99901
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Osca-Verdegal R, Beltrán-García J, Pallardó FV, García-Giménez JL. Role of microRNAs As Biomarkers in Sepsis-Associated Encephalopathy. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4682-4693. [PMID: 34160774 PMCID: PMC8220114 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02445-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is a neurological complication of sepsis, characterized by brain dysfunction without any direct central nervous system infection. The diagnosis of SAE is currently a challenge. In fact, problems in making a diagnosis of SAE cause a great variability of incidence that can reach up to 70% of all septic patients. Even more, despite SAE is the most frequent type of encephalopathy occurring in critically ill patients, the molecular mechanisms that guide its progression have not been completely elucidated. On the other hand, miRNAs have proven to be excellent biomarkers for both diagnosis and prognosis, especially in brain pathologies because of their small size they can cross the blood–brain barrier easier than other biomolecules. The identification of new miRNAs as biomarkers may help to improve SAE diagnosis and prognosis and also to design new therapies for this clinical manifestation that produces diffuse cerebral dysfunction. This review is focused on SAE physiopathology and the need to have clear criteria for its diagnosis; thus, this work postulates some miRNA candidates to be used for SAE biomarkers because of their role in both, neurological damage and sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Osca-Verdegal
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
| | - Jesús Beltrán-García
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Federico V. Pallardó
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - José Luis García-Giménez
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Valencia, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina Y Odontología, Universitat de València, València, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
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99902
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Suster I, Feng Y. Multifaceted Regulation of MicroRNA Biogenesis: Essential Roles and Functional Integration in Neuronal and Glial Development. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136765. [PMID: 34201807 PMCID: PMC8269442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, non-coding RNAs that function as endogenous gene silencers. Soon after the discovery of miRNAs, a subset of brain-enriched and brain-specific miRNAs were identified and significant advancements were made in delineating miRNA function in brain development. However, understanding the molecular mechanisms that regulate miRNA biogenesis in normal and diseased brains has become a prevailing challenge. Besides transcriptional regulation of miRNA host genes, miRNA processing intermediates are subjected to multifaceted regulation by canonical miRNA processing enzymes, RNA binding proteins (RBPs) and epitranscriptomic modifications. Further still, miRNA activity can be regulated by the sponging activity of other non-coding RNA classes, namely circular RNAs (circRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). Differential abundance of these factors in neuronal and glial lineages partly underlies the spatiotemporal expression and function of lineage-specific miRNAs. Here, we review the continuously evolving understanding of the regulation of neuronal and glial miRNA biogenesis at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels and the cooperativity of miRNA species in targeting key mRNAs to drive lineage-specific development. In addition, we review dysregulation of neuronal and glial miRNAs and the detrimental impacts which contribute to developmental brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yue Feng
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-727-0351
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99903
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Casella G, Rasouli J, Boehm A, Zhang W, Xiao D, Ishikawa LLW, Thome R, Li X, Hwang D, Porazzi P, Molugu S, Tang HY, Zhang GX, Ciric B, Rostami A. Oligodendrocyte-derived extracellular vesicles as antigen-specific therapy for autoimmune neuroinflammation in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/568/eaba0599. [PMID: 33148622 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aba0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) develop because of failed peripheral immune tolerance for a specific self-antigen (Ag). Numerous approaches for Ag-specific suppression of autoimmune neuroinflammation have been proven effective in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. One such approach is intravenous tolerance induction by injecting a myelin Ag used for triggering EAE. However, the translation of this and similar experimental strategies into therapy for MS has been hampered by uncertainty regarding relevant myelin Ags in MS patients. To address this issue, we developed a therapeutic strategy that relies on oligodendrocyte (Ol)-derived extracellular vesicles (Ol-EVs), which naturally contain multiple myelin Ags. Intravenous Ol-EV injection reduced disease pathophysiology in a myelin Ag-dependent manner, both prophylactically and therapeutically, in several EAE models. The treatment was safe and restored immune tolerance by inducing immunosuppressive monocytes and apoptosis of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, we showed that human Ols also released EVs containing most relevant myelin Ags, providing a basis for their use in MS therapy. These findings introduce an approach for suppressing central nervous system (CNS) autoimmunity in a myelin Ag-specific manner, without the need to identify the target Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Casella
