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Abstract
The discovery of the Th1/Th2 paradigm of CD4(+) T-cell subsets redefined our understanding of immunity by highlighting the essential roles of cytokine networks in the induction and regulation of immune responses. Most recently, the identification of an additional subset, known as Th17 cells, has further illustrated the complexity and diversity of effector CD4(+) T cells. Th17 responses have been closely associated with the cytokine interleukin (IL)-23 and, although originally pinpointed as having a deleterious role in autoimmune tissue pathology, the IL-23/Th17 axis has also been associated with protective immunity at mucosal surfaces. Recent progress has highlighted the heterogeneous nature of Th17 responses, has demonstrated diverse cellular sources for Th17-associated cytokines, and has begun to dissect the individual roles of these cytokines in different disease processes. Here, we will review the evidence linking the IL-23/Th17 axis to chronic intestinal inflammation and also will discuss its beneficial roles in intestinal protection and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Maloy
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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752
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Gaj P, Habior A, Mikula M, Ostrowski J. Lack of evidence for association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis with risk alleles for Crohn's disease in Polish patients. BMC MEDICAL GENETICS 2008; 9:81. [PMID: 18715515 PMCID: PMC2535589 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2350-9-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous papers have addressed the association of mutations and polymorphisms of susceptibility genes with autoimmune inflammatory disorders. We investigated whether polymorphisms that confer susceptibility to Crohn's disease could be classified also as predisposing factors for the development of primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis in Polish patients. METHODS The study included 60 patients with CD, 77 patients with PSC, of which 61 exhibited IBD (40 UC, 8 CD, and 13 indeterminate colitis), and 144 patients with PBC. All the patients were screened against Crohn's disease associating genetic polymorphisms. The polymorphisms were chosen according to previously confirmed evidence for association with Crohn's disease, including Pro268Ser, Arg702Trp, Gly908Arg and 1007fs in NOD2/CARD15, Leu503Phe/-207G>C in SLC22A4/OCTN1/SLC22A5/OCTN2, Arg30Gln in DLG5, Thr300Ala in ATG16L1, and Arg381Gln, His3Gln and exon-3'UTR in IL23R. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays. RESULTS We confirmed a strong association between three NOD2/CARD15 gene variants (Pro268Ser, OR = 2.52, 95% CI = 1.34-4.75); (Arg702Trp, OR = 6.65, 95% CI = 1.99-22.17); (1007fs, OR = 9.59, 95% CI = 3.94-23.29), and a weak association between both the protective OCTN1/OCTN2 CC haplotype (OR = 0.28, 95% CI = 0.08-0.94), and a variant of ATG16L1 gene (Thr300Ala, OR = 0.468, 95% CI = 0.24-0.90) with Crohn's disease. In contrast, none of the polymorphisms exhibited association with susceptibility to primary sclerosing cholangitis and primary biliary cirrhosis, including a group of primary sclerosing cholangitis patients with concurrent IBD. CONCLUSION Although the clinical data indicate non-random co-occurrence of inflammatory bowel disease and primary sclerosing cholangitis, consistently with the previously published studies, no genetic association was found between the genetic variants predisposing to Crohn's disease and hepatobiliary autoimmune disorders. However, since estimation of genetic variant disproportion is limited by sample size, these negative results may also indicate that eventually shared genetic predispositions are too little to be captured by small patient groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Gaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Medical Center for Postgraduate Education at the Maria Skłodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Center, Institute of Oncology, Warsaw, Poland.
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753
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Hong H, Su Z, Ge W, Shi L, Perkins R, Fang H, Xu J, Chen JJ, Han T, Kaput J, Fuscoe JC, Tong W. Assessing batch effects of genotype calling algorithm BRLMM for the Affymetrix GeneChip Human Mapping 500 K array set using 270 HapMap samples. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9 Suppl 9:S17. [PMID: 18793462 PMCID: PMC2537568 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-s9-s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) aim to identify genetic variants (usually single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs]) across the entire human genome that are associated with phenotypic traits such as disease status and drug response. Highly accurate and reproducible genotype calling are paramount since errors introduced by calling algorithms can lead to inflation of false associations between genotype and phenotype. Most genotype calling algorithms currently used for GWAS are based on multiple arrays. Because hundreds of gigabytes (GB) of raw data are generated from a GWAS, the samples are typically partitioned into batches containing subsets of the entire dataset for genotype calling. High call rates and accuracies have been achieved. However, the effects of batch size (i.e., number of chips analyzed together) and of batch composition (i.e., the choice of chips in a batch) on call rate and accuracy as well as the propagation of the effects into significantly associated SNPs identified have not been investigated. In this paper, we analyzed both the batch size and batch composition for effects on the genotype calling algorithm BRLMM using raw data of 270 HapMap samples analyzed with the Affymetrix Human Mapping 500 K array set. Results Using data from 270 HapMap samples interrogated with the Affymetrix Human Mapping 500 K array set, three different batch sizes and three different batch compositions were used for genotyping using the BRLMM algorithm. Comparative analysis of the calling results and the corresponding lists of significant SNPs identified through association analysis revealed that both batch size and composition affected genotype calling results and significantly associated SNPs. Batch size and batch composition effects were more severe on samples and SNPs with lower call rates than ones with higher call rates, and on heterozygous genotype calls compared to homozygous genotype calls. Conclusion Batch size and composition affect the genotype calling results in GWAS using BRLMM. The larger the differences in batch sizes, the larger the effect. The more homogenous the samples in the batches, the more consistent the genotype calls. The inconsistency propagates to the lists of significantly associated SNPs identified in downstream association analysis. Thus, uniform and large batch sizes should be used to make genotype calls for GWAS. In addition, samples of high homogeneity should be placed into the same batch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixiao Hong
- Division of Systems Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
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754
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Xavier RJ, Rioux JD. Genome-wide association studies: a new window into immune-mediated diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2008; 8:631-43. [PMID: 18654571 DOI: 10.1038/nri2361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Given the recent explosion of genetic discoveries, 2007 is becoming known to human geneticists as the year of genome-wide association studies. In fact, more genetic risk factors for common diseases were identified in this one year than had been collectively reported before 2007. In particular, 2007 witnessed the discovery of many genes that influence susceptibility to individual immune-mediated diseases, as well as other genes that are associated with susceptibility to more than one disease. Although much work remains to be done, in this Review we discuss what effect these studies are having on our understanding of disease pathogenesis and their potential impact on future immunology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramnik J Xavier
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology and Gastrointestinal Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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755
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Association between a polymorphism in the IL-12p40 gene and cytomegalovirus reactivation after kidney transplantation. Transplantation 2008; 85:1406-11. [PMID: 18497679 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e31816c7dc7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is associated with a significant rate of morbidity after organ transplantation. The genetic factors influencing its occurrence have been little investigated. IL-12 plays a crucial role in anti-infectious immune responses, especially by stimulating IFNgamma production. An A-to-C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the 3'-untranslated region of the IL-12p40 gene has been characterized and was reported to be both functionally and clinically relevant. However, the impact of this single nucleotide polymorphism on events after organ transplantation has never been reported. METHODS In this study, we investigated the impact of the 3'-untranslated region polymorphism on the occurrence of CMV infection in 469 kidney recipients transplanted at the University Hospital of Tours between 1995 and 2005. The polymorphism was genotyped using the restriction fragment length polymorphism method and CMV infection was determined by pp65 antigenemia. RESULTS Multifactorial Cox regression analysis demonstrated that the presence of the C allele was an independent risk factor for CMV infection (OR=1.52, P=0.043), the risk being even higher when study was restricted to patients with positive CMV serological status before the graft and who did not receive any CMV prophylaxis (OR=1.88, P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS This study identified a new genetic risk factor for CMV reactivation after kidney transplantation. The results of our study suggest that C carriers might especially benefit from CMV prophylaxis.
