pattern of normalization of left NAc and hippocampal volumes particularly in patients who achieved remission following ketamine treatment, an intriguing preliminary finding that awaits replication.
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755
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Caetano L, Pinheiro H, Patrício P, Mateus-Pinheiro A, Alves ND, Coimbra B, Baptista FI, Henriques SN, Cunha C, Santos AR, Ferreira SG, Sardinha VM, Oliveira JF, Ambrósio AF, Sousa N, Cunha RA, Rodrigues AJ, Pinto L, Gomes CA. Adenosine A 2A receptor regulation of microglia morphological remodeling-gender bias in physiology and in a model of chronic anxiety. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:1035-1043. [PMID: 27725661 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2016.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Developmental risk factors, such as the exposure to stress or high levels of glucocorticoids (GCs), may contribute to the pathogenesis of anxiety disorders. The immunomodulatory role of GCs and the immunological fingerprint found in animals prenatally exposed to GCs point towards an interplay between the immune and the nervous systems in the etiology of these disorders. Microglia are immune cells of the brain, responsive to GCs and morphologically altered in stress-related disorders. These cells are regulated by adenosine A2A receptors, which are also involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety. We now compare animal behavior and microglia morphology in males and females prenatally exposed to the GC dexamethasone. We report that prenatal exposure to dexamethasone is associated with a gender-specific remodeling of microglial cell processes in the prefrontal cortex: males show a hyper-ramification and increased length whereas females exhibit a decrease in the number and in the length of microglia processes. Microglial cells re-organization responded in a gender-specific manner to the chronic treatment with a selective adenosine A2A receptor antagonist, which was able to ameliorate microglial processes alterations and anxiety behavior in males, but not in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Caetano
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - H Pinheiro
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - P Patrício
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A Mateus-Pinheiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - N D Alves
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - B Coimbra
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - F I Baptista
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - S N Henriques
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Cunha
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A R Santos
- ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - S G Ferreira
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - V M Sardinha
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - J F Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - A F Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - N Sousa
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - R A Cunha
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - A J Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - L Pinto
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - C A Gomes
- CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CNC.IBILI Consortium, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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756
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Blair C, Berry DJ. Moderate within-person variability in cortisol is related to executive function in early childhood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 81:88-95. [PMID: 28433801 PMCID: PMC5502684 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Lab-based experimental studies with humans and in animal models demonstrate that the relation between glucocorticoid (GC) levels and performance on measures of higher-order cognitive ability such as executive function (EF) is best described by an inverted U-shape curve. Moderate levels of GCs (cortisol/corticosterone) are associated with comparatively better performance relative to GC levels that are particularly high or low. Although findings from experimental studies are definitive and have high internal validity, the external validity of this association as an aspect of children's development is unknown. Here we analyze data from the Family Life Project (N=1292), a prospective longitudinal sample of children and families in predominantly low-income and rural communities followed longitudinally from infancy through age 60 months. Consistent with the prior experimental literature, we found evidence of an inverted-U relation. For children with relatively low cortisol levels, on average, between the ages 7, 15, 24, and 48 months, those illustrating moderate fluctuations in their cortisol levels over this span tended to show subsequently better EF performance at 60 months, than did children with either highly stable or highly variable temporal profiles. This curvilinear function did not extend to children whose cortisol levels were high, on average. These children tended to show lower EF performance, irrespective the stability of their cortisol levels over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, 246 Greene Street, Kimball Hall, New York, NY, 10012, United States.
| | - Daniel J Berry
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 E River Road, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, United States
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757
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Erbb4 Deletion from Medium Spiny Neurons of the Nucleus Accumbens Core Induces Schizophrenia-Like Behaviors via Elevated GABA A Receptor α1 Subunit Expression. J Neurosci 2017; 37:7450-7464. [PMID: 28667174 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3948-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the major GABAergic projection neurons in the striatum, are implicated in many neuropsychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We found that a deficiency in Erbb4, a schizophrenia risk gene, in MSNs of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) core, but not the dorsomedial striatum, markedly induced schizophrenia-like behaviors such as hyperactivity, abnormal marble-burying behavior, damaged social novelty recognition, and impaired sensorimotor gating function in male mice. Using immunohistochemistry, Western blot, RNA interference, electrophysiology, and behavior test studies, we found that these phenomena were mediated by increased GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAAR α1) expression, which enhanced inhibitory synaptic transmission on MSNs. These results suggest that Erbb4 in MSNs of the NAc core may contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia by regulating GABAergic transmission and raise the possibility that GABAAR α1 may therefore serve as a new therapeutic target for schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although ErbB4 is highly expressed in striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs), its role in this type of neuron has not been reported previously. The present study demonstrates that Erbb4 deletion in nucleus accumbens (NAc) core MSNs can induce schizophrenia-like behaviors via elevated GABAA receptor α1 subunit (GABAAR α1) expression. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that ErbB4 signaling in the MSNs is involved in the pathology of schizophrenia. Furthermore, restoration of GABAAR α1 in the NAc core, but not the dorsal medium striatum, alleviated the abnormal behaviors. Here, we highlight the role of the NAc core in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and suggest that GABAAR α1 may be a potential pharmacological target for its treatment.
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758
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Araque A, Castillo PE, Manzoni OJ, Tonini R. Synaptic functions of endocannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neuropharmacology 2017. [PMID: 28625718 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids (eCBs) are a family of lipid molecules that act as key regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity. They are synthetized "on demand" following physiological and/or pathological stimuli. Once released from postsynaptic neurons, eCBs typically act as retrograde messengers to activate presynaptic type 1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1) and induce short- or long-term depression of neurotransmitter release. Besides this canonical mechanism of action, recent findings have revealed a number of less conventional mechanisms by which eCBs regulate neural activity and synaptic function, suggesting that eCB-mediated plasticity is mechanistically more diverse than anticipated. These mechanisms include non-retrograde signaling, signaling via astrocytes, participation in long-term potentiation, and the involvement of mitochondrial CB1. Focusing on paradigmatic brain areas, such as hippocampus, striatum, and neocortex, we review typical and novel signaling mechanisms, and discuss the functional implications in normal brain function and brain diseases. In summary, eCB signaling may lead to different forms of synaptic plasticity through activation of a plethora of mechanisms, which provide further complexity to the functional consequences of eCB signaling. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Pablo E Castillo
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Olivier J Manzoni
- Institut National de la Santé et et de la Recherche Médicale U901 Marseille, France, Université de la Méditerranée UMR S901 Aix-Marseille Marseille, France, INMED Marseille, France.
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technologies Department, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.
