801
|
Parrish JC, Braden MR, Gundy E, Nichols DE. Differential phospholipase C activation by phenylalkylamine serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor agonists. J Neurochem 2005; 95:1575-84. [PMID: 16277614 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2005.03477.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Experiments compared a series of phenethylamine hallucinogens with their phenylisopropylamine analogues for binding affinity and ability to stimulate serotonin 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in cells expressing cloned rat and human 5-HT 2A receptors. The (+/-)phenylisopropylamine analogues had significantly higher intrinsic activities for 5-HT 2A receptor-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol compared to their phenethylamine analogues. With respect to the effects of the stereochemistry of the phenylisopropylamines, those with the (R) absolute configuration at the alpha carbon had higher intrinsic activities for hydrolysis of phosphatidyl inositol in a cell line expressing the human 5-HT 2A receptor compared to those with the (S) absolute configuration. In virtual docking studies comparing the (R)- and (S)-phenylisopropylamines with their phenethylamine analogues, there were distinct differences in the orientations of key ligand binding domain residues that have been identified as important by previous mutagenesis studies. In conclusion, our data support the hypothesis that phenylisopropylamines have higher hallucinogenic potency than their phenethylamine analogues primarily because they have higher intrinsic activities at 5-HT 2A receptors. Although virtual ligand binding led to significant perturbations of certain key residues, our results emphasize the conclusion reached by others that overall three-dimensional structural microdomains within the receptor must be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Parrish
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2091, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
802
|
Halpern JH, Sherwood AR, Hudson JI, Yurgelun-Todd D, Pope HG. Psychological and cognitive effects of long-term peyote use among Native Americans. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:624-31. [PMID: 16271313 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 05/11/2005] [Accepted: 06/30/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hallucinogens are widely used, both by drug abusers and by peoples of traditional cultures who ingest these substances for religious or healing purposes. However, the long-term residual psychological and cognitive effects of hallucinogens remain poorly understood. METHODS We recruited three groups of Navajo Native Americans, age 18-45: 1) 61 Native American Church members who regularly ingested peyote, a hallucinogen-containing cactus; 2) 36 individuals with past alcohol dependence, but currently sober at least 2 months; and 3) 79 individuals reporting minimal use of peyote, alcohol, or other substances. We administered a screening interview, the Rand Mental Health Inventory (RMHI), and ten standard neuropsychological tests of memory and attentional/executive functions. RESULTS Compared to Navajos with minimal substance use, the peyote group showed no significant deficits on the RMHI or any neuropsychological measures, whereas the former alcoholic group showed significant deficits (p < .05) on every scale of the RMHI and on two neuropsychological measures. Within the peyote group, total lifetime peyote use was not significantly associated with neuropsychological performance. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence of psychological or cognitive deficits among Native Americans using peyote regularly in a religious setting. It should be recognized, however, that these findings may not generalize to illicit hallucinogen users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Halpern
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, Harvard Medical School, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
803
|
O'Connor KA, Roth BL. Screening the receptorome for plant-based psychoactive compounds. Life Sci 2005; 78:506-11. [PMID: 16213532 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Throughout time, humans have used psychoactive plants and plant-derived products for spiritual, therapeutic and recreational purposes. Furthermore, the investigation of psychoactive plants such as Cannabis sativa (marijuana), Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) and analogues of psychoactive plant derivatives such as lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) have provided insight into our understanding of neurochemical processes and diseases of the CNS. Currently, many of these compounds are being used to treat a variety of diseases, such as depression and anxiety in the case of Piper methysticum Kava Kava (Martin et al., 2002; Singh and Singh, 2002). G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common molecular target