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756
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Barrett JC, Hansoul S, Nicolae DL, Cho JH, Duerr RH, Rioux JD, Brant SR, Silverberg MS, Taylor KD, Barmada MM, Bitton A, Dassopoulos T, Datta LW, Green T, Griffiths AM, Kistner EO, Murtha MT, Regueiro MD, Rotter JI, Schumm LP, Steinhart AH, Targan SR, Xavier RJ, Libioulle C, Sandor C, Lathrop M, Belaiche J, Dewit O, Gut I, Heath S, Laukens D, Mni M, Rutgeerts P, Van Gossum A, Zelenika D, Franchimont D, Hugot JP, de Vos M, Vermeire S, Louis E, Cardon LR, Anderson CA, Drummond H, Nimmo E, Ahmad T, Prescott NJ, Onnie CM, Fisher SA, Marchini J, Ghori J, Bumpstead S, Gwilliam R, Tremelling M, Deloukas P, Mansfield J, Jewell D, Satsangi J, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Georges M, Daly MJ. Genome-wide association defines more than 30 distinct susceptibility loci for Crohn's disease. Nat Genet 2008; 40:955-62. [PMID: 18587394 PMCID: PMC2574810 DOI: 10.1038/ng.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2004] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/02/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Several risk factors for Crohn's disease have been identified in recent genome-wide association studies. To advance gene discovery further, we combined data from three studies on Crohn's disease (a total of 3,230 cases and 4,829 controls) and carried out replication in 3,664 independent cases with a mixture of population-based and family-based controls. The results strongly confirm 11 previously reported loci and provide genome-wide significant evidence for 21 additional loci, including the regions containing STAT3, JAK2, ICOSLG, CDKAL1 and ITLN1. The expanded molecular understanding of the basis of this disease offers promise for informed therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Barrett
- Bioinformatics and Statistical Genetics, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
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757
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Detailed genetic characterization of the interleukin-23 receptor in psoriasis. Genes Immun 2008; 9:546-55. [PMID: 18650833 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.55] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Using a multi-tiered, case-control association design, scanning 25 215 gene-centric SNPs, we previously identified two psoriasis susceptibility genes: IL12B and IL23R. These results have recently been confirmed. To better characterize the IL23R psoriasis-association, we used a fine mapping strategy to identify 59 additional IL23R-linked SNPs, which were genotyped in our three independent, white North American sample sets (>2800 individuals in toto). A sliding window of haplotype association demonstrates colocalization of psoriasis susceptibility effects within the boundaries of IL23R across all sample sets, thereby decreasing the likelihood that neighboring genes, particularly IL12RB2, are driving the association at this region. Additional haplotype work identified two 5-SNP haplotypes with strong protective effects, consistent across our three sample sets (OR(common)=0.67; P(comb)=4.32E-07). Importantly, heterogeneity of effect was extremely low between sample sets for these haplotypes (P(Het)=0.961). Together, these protective haplotypes attain a frequency of 16% in controls, declining to 11% in cases. The characterization of association patterns within IL23R to specific predisposing/protective variants will play an important role in the elucidation of psoriasis etiology and other related phenotypes. Further, this work is essential to lay the foundation for the role of IL23R genetics in response to pharmaceutical therapy and dosage.
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758
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Chang M, Saiki RK, Cantanese JJ, Lew D, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Ardlie KG, Criswell LA, Seldin MF, Amos CI, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK, Schrodi SJ, Begovich AB. The inflammatory disease-associated variants in IL12B and IL23R are not associated with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1877-81. [PMID: 18512797 DOI: 10.1002/art.23492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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759
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Prahalad S, Glass DN. A comprehensive review of the genetics of juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2008; 6:11. [PMID: 18644131 PMCID: PMC2515830 DOI: 10.1186/1546-0096-6-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common chronic arthropathy of childhood which is believed to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. The progress in identifying genes underlying JIA susceptibility using candidate gene association studies has been slow. Several associations between JIA and variants in the genes encoding the human leukocyte antigens (HLA) have been confirmed and replicated in independent cohorts. However it is clear that genetic variants outside the HLA also influence susceptibility to JIA. While a large number of non-HLA candidate genes have been tested for associations, only a handful of reported associations such as PTPN22 have been validated. In this review we discuss the principles behind genetic studies of complex traits like JIA, and comprehensively catalogue non-HLA candidate-gene association studies performed in JIA to date and review several validated associations. Most candidate gene studies are underpowered and do not detect associations, and those that do are often not replicated. We also discuss the principles behind genome-wide association studies and discuss possible implications for identifying genes underlying JIA. Finally we discuss several genetic variants underlying multiple clinically distinct autoimmune phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampath Prahalad
- Assistant Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, P.O Box 581289 Salt Lake City, UT 84158-1289, USA
| | - David N Glass
- Professor of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., MLC 7030, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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760
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Li Y, Rowland C, Xiromerisiou G, Lagier RJ, Schrodi SJ, Dradiotis E, Ross D, Bui N, Catanese J, Aggelakis K, Grupe A, Hadjigeorgiou G. Neither replication nor simulation supports a role for the axon guidance pathway in the genetics of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2707. [PMID: 18628988 PMCID: PMC2442653 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Susceptibility to sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) is thought to be influenced by both genetic and environmental factors and their interaction with each other. Statistical models including multiple variants in axon guidance pathway genes have recently been purported to be capable of predicting PD risk, survival free of the disease and age at disease onset; however the specific models have not undergone independent validation. Here we tested the best proposed risk panel of 23 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two PD sample sets, with a total of 525 cases and 518 controls. By single marker analysis, only one marker was significantly associated with PD risk in one of our sample sets (rs6692804: P = 0.03). Multi-marker analysis using the reported model found a mild association in one sample set (two sided P = 0.049, odds ratio for each score change = 1.07) but no significance in the other (two sided P = 0.98, odds ratio = 1), a stark contrast to the reported strong association with PD risk (P = 4.64×10−38, odds ratio as high as 90.8). Following a procedure similar to that used to build the reported model, simulated multi-marker models containing SNPs from randomly chosen genes in a genome wide PD dataset produced P-values that were highly significant and indistinguishable from similar models where disease status was permuted (3.13×10−23 to 4.90×10−64), demonstrating the potential for overfitting in the model building process. Together, these results challenge the robustness of the reported panel of genetic markers to predict PD risk in particular and a role of the axon guidance pathway in PD genetics in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Celera, Alameda, California, United States of America.
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761
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The contribution of genes outside the major histocompatibility complex to susceptibility to ankylosing spondylitis. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008; 20:384-91. [PMID: 18525349 DOI: 10.1097/bor.0b013e32830460fe] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent data have presented several new nonmajor histocompatibility complex genes in predisposition to ankylosing spondylitis, which will be summarized here. RECENT FINDINGS A retrospective meta-analysis of three previous whole genome linkage scans confirmed a strong linkage at chromosome 16q and moderate linkage at sites on chromosomes 3, 10, and 19q, and a meta-analysis of studies of the interleukin-1 (IL-1) region genes in ankylosing spondylitis suggested the susceptibility to be conferred by the IL-1A gene. More recently, the use of genotyping chips, derived from the International Hapmap resource, which provides an extensive genomic coverage of large disease cohorts, have made it possible to conduct successful genome-wide association studies. One such study has led to the identification and validation of two new genes, IL23R and ARTS1, in ankylosing spondylitis pathogenesis. SUMMARY A tremendous amount of progress has been made with respect to understanding the genetic basis of ankylosing spondylitis. The recent identification of two new genes, ARTS1 and IL23R, and confirmation of IL-1A association further substantiate that ankylosing spondylitis is determined to a large extent by genes outside the major histocompatibility complex.