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Javad Rasouli
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Alexandra Boehm
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Dan Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Rodolfo Thome
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Xing Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in Northwest China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Daniel Hwang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Patrizia Porazzi
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Sudheer Molugu
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hsin-Yao Tang
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Guang-Xian Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Bogoljub Ciric
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Abdolmohamad Rostami
- Department of Neurology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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99904
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Zeng J, Yu S, Cao H, Su Y, Dong Z, Yang X. Neurobiological correlates of cue-reactivity in alcohol-use disorders: A voxel-wise meta-analysis of fMRI studies. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 128:294-310. [PMID: 34171325 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Altered brain responses to alcohol-associated stimuli are a neural hallmark of alcohol-use disorder (AUD) and a promising target for pharmacotherapy. However, findings in cue-reactivity based functional MRI (fMRI) studies are inconclusive. To investigate the neural substrates of cue-reactivity and their relevance to treatment outcomes, alcohol craving and relapse in AUD patients, we performed five meta-analyses using signed differential mapping software. Our meta-analysis revealed that alcohol cues evoke greater cue-reactivity than neutral cues in the mesocorticolimbic circuit and lower reactivity in the parietal and temporal regions in AUD patients. Compared to controls, AUD individuals displayed hyperactivations in the medial prefrontal cortex and anterior/middle part of the cingulate cortex. After receiving AUD treatment, AUD patients exhibited greater activations in the precentral gyrus but reduced activations in the bilateral caudate nucleus, insula, right DLPFC, and left superior frontal gyrus. No significant results were found in cue-reactivity correlates of alcohol craving and relapse. Our results implicate cue-induced abnormalities in corticostriatal-limbic circuits may underline the pathophysiology of AUD, and have translational value for treatment development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguang Zeng
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Shuxian Yu
- School of Economics and Business Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Hengyi Cao
- Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Hempstead, NY, USA; Division of Psychiatry Research, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, NY, USA
| | - Yueyue Su
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Zaiquan Dong
- Department of Psychiatry, State Key Lab of Biotherapy, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xun Yang
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China.
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99905
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Wang H, Lautrup S, Caponio D, Zhang J, Fang EF. DNA Damage-Induced Neurodegeneration in Accelerated Ageing and Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136748. [PMID: 34201700 PMCID: PMC8268089 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA repair ensures genomic stability to achieve healthy ageing, including cognitive maintenance. Mutations on genes encoding key DNA repair proteins can lead to diseases with accelerated ageing phenotypes. Some of these diseases are xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA, caused by mutation of XPA), Cockayne syndrome group A and group B (CSA, CSB, and are caused by mutations of CSA and CSB, respectively), ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T, caused by mutation of ATM), and Werner syndrome (WS, with most cases caused by mutations in WRN). Except for WS, a common trait of the aforementioned progerias is neurodegeneration. Evidence from studies using animal models and patient tissues suggests that the associated DNA repair deficiencies lead to depletion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), resulting in impaired mitophagy, accumulation of damaged mitochondria, metabolic derailment, energy deprivation, and finally leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Intriguingly, these features are also observed in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide. Further studies on the mechanisms of the DNA repair deficient premature ageing diseases will help to unveil the mystery of ageing and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heling Wang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Sofie Lautrup
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Domenica Caponio
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jianying Zhang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
- Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Evandro F. Fang
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 Lørenskog, Norway; (H.W.); (S.L.); (D.C.); (J.Z.)