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759
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Kaye AP, Ross DA. Predicting Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: From Circuits to Communities. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:e85-e86. [PMID: 28554391 PMCID: PMC5712910 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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760
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Lieslehto J, Kiviniemi V, Mäki P, Koivukangas J, Nordström T, Miettunen J, Barnett JH, Jones PB, Murray GK, Moilanen I, Paus T, Veijola J. Early adversity and brain response to faces in young adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:4470-4478. [PMID: 28612935 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early stressors play a key role in shaping interindividual differences in vulnerability to various psychopathologies, which according to the diathesis-stress model might relate to the elevated glucocorticoid secretion and impaired responsiveness to stress. Furthermore, previous studies have shown that individuals exposed to early adversity have deficits in emotion processing from faces. This study aims to explore whether early adversities associate with brain response to faces and whether this association might associate with the regional variations in mRNA expression of the glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1). A total of 104 individuals drawn from the Northern Finland Brith Cohort 1986 participated in a face-task functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study. A large independent dataset (IMAGEN, N = 1739) was utilized for reducing fMRI data-analytical space in the NFBC 1986 dataset. Early adversities were associated with deviant brain response to fearful faces (MANCOVA, P = 0.006) and with weaker performance in fearful facial expression recognition (P = 0.01). Glucocorticoid receptor gene expression (data from the Allen Human Brain Atlas) correlated with the degree of associations between early adversities and brain response to fearful faces (R2 = 0.25, P = 0.01) across different brain regions. Our results suggest that early adversities contribute to brain response to faces and that this association is mediated in part by the glucocorticoid system. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4470-4478, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lieslehto
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Aurora Doctoral Program, Thule Institute, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Vesa Kiviniemi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pirjo Mäki
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Länsi-Pohja Healthcare District, Keropudas and the Middle Ostrobothnia Central Hospital, Kiuru, Kokkola, Mental Health Services in Raahe District and District of Kallio, Finland
| | - Jenni Koivukangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tanja Nordström
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jouko Miettunen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jennifer H Barnett
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter B Jones
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham K Murray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Irma Moilanen
- University of Oulu and Department of Child Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, PEDEGO Research Center, Child Psychiatry, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Tomáš Paus
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Departments of Psychology and Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Child Mind Institute, New York, New York
| | - Juha Veijola
- Department of Psychiatry, Research Unit of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Psychiatry, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
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761
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van der Meer D, Hoekstra PJ, van Donkelaar M, Bralten J, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld D, Faraone SV, Franke B, Buitelaar JK, Hartman CA. Predicting attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder severity from psychosocial stress and stress-response genes: a random forest regression approach. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1145. [PMID: 28585928 PMCID: PMC5537639 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying genetic variants contributing to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is complicated by the involvement of numerous common genetic variants with small effects, interacting with each other as well as with environmental factors, such as stress exposure. Random forest regression is well suited to explore this complexity, as it allows for the analysis of many predictors simultaneously, taking into account any higher-order interactions among them. Using random forest regression, we predicted ADHD severity, measured by Conners' Parent Rating Scales, from 686 adolescents and young adults (of which 281 were diagnosed with ADHD). The analysis included 17 374 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) across 29 genes previously linked to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity, together with information on exposure to 24 individual long-term difficulties or stressful life events. The model explained 12.5% of variance in ADHD severity. The most important SNP, which also showed the strongest interaction with stress exposure, was located in a region regulating the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT). Other high-ranking SNPs were found in or near NPSR1, ESR1, GABRA6, PER3, NR3C2 and DRD4. Chronic stressors were more influential than single, severe, life events. Top hits were partly shared with conduct problems. We conclude that random forest regression may be used to investigate how multiple genetic and environmental factors jointly contribute to ADHD. It is able to implicate novel SNPs of interest, interacting with stress exposure, and may explain inconsistent findings in ADHD genetics. This exploratory approach may be best combined with more hypothesis-driven research; top predictors and their interactions with one another should be replicated in independent samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- D van der Meer
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research/Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorder Research (NORMENT), Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - P J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - M van Donkelaar
- Department of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Bralten
- Department of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oosterlaan
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D Heslenfeld
- Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S V Faraone
- Department of Psychiatry, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, USA
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Psychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - B Franke
- Department of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J K Buitelaar
- Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - C A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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762
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Verbickas V, Kamandulis S, Snieckus A, Venckunas T, Baranauskiene N, Brazaitis M, Satkunskiene D, Unikauskas A, Skurvydas A. Serum brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and interleukin‐6 response to high‐volume mechanically demanding exercise. Muscle Nerve 2017; 57:E46-E51. [DOI: 10.1002/mus.25687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vaidas Verbickas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Audrius Snieckus
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Tomas Venckunas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Neringa Baranauskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Marius Brazaitis
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Danguole Satkunskiene
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Alvydas Unikauskas
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical AcademyLithuanian University of Health SciencesMickeviciaus 9, Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Albertas Skurvydas
- Institute of Sports Science and InnovationLithuanian Sports UniversityKaunas, Lithuania, Sporto 6, LT 44221, Kaunas Lithuania
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763
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Zuflacht JP, Shao Y, Kronish IM, Edmondson D, Elkind MSV, Kamel H, Boehme AK, Willey JZ. Psychiatric Hospitalization Increases Short-Term Risk of Stroke. Stroke 2017; 48:1795-1801. [PMID: 28536168 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.016371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent evidence suggests that psychological distress, including the symptoms of psychiatric illness, may acutely increase the risk of stroke. However, existing studies are limited by small sample sizes, inherent recall bias, and poorly defined criteria for what constitutes psychological distress. METHODS We analyzed administrative data from the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project for the state of California from 2007 to 2009 using a case-crossover design. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for combined hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke risk occurring within 15, 30, 90, 180, and 365 days of a hospitalization for a psychiatric diagnosis (as defined by International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, code) among adults. RESULTS Psychiatric hospitalizations within 1 year before stroke were found in 2585 (5.3%) of 48 558 stroke patients. Hospitalization for a psychiatric condition was associated with increased risk of stroke within all 5 time periods, with the highest odds of stroke occurring within 15 days (0-15 days: OR, 3.5; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.6-4.8; 0-30 days: OR, 3.0; 95% CI, 2.4-3.8; 0-90 days: OR, 2.3; 95% CI, 2.0-2.7; 0-180 days: OR, 2.2; 95% CI, 2.0-2.5; and 0-365 days: OR, 2.6; 95% CI, 2.4-2.8). CONCLUSIONS Psychiatric hospitalization increases the short-term risk of stroke, particularly within the 15-day period after hospitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonah P Zuflacht
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.).
| | - Yuefan Shao
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Ian M Kronish
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Donald Edmondson
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Hooman Kamel
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Amelia K Boehme
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
| | - Joshua Z Willey
- From the College of Physicians and Surgeons (J.P.Z.), Center for Behavioral Cardiovascular Health (I.M.K., D.E.), Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons (M.S.V.E., A.K.B., J.Z.W.), and Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health (M.S.V.E., A.K.B.), Columbia University, New York, NY; Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (Y.S.); and Department of Neurology, Cornell University, New York, NY (H.K.)
