99901
|
Walker AE, Henson GD, Reihl KD, Nielson EI, Morgan RG, Lesniewski LA, Donato AJ. Beneficial effects of lifelong caloric restriction on endothelial function are greater in conduit arteries compared to cerebral resistance arteries. Age (Dordr) 2014; 36:559-569. [PMID: 24065292 PMCID: PMC4039283 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-013-9585-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction occurs in conduit and cerebral resistance arteries with advancing age. Lifelong caloric restriction (CR) can prevent the onset of age-related dysfunction in many tissues, but its effects on cerebral resistance artery function, as compared with conduit artery function, have not been determined. We measured endothelium-dependent dilation (EDD) in the carotid artery and middle cerebral artery (MCA) from young (5-7 months), old ad libitum fed (AL, 29-32 months), and old lifelong CR (CR, 40 % CR, 29-32 months) B6D2F1 mice. Compared with young, EDD for old AL was 24 % lower in the carotid and 47 % lower in the MCA (p < 0.05). For old CR, EDD was not different from young in the carotid artery (p > 0.05), but was 25 % lower than young in the MCA (p < 0.05). EDD was not different between groups after NO synthase inhibition with N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester in the carotid artery or MCA. Superoxide production by the carotid artery and MCA was greater in old AL compared with young and old CR (p < 0.05). In the carotid, incubation with the superoxide scavenger TEMPOL improved EDD for old AL (p > 0.05), with no effect in young or old CR (p > 0.05). In the MCA, incubation with TEMPOL or the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin augmented EDD in old AL (p < 0.05), but reduced EDD in young and old CR (p < 0.05). Thus, age-related endothelial dysfunction is prevented by lifelong CR completely in conduit arteries, but only partially in cerebral resistance arteries. These benefits of lifelong CR on EDD result from lower oxidative stress and greater NO bioavailability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley E. Walker
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Grant D. Henson
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Kelly D. Reihl
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Elizabeth I. Nielson
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - R. Garrett Morgan
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
| | - Lisa A. Lesniewski
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center—Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| | - Anthony J. Donato
- />Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84109 USA
- />Department of Exercise and Sports Science, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT USA
- />Geriatrics Research Education and Clinical Center, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center—Salt Lake City, Salt Lake City, UT USA
| |
Collapse
|
99902
|
Holmes P, Cohen JD. Optimality and some of its discontents: successes and shortcomings of existing models for binary decisions. Top Cogn Sci 2014; 6:258-78. [PMID: 24648411 PMCID: PMC5426365 DOI: 10.1111/tops.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We review how leaky competing accumulators (LCAs) can be used to model decision making in two-alternative, forced-choice tasks, and we show how they reduce to drift diffusion (DD) processes in special cases. As continuum limits of the sequential probability ratio test, DD processes are optimal in producing decisions of specified accuracy in the shortest possible time. Furthermore, the DD model can be used to derive a speed-accuracy trade-off that optimizes reward rate for a restricted class of two alternative forced-choice decision tasks. We review findings that compare human performance with this benchmark, and we reveal both approximations to and deviations from optimality. We then discuss three potential sources of deviations from optimality at the psychological level--avoidance of errors, poor time estimation, and minimization of the cost of control--and review recent theoretical and empirical findings that address these possibilities. We also discuss the role of cognitive control in changing environments and in modulating exploitation and exploration. Finally, we consider physiological factors in which nonlinear dynamics may also contribute to deviations from optimality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Holmes
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University; Program in Applied and Computational Mathematics, Princeton University; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University
| | | |
Collapse
|
99903
|
Jiang Y, Wang S, Holcomb J, Trescott L, Guan X, Hou Y, Brunzelle J, Sirinupong N, Li C, Yang Z. Crystallographic analysis of NHERF1–PLCβ3 interaction provides structural basis for CXCR2 signaling in pancreatic cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:638-43. [PMID: 24642259 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
99904
|
Pietrasanta M, Restani L, Cerri C, Olcese U, Medini P, Caleo M. A switch from inter-ocular to inter-hemispheric suppression following monocular deprivation in the rat visual cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2014; 40:2283-92. [PMID: 24689940 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Binocularity is a key property of primary visual cortex (V1) neurons that is widely used to study synaptic integration in the brain and plastic mechanisms following an altered visual experience. However, it is not clear how the inputs from the two eyes converge onto binocular neurons, and how their interaction is modified by an unbalanced visual drive. Here, using visual evoked potentials recorded in the juvenile rat V1, we report evidence for a suppressive mechanism by which contralateral eye activity inhibits responses from the ipsilateral eye. Accordingly, we found a lack of additivity of the responses evoked independently by the two eyes in the V1, and acute silencing of the contralateral eye resulted in the enhancement of ipsilateral eye responses in cortical neurons. We reverted the relative cortical strength of the two eyes by suturing the contralateral eye shut [monocular deprivation (MD)]. After 7 days of MD, there was a loss of interocular suppression mediated by the contralateral, deprived eye, and weak inputs from the closed eye were functionally inhibited by interhemispheric callosal pathways. We conclude that interocular suppressive mechanisms play a crucial role in shaping normal binocularity in visual cortical neurons, and a switch from interocular to interhemispheric suppression represents a key step in the ocular dominance changes induced by MD. These data have important implications for a deeper understanding of the key mechanisms that underlie activity-dependent rearrangements of cortical circuits following alteration of sensory experience.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Pietrasanta
- CNR Neuroscience Institute, Pisa, Italy; Italian Institute of Technology, Genova, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99905
|
Giacomantonio CE, Goodhill GJ. A computational model of the effect of gene misexpression on the development of cortical areas. Biol Cybern 2014; 108:203-221. [PMID: 24570351 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-014-0590-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Brain function depends on the specialisation of brain areas. In the murine cerebral cortex, the development of these areas depends on the coordinated expression of several genes in precise spatial patterns in the telencephalon during embryogenesis. Manipulating the expression of these genes during development alters the positions and sizes of cortical areas in the adult. Qualitative data also show that these genes regulate each other's expression during development so that they form a regulatory network with many feedback loops. However, it is currently unknown which regulatory interactions are critical to generating the correct expression patterns to lead to normal cortical development. Here, we formalise the relationships inferred from genetic manipulations into computational models. We simulate many different networks potentially consistent with the experimental data and show that a surprising diversity of networks produce similar results. This demonstrates that existing data cannot uniquely specify the network. We conclude by suggesting experiments necessary to constrain the model and help identify and understand the true structure of this regulatory network.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Giacomantonio
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, 4072, Australia,
| | | |
Collapse
|
99906
|
Marciniuk K, Määttänen P, Taschuk R, Airey TD, Potter A, Cashman NR, Griebel P, Napper S. Development of a Multivalent, PrPSc-Specific Prion Vaccine through Rational Optimization of Three Disease-Specific Epitopes. Vaccine 2014; 32:1988-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
99907
|
Hunter S, Brayne C. Integrating the molecular and the population approaches to dementia research to help guide the future development of appropriate therapeutics. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 88:652-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
99908
|