for both psychoactive drugs and pharmaceuticals. The "receptorome" (that portion of the genome encoding ligand reception) encompasses more than 8% of the human genome (Roth et al., 2004) and as such provides a large number of possible targets for psychoactive drug interactions. A systematic, comprehensive study is necessary to identify novel active psychoactive plant-based compounds and the molecular targets of known compounds. Herein we describe the development of a high throughput system (HTS) to screen psychoactive compounds against the receptorome and present two examples (Salvia divinorum, the "magic mint" hallucinogen and Banisteriopsis caapi, the main component of Ayahuasca, a psychoactive beverage) where HTS enabled the identification of the molecular target of each compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerry Ann O'Connor
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
804
|
Reissig CJ, Eckler JR, Rabin RA, Winter JC. The 5-HT1A receptor and the stimulus effects of LSD in the rat. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 182:197-204. [PMID: 16025319 PMCID: PMC1266303 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0068-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has been suggested that the 5-HT1A receptor plays a significant modulatory role in the stimulus effects of the indoleamine hallucinogen lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). OBJECTIVE The present study sought to characterize the effects of several compounds with known affinity for the 5-HT1A receptor on the discriminative stimulus effects of LSD. METHODS Twelve male Fischer 344 rats were trained in a two-lever, fixed-ratio (FR) 10, and food-reinforced task with LSD (0.1 mg/kg, i.p.; 15-min pretreatment) as a discriminative stimulus. Combination and substitution tests with the 5-HT(1A) agonists, 8-OH-DPAT, buspirone, gepirone, and ipsapirone, with LSD-induced stimulus control were then performed. The effects of these 5-HT1A ligands were also tested in the presence of the selective 5-HT1A receptor antagonist, WAY-100,635 (0.3 mg/kg, s.c.; 30-min pretreatment). RESULTS In combination tests, stimulus control by LSD was increased by all 5-HT1A receptor ligands with agonist properties. Similarly, in tests of antagonism, the increase in drug-appropriate responding caused by stimulation of the 5-HT1A receptor was abolished by administration of WAY-100,635. CONCLUSION These data, obtained using a drug discrimination model of the hallucinogenic effects of LSD, provide support for the hypothesis that the 5-HT1A receptor has a significant modulatory role in the stimulus effects of LSD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C J Reissig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
805
|
Bachner-Melman R, Dina C, Zohar AH, Constantini N, Lerer E, Hoch S, Sella S, Nemanov L, Gritsenko I, Lichtenberg P, Granot R, Ebstein RP. AVPR1a and SLC6A4 gene polymorphisms are associated with creative dance performance. PLoS Genet 2005; 1:e42. [PMID: 16205790 PMCID: PMC1239939 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.0010042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dancing, which is integrally related to music, likely has its origins close to the birth of Homo sapiens, and throughout our history, dancing has been universally practiced in all societies. We hypothesized that there are differences among individuals in aptitude, propensity, and need for dancing that may partially be based on differences in common genetic polymorphisms. Identifying such differences may lead to an understanding of the neurobiological basis of one of mankind's most universal and appealing behavioral traits--dancing. In the current study, 85 current performing dancers and their parents were genotyped for the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4: promoter region HTTLPR and intron 2 VNTR) and the arginine vasopressin receptor 1a (AVPR1a: promoter microsatellites RS1 and RS3). We also genotyped 91 competitive athletes and a group of nondancers/nonathletes (n = 872 subjects from 414 families). Dancers scored higher on the Tellegen Absorption Scale, a questionnaire that correlates positively with spirituality and altered states of consciousness, as well as the Reward Dependence factor in Cloninger's Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire, a measure of need for social contact and openness to communication. Highly significant differences in AVPR1a haplotype frequencies (RS1 and RS3), especially when conditional on both SLC6A4 polymorphisms (HTTLPR and VNTR), were observed between dancers and athletes using the UNPHASED program package (Cocaphase: likelihood ratio test [LRS] = 89.23, p = 0.000044). Similar results were obtained when dancers were compared to nondancers/nonathletes (Cocaphase: LRS = 92.76, p = 0.000024). These results were confirmed using a robust family-based test (Tdtphase: LRS = 46.64, p = 0.010). Association was also observed between Tellegen Absorption Scale