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764
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Li G, Jing P, Liu Z, Li Z, Ma H, Tu W, Zhang W, Zhuo C. Beneficial effect of fluoxetine treatment aganist psychological stress is mediated by increasing BDNF expression in selected brain areas. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69527-69537. [PMID: 29050222 PMCID: PMC5642497 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.17891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
SSRI antidepressant fluoxetine is widely used to treat psychological stress related disorders, however the underlying working mechanisms is not fully understood, as SSRIs can rapidly increase the extracellular serotonin levels but it normally takes weeks to reveal their therapeutic effect in the stress-related psychological disorders. Our previous study demonstrated that purely psychological stress without any physic stimuli induces a biphasic change in the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), which immediately decrease and then gradually increase after the stress; and that the latter BDNF increase in response to the psychological stress involves the activation of serotonin system. To investigate the role of BDNF in the fluoxetine treatment for stress-related psychological disorders, we examined the mRNA and protein levels of BDNF in the brain of Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats, which were pretreated with fluoxetine at 10 mg/kg or vehicle solution for 14 days, over 24 hour after an acute psychological stress exposure. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were performed to detect the expression of BDNF at different time points in various brain regions after the psychological stress. We found that fluoxetine treatment completely blocked the BDNF decrease induced by the psychological stress, and also enhanced the gradual increase in the expression of BDNF in most of the brain regions except VTA after the psychological stress. The results suggest that the enhancement in BDNF levels induced by chronic fluoxetine treatment mediates the therapeutic effect against psychological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongying Li
- Insitute of Mental health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China
| | - Ping Jing
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin Fourth Central Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300000, China
| | - Zhiruo Li
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, China
| | - Hongxia Ma
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272051, China
| | - Wenzhen Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China
| | - Chuanjun Zhuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Seventh People's Hospital, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325000, China.,Insitute of Mental health, Jining Medical University, Jining, 272067, China.,Department of Psychiatric Neuroimaging Laboratory, Tianjin Anding Hospital, Tianjin Mental Health Center, Tianjin 300222, China.,Department of Psychiatry, Tianjin Anning Hospital, Tianjin 300300, China
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765
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Neseliler S, Tannenbaum B, Zacchia M, Larcher K, Coulter K, Lamarche M, Marliss EB, Pruessner J, Dagher A. Academic stress and personality interact to increase the neural response to high-calorie food cues. Appetite 2017; 116:306-314. [PMID: 28487246 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psychosocial stress is associated with an increased intake of palatable foods and weight gain in stress-reactive individuals. Personality traits have been shown to predict stress-reactivity. However, it is not known if personality traits influence brain activity in regions implicated in appetite control during psychosocial stress. The current study assessed whether Gray's Behavioural Inhibition System (BIS) scale, a measure of stress-reactivity, was related to the activity of brain regions implicated in appetite control during a stressful period. Twenty-two undergraduate students participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment once during a non-exam period and once during final exams in a counter-balanced order. In the scanner, they viewed food and scenery pictures. In the exam compared with the non-exam condition, BIS scores related to increased perceived stress and correlated with increased blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) response to high-calorie food images in regions implicated in food reward and subjective value, such as the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, (vmPFC) and the amygdala. BIS scores negatively related to the functional connectivity between the vmPFC and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. The results demonstrate that the BIS trait influences stress reactivity. This is observed both as an increased activity in brain regions implicated in computing the value of food cues and decreased connectivity of these regions to prefrontal regions implicated in self-control. This suggests that the effects of real life stress on appetitive brain function and self-control is modulated by a personality trait. This may help to explain why stressful periods can lead to overeating in vulnerable individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selin Neseliler
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Beth Tannenbaum
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Maria Zacchia
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kevin Larcher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Kirsty Coulter
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie Lamarche
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Errol B Marliss
- Crabtree Nutrition Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University Health Centre Research Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Jens Pruessner
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alain Dagher
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.
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766
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Abstract
Anxiety disorders constitute the largest group of mental disorders in most western societies and are a leading cause of disability. The essential features of anxiety disorders are excessive and enduring fear, anxiety or avoidance of perceived threats, and can also include panic attacks. Although the neurobiology of individual anxiety disorders is largely unknown, some generalizations have been identified for most disorders, such as alterations in the limbic system, dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and genetic factors. In addition, general risk factors for anxiety disorders include female sex and a family history of anxiety, although disorder-specific risk factors have also been identified. The diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders varies for the individual disorders, but are generally similar across the two most common classification systems: the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) and the International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Edition (ICD-10). Despite their public health significance, the vast majority of anxiety disorders remain undetected and untreated by health care systems, even in economically advanced countries. If untreated, these disorders are usually chronic with waxing and waning symptoms. Impairments associated with anxiety disorders range from limitations in role functioning to severe disabilities, such as the patient being unable to leave their home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle G Craske
- Department of Psychology, University of California Los Angeles, 405 Hilgard Avenue, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
| | - Murray B Stein
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Thalia C Eley
- King's College London, MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, London, UK
| | - Mohammed R Milad
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charleston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Holmes
- Laboratory of Behavioral and Genomic Neuroscience, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Ronald M Rapee
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Emotional Health, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hans-Ulrich Wittchen
- Institute of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Science, Technische Universitaet Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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767
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Maternal separation induces hippocampal changes in cadherin-1 ( CDH-1 ) mRNA and recognition memory impairment in adolescent mice. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:157-167. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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768
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Kober H, Brewer JA, Height KL, Sinha R. Neural stress reactivity relates to smoking outcomes and differentiates between mindfulness and cognitive-behavioral treatments. Neuroimage 2017; 151:4-13. [PMID: 27693614 PMCID: PMC5373945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress and negative affect are known contributors to drug use and relapse, and several known treatments for addictions include strategies for managing them. In the current study, we administered a well-established stress provocation during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to 23 participants who completed either mindfulness training (MT; N=11) or the American Lung Association's Freedom From Smoking (FFS; N=12), which is a cognitive-behavioral treatment (CBT) for smoking cessation. Across the entire sample, we found that stress reactivity in several brain regions including the amygdala and anterior/mid insula was related to reductions in smoking after treatment, as well as at 3-month post-treatment follow-up. Moreover, conjunction analysis revealed that these same regions also differentiated between treatment groups such that the MT group showed lower stress-reactivity compared to the FFS/CBT group. This suggests that reduction in stress reactivity may be one of the mechanisms that underlie the efficacy of MT in reducing smoking over time. The findings have important implications for our understanding of stress, the neural and psychological mechanisms that underlie mindfulness-based treatments, and for smoking cessation treatments more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedy Kober
- Yale University School of Medicine, United States.
| | | | | | - Rajita Sinha
- Yale University School of Medicine, United States
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769
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Harmer CJ, Duman RS, Cowen PJ. How do antidepressants work? New perspectives for refining future treatment approaches. Lancet Psychiatry 2017; 4:409-418. [PMID: 28153641 PMCID: PMC5410405 DOI: 10.1016/s2215-0366(17)30015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Most currently available antidepressants target monoamine neurotransmitter function. However, a purely neurotransmitter-based explanation for antidepressant drug action is challenged by the delayed clinical onset of most agents and the need to explain how neurochemical changes reverse the many different symptoms of depression. Novel approaches to understanding of antidepressant drug action include a focus on early changes in emotional and social processing and the role of neural plasticity. In this Review, we discuss the ways in which these two different theories reflect different or complementary approaches, and how they might be integrated to offer novel solutions for people with depression. We consider the predictions made by these mechanistic approaches for the stratification and development of new therapeutics for depression, and the next steps that need to be made to facilitate this translation of science to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald S Duman
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Philip J Cowen
- University Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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770
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Epigenetic mechanisms of alcoholism and stress-related disorders. Alcohol 2017; 60:7-18. [PMID: 28477725 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related disorders, such as anxiety, early life stress, and posttraumatic stress disorder appear to be important factors in promoting alcoholism, as alcohol consumption can temporarily attenuate the negative affective symptoms of these disorders. Several molecules involved in signaling pathways may contribute to the neuroadaptation induced during alcohol dependence and stress disorders, and among these, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), corticotropin releasing factor (CRF), neuropeptide Y (NPY) and opioid peptides (i.e., nociceptin and dynorphin) are involved in the interaction of stress and alcohol. In fact, alterations in the expression and function of these molecules have been associated with the pathophysiology of stress-related disorders and alcoholism. In recent years, various studies have focused on the epigenetic mechanisms that regulate chromatin architecture, thereby modifying gene expression. Interestingly, epigenetic modifications in specific brain regions have been shown to be associated with the neurobiology of psychiatric disorders, including alcoholism and stress. In particular, the enzymes responsible for chromatin remodeling (i.e., histone deacetylases and methyltransferases, DNA methyltransferases) have been identified as common molecular mechanisms for the interaction of stress and alcohol and have become promising therapeutic targets to treat or prevent alcoholism and associated emotional disorders.