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762
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Weiss RB, Baker TB, Cannon DS, von Niederhausern A, Dunn DM, Matsunami N, Singh NA, Baird L, Coon H, McMahon WM, Piper ME, Fiore MC, Scholand MB, Connett JE, Kanner RE, Gahring LC, Rogers SW, Hoidal JR, Leppert MF. A candidate gene approach identifies the CHRNA5-A3-B4 region as a risk factor for age-dependent nicotine addiction. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000125. [PMID: 18618000 PMCID: PMC2442220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
People who begin daily smoking at an early age are at greater risk of long-term nicotine addiction. We tested the hypothesis that associations between nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) genetic variants and nicotine dependence assessed in adulthood will be stronger among smokers who began daily nicotine exposure during adolescence. We compared nicotine addiction—measured by the Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence—in three cohorts of long-term smokers recruited in Utah, Wisconsin, and by the NHLBI Lung Health Study, using a candidate-gene approach with the neuronal nAChR subunit genes. This SNP panel included common coding variants and haplotypes detected in eight α and three β nAChR subunit genes found in European American populations. In the 2,827 long-term smokers examined, common susceptibility and protective haplotypes at the CHRNA5-A3-B4 locus were associated with nicotine dependence severity (p = 2.0×10−5; odds ratio = 1.82; 95% confidence interval 1.39–2.39) in subjects who began daily smoking at or before the age of 16, an exposure period that results in a more severe form of adult nicotine dependence. A substantial shift in susceptibility versus protective diplotype frequency (AA versus BC = 17%, AA versus CC = 27%) was observed in the group that began smoking by age 16. This genetic effect was not observed in subjects who began daily nicotine use after the age of 16. These results establish a strong mechanistic link among early nicotine exposure, common CHRNA5-A3-B4 haplotypes, and adult nicotine addiction in three independent populations of European origins. The identification of an age-dependent susceptibility haplotype reinforces the importance of preventing early exposure to tobacco through public health policies. Tobacco use is a global health care problem, and persistent smoking takes an enormous toll on individual health. The onset of daily smoking in adolescence is related to chronic use and severe nicotine dependence in adulthood. Since nicotine is the key addictive chemical in tobacco, we tested the hypothesis that genetic variants within nicotinic acetylcholine receptors will influence the severity of addiction measured in adulthood. Using genomic resequencing to define the patterns of variation found in these candidate genes, we observed that common haplotypes in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 gene cluster are associated with adult nicotine addiction, specifically among those who began daily smoking before age 17. We show that in populations of European origins, one haplotype is a risk factor for dependence, one is protective, and one is neutral. These observations suggest that genetic determinants expressed during human adolescence contribute to the risk of lifetime addiction severity produced from early onset of cigarette use. Because disease risk from the adverse health effects of tobacco smoke is related to lifetime tobacco exposure, the finding that an age-dependent effect of these haplotypes has a strong influence on lifetime smoking behavior reinforces the public health significance of delaying smoking onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B. Weiss
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RBW); (MFL)
| | - Timothy B. Baker
- Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Dale S. Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Andrew von Niederhausern
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Diane M. Dunn
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nori Matsunami
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nanda A. Singh
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lisa Baird
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Hilary Coon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - William M. McMahon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Megan E. Piper
- Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Fiore
- Department of Medicine, Center for Tobacco Research and Intervention, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Mary Beth Scholand
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John E. Connett
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Richard E. Kanner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lorise C. Gahring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Scott W. Rogers
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Salt Lake City VA Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - John R. Hoidal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Respiratory, Critical Care and Occupational Pulmonary Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Mark F. Leppert
- Department of Human Genetics, Eccles Institute of Human Genetics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RBW); (MFL)
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763
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Li Y, Chang M, Schrodi SJ, Callis-Duffin KP, Matsunami N, Civello D, Bui N, Catanese JJ, Leppert MF, Krueger GG, Begovich AB. The 5q31 variants associated with psoriasis and Crohn's disease are distinct. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:2978-85. [PMID: 18614543 PMCID: PMC2536504 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Predisposition to psoriasis is known to be affected by genetic variation in HLA-C, IL12B and IL23R, but other genetic risk factors also exist. We recently reported three psoriasis-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the 5q31 locus, a region of high linkage disequilibrium laden with inflammatory pathway genes. The aim of this study was to assess whether other variants in the 5q31 region are causal to these SNPs or make independent contributions to psoriasis risk by genotyping a comprehensive set of tagging SNPs in a 725 kb region bounded by IL3 and IL4 and testing for disease association. Ninety SNPs, capturing 86.4% of the genetic diversity, were tested in one case–control sample set (467 cases/460 controls) and significant markers (Pallelic < 0.05) (n = 9) were then tested in two other sample sets (981 cases/925 controls). All nine SNPs were significant in a meta-analysis of the combined sample sets. Pair-wise conditional association tests showed rs1800925, an intergenic SNP located just upstream of IL13 (Mantel–Haenszel Pcombined = 1.5 × 10−4, OR = 0.77 [0.67–0.88]), could account for observed significant association of all but one other SNP, rs11568506 in SLC22A4 [Mantel–Haenszel Pcombined = 0.043, OR = 0.68 (0.47–0.99)]. Haplotype analysis of these two SNPs showed increased significance for the two common haplotypes (rs11568506–rs1800925: GC, Pcombined = 5.67 × 10−6, OR = 1.37; GT, Pcombined = 6.01 × 10−5, OR = 0.75; global haplotype P = 8.93 × 10−5). Several 5q31-region SNPs strongly associated with Crohn's disease (CD) in the recent WTCCC study were not significant in the psoriasis sample sets tested here. These results identify the most significant 5q31 risk variants for psoriasis and suggest that distinct 5q31 variants contribute to CD and psoriasis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Celera, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA.
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764
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Duffin KC, Chandran V, Gladman DD, Krueger GG, Elder JT, Rahman P. Genetics of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: update and future direction. J Rheumatol 2008; 35:1449-1453. [PMID: 18609743 PMCID: PMC2724000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) both have substantive genetic determinants. Numerous candidate regions and genes have now been replicated in disease susceptibility, and to a lesser extent in disease expression, in both disease entities. Intensive efforts are now under way or are being planned to perform genome-wide association scans (GWAS) in psoriasis and PsA. A major determinant of success for GWAS is likely to be accumulation of multiple large well-phenotyped cohorts, sophisticated data management, and verification of the findings. At the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (GRAPPA), members of the GRAPPA genetics committee presented a discussion of the genetics of psoriasis and PsA, including future trends. This article is a summary of that presentation and a review of the literature.
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765
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To inform readers of recent advances in our understanding of the development and function of Th17 T cells and emerging data suggesting that the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis may be involved in the pathogenesis of spondyloarthritis. RECENT FINDINGS The discovery of CD4+ Th17 T cells and the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis has challenged existing paradigms and the role of Th1 T cells in many autoimmune diseases. The development and cytokine profile of Th17 T cells differs in mice and humans. In humans, interleukin-23 synergizes with interleukin-6 and interleukin-1 to promote Th17 development. In mice, transforming growth factor-beta and interleukin-6 are critical, whereas interleukin-23 is more important at later stages promoting interleukin-17 production. In mice, CD4+ cells producing interferon-gamma appear to be distinct from interleukin-17-producing cells, while in humans cells secreting both cytokines have been observed. Growing evidence from animal models, cytokine analyses of patient fluids, and whole-genome association studies suggest that the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis plays an important role in spondyloarthritis pathogenesis. Possible links between an HLA-B27-induced unfolded protein response and activation of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis have been observed in animal models and may contribute to the development of the spondyloarthritis phenotype. SUMMARY Activation of the interleukin-23/interleukin-17 axis in spondyloarthritis has important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerlinde Layh-Schmitt
- William S. Rowe Division of Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and Cincinnati Children's Research Foundation, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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766
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Chang M, Rowland CM, Garcia VE, Schrodi SJ, Catanese JJ, van der Helm-van Mil AHM, Ardlie KG, Amos CI, Criswell LA, Kastner DL, Gregersen PK, Kurreeman FAS, Toes REM, Huizinga TWJ, Seldin MF, Begovich AB. A large-scale rheumatoid arthritis genetic study identifies association at chromosome 9q33.2. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000107. [PMID: 18648537 PMCID: PMC2481282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, systemic autoimmune disease affecting both joints and extra-articular tissues. Although some genetic risk factors for RA are well-established, most notably HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22, these markers do not fully account for the observed heritability. To identify additional susceptibility loci, we carried out a multi-tiered, case-control association study, genotyping 25,966 putative functional SNPs in 475 white North American RA patients and 475 matched controls. Significant markers were genotyped in two additional, independent, white case-control sample sets (661 cases/1322 controls from North America and 596 cases/705 controls from The Netherlands) identifying a SNP, rs1953126, on chromosome 9q33.2 that was significantly associated with RA (OR(common) = 1.28, trend P(comb) = 1.45E-06). Through a comprehensive fine-scale-mapping SNP-selection procedure, 137 additional SNPs in a 668 kb region from MEGF9 to STOM on 9q33.2 were chosen for follow-up genotyping in a staged-approach. Significant single marker results (P(comb)<0.01) spanned a large 525 kb region from FBXW2 to GSN. However, a variety of analyses identified SNPs in a 70 kb region extending from the third intron of PHF19 across TRAF1 into the TRAF1-C5 intergenic region, but excluding the C5 coding region, as the most interesting (trend P(comb): 1.45E-06 --> 5.41E-09). The observed association patterns for these SNPs had heightened statistical significance and a higher degree of consistency across sample sets. In addition, the allele frequencies for these SNPs displayed reduced variability between control groups when compared to other SNPs. Lastly, in combination with the other two known genetic risk factors, HLA-DRB1 and PTPN22, the variants reported here generate more than a 45-fold RA-risk differential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Chang