scores and AVPR1a (Qtdtphase: global chi-square = 26.53, p = 0.047), SLC6A4 haplotypes (Qtdtphase: chi-square = 2.363, p = 0.018), and AVPR1a conditional on SCL6A4 (Tdtphase: LRS = 250.44, p = 0.011). Similarly, significant association was observed between Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire Reward Dependence scores and AVPR1a RS1 (chi-square = 20.16, p = 0.01). Two-locus analysis (RS1 and RS3 conditional on HTTLPR and VNTR) was highly significant (LRS = 162.95, p = 0.001). Promoter repeat regions in the AVPR1a gene have been robustly demonstrated to play a role in molding a range of social behaviors in many vertebrates and, more recently, in humans. Additionally, serotonergic neurotransmission in some human studies appears to mediate human religious and spiritual experiences. We therefore hypothesize that the association between AVPR1a and SLC6A4 reflects the social communication, courtship, and spiritual facets of the dancing phenotype rather than other aspects of this complex phenotype, such as sensorimotor integration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Dina
- Génétique Maladies Multifactorielles—Institut de Biologie de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Ada H Zohar
- Psychology, Behavioral Sciences, Ruppin Academic Center, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Naama Constantini
- Israeli Olympic Medical Committee and Medical Faculty, Tel Aviv University, Te Aviv, Israel
| | - Elad Lerer
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Hoch
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sarah Sella
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lubov Nemanov
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Inga Gritsenko
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | | | - Roni Granot
- Musicology Department, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Richard P Ebstein
- Department of Psychology, Mount Scopus, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- Sarah Herzog Memorial Hospital and Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
806
|
Winter JC, Eckler JR, Rice KC, Rabin RA. Serotonergic/glutamatergic interactions: potentiation of phencyclidine-induced stimulus control by citalopram. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 81:694-700. [PMID: 15970314 PMCID: PMC1224745 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2004] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous investigations in our laboratory have found that the stimulus effects of the hallucinogenic serotonergic agonists DOM and LSD are potentiated by phencyclidine [PCP], a non-competitive NMDA antagonist. Also suggestive of behaviorally significant serotonergic/glutamatergic interactions is our finding that stimulus control by both PCP and LSD is partially antagonized by the mGlu2/3 agonist, LY 379268. These observations coupled with the fact that the stimulus effects of LSD and DOM are potentiated by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors [SSRIs] led us in the present investigation to test the hypothesis that stimulus control by PCP is potentiated by the SSRI, citalopram. Stimulus control was established with PCP [3.0 mg/kg; 30 min pretreatment time] in a group of 12 rats. A two-lever, fixed ratio 10, positively reinforced task with saline controls was employed. Potentiation by citalopram of an intermediate dose of PCP was observed. In an attempt to establish the mechanism by which citalopram might interact with PCP, subsequent experiments examined the effects on that interaction of antagonists at serotonergic receptors. It was found that the selective 5-HT2C-selective antagonists, SDZ SER 082 and SB 242084, significantly, albeit only partially, blocked the effects of citalopram on PCP. In agreement with our previous conclusions regarding the interaction of citalopram with DOM, the present data suggest that potentiation of the stimulus effects of PCP by citalopram are mediated in part by agonist activity at 5-HT2C receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J C Winter
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, 102 Farber Hall, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14214-3000, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
807
|