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771
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Stevenson TJ. Environmental and hormonal regulation of epigenetic enzymes in the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28370682 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine structures integrate a vast range of external cues and internal signals that, in turn, result in adaptive physiological responses. Emerging data indicate that light, social cues, stress and energy balance stimulate relatively short- and long-term genomic modifications in discrete neuroendocrine structures, which are mediated by epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, environmentally-induced fluctuations in the synthesis of local hypothalamic and circulating hormones provide an internal signal that contributes to the extensive neuroendocrine genomic plasticity. This review examines the impact of environmental stimuli and endogenous hormonal signals on the regulation of epigenetic enzymes in key neuroendocrine structures. The data discussed are predominantly derived from studies in the neuroendocrine control of seasonal reproduction and the impact of social stress in rodent models. The perspective presented considers the role of oestrogen and glucocorticoids as the primary catalysts for inducing epigenetic modifications (eg, DNA methylation) in specific neuroendocrine structures. Oestrogen and glucocorticoid actions suggest: (i) a preferential action for specific epigenetic enzymes and (ii) nucleus- and cell-specific modifications. Untangling the complex web of hormonal regulation of methylation and acetylation will enhance our understanding of short- and long-term changes in epigenetic enzymes that generate adaptive and pathological neuroendocrine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Stevenson
- Institute for Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
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772
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Denhardt DT. Effect of stress on human biology: Epigenetics, adaptation, inheritance, and social significance. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1975-1984. [PMID: 28158904 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
I present a brief introduction to epigenetics, focused primarily on methylation of the genome and various regulatory RNAs, modifications of associated histones, and their importance in enabling us to adapt to real and changing environmental, developmental, and social circumstances. Following this is a more extensive overview of how it impacts our inheritance, our entire life (which changes as we age), and how we interact with others. Throughout, I emphasize the critical influence that stress, of many varieties exerts, via epigenetic means, on much of how we live and survive, mostly in the brain. I end with a short section on multigenerational transmission, drugs, and the importance of both social life and early life experiences in the development of adult diseases. There will be nothing about cancer. Although epigenetics is critical in that field, it is a whole different cobweb of complications (some involving stress).
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Denhardt
- Division of Life Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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773
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Francis TC, Lobo MK. Emerging Role for Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neuron Subtypes in Depression. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:645-653. [PMID: 27871668 PMCID: PMC5352537 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and its role in mood, reward, and motivation has been the focus of significant research. Despite this interest, little work has addressed cell type-specific distinctions in medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the main projection neurons in the nucleus accumbens and dorsal striatum, and their function in relation to stress and depression. Previous work has shown opposing roles for D1 and D2 receptor MSN subtypes in depression-like outcomes to stress, particularly in regard to repeated neuronal stimulation and excitatory transmission. Yet the mechanisms of action are still unknown. We discuss potential mechanisms by which MSN subtype function promotes dichotomous behavioral outcomes caused by differences in cellular plasticity, subcellular signaling pathways, and genetic expression. This review aims to address our current understanding about the role of nucleus accumbens MSN subtypes in stress-related depression behavior and speculates on how currently understood mechanisms contribute to factors that control the activity of MSNs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary Kay Lobo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
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774
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Kisliouk T, Cramer T, Meiri N. Methyl CpG level at distal part of heat-shock protein promoter HSP70 exhibits epigenetic memory for heat stress by modulating recruitment of POU2F1-associated nucleosome-remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) complex. J Neurochem 2017; 141:358-372. [PMID: 28278364 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Depending on its stringency, exposure to heat in early life leads to either resilience or vulnerability to heat stress later in life. We hypothesized that epigenetic alterations in genes belonging to the cell proteostasis pathways are attributed to long-term responses to heat stress. Epigenetic regulation of the mRNA expression of the molecular chaperone heat-shock protein (HSP) 70 (HSPA2) was evaluated in the chick hypothalamus during the critical period of thermal-control establishment on day 3 post-hatch and during heat challenge on day 10. Both the level and duration of HSP70 expression during heat challenge a week after heat conditioning were more pronounced in chicks conditioned under harsh versus mild temperature. Analyzing different segments of the promoter in vitro indicated that methylation of a distal part altered its transcriptional activity. In parallel, DNA-methylation level of this segment in vivo was higher in harsh- compared to mild-heat-conditioned chicks. Hypermethylation of the HSP70 promoter in high-temperature-conditioned chicks was accompanied by a reduction in both POU Class 2 Homeobox 1 (POU2F1) binding and recruitment of the nucleosome remodeling deacetylase (NuRD) chromatin-remodeling complex. As a result, histone H3 acetylation levels at the HSP70 promoter were higher in harsh-temperature-conditioned chicks than in their mild-heat-conditioned counterparts. These results suggest that methylation level of a distal part of the HSP70 promoter and POU2F1 recruitment may reflect heat-stress-related epigenetic memory and may be useful in differentiating between individuals that are resilient or vulnerable to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Kisliouk
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tomer Cramer
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Noam Meiri
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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775
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776
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Tsybko AS, Ilchibaeva TV, Popova NK. Role of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:219-233. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractGlial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is widely recognized as a survival factor for dopaminergic neurons, but GDNF has also been shown to promote development, differentiation, and protection of other central nervous system neurons and was thought to play an important role in various neuropsychiatric disorders. Severe mood disorders, such as primarily major depressive disorder and bipolar affective disorder, attract particular attention. These psychopathologies are characterized by structural alterations accompanied by the dysregulation of neuroprotective and neurotrophic signaling mechanisms required for the maturation, growth, and survival of neurons and glia. The main objective of this review is to summarize the recent findings and evaluate the potential role of GDNF in the pathogenesis and treatment of mood disorders. Specifically, it describes (1) the implication of GDNF in the mechanism of depression and in the effect of antidepressant drugs and mood stabilizers and (2) the interrelation between GDNF and brain neurotransmitters, playing a key role in the pathogenesis of depression. This review provides converging lines of evidence that (1) brain GDNF contributes to the mechanism underlying depressive disorders and the effect of antidepressants and mood stabilizers and (2) there is a cross-talk between GDNF and neurotransmitters representing a feedback system: GDNF-neurotransmitters and neurotransmitters-GDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Tsybko
- 1Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Lavrentyeva av. 10, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tatiana V. Ilchibaeva
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
| | - Nina K. Popova
- 2Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, The Federal Research Center the Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS, Novosibirsk 633090, Russia
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777
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Abstract
The future of medicine is discussed in the context of epigenetic influences during the entire life course and the lived experiences of each person, avoiding as much as possible the "medicalization" of the individual and taking a more humanistic view. The reciprocal communication between brain and body via the neuroendocrine, autonomic, metabolic and immune systems and the plasticity of brain architecture provide the basis for devising better "top down" interventions that engage the whole person in working towards his or her welfare. The life course perspective emphasizes the importance of intervening early in life to prevent adverse early life experiences, including the effects of poverty, that can have lifelong consequences, referred to as "biological embedding". In the spirit of integrative, humanistic medicine, treatments that "open windows of plasticity" allow targeted behavioral interventions to redirect brain and body functions and behavior in healthier directions. Policies of government and the private sector, particularly at the local, community level, can create a supporting environment for such interventions. See "Common Ground for Health: Personalized, Precision and Social Medicine McEwen & Getz - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IRy_uUWyrEw.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065.
