801
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Kusaka S, Grailer AP, Fechner JH, Jankowska-Gan E, Oberley T, Sollinger HW, Burlingham WJ. Clonotype analysis of human alloreactive T cells: a novel approach to studying peripheral tolerance in a transplant recipient. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:2240-7. [PMID: 10657680 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.4.2240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of allo-MHC and associated peptides on the surface of graft-derived APC by host T cells (direct pathway allorecognition) plays an important role in acute rejection after organ transplantation. However, the status of the direct pathway T cells in stable long term transplants remains unclear. To detect alloreactive T cell clones in PBL and the allograft during the transplant tolerance, we utilized RT-PCR instead of functional assays, which tend to underestimate their in vivo frequencies. We established alloreactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cell clones from peripheral blood sampled during the stable tolerance phase of a patient whose graft maintained good function for 9 years, 7 without immunosuppression. We analyzed the sequence of TCR Vbeta and Valpha genes and made clonotype-specific probes that allowed us to detect each clone in peripheral blood or biopsy specimens obtained during a 1-year period before and after the rapid onset of chronic rejection. We found an unexpectedly high level of donor HLA-specific T cell clonotype mRNA in peripheral blood during the late tolerance phase. Strong signals for two CD4+ clonotypes were detected in association with focal T cell infiltrates in the biopsy. Chronic rejection was associated with a reduction in direct pathway T cell clonotype mRNA in peripheral blood and the graft. Our data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that direct pathway T cells are involved only in early acute rejection events and suggest the possibility that some such T cells may contribute to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to an allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Kusaka
- Department of Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53792, USA
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802
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de Quiros JC, Shupert WL, McNeil AC, Gea-Banacloche JC, Flanigan M, Savage A, Martino L, Weiskopf EE, Imamichi H, Zhang YM, Adelsburger J, Stevens R, Murphy PM, Zimmerman PA, Hallahan CW, Davey RT, Connors M. Resistance to replication of human immunodeficiency virus challenge in SCID-Hu mice engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of nonprogressors is mediated by CD8(+) T cells and associated with a proliferative response to p24 antigen. J Virol 2000; 74:2023-8. [PMID: 10644376 PMCID: PMC111681 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.4.2023-2028.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
High levels of resistance to challenge with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 SF162 were observed in animals engrafted with peripheral blood mononuclear cells of four long-term nonprogressors (LTNPs). Resistance was abrogated by depletion of CD8(+) T cells in vivo and was observed only in LTNPs with proliferative responses to p24. In a subgroup of nonprogressors, CD8(+) T cells mediated restriction of challenge viruses, and this response was associated with strong proliferative responses to p24 antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C de Quiros
- Servicio de Medicina Interna 1, Clinica Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, and Servicio de Microbiologia, Hospital General Gregorio Maranon, Madrid, Spain
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803
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Ferrone S, Finerty JF, Jaffee EM, Nabel GJ. How much longer will tumour cells fool the immune system? IMMUNOLOGY TODAY 2000; 21:70-2. [PMID: 10712001 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-5699(99)01569-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Ferrone
- Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Department of Immunology, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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804
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Letsch A, Keilholz U, Schadendorf D, Nagorsen D, Schmittel A, Thiel E, Scheibenbogen C. High frequencies of circulating melanoma-reactive CD8+ T cells in patients with advanced melanoma. Int J Cancer 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0215(20000901)87:5<659::aid-ijc7>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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805
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Abstract
AbstractThere is now clear clinical evidence that adoptive cellular immunotherapy can eradicate hematologic malignancy and cure otherwise lethal viral infections. With this knowledge comes the challenge of improving the effectiveness and safety of the approach and of simplifying the methodologies required whilst still meeting appropriate federal regulatory guidelines. This review provides an overview of the current status of cellular immunotherapies and addresses how they may be implemented and the future directions they are likely to take.In Section I, Dr. Brenner with Drs. Rossig and Sili reviews the clinical experience to date with adoptive transfer of viral antigen-specific T cells for the successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies as well as viral infectious diseases. Genetic modification of the T cell receptor of the infused cells to potentiate such T cells as well as modifications to improve safety of the infusions are described.In Section II, Dr. Young describes the hematopoietic lineages of human dendritic cells and some of their immunotherapeutic applications. The critical importance of dendritic cells to T cell immunity and the capacity to generate dendritic cells in large numbers has spawned enormous interest in the use of these specialized leukocytes to manipulate cellular immunity. Successful cytokine-driven differentiation of dendritic cells reveal two types, myeloid- and plasmacytoid or lymphoid-related dendritic cells. The effects of maturation on phenotype and function of the dendritic cells and their use as immune adjuvants in dendritic cell vaccines to elicit antitumor and antiviral immunity are reviewed.In Section III, Professor Goulmy illustrates some current and future approaches towards tumor-specific cellular therapy of hematopoietic malignancy. Minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag) disparities between HLA-matched bone marrow donor and recipient can induce allo-responses that may participate in post bone marrow transplantation (BMT) graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivities. A lack of such allo-reactivity may result in relapse of leukemia after BMT. In these patients, adoptive immunotherapy with cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) specific for hematopoietic system-restricted mHags may be used as an extension of current efforts using immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte infusions. Adoptive immunotherapy with CTLs specific for the hematopoietic system-restricted mHags, however, offers the prospect of greater and more predictable effectiveness in the absence of graft-versus-host disease.