Goriki A, Hatanaka F, Myung J, Kim JK, Yoritaka T, Tanoue S, Abe T, Kiyonari H, Fujimoto K, Kato Y, Todo T, Matsubara A, Forger D, Takumi T. A novel protein, CHRONO, functions as a core component of the mammalian circadian clock. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1001839. [PMID: 24736997 PMCID: PMC3988004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are controlled by a system of negative and positive genetic feedback loops composed of clock genes. Although many genes have been implicated in these feedback loops, it is unclear whether our current list of clock genes is exhaustive. We have recently identified Chrono as a robustly cycling transcript through genome-wide profiling of BMAL1 binding on the E-box. Here, we explore the role of Chrono in cellular timekeeping. Remarkably, endogenous CHRONO occupancy around E-boxes shows a circadian oscillation antiphasic to BMAL1. Overexpression of Chrono leads to suppression of BMAL1-CLOCK activity in a histone deacetylase (HDAC) -dependent manner. In vivo loss-of-function studies of Chrono including Avp neuron-specific knockout (KO) mice display a longer circadian period of locomotor activity. Chrono KO also alters the expression of core clock genes and impairs the response of the circadian clock to stress. CHRONO forms a complex with the glucocorticoid receptor and mediates glucocorticoid response. Our comprehensive study spotlights a previously unrecognized clock component of an unsuspected negative circadian feedback loop that is independent of another negative regulator, Cry2, and that integrates behavioral stress and epigenetic control for efficient metabolic integration of the clock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Goriki
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Fumiyuki Hatanaka
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jihwan Myung
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Jae Kyoung Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Takashi Yoritaka
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shintaro Tanoue
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Chuo, Kobe, Japan
| | - Katsumi Fujimoto
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Todo
- Department of Radiation Biology and Medical Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akio Matsubara
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Daniel Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Toru Takumi
- RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Hiroshima University, Minami, Hiroshima, Japan
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
99909
|
Iafrati J, Orejarena MJ, Lassalle O, Bouamrane L, Chavis P. Reelin, an extracellular matrix protein linked to early onset psychiatric diseases, drives postnatal development of the prefrontal cortex via GluN2B-NMDARs and the mTOR pathway. Mol Psychiatry 2014; 19:417-26. [PMID: 23752244 PMCID: PMC3965840 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2013.66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Defective brain extracellular matrix (ECM) is a factor of vulnerability in various psychiatric diseases such as schizophrenia, depression and autism. The glycoprotein reelin is an essential building block of the brain ECM that modulates neuronal development and participates to the functions of adult central synapses. The reelin gene (RELN) is a strong candidate in psychiatric diseases of early onset, but its synaptic and behavioral functions in juvenile brain circuits remain unresolved. Here, we found that in juvenile reelin-haploinsufficient heterozygous reeler mice (HRM), abnormal fear memory erasure is concomitant to reduced dendritic spine density and anomalous long-term potentiation in the prefrontal cortex. In juvenile HRM, a single in vivo injection with ketamine or Ro25-6981 to inhibit GluN2B-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) restored normal spine density, synaptic plasticity and converted fear memory to an erasure-resilient state typical of adult rodents. The functional and behavioral rescue by ketamine was prevented by rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway. Finally, we show that fear memory erasure persists until adolescence in HRM and that a single exposure to ketamine during the juvenile period reinstates normal fear memory in adolescent mice. Our results show that reelin is essential for successful structural, functional and behavioral development of juvenile prefrontal circuits and that this developmental period provides a critical window for therapeutic rehabilitation with GluN2B-NMDAR antagonists.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Analysis of Variance
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/deficiency
- Cell Adhesion Molecules, Neuronal/genetics
- Conditioning, Classical/drug effects
- Conditioning, Classical/physiology
- Dendritic Spines/drug effects
- Dendritic Spines/genetics
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Excitatory Amino Acid Agents/pharmacology
- Extinction, Psychological/drug effects
- Extinction, Psychological/physiology
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/deficiency
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/genetics
- Fear/drug effects
- Fear/physiology
- Female
- In Vitro Techniques
- Ketamine/pharmacology
- Long-Term Potentiation/drug effects
- Long-Term Potentiation/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/deficiency
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Patch-Clamp Techniques
- Phenols
- Piperidines/pharmacology
- Prefrontal Cortex/cytology
- Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects
- Prefrontal Cortex/growth & development
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism
- Reelin Protein
- Serine Endopeptidases/deficiency
- Serine Endopeptidases/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- Sirolimus
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Iafrati
- INSERM UMR 901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, Marseille, France
- INMED, Marseille, France
| | - M J Orejarena
- INSERM UMR 901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, Marseille, France
- INMED, Marseille, France
| | - O Lassalle
- INSERM UMR 901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, Marseille, France
- INMED, Marseille, France
| | - L Bouamrane
- INSERM UMR 901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, Marseille, France
- INMED, Marseille, France
| | - P Chavis
- INSERM UMR 901, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille Université, Unité Mixte de Recherche 901, Marseille, France
- INMED, Marseille, France
| |
Collapse
|
99910
|
Abstract
Trauma in childhood is a psychosocial, medical, and public policy problem with serious consequences for its victims and for society. Chronic interpersonal violence in children is common worldwide. Developmental traumatology, the systemic investigation of the psychiatric and psychobiological effects of chronic overwhelming stress on the developing child, provides a framework and principles when empirically examining the neurobiological effects of pediatric trauma. This article focuses on peer-reviewed literature on the neurobiological sequelae of childhood trauma in children and in adults with histories of childhood trauma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael D De Bellis
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development and Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 104360, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Abigail Zisk
- Healthy Childhood Brain Development and Developmental Traumatology Research Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 104360, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| |
Collapse
|
99911
|
Burke AR, Miczek KA. Stress in adolescence and drugs of abuse in rodent models: role of dopamine, CRF, and HPA axis. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1557-80. [PMID: 24370534 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3369-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Research on adolescence and drug abuse increased substantially in the past decade. However, drug-addiction-related behaviors following stressful experiences during adolescence are less studied. We focus on rodent models of adolescent stress cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse. OBJECTIVES Review the ontogeny of behavior, dopamine, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in adolescent rodents. We evaluate evidence that stressful experiences during adolescence engender hypersensitivity to drugs of abuse and offer potential neural mechanisms. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Much evidence suggests that final maturation of behavior, dopamine systems, and HPA axis occurs during adolescence. Stress during adolescence increases amphetamine- and ethanol-stimulated locomotion, preference, and self-administration under many conditions. The influence of adolescent stress on subsequent cocaine- and nicotine-stimulated locomotion and preference is less clear. The type of adolescent stress, temporal interval between stress and testing, species, sex, and the drug tested are key methodological determinants for successful cross-sensitization procedures. The sensitization of the mesolimbic dopamine system is proposed to underlie stress cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse in both adolescents and adults through modulation by CRF. Reduced levels of mesocortical dopamine appear to be a unique consequence of social stress during adolescence. Adolescent stress may reduce the final maturation of cortical dopamine through D2 dopamine receptor regulation of dopamine synthesis or glucocorticoid-facilitated pruning of cortical dopamine fibers. Certain rodent models of adolescent adversity are useful for determining neural mechanisms underlying the cross-sensitization to drugs of abuse.