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778
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Plasticity vs Mutation. The role of microRNAs in human adaptation. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 163:36-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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779
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Ebner K, Singewald N. Individual differences in stress susceptibility and stress inhibitory mechanisms. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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780
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Popova NK, Ilchibaeva TV, Naumenko VS. Neurotrophic factors (BDNF and GDNF) and the serotonergic system of the brain. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:308-317. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917030099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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781
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Concerto C, Patel D, Infortuna C, Chusid E, Muscatello MR, Bruno A, Zoccali R, Aguglia E, Battaglia F. Academic stress disrupts cortical plasticity in graduate students. Stress 2017; 20:212-216. [PMID: 28320257 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2017.1301424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Medical education is a time of high stress and anxiety for many graduate students in medical professions. In this study, we sought to investigate the effect of academic stress on cortical excitability and plasticity by using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We tested two groups (n = 13 each) of healthy graduate medical students (mean age 33.7 ± 3.8 SE). One group was tested during a final exam week (High-stress group) while the other group was tested after a break, during a week without exams (Low-stress group). Students were required to fill the Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS) questionnaire. We investigated resting motor threshold (RMT), motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude and cortical silent period (CSP). The paired-pulse stimulation paradigm was used to assess short interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF). Long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity was evaluated with paired associative stimulation (PAS-25). There was no between-group difference in cortical excitability. On the contrary, during examination period, levels of perceived stress were significantly higher (p= .036) and the amount of cortical plasticity (60 min after PAS) was significantly lower (p = .029). LTP-like plasticity (60 min after PAS) was inversely correlated with perceived stress in the High-stress group. The present study showed LTP-like plasticity was reduced by examining stress in graduate students. Our results provide a new opportunity to objectively quantify the negative effect of academic and examination stress on brain plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Concerto
- a Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration , School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University , NJ , USA
| | - Dhaval Patel
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania
| | - Carmenrita Infortuna
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania
| | - Eileen Chusid
- b Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine , Psychiatry Unit, University of Catania
| | - Maria R Muscatello
- c Division of Pre-clinical sciences , New York College of Podiatric Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Antonio Bruno
- c Division of Pre-clinical sciences , New York College of Podiatric Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Rocco Zoccali
- c Division of Pre-clinical sciences , New York College of Podiatric Medicine , New York, NY , USA
| | - Eugenio Aguglia
- d Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging , Psychiatry Unit, University of Messina , Messina , Italy
| | - Fortunato Battaglia
- a Department of Interprofessional Health Sciences & Health Administration , School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University , NJ , USA
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782
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Kamin HS, Kertes DA. Cortisol and DHEA in development and psychopathology. Horm Behav 2017; 89:69-85. [PMID: 27979632 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and cortisol are the most abundant hormones of the human fetal and adult adrenals released as end products of a tightly coordinated endocrine response to stress. Together, they mediate short- and long-term stress responses and enable physiological and behavioral adjustments necessary for maintaining homeostasis. Detrimental effects of chronic or repeated elevations in cortisol on behavioral and emotional health are well documented. Evidence for actions of DHEA that offset or oppose those of cortisol has stimulated interest in examining their levels as a ratio, as an alternate index of adrenocortical activity and the net effects of cortisol. Such research necessitates a thorough understanding of the co-actions of these hormones on physiological functioning and in association with developmental outcomes. This review addresses the state of the science in understanding the role of DHEA, cortisol, and their ratio in typical development and developmental psychopathology. A rationale for studying DHEA and cortisol in concert is supported by physiological data on the coordinated synthesis and release of these hormones in the adrenal and by their opposing physiological actions. We then present evidence that researching cortisol and DHEA necessitates a developmental perspective. Age-related changes in DHEA and cortisol are described from the perinatal period through adolescence, along with observed associations of these hormones with developmental psychopathology. Along the way, we identify several major knowledge gaps in the role of DHEA in modulating cortisol in typical development and developmental psychopathology with implications for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley S Kamin
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Darlene A Kertes
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; University of Florida Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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783
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Jope RS, Cheng Y, Lowell JA, Worthen RJ, Sitbon YH, Beurel E. Stressed and Inflamed, Can GSK3 Be Blamed? Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:180-192. [PMID: 27876551 PMCID: PMC5336482 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress has a pervasive influence on our lives. In many cases adapting to stress strengthens organisms, but chronic or severe stress is usually harmful. One surprising outcome of psychological stress is the activation of an inflammatory response that resembles inflammation caused by infection or trauma. Excessive psychological stress and the consequential inflammation in the brain can increase susceptibility to psychiatric diseases, such as depression, and impair learning and memory, including in some patients with cognitive deficits. An emerging target to control detrimental outcomes of stress and inflammation is glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK3). GSK3 promotes inflammation, partly by regulating key transcription factors in the inflammation signaling pathway, and GSK3 can impair learning by promoting inflammation and by inhibiting long-term potentiation (LTP). Drugs inhibiting GSK3 may prove beneficial for controlling mood and cognitive impairments caused by excessive stress and the associated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Jope
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
| | - Yuyan Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Lowell
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Ryan J Worthen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Yoel H Sitbon
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Eleonore Beurel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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784
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Dehydroepiandrosterone increases the number and dendrite maturation of doublecortin cells in the dentate gyrus of middle age male Wistar rats exposed to chronic mild stress. Behav Brain Res 2017; 321:137-147. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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785
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Maternal psychological stress-induced developmental disability, neonatal mortality and stillbirth in the offspring of Wistar albino rats. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171089. [PMID: 28222133 PMCID: PMC5319666 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Stress is an inevitable part of life, and maternal stress during the gestational period has dramatic effects in the early programming of the physiology and behavior of offspring. The developmental period is crucial for the well-being of the offspring. Prenatal stress influences the developmental outcomes of the fetus, in part because the developing brain is particularly vulnerable to stress. The etiology of birth defects of the offspring is reported to be 30–40% genetic and 7–10% multifactorial, with the remaining 50% still unknown and also there is no clear cause for neonatal mortality and still-birth. Objective The present study explores the association of maternal psychological stress on mother and the offspring’s incidence of birth defects, stillbirth, and neonatal mortality. Study design Pregnant animals were restrained to induce psychological stress (3 times per day, 45 minutes per session). Except control group, other animals were exposed to restraint stress during the gestational period: early gestational stress (EGS, stress exposure during 1st day to 10th days of gestational period), late gestational stress (LGS, stress exposure during 11th day to till parturition), and full term gestational stress (FGS, stress exposure to the whole gestational period). The effects of maternal stress on the mother and their offspring were analyzed. Results Expectant female rats exposed to stress by physical restraint showed decreased body weight gain, food intake, and fecal pellet levels. Specifically, the offspring of female rats subjected to late gestational and full term gestational restraint stress showed more deleterious effects, such as physical impairment (LGS 24.44%, FGS 10%), neonatal mortality (EGS 2.56%, LGS 24.44%, FGS 17.5%), stillbirths (FGS 27.5%), low birth weight (EGS 5.42g, LGS 4.40g, FGS 4.12g), preterm births (EGS 539 Hrs, LGS 514 Hrs, FGS 520.6 Hrs), and delayed eyelid opening (EGS 15.16 Days, LGS 17 Days, FGS 17.67 Days). Conclusion The results of this study reveal that maternal stress may be associated with the offspring’s abnormal structural phenotyping, preterm birth, stillbirth and neonatal mortality.