- Celera, Alameda, California, United States of America
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kristin G. Ardlie
- SeraCare Life Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Lindsey A. Criswell
- Rosalind Russell Medical Research Center for Arthritis, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel L. Kastner
- National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore L.I.J. Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | | | | | | | - Michael F. Seldin
- University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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767
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González JR, Carrasco JL, Dudbridge F, Armengol L, Estivill X, Moreno V. Maximizing association statistics over genetic models. Genet Epidemiol 2008; 32:246-54. [PMID: 18228557 DOI: 10.1002/gepi.20299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The assessment of the association between a candidate locus and a disease may require the assumption of an inheritance model. Most researchers select the additive model and test the association with the Cochran-Armitage trend test. This test assumes a dose-response effect with regard to the number of copies of the variant allele. However, if there is reason to expect dominance or recessiveness in the effect of the variant allele, the heterozygous genotype may be grouped with one of the two homozygous, depending on the inheritance model, and a simple test on the 2 x 2 table can be used to assess independence. When the underlying genetic model is unknown, association may be assessed using the max-statistic, which selects the largest test statistic from the dominant, recessive and additive models. The statistical significance of the max-statistic has been previously addressed using permutation or Monte Carlo simulation approaches. We aimed to provide simpler alternatives to the max-test to make it feasible in large-scale association studies. Our simulations show that this procedure has an effective number of tests of 2.2, which can be used to correct the significance level or P-values. We also derive the asymptotic distribution of max-statistic, which leads to a simple way to calculate the significance level and allows the derivation of a formula for power calculations in the design of studies that plan to use the max-statistic. A simulation study shows that the use of the max-statistic is a powerful approach that provides safeguard against model uncertainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R González
- Center for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Barcelona, Spain.
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768
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Abstract
Genome-wide association studies efficiently and powerfully assay common genetic variation. The application of these studies to Crohn's disease has provided insight into the immunopathogenesis of this disease, implicating a role for genes of the innate and adaptive immune systems. In this Review, I discuss our current understanding of the genetics and immunopathogenesis of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Crohn's disease, but not ulcerative colitis, is associated with genetic variation in NOD2 and an autophagy gene, ATG16L1, both of which affect the intracellular processing of bacterial components. By contrast, variation in the gene encoding the interleukin-23 (IL-23) receptor subunit, as well as in the IL12B, STAT3 and NKX2-3 gene regions, is associated with both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Comparative analyses of gene associations between these two inflammatory bowel diseases reveal common and unique mechanisms of their immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy H Cho
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, 333 Cedar Street, LMP 1080, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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769
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Zell
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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770
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Fisher SA, Tremelling M, Anderson CA, Gwilliam R, Bumpstead S, Prescott NJ, Nimmo ER, Massey D, Berzuini C, Johnson C, Barrett JC, Cummings FR, Drummond H, Lees CW, Onnie CM, Hanson CE, Blaszczyk K, Inouye M, Ewels P, Ravindrarajah R, Keniry A, Hunt S, Carter M, Watkins N, Ouwehand W, Lewis CM, Cardon L, Lobo A, Forbes A, Sanderson J, Jewell DP, Mansfield JC, Deloukas P, Mathew CG, Parkes M, Satsangi J. Genetic determinants of ulcerative colitis include the ECM1 locus and five loci implicated in Crohn's disease. Nat Genet 2008; 40:710-2. [PMID: 18438406 PMCID: PMC2719289 DOI: 10.1038/ng.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2007] [Accepted: 03/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We report results of a nonsynonymous SNP scan for ulcerative colitis and identify a previously unknown susceptibility locus at ECM1. We also show that several risk loci are common to ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease (IL23R, IL12B, HLA, NKX2-3 and MST1), whereas autophagy genes ATG16L1 and IRGM, along with NOD2 (also known as CARD15), are specific for Crohn's disease. These data provide the first detailed illustration of the genetic relationship between these common inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila A Fisher
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK
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771
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Rahman P, Inman RD, Gladman DD, Reeve JP, Peddle L, Maksymowych WP. Association of interleukin-23 receptor variants with ankylosing spondylitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:1020-5. [PMID: 18383363 DOI: 10.1002/art.23389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent studies have shown that a nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) (Arg381Gln; rs11209026) in the interleukin-23 receptor (IL-23R) gene on chromosome 1p31 is associated with Crohn's disease and psoriasis. Given the clinical and immunologic overlap between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and these diseases, and the potential function of this candidate SNP, this study was undertaken to examine the association of IL-23R variants with AS in multiple Canadian populations. METHODS We examined 3 cohorts of AS patients from established rheumatic disease centers in Canada. The majority of AS patients were Caucasians of northern European descent, and all patients satisfied the modified New York classification criteria for AS or for juvenile spondylarthritis. We examined 424 AS probands and 401 controls from Alberta, 251 AS probands and 122 controls from Toronto, and 121 AS probands and 219 controls from Newfoundland. Ten IL-23R SNPs were genotyped, 9 of which were incorporated in the haplotype analysis. Allele and haplotype associations were calculated using the WHAP software package. P values for haplotype associations were calculated using a permutation test. RESULTS The primary SNP of interest in a previous study of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) (Arg381Gln; rs11209026) was found to be protective against AS in the Newfoundland population (P=0.04) and in the Toronto population (P=0.04) in single-marker univariate analysis. The strongest association, however, was with SNP rs11465804 (P=0.007 for the Newfoundland population and P=0.0007 for the Toronto population). A 3-marker sliding window omnibus test revealed a significant association with markers rs10489629, rs2201841, and rs11465804 in both the Newfoundland population (P=0.04) and the Alberta population (P=0.034). Our results were independent of the IBD and psoriasis status of the AS patients. CONCLUSION This concurrent analysis of 3 distinct AS populations and their regional controls demonstrates a disease association with the IL-23R locus and implicates the same polymorphisms associated with IBD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proton Rahman
- Memorial University, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.
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772
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Leonardi CL, Kimball AB, Papp KA, Yeilding N, Guzzo C, Wang Y, Li S, Dooley LT, Gordon KB. Efficacy and safety of ustekinumab, a human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody, in patients with psoriasis: 76-week results from a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (PHOENIX 1). Lancet 2008; 371:1665-74. [PMID: 18486739 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)60725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1165] [Impact Index Per Article: 72.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interleukins 12 and 23 have important roles in the pathophysiology of psoriasis. We assessed ustekinumab, a human monoclonal antibody directed against these cytokines, for the treatment of psoriasis. METHODS In this phase III, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 766 patients with moderate-to-severe psoriasis were randomly assigned to receive ustekinumab 45 mg (n=255) or 90 mg (n=256) at weeks 0 and 4 and then every 12 weeks; or placebo (n=255) at weeks 0 and 4, with subsequent crossover to ustekinumab at week 12. Patients who were initially randomised to receive ustekinumab at week 0 who achieved long-term response (at least 75% improvement in psoriasis area and severity index [PASI 75] at weeks 28 and 40) were re-randomised at week 40 to maintenance ustekinumab or withdrawal from treatment until loss of response. Both randomisations were done with a minimisation method via a centralised interactive voice response system. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients achieving PASI 75 at week 12. Analyses were by intention to treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00267969. FINDINGS All randomised patients were included in the efficacy analysis. 171 (67.1%) patients receiving ustekinumab 45 mg, 170 (66.4%) receiving ustekinumab 90 mg, and eight (3.1%) receiving placebo achieved PASI 75 at week 12 (difference in response rate vs placebo 63.9%, 95% CI 57.8-70.1, p<0.0001 for 45 mg and 63.3%, 57.1-69.4, p<0.0001 for 90 mg). At week 40, long-term response had been achieved by 150 patients in the 45 mg group and 172 patients in the 90 mg group. Of these, 162 patients were randomly assigned to maintenance ustekinumab and 160 to withdrawal. PASI 75 response was better maintained to at least 1 year in those receiving maintenance ustekinumab than in those withdrawn from treatment at week 40 (p<0.0001 by log-rank test). During the placebo-controlled phase, adverse events occurred in 278 (54.5%) of the 510 patients receiving ustekinumab and 123 (48.2%) of the 255 receiving placebo. Serious adverse events occurred in six (1.2%) of 510 patients receiving ustekinumab and in two (0.8%) of 255 receiving placebo in this phase. The pattern of adverse events was much the same in the placebo crossover and randomised withdrawal phases as it was in the placebo-controlled phase. INTERPRETATION Ustekinumab seems to be efficacious for the treatment of moderate-to-severe psoriasis; dosing every 12 weeks maintains efficacy for at least a year in most patients.