Collapse
|
99912
|
La Cesa S, Tinelli E, Toschi N, Di Stefano G, Collorone S, Aceti A, Francia A, Cruccu G, Truini A, Caramia F. fMRI pain activation in the periaqueductal gray in healthy volunteers during the cold pressor test. Magn Reson Imaging 2014; 32:236-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
|
99913
|
Lee D, Jeong G. Arylbenzofuran isolated from Dalbergia odorifera suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced mouse BV2 microglial cell activation, which protects mouse hippocampal HT22 cells death from neuroinflammation-mediated toxicity. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 728:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
99914
|
Silk TJ, Newman DP, Eramudugolla R, Vance A, Bellgrove MA. Influence of methylphenidate on spatial attention asymmetry in adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): preliminary findings. Neuropsychologia 2014; 56:178-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 01/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
99915
|
Nair PM, Phadke CP, Behrman AL. Phase dependent modulation of soleus H-reflex in healthy, non-injured individuals while walking with an ankle foot orthosis. Gait Posture 2014; 39:1086-91. [PMID: 24598077 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the dynamic modulation of the soleus H-reflex while walking with a posterior leaf spring ankle foot orthosis (PAFO). METHODS Soleus H-reflexes were evoked on randomly chosen lower limb of fourteen healthy individuals (age range of 22-36 years, 7 women) while walking on a treadmill with and without a PAFO. In order to capture excitability across the duration of the gait cycle, H-reflexes were evoked at heel strike (HS), HS+100ms, HS+200ms, HS+300ms, HS+400ms in the stance phase and at toe-off (TO), TO+100ms, TO+200ms, TO+300ms, TO+400ms in the swing phase respectively. RESULTS H-reflex excitability was significantly higher in the form of greater slope of the rise in H-reflex amplitude across the swing phase (p=0.024) and greater mean H-reflex amplitude (p=0.014) in the swing phase of walking with a PAFO. There was no change in the slope (p=0.25) or the mean amplitude of H-reflexes (p=0.22) in the stance phase of walking with a PAFO. Mean background EMG activity between the two walking conditions was not significantly different for both the tibialis anterior (p=0.69) and soleus muscles (p=0.59). CONCLUSION PAFO increased reflex excitability in the swing phase of walking in healthy individuals. Altered sensory input originating from joint, muscle and cutaneous receptors may be the underlying mechanism for greater reflex excitability. The neurophysiological effect of PAFOs on reflex modulation during walking needs to be tested in persons with neurological injury. The relationship between the sensory input and the reflex output during walking may assist in determining if there exists a neurological disadvantage of using a compensatory device such as a PAFO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Preeti M Nair
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA; School of Health and Medical Sciences, Seton Hall University, South Orange, NJ, USA.
| | - Chetan P Phadke
- Upper Motorneuron Disorder Spasticity Program, West Park Healthcare Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrea L Behrman
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA; Brain Rehabilitation Research Center, Malcolm Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
99916
|
Melamed O, Levav-rabkin T, Zukerman C, Clarke G, Cryan JF, Dinan TG, Grossman Y, Golan HM. Long-lasting glutamatergic modulation induced by neonatal GABA enhancement in mice. Neuropharmacology 2014; 79:616-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
99917
|
Koon YL, Koh CG, Chiam KH. Computational modeling reveals optimal strategy for kinase transport by microtubules to nerve terminals. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92437. [PMID: 24691408 PMCID: PMC3972164 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracellular transport of proteins by motors along cytoskeletal filaments is crucial to the proper functioning of many eukaryotic cells. Since most proteins are synthesized at the cell body, mechanisms are required to deliver them to the growing periphery. In this article, we use computational modeling to study the strategies of protein transport in the context of JNK (c-JUN NH2-terminal kinase) transport along microtubules to the terminals of neuronal cells. One such strategy for protein transport is for the proteins of the JNK signaling cascade to bind to scaffolds, and to have the whole protein-scaffold cargo transported by kinesin motors along microtubules. We show how this strategy outperforms protein transport by diffusion alone, using metrics such as signaling rate and signal amplification. We find that there exists a range of scaffold concentrations for which JNK transport is optimal. Increase in scaffold concentration increases signaling rate and signal amplification but an excess of scaffolds results in the dilution of reactants. Similarly, there exists a range of kinesin motor speeds for which JNK transport is optimal. Signaling rate and signal amplification increases with kinesin motor speed until the speed of motor translocation becomes faster than kinase/scaffold-motor binding. Finally, we suggest experiments that can be performed to validate whether, in physiological conditions, neuronal cells do indeed adopt such an optimal strategy. Understanding cytoskeletal-assisted protein transport is crucial since axonal and cell body accumulation of organelles and proteins is a histological feature in many human neurodegenerative diseases. In this paper, we have shown that axonal transport performance changes with altered transport component concentrations and transport speeds wherein these aspects can be modulated to improve axonal efficiency and prevent or slowdown axonal deterioration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yen Ling Koon
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Cheng Gee Koh
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keng-Hwee Chiam
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- A*STAR Bioinformatics Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99918
|
Kovacs GG, Adle-Biassette H, Milenkovic I, Cipriani S, van Scheppingen J, Aronica E. Linking pathways in the developing and aging brain with neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2014; 269:152-72. [PMID: 24699227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The molecular and cellular mechanisms, which coordinate the critical stages of brain development to reach a normal structural organization with appropriate networks, are progressively being elucidated. Experimental and clinical studies provide evidence of the occurrence of developmental alterations induced by genetic or environmental factors leading to the formation of aberrant networks associated with learning disabilities. Moreover, evidence is accumulating that suggests that also late-onset neurological disorders, even Alzheimer's disease, might be considered disorders of aberrant neural development with pathological changes that are set up at early stages of development before the appearance of the symptoms. Thus, evaluating proteins and pathways that are important in age-related neurodegeneration in the developing brain together with the characterization of mechanisms important during brain development with relevance to brain aging are of crucial importance. In the present review we focus on (1) aspects of neurogenesis with relevance to aging; (2) neurodegenerative disease (NDD)-associated proteins/pathways in the developing brain; and (3) further pathways of the developing or neurodegenerating brains that show commonalities. Elucidation of complex pathogenetic routes characterizing the earliest stage of the detrimental processes that result in pathological aging represents an essential first step toward a therapeutic intervention which is able to reverse these pathological processes and prevent the onset of the disease. Based on the shared features between pathways, we conclude that prevention of NDDs of the elderly might begin during the fetal and childhood life by providing the mothers and their children a healthy environment for the fetal and childhood development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Kovacs
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria.