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786
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Notarangelo FM, Schwarcz R. Restraint Stress during Pregnancy Rapidly Raises Kynurenic Acid Levels in Mouse Placenta and Fetal Brain. Dev Neurosci 2017; 38:458-468. [PMID: 28214871 DOI: 10.1159/000455228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Stressful events during pregnancy adversely affect brain development and may increase the risk of psychiatric disorders later in life. Early changes in the kynurenine (KYN) pathway (KP) of tryptophan (TRP) degradation, which contains several neuroactive metabolites, including kynurenic acid (KYNA), 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-HK), and quinolinic acid (QUIN), may constitute a molecular link between prenatal stress and delayed pathological consequences. To begin testing this hypothesis experimentally, we examined the effects of a 2-h restraint stress on KP metabolism in pregnant FVB/N mice on gestational day 17. TRP, KYN, KYNA, 3-HK, and QUIN levels were measured in maternal and fetal plasma and brain, as well as in the placenta, immediately after stress termination and 2 h later. In the same animals, we determined the activity of TRP 2,3-dioxygenase (TDO) in the maternal liver and in the placenta. Compared to unstressed controls, mostly transient changes in KP metabolism were observed in all of the tissues examined. Specifically, stress caused significant elevations of KYNA levels in the maternal plasma, placenta, and fetal brain, and also resulted in increased levels of TRP and KYN in the placenta, fetal plasma, and fetal brain. In contrast, 3-HK and QUIN levels remained unchanged from control values in all tissues at any time point. In the maternal liver, TDO activity was increased 2 h after stress cessation. Taken together, these findings indicate that an acute stress during the late gestational period preferentially affects the KYNA branch of KP metabolism in the fetal brain. Possible long-term consequences for postnatal brain development and pathology remain to be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca M Notarangelo
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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787
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Shining a light on early stress responses and late-onset disease vulnerability. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:2109-2111. [PMID: 28179564 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700323114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
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788
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Epigenetics refers to the study of heritable changes in gene expression not involving changes in DNA sequence and is presently an active area of research in biology and medicine. There is increasing evidence that epigenetics is involved in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. AIMS AND METHODS Several studies conducted to date have suggested that psychosocial factors act by modifying epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression in the brain in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. Such studies have been conducted both on brain tissues and also using peripheral tissues as substitutes for brain tissues. This article reviews such studies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression in the brain appear to link one individual with another in the context of social psychiatry. Epigenetics appears to be of major importance to the field of social psychiatry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Peedicayil
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College Vellore, Vellore, India
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789
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Abdallah CG, Wrocklage KM, Averill CL, Akiki T, Schweinsburg B, Roy A, Martini B, Southwick SM, Krystal JH, Scott JC. Anterior hippocampal dysconnectivity in posttraumatic stress disorder: a dimensional and multimodal approach. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1045. [PMID: 28244983 PMCID: PMC5545643 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior hippocampus (aHPC) has a central role in the regulation of anxiety-related behavior, stress response, emotional memory and fear. However, little is known about the presence and extent of aHPC abnormalities in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this study, we used a multimodal approach, along with graph-based measures of global brain connectivity (GBC) termed functional GBC with global signal regression (f-GBCr) and diffusion GBC (d-GBC), in combat-exposed US Veterans with and without PTSD. Seed-based aHPC anatomical connectivity analyses were also performed. A whole-brain voxel-wise data-driven investigation revealed a significant association between elevated PTSD symptoms and reduced medial temporal f-GBCr, particularly in the aHPC. Similarly, aHPC d-GBC negatively correlated with PTSD severity. Both functional and anatomical aHPC dysconnectivity measures remained significant after controlling for hippocampal volume, age, gender, intelligence, education, combat severity, depression, anxiety, medication status, traumatic brain injury and alcohol/substance comorbidities. Depression-like PTSD dimensions were associated with reduced connectivity in the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. In contrast, hyperarousal symptoms were positively correlated with ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal connectivity. We believe the findings provide first evidence of functional and anatomical dysconnectivity in the aHPC of veterans with high PTSD symptomatology. The data support the putative utility of aHPC connectivity as a measure of overall PTSD severity. Moreover, prefrontal global connectivity may be of clinical value as a brain biomarker to potentially distinguish between PTSD subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
- C G Abdallah
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs or Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, 950 Campbell Avenue, 151E West Haven, CT 06516, USA. E-mail:
| | - K M Wrocklage
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C L Averill
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - T Akiki
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B Schweinsburg
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - A Roy
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - B Martini
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - S M Southwick
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J H Krystal
- Clinical Neurosciences Division, VA National Center for PTSD, US Department of Veterans Affairs, West Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - J C Scott
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA,VISN4 Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Philadelphia VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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790
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Immunometabolic dysregulation is associated with reduced cortical thickness of the anterior cingulate cortex. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 60:361-368. [PMID: 27989860 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunometabolic dysregulation (low-grade inflammation and metabolic dysregulation) has been associated with the onset and more severe course of multiple psychiatric disorders, partly due to neuroanatomical changes and impaired neuroplasticity. We examined the effect of multiple markers of immunometabolic dysregulation on hippocampal and amygdala volume and anterior cingulate cortex thickness in a large sample of patients with depression and/or anxiety and healthy subjects (N=283). METHODS Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a), c-reactive protein (CRP), triglyceride levels and HDL-cholesterol and genomic profile risk scores (GPRS) for immunometabolic dysregulation were determined in peripheral blood and T1 MRI scans were acquired at 3T. Regional brain volume and cortical thickness was assessed using FreeSurfer. Covariate-adjusted linear regression analyses were performed to examine the relationship between immunometabolic dysregulation and brain volume/thickness across all subjects. RESULTS Multiple immunometabolic dysregulation markers (i.e. triglyceride levels and inflammation) were associated with lower rostral ACC thickness across all subjects. IL-6 was inversely associated with hippocampal and amygdala volume in healthy subjects only. GPRS for immunometabolic dysregulation were not associated with brain volume or cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS Multiple serum, but not genetic immunometabolic dysregulation markers were found to relate to rostral ACC structure, suggesting that inflammation and metabolic dysregulation may impact the ACC through similar mechanisms.