Fantegrossi WE, Harrington AW, Eckler JR, Arshad S, Rabin RA, Winter JC, Coop A, Rice KC, Woods JH. Hallucinogen-like actions of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in mice and rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 181:496-503. [PMID: 15983786 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-0009-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Few studies have examined the effects of 2,5-dimethoxy-4-(n)-propylthiophenethylamine (2C-T-7) in vivo. OBJECTIVES 2C-T-7 was tested in a drug-elicited head twitch assay in mice and in several drug discrimination assays in rats; 2C-T-7 was compared to the phenylisopropylamine hallucinogen R(-)-1-(2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylphenyl)-2aminopropane (DOM) in both assays, with or without pretreatment with the selective 5-HT2A antagonist (+)-(2,3-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-[2-(4-fluorophenylethyl)]-4-piperidine-methanol (M100907). Finally, the affinity of 2C-T-7 for three distinct 5-HT receptors was determined in rat brain. METHODS Drug-elicited head twitches were quantified for 10 min following administration of various doses of either 2C-T-7 or R(-)-DOM, with and without pretreatments of 0.01 mg/kg M100907. In rats trained to discriminate lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2C-T-7 and R(-)-DOM were tested for generalization. In further studies, rats were trained to discriminate 2C-T-7 from saline, then challenged with 0.05 mg/kg M100907. In competition binding studies, the affinity of 2C-T-7 was assessed at 5-HT2A receptors, 5-HT1A receptors, and 5-HT2C receptors. RESULTS 2C-T-7 and R(-)-DOM induced similar head twitch responses in the mouse that were antagonized by M100907. In the rat, 2C-T-7 produced an intermediate degree of generalization (75%) to the LSD cue and served as a discriminative stimulus; these interoceptive effects were attenuated by M100907. Finally, 2C-T-7 had nanomolar affinity for 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors and lower affinity for 5-HT1A receptors. CONCLUSIONS 2C-T-7 is effective in two rodent models of 5-HT2 agonist activity and has affinity at receptors relevant to hallucinogen effects. The effectiveness with which M100907 antagonizes the behavioral actions of 2C-T-7 strongly suggests that the 5-HT2A receptor is an important site of action for this compound.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- DOM 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Methylamphetamine/pharmacology
- Animals
- Binding, Competitive
- Brain/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Generalization, Stimulus/drug effects
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Illicit Drugs/pharmacology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Lysergic Acid Diethylamide/pharmacology
- Male
- Mice
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Phenethylamines/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/drug effects
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/drug effects
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Fantegrossi
- Division of Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
808
|
Harding WW, Tidgewell K, Byrd N, Cobb H, Dersch CM, Butelman ER, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Neoclerodane diterpenes as a novel scaffold for mu opioid receptor ligands. J Med Chem 2005; 48:4765-71. [PMID: 16033256 DOI: 10.1021/jm048963m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Structural modification of salvinorin A, the active component of Salvia divinorum, has resulted in the synthesis of novel neoclerodane diterpenes with opioid receptor affinity and activity. We report in this study a nonnitrogenous neoclerodane diterpene with mu opioid receptor affinity (13) that is an agonist at mu opioid receptors. This represents the identification of a novel structural class of mu opioid receptor agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Harding
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
809
|
Ott U, Reuter M, Hennig J, Vaitl D. Evidence for a common biological basis of the Absorption trait, hallucinogen effects, and positive symptoms: epistasis between 5-HT2a and COMT polymorphisms. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 137B:29-32. [PMID: 15965969 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Absorption represents a disposition to experience altered states of consciousness characterized by intensively focused attention. It is correlated with hypnotic susceptibility and includes phenomena ranging from vivid perceptions and imaginations to mystical experiences. Based on the assumption that drug-induced and naturally occurring mystical experiences share common neural mechanisms, we hypothesized that Absorption is influenced by the T102C polymorphism affecting the 5-HT2a receptor, which is known to be an important target site of hallucinogens like LSD. Based on the pivotal role ascribed to the prefrontal executive control network for absorbed attention and positive symptoms in schizophrenia, it was further hypothesized that Absorption is associated with the VAL158MET polymorphism of the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene affecting the dopaminergic neurotransmitter system. The Tellegen Absorption Scale was administered to 336 subjects (95 male, 241 female). Statistical analysis revealed that the group with the T/T genotype of the T102C polymorphism, implying a stronger binding potential of the 5-HT2a receptor, indeed had significantly higher Absorption scores (F = 10.00, P = 0.002), while no main effect was found for the COMT polymorphism. However, the interaction between T102C and COMT genotypes yielded significance (F = 3.89; P = 0.049), underlining the known functional interaction between the 5-HT and the dopaminergic system. These findings point to biological foundations of the personality trait of Absorption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Ott