| | - H Adle-Biassette
- Inserm U1141, F-75019 Paris, France; Univ Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMRS 676, F-75019 Paris, France; Department of Pathology, Lariboisière Hospital, APHP, Paris, France
| | - I Milenkovic
- Institute of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | | | - J van Scheppingen
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; SEIN - Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland, Heemstede, The Netherlands; Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
99919
|
Hsu YC, Chang YC, Lin YC, Sze CI, Huang CC, Ho CJ. Cerebral microvascular damage occurs early after hypoxia-ischemia via nNOS activation in the neonatal brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:668-76. [PMID: 24398931 PMCID: PMC3982088 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microvascular injury early after hypoxic ischemia (HI) may contribute to neonatal brain damage. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor overstimulation activates neuronal nitric oxide synthases (nNOS). We hypothesized that microvascular damage occurs early post-HI via nNOS activation and contributes to brain injury. Postpartum day-7 rat pups were treated with 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) or aminoguanidine (AG) before or after HI. Electron microscopy was performed to measure neuronal and endothelial cell damage. There were vascular lumen narrowing at 1 hour, pyknotic neurons at 3 hours, and extensive neuronal damage and loss of vessels at 24 hours post HI. Early after reoxygenation, there were neurons with heterochromatic chromatin and endothelial cells with enlarged nuclei occluding the lumen. There was also increased 3-nitrotyrosin in the microvessels and decreased cerebral blood perfusion. 7-NI and AG treatment before hypoxia provided complete and partial neuroprotection, respectively. Early post-reoxygenation, the AG group showed significantly increased microvascular nitrosative stress, microvascular interruptions, swollen nuclei that narrowed the vascular lumen, and decreased cerebral perfusion. The 7-NI group showed significantly decreased microvascular nitrosative stress, patent vascular lumen, and increased cerebral perfusion. Our results indicate that microvascular damage occurs early and progressively post HI. Neuronal nitric oxide synthases activation contributes to microvascular damage and decreased cerebral perfusion early after reoxygenation and worsens brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Hsu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Chao Chang
- Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Chieh Lin
- 1] Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan [2] Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chun-I Sze
- Institute of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng Kung University Medical College, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ching Huang
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan [2] Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Medical University, College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Jung Ho
- Department of Pediatrics, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
99920
|
Abstract
Corticospinal motor neurons (CSMNs) residing in cortical layer V of the mammalian brain project their axons to the spinal cord, where they connect with spinal motor neurons (SMNs) located in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. CSMNs and SMNs control voluntary movements, and their importance becomes obvious in situations where this network breaks down (i.e., in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis [ALS] and after spinal cord injury). Here we provide an overview of recent progress in the anatomical, morphological, and genetic characterization of developing CSMNs, as well as their survival requirements. We also describe model systems used to study CSMNs and introduce an immunopanning procedure for the purification and culture of CSMNs. Although these procedures have so far been used to purify only rodent CSMNs, in principle they should work to purify CSMNs from any vertebrate species, as well any type of central nervous system (CNS) or peripheral nervous system (PNS) neuron that can be retrograde labeled.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wim Mandemakers
- Laboratory for the Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
99921
|
Wyffels F, Li J, Waegeman T, Schrauwen B, Jaeger H. Frequency modulation of large oscillatory neural networks. Biol Cybern 2014; 108:145-157. [PMID: 24515094 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-013-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Dynamical systems which generate periodic signals are of interest as models of biological central pattern generators and in a number of robotic applications. A basic functionality that is required in both biological modelling and robotics is frequency modulation. This leads to the question of whether there are generic mechanisms to control the frequency of neural oscillators. Here we describe why this objective is of a different nature, and more difficult to achieve, than modulating other oscillation characteristics (like amplitude, offset, signal shape). We propose a generic way to solve this task which makes use of a simple linear controller. It rests on the insight that there is a bidirectional dependency between the frequency of an oscillation and geometric properties of the neural oscillator's phase portrait. By controlling the geometry of the neural state orbits, it is possible to control the frequency on the condition that the state space can be shaped such that it can be pushed easily to any frequency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francis Wyffels
- Electronics and Information Systems Department, Ghent University, Sint-Pietersnieuwstraat 41, 9000 , Ghent, Belgium,
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99922
|
Leiken K, Pylkkänen L. MEG evidence that the LIFG effect of object extraction requires similarity-based interference. Lang Cogn Process 2014; 29:381-389. [PMID: 24610968 PMCID: PMC3935223 DOI: 10.1080/01690965.2013.863369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study addresses a much-debated effect on a much-debated region: the increase of left inferior frontal gyrus (LIFG) activation associated with object-extracted relative clauses. This haemodynamic result is one of the most central and most cited findings in the cognitive neuroscience of syntax and it has robustly contributed to the popular association of Broca's region with syntax. Our study had two goals: (1) to characterise the timing of this classic effect with magnetoencephalography (MEG) and (2) to connect it to psycholinguistic research on the effects of similarity-based interference during sentence processing. Specifically, behavioural studies have shown that object relatives are primarily only costly when the two preverbal noun phrases are parallel in their surface syntax, for example, both consisting of a definite determiner and a noun (e.g. the reporter who the senator attacked), as opposed to employing, for example, a definite noun phrase and a proper name (the reporter who Bill attacked). This finding suggests that the difficulty of object extraction lies not within its syntax but rather in similarity-based interference affecting working memory processes. Although working memory is a prominent hypothesis for the LIFG engagement in object extraction, the haemodynamic literature has routinely employed stimuli involving parallel as opposed to non-parallel syntax. Using written sentences presented word-by-word, we tested whether an LIFG effect of object extraction is obtained with MEG, allowing us to characterise its timing, and whether it reduces or disappears if the two preverbal noun phrases are non-parallel in their surface syntax. Our results show an LIFG increase for object relatives at around 600 ms after verb onset, but only when the preverbal arguments are parallel. These findings are consistent with memory and competition-based explanations of the LIFG effect of object extraction and challenge accounts attributing it to displacement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly Leiken
- Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Liina Pylkkänen
- Department of Linguistics, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
- NYU Abu Dhabi Institute, New York University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
99923
|
Muoio V, Persson PB, Sendeski MM. The neurovascular unit - concept review. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 210:790-8. [PMID: 24629161 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 319] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebral hyperaemia is one of the fundamental mechanisms for the central nervous system homeostasis. Due also to this mechanism, oxygen and nutrients are maintained in satisfactory levels, through vasodilation and vasoconstriction. The brain hyperaemia, or coupling, is accomplished by a group of cells, closely related to each other; called neurovascular unit (NVU). The neurovascular unit is composed by neurones, astrocytes, endothelial cells of blood-brain barrier (BBB), myocytes, pericytes and extracellular matrix components. These cells, through their intimate anatomical and chemical relationship, detect the needs of neuronal supply and trigger necessary responses (vasodilation or vasoconstriction) for such demands. Here, we review the concepts of NVU, the coupling mechanisms and research strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V. Muoio
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie; Charite- Universisitätmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - P. B. Persson
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie; Charite- Universisitätmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - M. M. Sendeski
- Institut für Vegetative Physiologie; Charite- Universisitätmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
| |
Collapse
|
99924
|