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791
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Río-Álamos C, Oliveras I, Piludu MA, Gerbolés C, Cañete T, Blázquez G, Lope-Piedrafita S, Martínez-Membrives E, Torrubia R, Tobeña A, Fernández-Teruel A. Neonatal handling enduringly decreases anxiety and stress responses and reduces hippocampus and amygdala volume in a genetic model of differential anxiety: Behavioral-volumetric associations in the Roman rat strains. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2017; 27:146-158. [PMID: 28049558 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hippocampus and amygdala have been proposed as key neural structures related to anxiety. A more active hippocampus/amygdala system has been related to greater anxious responses in situations involving conflict/novelty. The Roman Low- (RLA) and High-avoidance (RHA) rat lines/strains constitute a genetic model of differential anxiety. Relative to RHA rats, RLA rats exhibit enhanced anxiety/fearfulness, augmented hippocampal/amygdala c-Fos expression following exposure to novelty/conflict, increased hippocampal neuronal density and higher endocrine responses to stress. Neonatal handling (NH) is an environmental treatment with long-lasting anxiety/stress-reducing effects in rodents. Since hippocampus and amygdala volume are supposed to be related to anxiety/fear, we hypothesized a greater volume of both areas in RLA than in RHA rats, as well as that NH treatment would reduce anxiety and the volume of both structures, in particular in the RLA strain. Adult untreated and NH-treated RHA and RLA rats were tested for anxiety, sensorimotor gating (PPI), stress-induced corticosterone and prolactin responses, two-way active avoidance acquisition and in vivo 7 T 1H-Magnetic resonance image. As expected, untreated RLA rats showed higher anxiety and post-stress hormone responses, as well as greater hippocampus and amygdala volumes than untreated RHA rats. NH decreased anxiety/stress responses, especially in RLA rats, and significantly reduced hippocampus and amygdala volumes in this strain. Dorsal striatum volume was not different between the strains nor it was affected by NH. Finally, there were positive associations (as shown by correlations, factor analysis and multiple regression) between anxiety and PPI and hippocampus/amygdala volumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Río-Álamos
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Ignasi Oliveras
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Antonietta Piludu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Cristina Gerbolés
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Section of Pharmaceutical, Pharmacological and Nutraceutical Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy; Servei de RMN, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de investigacion Biomédica en Red - Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Toni Cañete
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gloria Blázquez
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de RMN, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de investigacion Biomédica en Red - Bioingenieria, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Esther Martínez-Membrives
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rafael Torrubia
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adolf Tobeña
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Fernández-Teruel
- Department of Psychiatry & Forensic Medicine, Institute of Neurosciences, Autonomous University of Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.
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792
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Oster H, Challet E, Ott V, Arvat E, de Kloet ER, Dijk DJ, Lightman S, Vgontzas A, Van Cauter E. The Functional and Clinical Significance of the 24-Hour Rhythm of Circulating Glucocorticoids. Endocr Rev 2017; 38:3-45. [PMID: 27749086 PMCID: PMC5563520 DOI: 10.1210/er.2015-1080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Adrenal glucocorticoids are major modulators of multiple functions, including energy metabolism, stress responses, immunity, and cognition. The endogenous secretion of glucocorticoids is normally characterized by a prominent and robust circadian (around 24 hours) oscillation, with a daily peak around the time of the habitual sleep-wake transition and minimal levels in the evening and early part of the night. It has long been recognized that this 24-hour rhythm partly reflects the activity of a master circadian pacemaker located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus. In the past decade, secondary circadian clocks based on the same molecular machinery as the central master pacemaker were found in other brain areas as well as in most peripheral tissues, including the adrenal glands. Evidence is rapidly accumulating to indicate that misalignment between central and peripheral clocks has a host of adverse effects. The robust rhythm in circulating glucocorticoid levels has been recognized as a major internal synchronizer of the circadian system. The present review examines the scientific foundation of these novel advances and their implications for health and disease prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrik Oster
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Etienne Challet
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Volker Ott
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Emanuela Arvat
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - E Ronald de Kloet
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Stafford Lightman
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Alexandros Vgontzas
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Eve Van Cauter
- Medical Department I (H.O., V.O.), University of Lübeck, 23562 Lübeck, Germany; Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience (E.C.), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, 67084 Strasbourg, France; Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism (E.A.), Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy; Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease (E.R.d.K.), Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands; Surrey Sleep Research Center (D.-J.D.), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford GU2 7XP, United Kingdom; Henry Wellcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology (S.L.), University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, United Kingdom; Sleep Research and Treatment Center (A.V.), Department of Psychiatry, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033; and Sleep, Metabolism, and Health Center (E.V.C.), Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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793
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Cacciaglia R, Nees F, Grimm O, Ridder S, Pohlack ST, Diener SJ, Liebscher C, Flor H. Trauma exposure relates to heightened stress, altered amygdala morphology and deficient extinction learning: Implications for psychopathology. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 76:19-28. [PMID: 27871027 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress exposure causes a structural reorganization in neurons of the amygdala. In particular, animal models have repeatedly shown that both acute and chronic stress induce neuronal hypertrophy and volumetric increase in the lateral and basolateral nuclei of amygdala. These effects are visible on the behavioral level, where stress enhances anxiety behaviors and provokes greater fear learning. We assessed stress and anxiety levels in a group of 18 healthy human trauma-exposed individuals (TR group) compared to 18 non-exposed matched controls (HC group), and related these measurements to amygdala volume. Traumas included unexpected adverse experiences such as vehicle accidents or sudden loss of a loved one. As a measure of aversive learning, we implemented a cued fear conditioning paradigm. Additionally, to provide a biological marker of chronic stress, we measured the sensitivity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis using a dexamethasone suppression test. Compared to the HC, the TR group showed significantly higher levels of chronic stress, current stress and trait anxiety, as well as increased volume of the left amygdala. Specifically, we observed a focal enlargement in its lateral portion, in line with previous animal data. Compared to HC, the TR group also showed enhanced late acquisition of conditioned fear and deficient extinction learning, as well as salivary cortisol hypo-suppression to dexamethasone. Left amygdala volumes positively correlated with suppressed morning salivary cortisol. Our results indicate differences in trauma-exposed individuals which resemble those previously reported in animals exposed to stress and in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder and depression. These data provide new insights into the mechanisms through which traumatic stress might prompt vulnerability for psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Cacciaglia
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, Passeig de la vall d'Hebron 171, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Frauke Nees
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Ridder
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sebastian T Pohlack
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Slawomira J Diener
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Claudia Liebscher
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Herta Flor
- Department of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Square J5, 68159 Mannheim, Germany.