- Center for Psychobiology and Behavioral Medicine, University of Giessen, Otto-Behaghel-Street 10F, 35394 Giessen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
810
|
Marona-Lewicka D, Thisted RA, Nichols DE. Distinct temporal phases in the behavioral pharmacology of LSD: dopamine D2 receptor-mediated effects in the rat and implications for psychosis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 180:427-35. [PMID: 15723230 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The effect of LSD in humans has been described as occurring in two temporal phases. The behavioral effects in rats also occur in two temporal phases: an initial suppression of exploration followed by increased locomotor activity. OBJECTIVES We decided to investigate this phenomenon from the perspective that the pharmacology might have relevance to the neurochemical mechanisms underlying psychosis. METHODS Twenty-five male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained to discriminate LSD (186 nmol/kg, 0.08 mg/kg, i.p.) with a 30-min preinjection time (LSD-30, N=12) and LSD (372 nmol/kg, 0.16 mg/kg, i.p.) with a 90-min preinjection time (LSD-90, N=13) from saline, using a two-lever, food-reinforced operant conditioning task. RESULTS LSD (186 or 372 nmol/kg, 0.08 or 0.16 mg/kg) given 30 min prior to training produced a cue that was completely antagonized by 5-HT2A antagonists and lasted no longer than 1 h. LSD (372 nmol/kg, 0.16 mg/kg) injected 90 min before training produced a cue that was not fully blocked by 5-HT2A antagonists, but instead was significantly inhibited by haloperidol. In these rats, substitution no longer occurred with the 5-HT2 agonists DOI or LSD (30 min preinjection), but full substitution was obtained with the D2 agonists apomorphine, N-propyldihydrexidine, and quinelorane. CONCLUSION The discriminative stimulus effect of LSD in rats occurs in two phases, and these studies provide evidence that the later temporal phase is mediated by D2 dopamine receptor stimulation. A second temporal phase that involves dopaminergic pathways would be consistent with the widespread belief that excessive dopaminergic activity may be an underlying cause of paranoid psychosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danuta Marona-Lewicka
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, Heine Pharmacy Building, 575 Stadium Mall Dr., West Lafayette, IN 47907-2091, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
811
|
Wynn GH, Cozza KL, Zapor MJ, Wortmann GW, Armstrong SC. Med-psych drug-drug interactions update. Antiretrovirals, part III: antiretrovirals and drugs of abuse. PSYCHOSOMATICS 2005; 46:79-87. [PMID: 15765827 DOI: 10.1176/appi.psy.46.1.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The third in a series reviewing the HIV/AIDS antiretroviral drugs, this report summarizes the interactions between antiretrovirals and common drugs of abuse. In an overview format for primary care physicians and psychiatrists, the metabolism and drug interactions in the context of antiretroviral therapy are presented for the following drugs of abuse: alcohol, benzodiazepines, cocaine, GHB (liquid X), ketamine (special K), LSD (acid), MDMA (Ecstasy), opiates, PCP (angel dust), and THC (marijuana).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary H Wynn
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, F Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
812
|
Gallardo-Godoy A, Fierro A, McLean TH, Castillo M, Cassels BK, Reyes-Parada M, Nichols DE. Sulfur-substituted alpha-alkyl phenethylamines as selective and reversible MAO-A inhibitors: biological activities, CoMFA analysis, and active site modeling. J Med Chem 2005; 48:2407-19. [PMID: 15801832 DOI: 10.1021/jm0493109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of phenethylamine derivatives with various ring substituents and with or without N-methyl and/or C-alpha methyl or ethyl groups was synthesized and assayed for their ability reversibly to inhibit monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B). Several compounds showed potent and selective MAO-A inhibitory activity (IC(50) in the submicromolar range) but none showed appreciable activity toward MAO-B. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship study for MAO-A inhibition was performed on the series using comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA). The resulting model gave a cross-validated q(2) of 0.72 and showed that in this series of compounds steric properties of the substituents were more important than electrostatic effects. Molecular modeling based on the recently published crystal structure of inhibitor-bound MAO-A provided detailed evidence for specific interactions of the ligands with the enzyme, supported by previous references and consistent with results from the CoMFA. On the basis of these results, structural determinants for selectivity of substituted amphetamines for MAO-A are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Gallardo-Godoy