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773
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Genome-wide association studies for complex traits: consensus, uncertainty and challenges. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:356-69. [PMID: 18398418 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1866] [Impact Index Per Article: 116.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The past year has witnessed substantial advances in understanding the genetic basis of many common phenotypes of biomedical importance. These advances have been the result of systematic, well-powered, genome-wide surveys exploring the relationships between common sequence variation and disease predisposition. This approach has revealed over 50 disease-susceptibility loci and has provided insights into the allelic architecture of multifactorial traits. At the same time, much has been learned about the successful prosecution of association studies on such a scale. This Review highlights the knowledge gained, defines areas of emerging consensus, and describes the challenges that remain as researchers seek to obtain more complete descriptions of the susceptibility architecture of biomedical traits of interest and to translate the information gathered into improvements in clinical management.
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774
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Blauvelt A. T-helper 17 cells in psoriatic plaques and additional genetic links between IL-23 and psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1064-7. [PMID: 18408745 PMCID: PMC2885349 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2008.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
T-helper 17 (Th17) cells are a newly appreciated T-cell subset, distinct from both Th1 and Th2 cells, that have been implicated in the pathogenesis of psoriasis and other autoimmune inflammatory diseases (Figure 1) (Fitch et al., 2007; Kastelein et al., 2007). IL-23 stimulates survival and proliferation of Th17 cells and thus serves as a key master cytokine regulator for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Blauvelt
- Department of Dermatology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.
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775
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IL12B polymorphisms are linked but not associated with Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia: a familial study in Burkina Faso. Genes Immun 2008; 9:405-11. [DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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776
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Hamsten A, Eriksson P. Identifying the susceptibility genes for coronary artery disease: from hyperbole through doubt to cautious optimism. J Intern Med 2008; 263:538-52. [PMID: 18410597 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2796.2008.01958.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of coronary artery disease (CAD) is complex, and the fact that an alarmingly high proportion of reported associations between genetic variants and CAD are not replicated has generated uncertainty as to whether molecular genetics is ever going to deliver on the promises delivered in the late 1990s. However, during 2007, the first generation of large-scale genome-wide association studies using high-density, single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping arrays have revealed genetic variants that are robustly associated with CAD and CAD-related traits such as type 2 diabetes and obesity. In particular, a robust susceptibility locus for CAD has been identified on chromosome 9p21. Also, evidence has been obtained that multiple rare alleles with fairly strong phenotypic effects may contribute to the genetic heritability of CAD, in addition to common variants with a modest impact on risk. Furthermore, new mechanistic connections have been discovered between different common complex diseases including CAD. This review focuses on the challenges and recent advances of molecular genetics in dissecting the molecular pathophysiology of atherothrombosis and defining novel targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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777
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Blanco P, Palucka AK, Pascual V, Banchereau J. Dendritic cells and cytokines in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2008; 19:41-52. [PMID: 18258476 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2007.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) produce cytokines and are susceptible to cytokine-mediated activation. Thus, interaction of resting immature DCs with TLR ligands, for example nucleic acids, or with microbes leads to a cascade of pro-inflammatory cytokines and skewing of T cell responses. Conversely, several cytokines are able to trigger DC activation (maturation) via autocrine, for example TNF and plasmacytoid DCs, and paracrine, for example type I IFN and myeloid DCs, pathways. By controlling DC activation, cytokines regulate immune homeostasis and the balance between tolerance and immunity. The increased production and/or bioavailability of cytokines and associated alterations in DC homeostasis have been implicated in various human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Targeting these cytokines with biological agents as already is the case with TNF and IL-1 represents a success of immunology and the coming years will expand the range of cytokines as therapeutic targets in autoinflammatory and autoimmune pathology.
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778
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Abstract
Cytokine signaling via a restricted number of Jak-Stat pathways positively and negatively regulates all cell types involved in the initiation, propagation, and resolution of inflammation. Here, we focus on Jak-Stat signaling in three major cell types involved in inflammatory responses: T cells, neutrophils, and macrophages. We summarize how the Jak-Stat pathways in these cells are negatively regulated by the Suppressor of cytokine signaling (Socs) proteins. We emphasize that common Jak-Stat-Socs signaling modules can have diverse developmental, pro- and anti-inflammatory outcomes depending on the cytokine receptor activated and which genes are accessible at a given time in a cell's life. Because multiple components of Jak-Stat-Socs pathways are mutated or closely associated with human inflammatory diseases, and cytokine-based therapies are increasingly deployed to treat inflammation, understanding cytokine signaling will continue to advance our ability to manipulate chronic and acute inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Molecular Immunology and Inflammation Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA.
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779
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Abstract
The characterization of the new lineage of IL-17-producing CD4+ T helper (Th17) cells has revolutionized our current understanding of T cell-mediated immunity. Over the past five years, there have been many twists and turns as the pathways that lead to Th17 cell differentiation have been elucidated. Not least of these was the discovery that TGF-beta is a crucial cytokine for Th17 cell development, suggesting that Th17 and regulatory T cell subsets share reciprocal developmental pathways during the pathogenesis or control of inflammation. This review aims to bring together the observations that have formed current opinion on factors that promote and contain Th17 cell development, in both mouse and man. Unresolved controversies in this field are also discussed: For example, IL-23 is absolutely required for disease pathogenesis in many models of Th17-cell-mediated autoimmunity, yet its role in Th17 cell development is relatively unclear.
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780
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Sakuntabhai A, Ndiaye R, Casadémont I, Peerapittayamongkol C, Rogier C, Tortevoye P, Tall A, Paul R, Turbpaiboon C, Phimpraphi W, Trape JF, Spiegel A, Heath S, Mercereau-Puijalon O, Dieye A, Julier C. Genetic determination and linkage mapping of Plasmodium falciparum malaria related traits in Senegal. PLoS One 2008; 3:e2000. [PMID: 18431485 PMCID: PMC2295258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2007] [Accepted: 03/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria episodes may vary considerably in their severity and clinical manifestations. There is good evidence that host genetic factors contribute to this variability. To date, most genetic studies aiming at the identification of these genes have used a case/control study design for severe malaria, exploring specific candidate genes. Here, we performed a family-based genetic study of falciparum malaria related phenotypes in two independent longitudinal survey cohorts, as a first step towards the identification of genes and mechanisms involved in the outcome of infection. We studied two Senegalese villages, Dielmo and Ndiop that differ in ethnicity, malaria transmission and endemicity. We performed genome-scan linkage analysis of several malaria-related phenotypes both during clinical attacks and asymptomatic infection. We show evidence for a strong genetic contribution to both the number of clinical falciparum malaria attacks and the asymptomatic parasite density. The asymptomatic parasite density showed linkage to chromosome 5q31 (LOD = 2.26, empirical p = 0.0014, Dielmo), confirming previous findings in other studies. Suggestive linkage values were also obtained at three additional chromosome regions: the number of clinical malaria attacks on chromosome 5p15 (LOD = 2.57, empirical p = 0.001, Dielmo) and 13q13 (LOD = 2.37, empirical p = 0.0014 Dielmo), and the maximum parasite density during asymptomatic infection on chromosome 12q21 (LOD = 3.1, empirical p<10−4, Ndiop). While regions of linkage show little overlap with genes known to be involved in severe malaria, the four regions appear to overlap with regions linked to asthma or atopy related traits, suggesting that common immune related pathways may be involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anavaj Sakuntabhai
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique des Maladies Infectieuses et Autoimmunes, Paris, France.