- The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), 0010 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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99906
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Karatum O, Aria MM, Eren GO, Yildiz E, Melikov R, Srivastava SB, Surme S, Dogru IB, Bahmani Jalali H, Ulgut B, Sahin A, Kavakli IH, Nizamoglu S. Nanoengineering InP Quantum Dot-Based Photoactive Biointerfaces for Optical Control of Neurons. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:652608. [PMID: 34248476 PMCID: PMC8260855 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.652608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-activated biointerfaces provide a non-genetic route for effective control of neural activity. InP quantum dots (QDs) have a high potential for such biomedical applications due to their uniquely tunable electronic properties, photostability, toxic-heavy-metal-free content, heterostructuring, and solution-processing ability. However, the effect of QD nanostructure and biointerface architecture on the photoelectrical cellular interfacing remained unexplored. Here, we unravel the control of the photoelectrical response of InP QD-based biointerfaces via nanoengineering from QD to device-level. At QD level, thin ZnS shell growth (∼0.65 nm) enhances the current level of biointerfaces over an order of magnitude with respect to only InP core QDs. At device-level, band alignment engineering allows for the bidirectional photoelectrochemical current generation, which enables light-induced temporally precise and rapidly reversible action potential generation and hyperpolarization on primary hippocampal neurons. Our findings show that nanoengineering QD-based biointerfaces hold great promise for next-generation neurostimulation devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onuralp Karatum
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Guncem Ozgun Eren
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Rustamzhon Melikov
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Saliha Surme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Itir Bakis Dogru
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Burak Ulgut
- Department of Chemistry, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Research Center for Translational Medicine, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical School, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Sedat Nizamoglu
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Koc University, Istanbul, Turkey
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99907
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Reis FMCV, Liu J, Schuette PJ, Lee JY, Maesta-Pereira S, Chakerian M, Wang W, Canteras NS, Kao JC, Adhikari A. Shared Dorsal Periaqueductal Gray Activation Patterns during Exposure to Innate and Conditioned Threats. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5399-5420. [PMID: 33883203 PMCID: PMC8221602 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2450-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The brainstem dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) has been widely recognized as being a vital node orchestrating the responses to innate threats. Intriguingly, recent evidence also shows that the dPAG mediates defensive responses to fear conditioned contexts. However, it is unknown whether the dPAG displays independent or shared patterns of activation during exposure to innate and conditioned threats. It is also unclear how dPAG ensembles encode and predict diverse defensive behaviors. To address this question, we used miniaturized microscopes to obtain recordings of the same dPAG ensembles during exposure to a live predator and a fear conditioned context in male mice. dPAG ensembles encoded not only distance to threat, but also relevant features, such as predator speed and angular offset between mouse and threat. Furthermore, dPAG cells accurately encoded numerous defensive behaviors, including freezing, stretch-attend postures, and escape. Encoding of behaviors and of distance to threat occurred independently in dPAG cells. dPAG cells also displayed a shared representation to encode these behaviors and distance to threat across innate and conditioned threats. Last, we also show that escape could be predicted by dPAG activity several seconds in advance. Thus, dPAG activity dynamically tracks key kinematic and behavioral variables during exposure to threats, and exhibits similar patterns of activation during defensive behaviors elicited by innate or conditioned threats. These data indicate that a common pathway may be recruited by the dPAG during exposure to a wide variety of threat modalities.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG) is critical to generate defensive behaviors during encounters with threats of multiple modalities. Here we use longitudinal calcium transient recordings of dPAG ensembles in freely moving mice to show that this region uses shared patterns of activity to represent distance to an innate threat (a live predator) and a conditioned threat (a shock grid). We also show that dPAG neural activity can predict diverse defensive behaviors. These data indicate the dPAG uses conserved population-level activity patterns to encode and coordinate defensive behaviors during exposure to both innate and conditioned threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M C V Reis
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Jinhan Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Peter J Schuette
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Johannes Y Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Sandra Maesta-Pereira
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Meghmik Chakerian
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Weisheng Wang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Newton S Canteras