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Casilla 653, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
813
|
Setola V, Dukat M, Glennon RA, Roth BL. Molecular Determinants for the Interaction of the Valvulopathic Anorexigen Norfenfluramine with the 5-HT2B Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2005; 68:20-33. [PMID: 15831837 DOI: 10.1124/mol.104.009266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
S-(+)-Norfenfluramine (SNF)-an active metabolite of the now-banned anorexigen fenfluramine-has been implicated in the drug's appetite-suppressing actions and its life-threatening cardiovascular side effects. SNF reduces appetite through serotonin 5-HT(2C) receptor activation; it causes cardiopulmonary side effects through 5-HT(2B) receptor activation. Thus, we attempted to identify molecular determinants of SNF binding to 5-HT(2B) receptors distinct from those underlying SNF-5-HT(2C/2A) receptor interactions. Mutagenesis implicated Val2.53 in SNF binding to 5-HT(2B) receptors. Ligand docking simulations suggested both Val2.53 gamma-methyl groups form stabilizing van der Waals' (vdW) interactions with the alpha-methyl group of SNF. A V2.53L mutation induced a 17-fold decrease in affinity; molecular dynamics (MD) simulations suggested that this decrease resulted from the loss of one 2.53-alpha-methyl group vdW interaction. Supporting this, 1) the binding of norfenfluramine (NF) analogs lacking an S-(+) alpha-methyl group (RNF and alpha-desmethyl-NF) was less sensitive to the V2.53L mutation, and 2) a V2.53A mutation decreased SNF affinity 190-fold, but decreased RNF and alpha-desmethyl-NF affinities only 16- and 45-fold, respectively. We next addressed whether the alpha-methyl group of SNF contributes to 5-HT(2C/2A) receptor affinity. Removal of the alpha-methyl group (RNF and alpha-desmethyl-NF), which reduced 5-HT(2B) receptor binding 3-fold, did not affect 5-HT(2C/2A) receptor binding. An alpha-ethyl substituent (alpha-ethyl-NF), which decreased 5-HT(2B) receptor affinity 46-fold, reduced 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(2A) receptor binding by 14- and 5-fold, respectively. Finally, we determined that residue 2.53 affects SNF potency and efficacy at 5-HT(2B) receptors but not at 5-HT(2C) and 5-HT(2A) receptors. In conclusion, vdW interactions between residue 2.53 and the alpha-methyl group of SNF contribute to the ligand's 5-HT(2) receptor subtype-selective pharmacology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Setola
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106-4935, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
814
|
Tidgewell K, Harding WW, Schmidt M, Holden KG, Murry DJ, Prisinzano TE. A facile method for the preparation of deuterium labeled salvinorin A: synthesis of [2,2,2-2H3]-salvinorin A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 14:5099-102. [PMID: 15380207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.07.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 07/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a novel hallucinogen isolated from the widely available leaves of Salvia divinorum. Based on its mechanism of action, salvinorin A has shown potential as a stimulant abuse therapeutic. However, there are no methods for the detection of salvinorin A or its metabolites in biological fluids. In order to begin developing salvinorin A as a potential therapeutic, an understanding of its metabolism is needed. Here, a straightforward synthesis of a deuterium labeled analog of salvinorin A and its utility as an internal standard for the detection of salvinorin A and its metabolites in biological fluids by LC-MS is described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Tidgewell
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
815
|
Smith BM, Smith JM, Tsai JH, Schultz JA, Gilson CA, Estrada SA, Chen RR, Park DM, Prieto EB, Gallardo CS, Sengupta D, Thomsen WJ, Saldana HR, Whelan KT, Menzaghi F, Webb RR, Beeley NRA. Discovery and SAR of new benzazepines as potent and selective 5-HT2C receptor agonists for the treatment of obesity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:1467-70. [PMID: 15713408 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2004.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2004] [Revised: 12/22/2004] [Accepted: 12/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We report on the synthesis, biological evaluation and structure-activity relationships for a series of 3-benzazepine derivatives as 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists. The compounds were evaluated in functional assays measuring [3H] phosphoinositol turnover in HEK-293 cells transiently transfected with h5-HT(2C), h5-HT(2A) or h5-HT(2B) receptors. Several compounds are shown to be potent and selective 5-HT(2C) receptor agonists, which decrease food intake in a rat feeding model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Smith