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781
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Abstract
T helper 17 (Th17) cells belong to a recently identified T helper subset, in addition to the traditional Th1 and Th2 subsets. These cells are characterized as preferential producers of interleukin-17A (IL-17A), IL-17F, IL-21, and IL-22. Th17 cells and their effector cytokines mediate host defensive mechanisms to various infections, especially extracellular bacteria infections, and are involved in the pathogenesis of many autoimmune diseases. The receptors for IL-17 and IL-22 are broadly expressed on various epithelial tissues. The effector cytokines of Th17 cells, therefore, mediate the crucial crosstalk between immune system and tissues, and play indispensable roles in tissue immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Ouyang
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jay K. Kolls
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh and The University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Yan Zheng
- Inflammation Pathways Group, Pfizer Global Research and Development, St. Louis Laboratories, 700 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, USA
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782
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Liu Y, Helms C, Liao W, Zaba LC, Duan S, Gardner J, Wise C, Miner A, Malloy MJ, Pullinger CR, Kane JP, Saccone S, Worthington J, Bruce I, Kwok P, Menter A, Krueger J, Barton A, Saccone NL, Bowcock AM. A genome-wide association study of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis identifies new disease loci. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000041. [PMID: 18369459 PMCID: PMC2274885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 528] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2007] [Accepted: 02/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A genome-wide association study was performed to identify genetic factors involved in susceptibility to psoriasis (PS) and psoriatic arthritis (PSA), inflammatory diseases of the skin and joints in humans. 223 PS cases (including 91 with PSA) were genotyped with 311,398 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), and results were compared with those from 519 Northern European controls. Replications were performed with an independent cohort of 577 PS cases and 737 controls from the U.S., and 576 PSA patients and 480 controls from the U.K.. Strongest associations were with the class I region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). The most highly associated SNP was rs10484554, which lies 34.7 kb upstream from HLA-C (P = 7.8x10(-11), GWA scan; P = 1.8x10(-30), replication; P = 1.8x10(-39), combined; U.K. PSA: P = 6.9x10(-11)). However, rs2395029 encoding the G2V polymorphism within the class I gene HCP5 (combined P = 2.13x10(-26) in U.S. cases) yielded the highest ORs with both PS and PSA (4.1 and 3.2 respectively). This variant is associated with low viral set point following HIV infection and its effect is independent of rs10484554. We replicated the previously reported association with interleukin 23 receptor and interleukin 12B (IL12B) polymorphisms in PS and PSA cohorts (IL23R: rs11209026, U.S. PS, P = 1.4x10(-4); U.K. PSA: P = 8.0x10(-4); IL12B:rs6887695, U.S. PS, P = 5x10(-5) and U.K. PSA, P = 1.3x10(-3)) and detected an independent association in the IL23R region with a SNP 4 kb upstream from IL12RB2 (P = 0.001). Novel associations replicated in the U.S. PS cohort included the region harboring lipoma HMGIC fusion partner (LHFP) and conserved oligomeric golgi complex component 6 (COG6) genes on chromosome 13q13 (combined P = 2x10(-6) for rs7993214; OR = 0.71), the late cornified envelope gene cluster (LCE) from the Epidermal Differentiation Complex (PSORS4) (combined P = 6.2x10(-5) for rs6701216; OR 1.45) and a region of LD at 15q21 (combined P = 2.9x10(-5) for rs3803369; OR = 1.43). This region is of interest because it harbors ubiquitin-specific protease-8 whose processed pseudogene lies upstream from HLA-C. This region of 15q21 also harbors the gene for SPPL2A (signal peptide peptidase like 2a) which activates tumor necrosis factor alpha by cleavage, triggering the expression of IL12 in human dendritic cells. We also identified a novel PSA (and potentially PS) locus on chromosome 4q27. This region harbors the interleukin 2 (IL2) and interleukin 21 (IL21) genes and was recently shown to be associated with four autoimmune diseases (Celiac disease, Type 1 diabetes, Grave's disease and Rheumatoid Arthritis).
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/genetics
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/immunology
- Autoimmunity/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Child
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 13/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 15/genetics
- Chromosomes, Human, Pair 4/genetics
- Cohort Studies
- Female
- Genes, MHC Class I
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Genome, Human
- Humans
- Interleukin-12 Subunit p40/genetics
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Psoriasis/genetics
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Receptors, Interleukin/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Liu
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Cynthia Helms
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Wilson Liao
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Center for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Lisa C. Zaba
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Shenghui Duan
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Gardner
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Carol Wise
- Seay Center for Musculoskeletal Research, Texas Scottish Rite Hospital for Children, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Andrew Miner
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - M. J. Malloy
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Center for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Clive R. Pullinger
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Center for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John P. Kane
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Center for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arc Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ian Bruce
- Arc Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Pui–Yan Kwok
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Center for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alan Menter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Dermatology, Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - James Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Anne Barton
- Arc Epidemiology Research Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nancy L. Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Bowcock
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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783
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Núñez C, Dema B, Cénit MC, Polanco I, Maluenda C, Arroyo R, de las Heras V, Bartolomé M, de la Concha EG, Urcelay E, Martínez A. IL23R: a susceptibility locus for celiac disease and multiple sclerosis? Genes Immun 2008; 9:289-93. [PMID: 18368064 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have shown association of the IL23R gene with inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and ankylosing spondylitis. We aimed at studying the involvement of IL23R in celiac disease (CD) and multiple sclerosis (MS). We performed a case-control study including 598 patients with CD, 414 with MS and 546 healthy controls, all of them white Spaniards. All samples were genotyped for two single nucleotide polymorphisms: rs7517847 and rs11209026 (Arg381Gln). Statistical analyses were performed using chi(2-)tests or the Fisher's exact test. The minor allele (Gln) of the coding variant Arg381Gln was significantly increased in CD and MS patients when compared to controls (8% in CD vs 6% in controls, P=0.02; 9% in MS, P=0.006). In MS, a stronger effect was observed in patients showing primary-progressive disease (16%, P=0.004). Moreover, heterozygotes for rs7517847 were significantly increased in this group of MS patients (81% in MS vs 48% in controls, P=0.0002). In conclusion, contrary to what has been described previously, the less frequent allele of the functional polymorphism Arg381Gln (rs11209026) seems to be increasing susceptibility to CD and MS, although in this last group of patients a stronger effect is observed in patients affected of a primary-progressive form.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Núñez
- Servicio de Inmunología Clínica, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain.
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784
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Capon F, Bijlmakers MJ, Wolf N, Quaranta M, Huffmeier U, Allen M, Timms K, Abkevich V, Gutin A, Smith R, Warren RB, Young HS, Worthington J, Burden AD, Griffiths CEM, Hayday A, Nestle FO, Reis A, Lanchbury J, Barker JN, Trembath RC. Identification of ZNF313/RNF114 as a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:1938-45. [PMID: 18364390 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddn091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disorder that is inherited as a multifactorial trait. Linkage studies have clearly identified a primary disease susceptibility locus lying within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), but have generated conflicting results for other genomic regions. To overcome this difficulty, we have carried out a genome-wide association scan, where we analyzed more than 408,000 SNPs in an initial sample of 318 cases and 288 controls. Outside of the MHC, we observed a single cluster of disease-associated markers, spanning 47 kb on chromosome 20q13. The analysis of two replication data sets confirmed this association, with SNP rs495337 yielding a combined P-value of 1.4 x 10(-8) in an overall sample of 2679 cases and 2215 controls. Rs495337 maps to the SPATA2 transcript and is in absolute linkage disequilibrium with five SNPs lying in the adjacent ZNF313 gene (also known as RNF114). Real-time PCR experiments showed that, unlike SPATA2, ZNF313 is abundantly expressed in skin, T-lymphocytes and dendritic cells. Furthermore, an analysis of the expression data available from the Genevar database indicated that rs495337 is associated with increased ZNF313 transcripts levels (P = 0.003), suggesting that the disease susceptibility allele may be a ZNF313 regulatory variant tagged by rs495337. Homology searches indicated that ZNF313 is a paralogue of TRAC-1, an ubiquitin ligase regulating T-cell activation. We performed cell-free assays and confirmed that like TRAC-1, ZNF313 binds ubiquitin via an ubiquitin-interaction motif (UIM). These findings collectively identify a novel psoriasis susceptibility gene, with a putative role in the regulation of immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Capon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King's College London, London, UK
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785
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Genome-wide association studies: progress and potential for drug discovery and development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:221-30. [PMID: 18274536 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although genetic studies have been critically important for the identification of therapeutic targets in Mendelian disorders, genetic approaches aiming to identify targets for common, complex diseases have traditionally had much more limited success. However, during the past year, a novel genetic approach - genome-wide association (GWA) - has demonstrated its potential to identify common genetic variants associated with complex diseases such as diabetes, inflammatory bowel disease and cancer. Here, we highlight some of these recent successes, and discuss the potential for GWA studies to identify novel therapeutic targets and genetic biomarkers that will be useful for drug discovery, patient selection and stratification in common diseases.