Vallar G, Bello L, Bricolo E, Castellano A, Casarotti A, Falini A, Riva M, Fava E, Papagno C. Cerebral correlates of visuospatial neglect: a direct cerebral stimulation study. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:1334-50. [PMID: 23417885 PMCID: PMC6869347 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the role of the superior longitudinal fascicle, the inferior fronto-occipital fascicle, and the posterior parietal lobe in visuospatial attention in humans during awake brain surgery. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Seven patients with hemispheric gliomas (six in the right hemisphere) entered the study. During surgery in asleep/awake anesthesia, guided by Diffusion Tensor Imaging Fiber Tractography, visuospatial neglect was assessed during direct electrical stimulation by computerized line bisection. PRINCIPAL OBSERVATIONS A rightward deviation, indicating left visuospatial neglect, was induced in six of seven patients by stimulation of the parietofrontal connections, in a location consistent with the trajectory of the second branch of the superior longitudinal fascicle. Stimulation of the medial and dorsal white matter of the superior parietal lobule (corresponding to the first branch of the superior longitudinal fascicle), of the ventral and lateral white matter of the supramarginal gyrus (corresponding to the third branch of the superior longitudinal fascicle), and of the inferior occipitofrontal fasciculus, was largely ineffective. Stimulation of the superior parietal lobule (Brodmann's area 7) caused a marked rightward deviation in all of the six assessed patients, while stimulation of Brodmann's areas 5 and 19 was ineffective. CONCLUSIONS The parietofrontal connections of the dorso-lateral fibers of the superior longitudinal fascicle (i.e., the second branch of the fascicle), and the posterior superior parietal lobe (Brodmann's area 7) are involved in the orientation of spatial attention. Spatial neglect should be assessed systematically during awake brain surgery, particularly when the right parietal lobe may be involved by the neurosurgical procedure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Vallar
- Dipartimento di Psicologia, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Piazza dell'Ateneo Nuovo 1, Milano, Italy; Laboratorio di Neuropsicologia, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99925
|
Abstract
Suppressing retrieval of unwanted memories reduces their later conscious recall. It is widely believed, however, that suppressed memories can continue to exert strong unconscious effects that may compromise mental health. Here we show that excluding memories from awareness not only modulates medial temporal lobe regions involved in explicit retention, but also neocortical areas underlying unconscious expressions of memory. Using repetition priming in visual perception as a model task, we found that excluding memories of visual objects from consciousness reduced their later indirect influence on perception, literally making the content of suppressed memories harder for participants to see. Critically, effective connectivity and pattern similarity analysis revealed that suppression mechanisms mediated by the right middle frontal gyrus reduced activity in neocortical areas involved in perceiving objects and targeted the neural populations most activated by reminders. The degree of inhibitory modulation of the visual cortex while people were suppressing visual memories predicted, in a later perception test, the disruption in the neural markers of sensory memory. These findings suggest a neurobiological model of how motivated forgetting affects the unconscious expression of memory that may be generalized to other types of memory content. More generally, they suggest that the century-old assumption that suppression leaves unconscious memories intact should be reconsidered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Gagnepain
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale and
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, Unité 1077, 14033 Caen, France
- Université de Caen Basse–Normandie and
- Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, Unité Mixte de Recherche S1077, 14033 Caen, France
| | - Richard N. Henson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England; and
| | - Michael C. Anderson
- Medical Research Council Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge CB2 7EF, England; and
- Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, England
| |
Collapse
|
99926
|
Watt MJ, Roberts CL, Scholl JL, Meyer DL, Miiller LC, Barr JL, Novick AM, Renner KJ, Forster GL. Decreased prefrontal cortex dopamine activity following adolescent social defeat in male rats: role of dopamine D2 receptors. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1627-36. [PMID: 24271009 PMCID: PMC3969403 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3353-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 10/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adverse social experience in adolescence causes reduced medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) dopamine (DA) and associated behavioral deficits in early adulthood. OBJECTIVE This study aims to determine whether mPFC DA hypofunction following social stress is specific to adolescent experience and if this results from stress-induced DA D2 receptor activation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male rats exposed to repeated social defeat during adolescence or adulthood had mPFC DA activity sampled 17 days later. Separate experiments used freely moving microdialysis to measure mPFC DA release in response to adolescent defeat exposure. At P40, 49 and 56 mPFC DA turnover was assessed to identify when DA activity decreased in relation to the adolescent defeat experience. Finally, nondefeated adolescent rats received repeated intra-mPFC infusions of the D2 receptor agonist quinpirole, while another adolescent group received intra-mPFC infusions of the D2 antagonist amisulpride before defeat exposure. RESULTS Long-term decreases or increases in mPFC DA turnover were observed following adolescent or adult defeat, respectively. Adolescent defeat exposure elicits sustained increases in mPFC DA release, and DA turnover remains elevated beyond the stress experience before declining to levels below normal at P56. Activation of mPFC D2 receptors in nondefeated adolescents decreases DA activity in a similar manner to that caused by adolescent defeat, while defeat-induced reductions in mPFC DA activity are prevented by D2 receptor blockade. CONCLUSIONS Both the developing and mature PFC DA systems are vulnerable to social stress, but only adolescent defeat causes DA hypofunction. This appears to result in part from stress-induced activation of mPFC D2 autoreceptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Watt
- Center for Brain and Behavior Research, Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, 414 E Clark St, Vermillion, SD, 57069, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99927
|
Abstract
Past fMRI research has demonstrated that to understand other people's behavior shown visually, the mirror network is strongly involved. However, the mentalizing network is also recruited when a visually presented action is unusual and/or when perceivers think explicitly about the intention. To further explore the conditions that trigger mentalizing activity, we replicated one of such studies (de Lange, Spronk, Willems, Toni, & Bekkering, 2008, Current Biology, 18, 454) under the minimal instruction to "view" pictures of unusual actions, without giving any "intention" instruction as in the original study. Contrary to earlier research, merely viewing unusual actions did not activate mentalizing areas. Instead, the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was activated. We conclude that unusual actions are not sufficient by themselves to trigger mentalizing. In order to activate the mentalizing network without an intention instruction, a richer action context informative of the implausibility of the action might be a prerequisite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Ampe
- a Department of Psychology , Vrije Universiteit Brussel , Brussels , Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99928
|
Huang C, Gammon SJ, Dieterle M, Huang RH, Likins L, Ricklefs R. Dramatic increases in number of cerebellar granule-cell-Purkinje-cell synapses across several mammals. Mamm Biol 2014; 79:163-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mambio.2013.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
99929
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of the present investigation was to delineate the neural correlates of forethought in the ADHD children relative to typically developing (TD) children. METHOD In all, 21 TD and 23 ADHD adolescents underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing a forethought task. The participants had to identify congruent and incongruent stimuli from cartoon stories representing sequences of action. RESULTS The findings revealed significantly greater activation in the bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in TD versus ADHD children, and more activation in the cerebellar vermis in the adolescents with ADHD versus TD, during performance of the incongruent relative to congruent condition. CONCLUSION The inverse pattern of activation of the PFC and the cerebellar vermis in both groups could reflect a compensatory role played by the cerebellum or suggest the malfunction of the neural network between those regions in ADHD. Further research of the neural correlates of forethought in ADHD is warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Poissant
- 1Institut de Santé et Société and Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
99930
|
|
99931
|
Ullman H, Almeida R, Klingberg T. Structural maturation and brain activity predict future working memory capacity during childhood development. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1592-8. [PMID: 24478343 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0842-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human working memory capacity develops during childhood and is a strong predictor of future academic performance, in particular, achievements in mathematics and reading. Predicting working memory development is important for the early identification of children at risk for poor cognitive and academic development. Here we show that structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging data explain variance in children's working memory capacity 2 years later, which was unique variance in addition to that predicted using cognitive tests. While current working memory capacity correlated with frontoparietal cortical activity, the future capacity could be inferred from structure and activity in basal ganglia and thalamus. This gives a novel insight into the neural mechanisms of childhood development and supports the idea that neuroimaging can have a unique role in predicting children's cognitive development.