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806
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Abstract
There is now clear clinical evidence that adoptive cellular immunotherapy can eradicate hematologic malignancy and cure otherwise lethal viral infections. With this knowledge comes the challenge of improving the effectiveness and safety of the approach and of simplifying the methodologies required whilst still meeting appropriate federal regulatory guidelines. This review provides an overview of the current status of cellular immunotherapies and addresses how they may be implemented and the future directions they are likely to take.In Section I, Dr. Brenner with Drs. Rossig and Sili reviews the clinical experience to date with adoptive transfer of viral antigen-specific T cells for the successful treatment of Epstein-Barr virus-associated malignancies as well as viral infectious diseases. Genetic modification of the T cell receptor of the infused cells to potentiate such T cells as well as modifications to improve safety of the infusions are described.In Section II, Dr. Young describes the hematopoietic lineages of human dendritic cells and some of their immunotherapeutic applications. The critical importance of dendritic cells to T cell immunity and the capacity to generate dendritic cells in large numbers has spawned enormous interest in the use of these specialized leukocytes to manipulate cellular immunity. Successful cytokine-driven differentiation of dendritic cells reveal two types, myeloid- and plasmacytoid or lymphoid-related dendritic cells. The effects of maturation on phenotype and function of the dendritic cells and their use as immune adjuvants in dendritic cell vaccines to elicit antitumor and antiviral immunity are reviewed.In Section III, Professor Goulmy illustrates some current and future approaches towards tumor-specific cellular therapy of hematopoietic malignancy. Minor histocompatibility antigen (mHag) disparities between HLA-matched bone marrow donor and recipient can induce allo-responses that may participate in post bone marrow transplantation (BMT) graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) reactivities. A lack of such allo-reactivity may result in relapse of leukemia after BMT. In these patients, adoptive immunotherapy with cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) specific for hematopoietic system-restricted mHags may be used as an extension of current efforts using immunotherapy with donor lymphocyte infusions. Adoptive immunotherapy with CTLs specific for the hematopoietic system-restricted mHags, however, offers the prospect of greater and more predictable effectiveness in the absence of graft-versus-host disease.
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807
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Hoffmann TK, Donnenberg VS, Friebe-Hoffmann U, Meyer EM, Rinaldo CR, DeLeo AB, Whiteside TL, Donnenberg AD. Competition of peptide-MHC class I tetrameric complexes with anti-CD3 provides evidence for specificity of peptide binding to the TCR complex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2000. [DOI: 10.1002/1097-0320(20001201)41:4<321::aid-cyto11>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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808
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Abstract
The discovery that immune T-cells recognize intracellularly processed peptides associated with major histocompatibility locus molecules has revolutionized the cancer vaccine field by providing new reagents for the generation of immune responses against cancer. The cloning of tumor antigen genes has proceeded most rapidly in melanoma because of the ease with which melanoma-specific T-cells can be propagated in vitro. The cloning and identification of tumor regression antigens and data from the initial clinical trials with peptides vaccines derived from those antigens are presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Weber
- University of Southern California/Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Suite 3447, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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809
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Spiegel HM, Ogg GS, DeFalcon E, Sheehy ME, Monard S, Haslett PA, Gillespie G, Donahoe SM, Pollack H, Borkowsky W, McMichael AJ, Nixon DF. Human immunodeficiency virus type 1- and cytomegalovirus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes can persist at high frequency for prolonged periods in the absence of circulating peripheral CD4(+) T cells. J Virol 2000; 74:1018-22. [PMID: 10623767 PMCID: PMC111625 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.74.2.1018-1022.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/1999] [Accepted: 10/19/1999] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells are thought to be critical in the maintenance of virus-specific CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) responses. In human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection, a selective decline in HIV-1-specific CTL as the CD4(+) T-cell count decreases has been reported. Using HLA-peptide tetrameric complexes, we show the presence at high frequency of HIV-1- and cytomegalovirus-specific CD8(+) T cells when the peripheral CD4(+) T-cell count was low or zero in three HIV-1-infected patients. No direct virus-specific CD8(+)-mediated effector activity was seen in these subjects, suggesting antigen unresponsiveness, although tetramer-sorted cells could be expanded in vitro in the presence of interleukin-2 into responsive effector cells. Thus, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells can be maintained in the peripheral circulation at high frequency in the absence of circulating peripheral CD4(+) T cells, but these cells may lack direct effector activity. Strategies designed to overcome this antigen unresponsiveness may be of value in therapies for the treatment of AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Spiegel