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786
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Kimball AB, Gladman D, Gelfand JM, Gordon K, Horn EJ, Korman NJ, Korver G, Krueger GG, Strober BE, Lebwohl MG. National Psoriasis Foundation clinical consensus on psoriasis comorbidities and recommendations for screening. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008; 58:1031-42. [PMID: 18313171 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2008.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 399] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2007] [Revised: 01/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There have been several articles and reports in recent months about comorbidities and risks that affect psoriasis patients in addition to their underlying disease. This piece reviews the current literature and begins to address what should be done with this new information by updating the clinician about what health screening tests, preventative exams, and referrals should be considered in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa B Kimball
- Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.
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787
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Orozco G, Martín J. Identification of new susceptibility markers for rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus in the STAT4 gene. Per Med 2008; 5:169-174. [DOI: 10.2217/17410541.5.2.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of: Remmers EF, Plenge RM, Lee AT et al.: STAT4 and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. N. Engl. J. Med. 6(10), 977–986 (2007). Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease with a strong genetic component. The genetic component of rheumatoid arthritis is thought to be complex, with a wide number of predisposing alleles, each of them conferring a modest risk. The identification of the genetic component of complex diseases is of great interest, since a fuller understanding of disease etiology and pathogenesis is expected to lead to improved risk predictions for susceptibility, severity and outcome and, ultimately, may lead to the development of novel therapies. Until very recently, only two reproducible genetic associations were described. For 30 years, only HLA genes have been identified as sufficiently validated rheumatoid arthritis genetic risk factors. A second, more modest, association has been recently identified with the PTPN22 gene. In the study by Remmers et al., a new susceptibility marker for rheumatoid arthritis is identified, the STAT4 rs7574865 polymorphism. Interestingly, this SNP is also associated with systemic lupus erythematosus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Orozco
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
| | - Javier Martín
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina López Neyra, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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788
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789
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Huber AK, Jacobson EM, Jazdzewski K, Concepcion ES, Tomer Y. Interleukin (IL)-23 receptor is a major susceptibility gene for Graves' ophthalmopathy: the IL-23/T-helper 17 axis extends to thyroid autoimmunity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:1077-81. [PMID: 18073300 PMCID: PMC2266952 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2007-2190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT IL-23 and its receptor (IL-23R) guide T cells toward the T-helper 17 phenotype. IL-23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been associated with several autoimmune diseases, including Crohn's disease and rheumatoid arthritis. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether variants in the IL-23R gene are associated with Graves' disease (GD) and Graves' ophthalmopathy (GO). DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS A total of 216 North American Caucasian GD patients and 368 healthy controls were genotyped for four SNPs spanning the IL-23R gene. SNPs rs11209026 and rs7530511 were genotyped using the TaqMan allelic discrimination assays (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA), and SNPs rs2201841 and rs10889677 were genotyped using a fluorescent-based restriction fragment length polymorphism method. RESULTS The A allele of rs2201841 was present in 78.8% of GD patients with GO and 64.7% of controls [P=1.1x10(-4); odds ratio (OR)=2.04]; the AA genotype was also significantly increased in GO patients compared with controls (62.5 and 41%, respectively; P=1.0x10(-4); OR=2.4). The C allele of rs10889677 was present in 78.6% of GO patients and 64.5% of controls (P=1.3x10(-4); OR=2.03), and the CC genotype was also significantly increased in GO patients vs. controls (62.1 and 41.0%, respectively; P=1.4x10(-4); OR=2.36). The TT genotype of rs7530511 was significantly associated with GD, but not specifically with GO; it was present in 2.5% of GD patients and 0.3% of controls (P=0.02; OR=9.4). The rs11209026 SNP, which is the most strongly associated with Crohn's disease, was not associated with GD or GO in our data set. CONCLUSIONS Variants in the IL-23R gene are strongly associated with GO. These variants may predispose to GO by changing the expression and/or function of IL-23R, thereby promoting a proinflammatory signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda K Huber
- Division of Endocrinology, The Vontz Center, ML 0547, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 3125 Eden Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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790
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Li Y, Grupe A, Rowland C, Holmans P, Segurado R, Abraham R, Jones L, Catanese J, Ross D, Mayo K, Martinez M, Hollingworth P, Goate A, Cairns NJ, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, O'Donovan MC, Morris JC, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Lovestone S, Thal LJ, Owen MJ, Williams J. Evidence that common variation in NEDD9 is associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2008; 17:759-67. [PMID: 18063669 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddm348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) and Parkinson's disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders and in both diseases susceptibility is known to be influenced by genes. We set out to identify novel susceptibility genes for LOAD by performing a large scale, multi-tiered association study testing 4692 single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs). We identified a SNP within a putative transcription factor binding site in the NEDD9 gene (neural precursor cell expressed, developmentally down-regulated), that shows good evidence of association with disease risk in four out of five LOAD samples [N = 3521, P = 5.38x10(-6), odds ratio (OR) = 1.38 (1.20-1.59)] and in addition, we observed a similar pattern of association in two PD sample sets [N = 1464, P = 0.0145, OR =1.31 (1.05-1.62)]. In exploring a potential mechanism for the association, we observed that expression of NEDD9 and APOE show a strong inverse correlation in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's cases. These data implicate NEDD9 as a novel susceptibility gene for LOAD and possibly PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Li
- Celera, 1401 Harbor Bay Parkway, Alameda, CA 94502, USA
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791
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Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic, inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin disease with a genetic basis. While epidermal hyperplasia and altered keratinocyte differentiation are prominent features, considerable evidence indicates that psoriasis is immunologically mediated. Recently, the identification of HLA-Cw6 as the disease allele conferring susceptibility to psoriasis has provided a focus for elucidation of these events. In this article, we will focus on the epidemiology of psoriasis and its associated arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann E Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Box 0932, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0932, USA.