- Arena Pharmaceuticals Inc., 6166 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121-3223, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
816
|
Jacob MS, Presti DE. Endogenous psychoactive tryptamines reconsidered: an anxiolytic role for dimethyltryptamine. Med Hypotheses 2005; 64:930-7. [PMID: 15780487 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2004.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2004] [Accepted: 11/04/2004] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of the potent hallucinogenic psychoactive chemical N,N-dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in the human body has puzzled scientists for decades. Endogenous DMT was investigated in the 1960s and 1970s and it was proposed that DMT was involved in psychosis and schizophrenia. This hypothesis developed from comparisons of the blood and urine of schizophrenic and control subjects. However, much of this research proved inconclusive and conventional thinking has since held that trace levels of DMT, and other endogenous psychoactive tryptamines, are insignificant metabolic byproducts. The recent discovery of a G-protein-coupled, human trace amine receptor has triggered a reappraisal of the role of compounds present in limited concentrations in biological systems. Interestingly enough, DMT and other psychoactive tryptamine hallucinogens elicit a robust response at the trace amine receptor. While it is currently accepted that serotonin 5-HT(2A) receptors play a pivotal role in the activity of hallucinogenic/psychedelic compounds, we propose that the effects induced by exogenous DMT administration, especially at low doses, are due in part to activity at the trace amine receptor. Furthermore, we suggest that endogenous DMT interacts with the TA receptor to produce a calm and relaxed mental state, which may suppress, rather than promote, symptoms of psychosis. This hypothesis may help explain the inconsistency in the early analysis of endogenous DMT in humans. Finally, we propose that amphetamine action at the TA receptor may contribute to the calming effects of amphetamine and related drugs, especially at low doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Jacob
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3200, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
817
|
Abanades S, Unizony C, Alvarez Y, Farré M. Alucinógenos: ¿drogas para soñar? Aten Primaria 2005; 35:54. [PMID: 15691458 PMCID: PMC7668803 DOI: 10.1157/13071034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
|
818
|
Brandt SD, Freeman S, Fleet IA, McGagh P, Alder JF. Analytical chemistry of synthetic routes to psychoactive tryptamines : Part II. Characterisation of the Speeter and Anthony synthetic route to N,N-dialkylated tryptamines using GC-EI-ITMS, ESI-TQ-MS-MS and NMR. Analyst 2005; 130:330-44. [PMID: 15724162 DOI: 10.1039/b413014f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The degree of alkylation of the side chain nitrogen in tryptamines is one important factor that affects psychoactivity. The method of Speeter and Anthony is considered to be one of the most important synthetic preparative methods. The final step in this reaction is based on the reduction of a (substituted) indole-3-yl-glyoxalylamide to the desired tryptamine with metal hydride. Twelve symmetrically and 13 asymmetrically N,N-disubstituted glyoxalylamides and their corresponding tryptamine derivatives have been synthesised and characterised by gas chromatography EI-ion trap mass spectrometry, electrospray-triple quadrupole-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy. Mass spectral and NMR similarities and differences between the investigated compounds are discussed. A solvent dependency is observed that has to be taken into consideration for the unambiguous assignment of (1)H- and (13)C-NMR chemical shifts. The (1)H-NMR study demonstrated that one can evaluate the rotamer populations of the asymmetrical glyoxalylamides. In a forensic or clinical scenario where single or multiple reaction monitoring approaches are contemplated, the appropriate ion transitions of choice may then focus on the two main fragmentations, namely beta-cleavage ([M+H](+)-->CH(2)N(+)R(2)R(3)) and/or alpha-cleavage ([M+H](+)-->[3-vinylindole](+)), respectively. The synthesis, NMR and MS analytical data presented provide the forensic analyst and clinical biochemist with a detailed and self-consistent body of information and mechanisms for the spectral identification of the more likely psychoactive tryptamines that may be met.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, UMIST, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
819
|