Collapse
|
99932
|
Halbout B, Bernardi RE, Hansson AC, Spanagel R. Incubation of cocaine seeking following brief cocaine experience in mice is enhanced by mGluR1 blockade. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1781-90. [PMID: 24478360 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1076-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The incubation of cocaine craving describes the time-dependent augmentation of cue-induced cocaine seeking during withdrawal from prolonged cocaine self-administration and requires time-dependent changes in neuroplasticity at the level of glutamatergic synapses in the nucleus accumbens (NAc). In contrast to most studies that use multiple cocaine-cue conditioning sessions, the present study tested mice with limited cocaine experience (i.e., a single conditioning session) in the incubation of cue-mediated cocaine seeking and its associated changes in the glutamate system. Mice that self-administered cocaine during a single session exhibited a time-dependent increase in their response for the drug-associated cue as compared to mice that self-administered saline. This behavior was associated with changes in AMPA and NMDA receptor binding characteristics. Furthermore, Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR1) mRNA levels were altered in several brain regions, including the NAc. Because of the pivotal role of mGluR1 in the control of cocaine-induced plasticity, we investigated the role of mGluR1 in the formation of drug cue-mediated cocaine seeking. After prolonged withdrawal, mice in which an mGluR1 antagonist was administered following cocaine self-administration displayed increased cocaine seeking compared to vehicle-treated mice. These results suggest that limited cocaine experience is sufficient to induce neurobiological changes that enable an initially neutral cue to acquire motivational value that increases over time, an effect that likely involves glutamate signaling through mGluR1.
Collapse
|
99933
|
Miyamoto K, Adachi Y, Osada T, Watanabe T, Kimura HM, Setsuie R, Miyashita Y. Dissociable memory traces within the macaque medial temporal lobe predict subsequent recognition performance. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1988-97. [PMID: 24478378 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4048-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have revealed that activity in the medial temporal lobe (MTL) predicts subsequent memory performance in humans. Because of limited knowledge on cytoarchitecture and axonal projections of the human MTL, precise localization and characterization of the areas that can predict subsequent memory performance are benefited by the use of nonhuman primates in which integrated approach of the MRI- and cytoarchiture-based boundary delineation is available. However, neural correlates of this subsequent memory effect have not yet been identified in monkeys. Here, we used fMRI to examine activity in the MTL during memory encoding of events that monkeys later remembered or forgot. Application of both multivoxel pattern analysis and conventional univariate analysis to high-resolution fMRI data allowed us to identify memory traces within the caudal entorhinal cortex (cERC) and perirhinal cortex (PRC), as well as within the hippocampus proper. Furthermore, activity in the cERC and the hippocampus, which are directly connected, was responsible for encoding the initial items of sequentially presented pictures, which may reflect recollection-like recognition, whereas activity in the PRC was not. These results suggest that two qualitatively distinct encoding processes work in the monkey MTL and that recollection-based memory is formed by the interplay of the hippocampus with the cERC, a focal cortical area anatomically closer to the hippocampus and hierarchically higher than previously believed. These findings will advance the understanding of common memory system between humans and monkeys and accelerate fine electrophysiological characterization of these dissociable memory traces in the monkey MTL.
Collapse
|
99934
|
Bayer J, Schultz H, Gamer M, Sommer T. Menstrual-cycle dependent fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect emotional memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2014; 110:55-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
99935
|
Wang N, Su P, Zhang Y, Lu J, Xing B, Kang K, Li W, Wang Y. Protein kinase D1-dependent phosphorylation of dopamine D1 receptor regulates cocaine-induced behavioral responses. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:1290-301. [PMID: 24362306 PMCID: PMC3957125 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dopamine (DA) D1 receptor (D1R) is critically involved in reward and drug addiction. Phosphorylation-mediated desensitization or internalization of D1R has been extensively investigated. However, the potential for upregulation of D1R function through phosphorylation remains to be determined. Here we report that acute cocaine exposure induces protein kinase D1 (PKD1) activation in the rat striatum, and knockdown of PKD1 in the rat dorsal striatum attenuates cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity. Moreover, PKD1-mediated phosphorylation of serine 421 (S421) of D1R promotes surface localization of D1R and enhances downstream extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling in D1R-transfected HEK 293 cells. Importantly, injection of the peptide Tat-S421, an engineered Tat fusion-peptide targeting S421 (Tat-S421), into the rat dorsal striatum inhibits cocaine-induced locomotor hyperactivity and injection of Tat-S421 into the rat hippocampus or the shell of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) also inhibits cocaine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). However, injection of Tat-S421 into the rat NAc shell does not establish CPP by itself and injection of Tat-S421 into the hippocampus does not influence spatial learning and memory. Thus, targeting S421 of D1R represents a promising strategy for the development of pharmacotherapeutic treatments for drug addiction and other disorders that result from DA imbalances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Su
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Baoming Xing
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Kang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Yun Wang
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China,PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China,Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Neurobiology, The Key Laboratory for Neuroscience of the Ministry of Education/National Health and Family Planning Commission, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China, Tel/Fax: +86 10 82801119, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
99936
|
Jahja R, Huijbregts SC, de Sonneville LM, van der Meere JJ, van Spronsen FJ. Neurocognitive evidence for revision of treatment targets and guidelines for phenylketonuria. J Pediatr 2014; 164:895-899.e2. [PMID: 24485821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2013.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 11/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the neurocognitive outcomes of patients with phenylketonuria (PKU) to determine whether decreasing phenylalanine (Phe) levels to <240 is preferable to the use of 360 μmol/L as an upper-target Phe level. An additional aim was to establish the influence of biochemical indices other than Phe on neurocognitive outcomes. STUDY DESIGN Patients with PKU (n = 63; mean age 10.8 ± 2.3 years) and healthy controls (n = 73; mean age 10.9 ± 2.2 years) performed computerized tasks measuring neurocognitive functions (inhibitory control, cognitive flexibility, and motor control). Lifetime and concurrent blood Phe levels, Phe-to-tyrosine ratio (Phe:Tyr), and Phe variations were examined in relation to neurocognitive outcomes using nonparametric tests and regression analyses. RESULTS Patients with PKU with Phe levels ≤240 μmol/L and healthy controls performed equally well. Patients with Phe levels between 240 and 360 μmol/L and ≥360 μmol/L performed more poorly than did controls across tasks. Patients with Phe levels ≤240 μmol/L performed significantly better than patients with levels between 240 and 360 μmol/L on tasks measuring inhibitory control and cognitive flexibility. Absolute Phe levels and Phe variation were the best predictors of motor control, whereas Phe:Tyr were the best predictors of inhibitory control. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that upper Phe targets should be lowered to optimize neurocognitive outcomes. Moreover, Phe variation and Phe:Tyr appear to be of additional value in treatment monitoring.