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792
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Korman BD, Alba MI, Le JM, Alevizos I, Smith JA, Nikolov NP, Kastner DL, Remmers EF, Illei GG. Variant form of STAT4 is associated with primary Sjögren's syndrome. Genes Immun 2008; 9:267-70. [PMID: 18273036 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2008.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the STAT4 gene have recently been shown to be associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) is a related autoimmune disease thought to have a pathogenesis similar to these diseases. To test the hypothesis that the variant haplotype of STAT4 seen in RA and SLE is also associated with pSS, we genotyped rs7574865, the most strongly disease-associated SNP in the variant STAT4 haplotype, in 124 Caucasian pSS subjects and compared them to 1143 Caucasian controls. The disease-associated T allele was more common in chromosomes of the pSS patients (29.6%) than in controls (22.3%), leading to a P-value for association of 0.01. These results implicate polymorphisms in the STAT4 gene in the pathogenesis of pSS.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Korman
- Complex Disease Genetics Unit, Genetics and Genomics Branch, National Institute of Arthritis, Musculoskeletal, and Skin Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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793
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Ayazpoor U. Dermatologie-Seminar Derma Update. Hautarzt 2008; 59:161-4. [DOI: 10.1007/s00105-007-1460-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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794
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Schmechel S, Konrad A, Diegelmann J, Glas J, Wetzke M, Paschos E, Lohse P, Göke B, Brand S. Linking genetic susceptibility to Crohn's disease with Th17 cell function: IL-22 serum levels are increased in Crohn's disease and correlate with disease activity and IL23R genotype status. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2008; 14:204-12. [PMID: 18022867 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.20315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We analyzed the influence of Crohn's disease (CD)-associated IL23R gene variants on IL-22 that is expressed in IL-23R+ Th17 cells. METHODS IL-22 serum levels were measured in 242 CD patients and in 31 healthy controls. Subanalyses included serum levels of IL-6, TNF-alpha, IL-17A, IL-17F, C-reactive protein (CRP), and leukocyte count. In all patients, genotyping for 10 CD-associated IL23R single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and the 3 main CD-associated CARD15 variants was performed. RESULTS There was a highly significant increase in IL-22 serum expression in CD patients compared to healthy controls (P = 2.53 x 10(-9)). IL-22 serum levels correlated with disease activity: IL-22 levels in patients with a Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) >150 were significantly higher than in patients with a CDAI <150 (P = 0.001), while TNF-alpha and IL-6 were not significantly different between these 2 groups. Analyzing the effect of 10 IL23R variants on IL-22 serum levels, we demonstrated that the quotients of mean IL-22 serum levels of carriers of the minor allele to the mean serum IL-22 in wildtype carriers correlated highly with the corresponding CD susceptibility risk for each gene variant (r = 0.807). The IL-22 levels in carriers of CD risk-increasing IL23R variants were significantly higher than in carriers of CD risk-decreasing IL23R variants (P = 0.008). CONCLUSIONS The Th17 cytokine IL-22 is expressed at high levels in CD and correlates with disease activity, offering a better separation between active and inactive CD than IL-6 and TNF-alpha. IL23R genotypes influence IL-22 serum expression, linking genetic CD susceptibility to Th17 cell function for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Schmechel
- Department of Medicine II, Grosshadern, University of Munich, Germany
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795
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Rahman P, O’Rielly DD. Psoriatic arthritis: genetic susceptibility and pharmacogenetics. Pharmacogenomics 2008; 9:195-205. [PMID: 18370848 DOI: 10.2217/14622416.9.2.195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is an inflammatory arthritis associated with psoriasis. The etiology of PsA is unknown; however, there is mounting evidence for a strong genetic contribution to PsA. A few disease-related genes have already been identified in PsA. Cytokines associated with PsA appear to be the most promising targets for pharmacogenetics. Blockade of TNF-α and IL-12/23 is associated with a marked clinical response to PsA and/or psoriasis, implying a pivotal role of these cytokines in the pathogenesis of these two disease entities. To date, only the -308 variant of the TNF-α promoter gene has been shown to be important in predicting response to TNF-α blockade in inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Proton Rahman
- Memorial University, Discipline of Rheumatology, 154 LeMarchant Rd, St John’s, NL, A1C-5B8, Canada
| | - Darren D O’Rielly
- Memorial University, School of Pharmacy and Faculty of Medicine, Health Science Centre, 300 Prince Philip Drive, St John’s, NL, A1B 3V6, Canada
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796
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Delaporte E. Affections inflammatoires à médiation immunitaire et psoriasis. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2008; 135 Suppl 4:S269-74. [DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(08)70547-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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797
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Nair RP, Ruether A, Stuart PE, Jenisch S, Tejasvi T, Hiremagalore R, Schreiber S, Kabelitz D, Lim HW, Voorhees JJ, Christophers E, Elder JT, Weichenthal M. Polymorphisms of the IL12B and IL23R genes are associated with psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:1653-61. [PMID: 18219280 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin disease with a multifactorial genetic basis. A recent study reported that psoriasis was associated with the IL12B haplotype rs3212227 (3'-untranslated region)-rs6887695 (60 kb, 5') and the IL23R haplotype rs7530511 (L310P)-rs11209026 (Q381R). We examined these four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for association with psoriasis in two groups of North American and German Caucasians: (1) 1,810 cases and 2,522 controls; and (2) 509 pedigrees. Both IL12B markers showed highly significant association with psoriasis in the case-control (rs3212227, odds ratio (OR)=1.62, P=1.7 x 10(-15); rs6887695, OR=1.49, P=2.7 x 10(-15)) and in the family-based analysis (rs3212227, P=2.2 x 10(-3); rs6887695, P=1.7 x 10(-3)). The IL23R SNPs also showed significant association in the cases and controls (rs7530511, OR=1.22, P=3.9 x 10(-3); rs11209026, OR=1.40, P=3.8 x 10(-4)). For both genes, common risk haplotypes were identified whose statistical significance approached (IL23R) or exceeded (IL12B) genome-wide criteria. We found no statistical evidence for interactions of these haplotypes with HLA-Cw6. Our results confirm associations between IL12B and IL23R and psoriasis in Caucasians, and provide a genetic basis for the clinical association between psoriasis and Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan P Nair
- Department of Dermatology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0932, USA
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798
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Ghilardi N, Ouyang W. Targeting the development and effector functions of TH17 cells. Semin Immunol 2008; 19:383-93. [PMID: 18083530 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 10/28/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
T helper (TH) cells can assume different phenotypes characterized by the secretion of distinct effector molecules. Interferon-gamma producing TH1 and IL-4 producing TH2 cells have long been recognized as important mediators of host defense, whereas regulatory T cells are known to suppress T cell responses. Recently, TH17 cells were characterized as a novel CD4(+) subset that preferentially produces IL-17, IL-17F, and IL-22 as the signature cytokines. TH17 cells appear to play a critical role in sustaining the inflammatory response and their presence is closely associated with autoimmune disease, which makes them an attractive therapeutic target. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms that regulate the differentiation of naive T cells into TH17 cells and on TH17 effector cytokines, as they represent opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Ghilardi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech Inc., 1-DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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799
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Chang YC, Wu WM, Chen CH, Hu CF, Hsu LA. Association between P478S polymorphism of the filaggrin gene and risk of psoriasis in a Chinese population in Taiwan. Arch Dermatol Res 2008; 300:133-7. [PMID: 18193244 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-007-0821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 12/05/2007] [Accepted: 12/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal keratinocyte terminal differentiation is one of the important characteristics of psoriatic lesions. Filaggrin (FLG) is a key protein that facilitates the terminal differentiation of the epidermis. Thus, FLG genetic variants may modify the risk of psoriasis. In total, 314 patients with psoriasis and 611 control subjects were analyzed for the presence of FLG R501X, 2282del4 mutations, and P478S (rs11584340, C/T base change) polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The analysis revealed that both the R501X and 2282del4 mutations were not present in a subset of 200 patients (64%) with psoriasis. In contrast, a marginally significant difference (P = 0.020) was found in the distribution of rs11584340 genotype frequencies between psoriatic patients and controls. The frequency of the TT genotype in psoriasis patients was significantly higher than in controls (37.9% vs. 29.1%, respectively, P = 0.007). The T allele frequency of patients (60.5%) was also significantly higher than that of controls (53.9%) (P = 0.007). After adjusting for age and gender, carriers of the TT genotype were 1.46 (95% CI, 1.08-1.96) times more likely than non-carriers to have psoriasis (P = 0.013). In conclusion, our results suggest that FLG P478S polymorphism may confer susceptibility to the development of psoriasis among Taiwanese Chinese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ching Chang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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800
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Mathew CG. New links to the pathogenesis of Crohn disease provided by genome-wide association scans. Nat Rev Genet 2008; 9:9-14. [PMID: 17968351 DOI: 10.1038/nrg2203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide association scans (GWAS) using large case-control samples and several hundred thousand genetic markers have uncovered at least ten new genomic regions associated with susceptibility to Crohn disease, a chronic inflammatory bowel disorder. The new loci include genes with diverse roles in the immune response and several gene deserts, which may contain regulatory sequences or encode novel functional transcripts. The results so far suggest that genome scans may re-define our ideas on the nature of causal variants in complex disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher G Mathew
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, 8th Floor Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London SE1 9RT, UK.
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