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, New York 10016, USA
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810
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An array of immunotherapeutic strategies for B-cell lymphomas. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 1999; 8:2059-2071. [PMID: 11139840 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.8.12.2059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
With FDA approval of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) against the B-cell-specific cell surface molecule CD20, immunotherapy in B-cell non-Hodgkin's-lymphomas (NHL) has gained momentum. Since the first description of the CD20 mAb and its use in a single patient, it has taken more than 20 years to implement this in current treatment options. NHLs are of particularly interest to the research community, since a whole array of novel immunotherapeutic strategies are currently in development. Unconjugated and radioconjugated mAbs are either approved, or in Phase III trials with very promising results. Adoptive transfer of polyclonally activated, tumour-specific or antigen-specific T-cells are in Phase I and II trials. Even antisense approaches have reappeared in the treatment of NHL. However, it is not only passive immunotherapy that has evolved. There are several new strategies for vaccination in NHL, whilst older approaches are under revision. Vaccine strategies targeting the tumour cell specific clonal idiotype (Id) have been refined and, with the identification of T-cell responses against shared epitopes, vaccination against the clonal Id might finally become clinically applicable. Significant progress has also been made in the development of cellular vaccines. Malignant B-cells are turned into 'tumour-APC' and are used to stimulate T-cell responses in Phase I trials. Moreover, with the identification of universal tumour antigens, another antigen-specific vaccine for NHL can be envisioned. By combining this array of very promising tools, immunotherapy might finally become a standard modality for the treatment of B-cell malignancies.
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811
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Abstract
Quantitative analyses of antigen (Ag)-specific alphabeta T cell populations have provided a large body of information on the natural course of T cell immune responses. New tools are now available to determine the clonal composition of Ag-specific pools in individual responders, an approach which offers direct insights into the generation of T cell immune responses and establishment of protective immunity. The present review discusses the parameters that determine the composition of Ag-specific T cell responses. Emphasis is placed on the role of the naive alphabeta T cell repertoire and on the dynamics of individual Ag-specific T cell clones during the successive phases of an immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Bousso
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire du Gène, INSERM U277, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, Paris, Cedex 15, 75015-75724, France.
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812
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Novak EJ, Liu AW, Nepom GT, Kwok WW. MHC class II tetramers identify peptide-specific human CD4(+) T cells proliferating in response to influenza A antigen. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:R63-7. [PMID: 10606632 PMCID: PMC480919 DOI: 10.1172/jci8476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/1999] [Accepted: 11/02/1999] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-specific T helper cells present in peripheral blood at very low frequencies are capable of rapid clonal expansion during antigenic challenge. The exquisite specificity of this response provides for activation and expansion of a very select cohort of T cells, a feature we have used to directly identify and quantify human epitope-specific T helper cells from peripheral blood. Soluble tetramerized class II MHC molecules, loaded with an immunodominant peptide from hemagglutinin (HA) and labeled with fluorescent dyes, were constructed and used to directly identify antigen-specific T cells from influenza-immune individuals. After 7 days of proliferation in response to stimulation by HA peptide or whole influenza vaccine, cells staining positive with the HA tetramer had undergone between 6 and 9 divisions and were CD3(+), CD4(+), CD25(+), and CD8(-), characteristic of activated T helper cells responding to antigen. The HA epitope-specific component of the complex response to whole influenza vaccine represented a major subset of proliferating T helper cells. Soluble class II tetramers allow a direct approach for the analysis of immunodominant antigenic specificities. The identification of antigen-specific T helper cells in the peripheral blood provides a means for tracking the immune response against infectious agents and in autoimmune disease. This article may have been published online in advance of the print edition. The date of publication is available from the JCI website, http://www.jci.org.