Collapse
|
99937
|
Stephan KE, Mathys C. Computational approaches to psychiatry. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2014; 25:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
99938
|
Belrose JC, Masoudi R, Michalski B, Fahnestock M. Increased pro–nerve growth factor and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor in non–Alzheimer's disease tauopathies. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:926-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
99939
|
|
99940
|
Wang F, Zhang X, Wang J, Chen M, Fan N, Ma Q, Liu R, Wang R, Li X, Liu M, Ning G. LGR4 acts as a link between the peripheral circadian clock and lipid metabolism in liver. J Mol Endocrinol 2014; 52:133-43. [PMID: 24353284 DOI: 10.1530/jme-13-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock plays an important role in the liver by regulating the major aspects of energy metabolism. Currently, it is assumed that the circadian clock regulates metabolism mostly by regulating the expression of liver enzymes at the transcriptional level, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we showed that Lgr4 homozygous mutant (Lgr4(m/m)) mice showed alteration in the rhythms of the respiratory exchange ratio. We further detected impaired plasma triglyceride rhythms in Lgr4(m/m) mice. Although no significant changes in plasma cholesterol rhythms were observed in the Lgr4(m/m) mice, their cholesterol levels were obviously lower. This phenotype was further confirmed in the context of ob/ob mice, in which lack of LGR4 dampened circadian rhythms of triglyceride. We next demonstrated that Lgr4 expression exhibited circadian rhythms in the liver tissue and primary hepatocytes in mice, but we did not detect changes in the expression levels or circadian rhythms of classic clock genes, such as Clock, Bmal1 (Arntl), Pers, Rev-erbs, and Crys, in Lgr4(m/m) mice compared with their littermates. Among the genes related to the lipid metabolism, we found that the diurnal expression pattern of the Mttp gene, which plays an important role in the regulation of plasma lipid levels, was impaired in Lgr4(m/m) mice and primary Lgr4(m/m) hepatocytes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that LGR4 plays an important role in the regulation of plasma lipid rhythms, partially through regulating the expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. These data provide a possible link between the peripheral circadian clock and lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wang
- Laboratory for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) and Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai, China Shanghai Clinical Center for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Key Laboratory for Endocrine Tumors and E-Institute of Shanghai Universities, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin 2nd Road, Shanghai 200025, China Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99941
|
Klauke AL, Racz I, Pradier B, Markert A, Zimmer AM, Gertsch J, Zimmer A. The cannabinoid CB₂ receptor-selective phytocannabinoid beta-caryophyllene exerts analgesic effects in mouse models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:608-20. [PMID: 24210682 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The widespread plant volatile beta-caryophyllene (BCP) was recently identified as a natural selective agonist of the peripherally expressed cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB₂). It is found in relatively high concentrations in many spices and food plants. A number of studies have shown that CB₂ is critically involved in the modulation of inflammatory and neuropathic pain responses. In this study, we have investigated the analgesic effects of BCP in animal models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. We demonstrate that orally administered BCP reduced inflammatory (late phase) pain responses in the formalin test in a CB₂ receptor-dependent manner, while it had no effect on acute (early phase) responses. In a neuropathic pain model the chronic oral administration of BCP attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia, and reduced spinal neuroinflammation. Importantly, we found no signs of tolerance to the anti-hyperalgesic effects of BCP after prolonged treatment. Oral BCP was more effective than the subcutaneously injected synthetic CB₂ agonist JWH-133. Thus, the natural plant product BCP may be highly effective in the treatment of long lasting, debilitating pain states. Our results have important implications for the role of dietary factors in the development and modulation of chronic pain conditions.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/administration & dosage
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/administration & dosage
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/adverse effects
- Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists/therapeutic use
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/immunology
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/immunology
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neurons/drug effects
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/metabolism
- Pain Measurement
- Phytochemicals/administration & dosage
- Phytochemicals/adverse effects
- Phytochemicals/therapeutic use
- Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/agonists
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/genetics
- Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2/metabolism
- Sciatic Nerve/drug effects
- Sciatic Nerve/immunology
- Sciatic Nerve/metabolism
- Sciatic Neuropathy/drug therapy
- Sciatic Neuropathy/immunology
- Sciatic Neuropathy/metabolism
- Sesquiterpenes/administration & dosage
- Sesquiterpenes/adverse effects
- Sesquiterpenes/therapeutic use
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A-L Klauke
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - I Racz
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany.
| | - B Pradier
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Markert
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - A M Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - J Gertsch
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, NCCR TransCure, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, D-53127 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
99942
|
Park GJ, Lee MM, You GR, Choi YW, Kim C. A turn-on and reversible fluorescence sensor with high affinity to Zn2+ in aqueous solution. Tetrahedron Lett 2014; 55:2517-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
|
99943
|
Achterberg EM, Trezza V, Siviy SM, Schrama L, Schoffelmeer AN, Vanderschuren LJ. Amphetamine and cocaine suppress social play behavior in rats through distinct mechanisms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1503-15. [PMID: 24057815 PMCID: PMC3962711 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social play behavior is a characteristic form of social behavior displayed by juvenile and adolescent mammals. This social play behavior is highly rewarding and of major importance for social and cognitive development. Social play is known to be modulated by neurotransmitter systems involved in reward and motivation. Interestingly, psychostimulant drugs, such as amphetamine and cocaine, profoundly suppress social play, but the neural mechanisms underlying these effects remain to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE In this study, we investigated the pharmacological underpinnings of amphetamine- and cocaine-induced suppression of social play behavior in rats. RESULTS The play-suppressant effects of amphetamine were antagonized by the alpha-2 adrenoreceptor antagonist RX821002 but not by the dopamine receptor antagonist alpha-flupenthixol. Remarkably, the effects of cocaine on social play were not antagonized by alpha-2 noradrenergic, dopaminergic, or serotonergic receptor antagonists, administered either alone or in combination. The effects of a subeffective dose of cocaine were enhanced by a combination of subeffective doses of the serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine, the dopamine reuptake inhibitor GBR12909, and the noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor atomoxetine. CONCLUSIONS Amphetamine, like methylphenidate, exerts its play-suppressant effect through alpha-2 noradrenergic receptors. On the other hand, cocaine reduces social play by simultaneous increases in dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin neurotransmission. In conclusion, psychostimulant drugs with different pharmacological profiles suppress social play behavior through distinct mechanisms. These data contribute to our understanding of the neural mechanisms of social behavior during an important developmental period, and of the deleterious effects of psychostimulant exposure thereon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E.J. Marijke Achterberg
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Viviana Trezza
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University “Roma Tre”, Rome, Italy
- Corresponding authors: Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren, PhD, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands, tel: +31-30-2535239; fax: +31-30-2537997, . Viviana Trezza, PhD, Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University ‘Roma Tre’, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy, tel: +39-0657336343,
| | - Stephen M. Siviy
- Gettysburg College, Department of Psychology, Gettysburg, United States
| | - Laurens Schrama
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anton N.M. Schoffelmeer
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren
- Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Corresponding authors: Louk J.M.J. Vanderschuren, PhD, Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands, tel: +31-30-2535239; fax: +31-30-2537997, . Viviana Trezza, PhD, Department of Sciences, Section of Biomedical Sciences and Technologies, University ‘Roma Tre’, Viale G. Marconi 446, 00146 Rome, Italy, tel: +39-0657336343,
| |
Collapse
|
99944
|