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794
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Lipina SJ, Evers K. Neuroscience of Childhood Poverty: Evidence of Impacts and Mechanisms as Vehicles of Dialog With Ethics. Front Psychol 2017; 8:61. [PMID: 28184204 PMCID: PMC5266697 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have identified associations between poverty and development of self-regulation during childhood, which is broadly defined as those skills involved in cognitive, emotional, and stress self-regulation. These skills are influenced by different individual and contextual factors at multiple levels of analysis (i.e., individual, family, social, and cultural). Available evidence suggests that the influences of those biological, psychosocial, and sociocultural factors on emotional and cognitive development can vary according to the type, number, accumulation of risks, and co-occurrence of adverse circumstances that are related to poverty, the time in which these factors exert their influences, and the individual susceptibility to them. Complementary, during the past three decades, several experimental interventions that were aimed at optimizing development of self-regulation of children who live in poverty have been designed, implemented, and evaluated. Their results suggest that it is possible to optimize different aspects of cognitive performance and that it would be possible to transfer some aspects of these gains to other cognitive domains and academic achievement. We suggest that it is an important task for ethics, notably but not exclusively neuroethics, to engage in this interdisciplinary research domain to contribute analyses of key concepts, arguments, and interpretations. The specific evidence that neuroscience brings to the analyses of poverty and its implications needs to be spelled out in detail and clarified conceptually, notably in terms of causes of and attitudes toward poverty, implications of poverty for brain development, and for the possibilities to reduce and reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastián J Lipina
- Unidad de Neurobiología Aplicada (Centro de Educación Médica e Investigaciones Clínicas "Norberto Quirno"-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Kathinka Evers
- Centre for Research Ethics and Bioethics (CRB), Uppsala Universitet Uppsala, Sweden
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795
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Gertsch J. Cannabimimetic phytochemicals in the diet - an evolutionary link to food selection and metabolic stress adaptation? Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:1464-1483. [PMID: 27891602 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a major lipid signalling network that plays important pro-homeostatic (allostatic) roles not only in the nervous system but also in peripheral organs. There is increasing evidence that there is a dietary component in the modulation of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors in hominids co-evolved with diet, and the ECS constitutes a feedback loop for food selection and energy metabolism. Here, it is postulated that the mismatch of ancient lipid genes of hunter-gatherers and pastoralists with the high-carbohydrate diet introduced by agriculture could be compensated for via dietary modulation of the ECS. In addition to the fatty acid precursors of endocannabinoids, the potential role of dietary cannabimimetic phytochemicals in agriculturist nutrition is discussed. Dietary secondary metabolites from vegetables and spices able to enhance the activity of cannabinoid-type 2 (CB2 ) receptors may provide adaptive metabolic advantages and counteract inflammation. In contrast, chronic CB1 receptor activation in hedonic obese individuals may enhance pathophysiological processes related to hyperlipidaemia, diabetes, hepatorenal inflammation and cardiometabolic risk. Food able to modulate the CB1 /CB2 receptor activation ratio may thus play a role in the nutrition transition of Western high-calorie diets. In this review, the interplay between diet and the ECS is highlighted from an evolutionary perspective. The emerging potential of cannabimimetic food as a nutraceutical strategy is critically discussed. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürg Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, Bühlstrasse 28, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
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796
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Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Elezgarai I, Rico-Barrio I, Zarandona I, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A. Targeting the endocannabinoid system: future therapeutic strategies. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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797
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Shinohara R. [Neural circuits regulating stress resilience]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2017; 150:261. [PMID: 29118290 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.150.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
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798
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Enduring, Sexually Dimorphic Impact of In Utero Exposure to Elevated Levels of Glucocorticoids on Midbrain Dopaminergic Populations. Brain Sci 2016; 7:brainsci7010005. [PMID: 28042822 PMCID: PMC5297294 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoid hormones (GCs) released from the fetal/maternal glands during late gestation are required for normal development of mammalian organs and tissues. Accordingly, synthetic glucocorticoids have proven to be invaluable in perinatal medicine where they are widely used to accelerate fetal lung maturation when there is risk of pre-term birth and to promote infant survival. However, clinical and pre-clinical studies have demonstrated that inappropriate exposure of the developing brain to elevated levels of GCs, either as a result of clinical over-use or after stress-induced activation of the fetal/maternal adrenal cortex, is linked with significant effects on brain structure, neurological function and behaviour in later life. In order to understand the underlying neural processes, particular interest has focused on the midbrain dopaminergic systems, which are critical regulators of normal adaptive behaviours, cognitive and sensorimotor functions. Specifically, using a rodent model of GC exposure in late gestation (approximating human brain development at late second/early third trimester), we demonstrated enduring effects on the shape and volume of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) (origins of the mesocorticolimbic and nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathways) on the topographical organisation and size of the dopaminergic neuronal populations and astrocytes within these nuclei and on target innervation density and neurochemical markers of dopaminergic transmission (receptors, transporters, basal and amphetamine-stimulated dopamine release at striatal and prefrontal cortical sites) that impact on the adult brain. The effects of antenatal GC treatment (AGT) were both profound and sexually-dimorphic, not only in terms of quantitative change but also qualitatively, with several parameters affected in the opposite direction in males and females. Although such substantial neurobiological changes might presage marked behavioural effects, in utero GC exposure had only a modest or no effect, depending on sex, on a range of conditioned and unconditioned behaviours known to depend on midbrain dopaminergic transmission. Collectively, these findings suggest that apparent behavioural normality in certain tests, but not others, arises from AGT-induced adaptations or compensatory mechanisms within the midbrain dopaminergic systems, which preserve some, but not all functions. Furthermore, the capacities for molecular adaptations to early environmental challenge are different, even opponent, in males and females, which may account for their differential resilience or failure to perform adequately in behavioural tests. Behavioural "normality" is thus achieved by the midbrain dopaminergic network operating outside its normal limits (in a state of allostasis), rendering it at greater risk to malfunction when challenged in later life. Sex-specific neurobiological programming of midbrain dopaminergic systems may, therefore, have psychopathological relevance for the sex bias commonly found in brain disorders associated with these systems, and which have a neurodevelopmental component, including schizophrenia, ADHD (attention/deficit hyperactivity disorders), autism, depression and substance abuse.
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799
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Serum Response Factor (SRF) Ablation Interferes with Acute Stress-Associated Immediate and Long-Term Coping Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8242-8262. [PMID: 27914009 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0300-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stress experience modulates behavior, metabolism, and energy expenditure of organisms. One molecular hallmark of an acute stress response is a rapid induction of immediate early genes (IEGs) such as c-Fos and Egr family members. IEG transcription in neurons is mediated by the neuronal activity-driven gene regulator serum response factor (SRF). We show a first role of SRF in immediate and long-lasting acute restraint stress (AS) responses. For this, we employed a standardized mouse phenotyping protocol at the German Mouse Clinic (GMC) including behavioral, metabolic, and cardiologic tests as well as gene expression profiling to analyze the consequences of forebrain-specific SRF deletion in mice exposed to AS. Adult mice with an SRF deletion in glutamatergic neurons (Srf; CaMKIIa-CreERT2 ) showed hyperactivity, decreased anxiety, and impaired working memory. In response to restraint AS, instant stress reactivity including locomotor behavior and corticosterone induction was impaired in Srf mutant mice. Interestingly, even several weeks after previous AS exposure, SRF-deficient mice showed long-lasting AS-associated changes including altered locomotion, metabolism, energy expenditure, and cardiovascular changes. This suggests a requirement of SRF for mediating long-term stress coping mechanisms in wild-type mice. SRF ablation decreased AS-mediated IEG induction and activity of the actin severing protein cofilin. In summary, our data suggest an SRF function in immediate AS reactions and long-term post-stress-associated coping mechanisms.
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800
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Godinez DA, McRae K, Andrews-Hanna JR, Smolker H, Banich MT. Differences in frontal and limbic brain activation in a small sample of monozygotic twin pairs discordant for severe stressful life events. Neurobiol Stress 2016; 5:26-36. [PMID: 27981194 PMCID: PMC5145909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Monozygotic twin pairs provide a valuable opportunity to control for genetic and shared environmental influences while studying the effects of nonshared environmental influences. The question we address with this design is whether monozygotic twins selected for discordance in exposure to severe stressful life events during development (before age 18) demonstrate differences in brain activation during performance of an emotional word-face Stroop task. In this study, functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess brain activation in eighteen young adult twins who were discordant in exposure to severe stress such that one twin had two or more severe events compared to their control co-twin who had no severe events. Twins who experienced higher levels of stress during development, compared to their control co-twins with lower stress, exhibited significant clusters of greater activation in the ventrolateral and medial prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic regions. The control co-twins showed only the more typical recruitment of frontoparietal regions thought to be important for executive control of attention and maintenance of task goals. Behavioral performance was not significantly different between twins within pairs, suggesting the twins with stress recruited additional neural resources associated with affective processing and updating working memory when performing at the same level. This study provides a powerful glimpse at the potential effects of stress during development while accounting for shared genetic and environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detre A. Godinez
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kateri McRae
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | | | - Harry Smolker
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marie T. Banich
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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