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Affiliation(s)
- E J Novak
- Benaroya Research Institute, Virginia Mason Research Center, 1201 Ninth Avenue, Seattle, Washington 98101, USA
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813
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Lee KH, Wang E, Nielsen MB, Wunderlich J, Migueles S, Connors M, Steinberg SM, Rosenberg SA, Marincola FM. Increased Vaccine-Specific T Cell Frequency After Peptide-Based Vaccination Correlates with Increased Susceptibility to In Vitro Stimulation But Does Not Lead to Tumor Regression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.11.6292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although in vitro sensitization assays have shown increased melanoma Ag (MA)-specific CTL reactivity after vaccination with MA peptides, clinical responses have been uncommon. This paradox questions whether data obtained from the in vitro stimulation and expansion of T cells lead to an overestimation of the immune response to vaccines. Using HLA/peptide tetramer (tHLA), we enumerated MA-specific T cell precursor frequency (TCPF) directly in PBMC from 23 melanoma patients vaccinated with gp100:209–217(210M) (g209–2M) peptide. Vaccine-specific TCPF was higher in postvaccination PBMC from seven of seven patients treated with peptide alone and four of five patients treated with peptide plus IL-12 (range of postvaccination TCPF, 0.2–2.4% and 0.2–2.5%, respectively). The increased TCPF correlated with enhanced susceptibility to in vitro stimulation with the relevant epitope. Paradoxically, no increase in postvaccination TCPF was observed in most patients who had been concomitantly treated with IL-2 (1 of 11 patients; range of postvaccination TCPF, 0.02–1.0%), a combination associated with enhanced rates of tumor regression. The lack of increase in TCPF seen in these patients corresponded to inability to elicit expansion of vaccine-specific T cells in culture. This study shows that a peptide-based vaccine can effectively generate a quantifiable T cell-specific immune response in the PBMC of cancer patients, though such a response does not associate with a clinically evident regression of metastatic melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Hun Lee
- *Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center,
| | - Ena Wang
- †Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,
| | | | | | - Steven Migueles
- §Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Mark Connors
- §Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Seth M. Steinberg
- ‡Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, and
| | | | - Francesco M. Marincola
- *Department of Transfusion Medicine, Clinical Center,
- †Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute,
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814
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Affiliation(s)
- A J McMichael
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom.
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815
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Dalod M, Dupuis M, Deschemin JC, Goujard C, Deveau C, Meyer L, Ngo N, Rouzioux C, Guillet JG, Delfraissy JF, Sinet M, Venet A. Weak anti-HIV CD8(+) T-cell effector activity in HIV primary infection. J Clin Invest 1999; 104:1431-9. [PMID: 10562305 PMCID: PMC409838 DOI: 10.1172/jci7162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells play a major role in the control of virus during HIV primary infection (PI) but do not completely prevent viral replication. We used IFN-gamma enzyme-linked immunospot assay and intracellular staining to characterize the ex vivo CD8(+) T-cell responses to a large variety of HIV epitopic peptides in 24 subjects with early HIV PI. We observed HIV-specific responses in 71% of subjects. Gag and Nef peptides were more frequently recognized than Env and Pol peptides. The number of peptides recognized was low (median 2, range 0-6). In contrast, a much broader response was observed in 30 asymptomatic subjects with chronic infection: all were responders with a median of 5 peptides recognized (range 1-13). The frequency of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells among PBMC for a given peptide was of the same order of magnitude in both groups. The proportion of HIV-specific CD8(+)CD28(-) terminally differentiated T cells was much lower in PI than at the chronic stage of infection. The weakness of the immune response during HIV PI could partially account for the failure to control HIV. These findings have potential importance for defining immunotherapeutic strategies and establishing the goals for effective vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dalod
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie des Pathologies Infectieuses et Tumorales, Unité Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) 445, Institut Cochin de Génétique Moléculaire, Université René Descartes, 75014 Paris, France
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816
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Shrikant P, Khoruts A, Mescher MF. CTLA-4 blockade reverses CD8+ T cell tolerance to tumor by a CD4+ T cell- and IL-2-dependent mechanism. Immunity 1999; 11:483-93. [PMID: 10549630 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80123-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tumor-specific CD8+ T cell response was studied using adoptive transfer of OT-I TCR transgenic cells. Upon i.p. challenge with E.G7 tumor, OT-I cells undergo CD4+ T cell-independent expansion at the tumor site and develop lytic function. Before tumor elimination, however, they leave the peritoneal cavity (PC) and appear in the LN and spleen where they exhibit "split anergy" and cannot further proliferate to antigen. Administering anti-CTLA-4 mAb early caused sustained OT-1 expansion in the PC, and late administration caused the OT-I cells to return to the PC and further expand; in both cases, tumor was controlled. These effects required CD4+ T cells and IL-2 and appear to result from reversal of the nonresponsive state of the CD8+ T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adoptive Transfer
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Clonal Anergy
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interleukin-2/physiology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peritoneal Cavity/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Spleen/immunology
- Spleen/pathology
- Thymoma/immunology
- Thymoma/pathology
- Thymus Neoplasms/immunology
- Thymus Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Shrikant
- Center for Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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