Arias P, Robles-García V, Espinosa N, Corral-Bergantiños Y, Mordillo-Mateos L, Grieve K, Oliviero A, Cudeiro J. The effects of expectancy on corticospinal excitability: passively preparing to observe a movement. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:1479-86. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00353.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The corticospinal tract excitability is modulated when preparing movements. Earlier to movement execution, the excitability of the spinal cord increases waiting for supraspinal commands to release the movement. Movement execution and movement observation share processes within the motor system, although movement observation research has focused on processes later to movement onset. We used single and paired pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation on M1 ( n = 12), and electrical cervicomedullary stimulation ( n = 7), to understand the modulation of the corticospinal system during the “preparation” to observe a third person's movement. Subjects passively observed a hand that would remain still or make an index finger extension. The observer's corticospinal excitability rose when “expecting to see a movement” vs. when “expecting to see a still hand.” The modulation took origin at a spinal level and not at the corticocortical networks explored. We conclude that expectancy of seeing movements increases the excitability of the spinal cord.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Arias
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Motor Control (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF-Galicia and Institute of Biomedical Research of Coruña, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Verónica Robles-García
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Motor Control (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF-Galicia and Institute of Biomedical Research of Coruña, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Nelson Espinosa
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Motor Control (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF-Galicia and Institute of Biomedical Research of Coruña, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Yoanna Corral-Bergantiños
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Motor Control (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF-Galicia and Institute of Biomedical Research of Coruña, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Laura Mordillo-Mateos
- Functional Exploration and Neuromodulation of Nervous System Investigation Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
| | - Kenneth Grieve
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Oliviero
- Functional Exploration and Neuromodulation of Nervous System Investigation Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Servicio de Salud de Castilla-La Mancha, Toledo, Spain; and
| | - Javier Cudeiro
- Laboratory of Neuroscience and Motor Control (NEUROcom), Department of Medicine-INEF-Galicia and Institute of Biomedical Research of Coruña, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
99945
|
Abstract
Visuospatial attention-networks are represented in both hemispheres, with right-hemisphere dominance in adults. Little is known about the lateralization of the attentional-networks in children. To assess the lateralization of attentional-networks in children aged 5 years, performance on a Lateralized-Attention-Network-Test specifically designed for children (LANT-C) was compared with performance on the Attention-Network-Test for children (ANT-C). Participants were 82 children, aged 5-6 years (55% boys, middle-class, mainstream schooling). They were examined with both the ANT-C and the LANT-C along with evaluation of intelligence and attention questionnaires. Multiple analysis of variance showed a main effect for network, with high efficiency for orienting and lower executive efficiency (accuracy; p < .001; η2 = .282). An effect for procedure, elucidated higher efficiency in the ANT-C relatively to the LANT-C (accuracy; p < .01; η2 = .097). A procedure × network interaction effect was also found, showing that this procedure difference is present in the alerting and executive networks (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .096). LANT-C analysis showed a left visual-field advantage in alerting, (accuracy; p < .05; η2 = .066), while executing with the right hand benefitted executive performance (response-time; p < .05; η2 = .06). Results extend previous findings manifesting a right-hemisphere advantage in children's alerting-attention, pointing to the importance of lateralization of brain function to the understanding of the integrity of attention-networks in children.
Collapse
|
99946
|
Barrionuevo PA, Cao D. Contributions of rhodopsin, cone opsins, and melanopsin to postreceptoral pathways inferred from natural image statistics. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:A131-9. [PMID: 24695161 PMCID: PMC4117214 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.00a131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Visual neural representation is constrained by the statistical properties of the environment. Prior analysis of cone pigment excitations for natural images revealed three principal components corresponding to the major retinogeniculate pathways identified by anatomical and physiological studies in primates. Here, principal component analyses were conducted on the excitations of rhodopsin, cone opsins, and melanopsin for nine hyperspectral images under 21 natural illuminants. The results suggested that rhodopsin and melanopsin may contribute to the three major retinogeniculate pathways. Rhodopsin and melanopsin may provide additional constraints in natural scene statistics, leading to new components that cannot be revealed by analysis based on cone opsin excitations only.
Collapse
|
99947
|
Mocan N, Altindag DT. Education, cognition, health knowledge, and health behavior. Eur J Health Econ 2014; 15:265-279. [PMID: 23546739 DOI: 10.1007/s10198-013-0473-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Using data from NLSY97, we analyze the impact of education on health behavior. Controlling for health knowledge does not influence the impact of education on health behavior, supporting the productive efficiency hypothesis. Accounting for cognitive ability does not significantly alter the relationship between education and health behavior. Similarly, the impact of education on health behavior is the same between those with and without a learning disability, suggesting that cognition is not likely to be a significant factor in explaining the impact of education on health behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naci Mocan
- Department of Economics, Louisiana State University, 3039 Business Education Complex, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA,
| | | |
Collapse
|
99948
|
Hutchinson KM, Vonhoff F, Duch C. Dscam1 is required for normal dendrite growth and branching but not for dendritic spacing in Drosophila motoneurons. J Neurosci 2014; 34:1924-31. [PMID: 24478371 DOI: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.3448-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule, Dscam, serves diverse neurodevelopmental functions, including axon guidance and synaptic adhesion, as well as self-recognition and self-avoidance, depending on the neuron type, brain region, or species under investigation. In Drosophila, the extensive molecular diversity that results from alternative splicing of Dscam1 into >38,000 isoforms provides neurons with a unique molecular code for self-recognition in the nervous system. Each neuron produces only a small subset of Dscam1 isoforms, and distinct Dscam1 isoforms mediate homophilic interactions, which in turn, result in repulsion and even spacing of self-processes, while allowing contact with neighboring cells. While these mechanisms have been shown to underlie mushroom body development and spacing of mechanosensory neuron dendrites, here we report that Dscam1 plays no role in adult Drosophila motoneuron dendrite spacing, but is required for motoneuron dendritic growth. Targeted expression of Dscam-RNAi in an identified flight motoneuron did not impact dendrite spacing, but instead produced overgrowth. Increasing the knockdown strength severely reduced dendritic growth and branching. Similarly, Dscam mutant motoneurons in an otherwise control background (MARCM) were completely devoid of mature dendrites. These data suggest that Dscam1 is required cell autonomously for normal adult motoneuron dendrite growth in Drosophila. This demonstrates a previously unreported role of Drosophila Dscam1 in central neuron development, and expands the current understanding that Dscam1 operates as a cell adhesion molecule that mediates homophilic repulsion.
Collapse
|
99949
|
Kommanapalli D, Murray IJ, Kremers J, Parry NRA, McKeefry DJ. Temporal characteristics of L- and M-cone isolating steady-state electroretinograms. J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis 2014; 31:A113-A120. [PMID: 24695158 DOI: 10.1364/josaa.31.00a113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Cone isolating stimuli were used to assess the temporal frequency response characteristics of L- and M-cone electroretinograms (ERGs) in nine trichromatic and four dichromatic human observers. The stimuli comprised sinusoidal temporal modulations varying from 5 to 100 Hz. ERGs were recorded using corneal fiber electrodes and subjected to fast Fourier transform analysis. At low temporal frequencies (<10 Hz) the L- and M-cone ERGs had similar amplitude and exhibited minimal differences in apparent latency. At higher flicker rates (>20 Hz) L-cone ERGs had greater amplitudes and shorter apparent latencies than the M-cone responses. These differences between the L- and M-cone ERGs are consistent with their mediation by chromatic and luminance postreceptoral processing pathways at low and high temporal frequencies, respectively.
Collapse
|
99950
|
Cuellar C, Trejo A, Linares P, Delgado-Lezama R, Jiménez-Estrada I, Abyazova L, Baltina T, Manjarrez E. Spinal neurons bursting in phase with fictive scratching are not related to spontaneous cord dorsum potentials. Neuroscience 2014; 266:66-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
|