Roth BL, Lopez E, Beischel S, Westkaemper RB, Evans JM. Screening the receptorome to discover the molecular targets for plant-derived psychoactive compounds: a novel approach for CNS drug discovery. Pharmacol Ther 2004; 102:99-110. [PMID: 15163592 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2004.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because psychoactive plants exert profound effects on human perception, emotion, and cognition, discovering the molecular mechanisms responsible for psychoactive plant actions will likely yield insights into the molecular underpinnings of human consciousness. Additionally, it is likely that elucidation of the molecular targets responsible for psychoactive drug actions will yield validated targets for CNS drug discovery. This review article focuses on an unbiased, discovery-based approach aimed at uncovering the molecular targets responsible for psychoactive drug actions wherein the main active ingredients of psychoactive plants are screened at the "receptorome" (that portion of the proteome encoding receptors). An overview of the receptorome is given and various in silico, public-domain resources are described. Newly developed tools for the in silico mining of data derived from the National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program's (NIMH-PDSP) K(i) Database (K(i) DB) are described in detail. Additionally, three case studies aimed at discovering the molecular targets responsible for Hypericum perforatum, Salvia divinorum, and Ephedra sinica actions are presented. Finally, recommendations are made for future studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- National Institute of Mental Health Psychoactive Drug Screening Program, Case Western Reserve University Medical School, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
820
|
Brandt SD, Freeman S, McGagh P, Abdul-Halim N, Alder JF. An analytical perspective on favoured synthetic routes to the psychoactive tryptamines. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2004; 36:675-91. [PMID: 15533659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2004.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2004] [Revised: 08/18/2004] [Accepted: 08/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many tryptamine derivatives are known to induce altered states of consciousness and are increasingly of interest in forensic and neurobiological studies. The analytical chemistry of certain synthetic routes to the tryptamines is discussed and likely side products and impurities identified, where literature reports are available. Recent examples from the authors' laboratory are presented to highlight future prospects and implications for analytical procedures. The aim of this review is to provide the analytical chemist with the foundation chemistry and some analytical targets to be able to undertake direct characterisation of products and intermediates. These might become available from interdiction of clandestine operations in a forensic environment or during the synthesis of the tryptamines for investigative neurobiological and clinical procedures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Brandt
- Department of Instrumentation and Analytical Science, Institute of Science and Technology, UMIST, P.O. Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
821
|
Carter OL, Pettigrew JD, Burr DC, Alais D, Hasler F, Vollenweider FX. Psilocybin impairs high-level but not low-level motion perception. Neuroreport 2004; 15:1947-51. [PMID: 15305143 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-200408260-00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The hallucinogenic serotonin(1A&2A) agonist psilocybin is known for its ability to induce illusions of motion in otherwise stationary objects or textured surfaces. This study investigated the effect of psilocybin on local and global motion processing in nine human volunteers. Using a forced choice direction of motion discrimination task we show that psilocybin selectively impairs coherence sensitivity for random dot patterns, likely mediated by high-level global motion detectors, but not contrast sensitivity for drifting gratings, believed to be mediated by low-level detectors. These results are in line with those observed within schizophrenic populations and are discussed in respect to the proposition that psilocybin may provide a model to investigate clinical psychosis and the pharmacological underpinnings of visual perception in normal populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia L Carter
- Vision Touch and Hearing Research Center, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
822
|
Roth BL, Sheffler DJ, Kroeze WK. Magic shotguns versus magic bullets: selectively non-selective drugs for mood disorders and schizophrenia. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2004; 3:353-9. [PMID: 15060530 DOI: 10.1038/nrd1346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 837] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan L Roth
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2109 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|