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Jonathan C Kao
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Avishek Adhikari
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
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99908
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Tsunematsu T, Sakata S, Sanagi T, Tanaka KF, Matsui K. Region-Specific and State-Dependent Astrocyte Ca 2+ Dynamics during the Sleep-Wake Cycle in Mice. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5440-5452. [PMID: 34006590 PMCID: PMC8221592 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2912-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural activity is diverse, and varies depending on brain regions and sleep/wakefulness states. However, whether astrocyte activity differs between sleep/wakefulness states, and whether there are differences in astrocyte activity among brain regions remain poorly understood. Therefore, in this study, we recorded astrocyte intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentrations of mice during sleep/wakefulness states in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and pons using fiber photometry. For this purpose, male transgenic mice expressing the genetically encoded ratiometric Ca2+ sensor YCnano50 specifically in their astrocytes were used. We demonstrated that Ca2+ levels in astrocytes substantially decrease during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and increase after the onset of wakefulness. In contrast, differences in Ca2+ levels during non-REM (NREM) sleep were observed among the different brain regions, and no significant decrease was observed in the hypothalamus and pons. Further analyses focusing on the transition between sleep/wakefulness states and correlation analysis with the duration of REM sleep showed that Ca2+ dynamics differs among brain regions, suggesting the existence of several clusters, i.e., the first comprising the cortex and hippocampus, the second comprising the hypothalamus and pons, and the third comprising the cerebellum. Our study thus demonstrated that astrocyte Ca2+ levels change substantially according to sleep/wakefulness states. These changes were consistent in general unlike neural activity. However, we also clarified that Ca2+ dynamics varies depending on the brain region, implying that astrocytes may play various physiological roles in sleep.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sleep is an instinctive behavior of many organisms. In the previous five decades, the mechanism of the neural circuits controlling sleep/wakefulness states and the neural activities associated with sleep/wakefulness states in various brain regions have been elucidated. However, whether astrocytes, which are a type of glial cell, change their activity during different sleep/wakefulness states was poorly understood. Here, we demonstrated that dynamic changes in astrocyte Ca2+ concentrations occur in the cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and pons of mice during natural sleep. Further analyses demonstrated that Ca2+ dynamics slightly differ among different brain regions, implying that the physiological roles of astrocytes in sleep/wakefulness might vary depending on the brain region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Tsunematsu
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
- Precursory Research for Embryonic Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Shuzo Sakata
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Tomomi Sanagi
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Research Division, Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kenji F Tanaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan
| | - Ko Matsui
- Super-network Brain Physiology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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99909
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Ulloa-Navas MJ, Pérez-Borredá P, Morales-Gallel R, Saurí-Tamarit A, García-Tárraga P, Gutiérrez-Martín AJ, Herranz-Pérez V, García-Verdugo JM. Ultrastructural Characterization of Human Oligodendrocytes and Their Progenitor Cells by Pre-embedding Immunogold. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:696376. [PMID: 34248510 PMCID: PMC8262677 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.696376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the myelinating cells of the central nervous system. They provide trophic, metabolic, and structural support to neurons. In several pathologies such as multiple sclerosis (MS), these cells are severely affected and fail to remyelinate, thereby leading to neuronal death. The gold standard for studying remyelination is the g-ratio, which is measured by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Therefore, studying the fine structure of the oligodendrocyte population in the human brain at different stages through TEM is a key feature in this field of study. Here we study the ultrastructure of oligodendrocytes, its progenitors, and myelin in 10 samples of human white matter using nine different markers of the oligodendrocyte lineage (NG2, PDGFRα, A2B5, Sox10, Olig2, BCAS1, APC-(CC1), MAG, and MBP). Our findings show that human oligodendrocytes constitute a very heterogeneous population within the human white matter and that its stages of differentiation present characteristic features that can be used to identify them by TEM. This study sheds light on how these cells interact with other cells within the human brain and clarify their fine characteristics from other glial cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J Ulloa-Navas
- Laboratory of Compared Neurobiology, University of Valencia-CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain
| | - Pedro Pérez-Borredá
- Laboratory of Compared Neurobiology, University of Valencia-CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain.,Neurosurgery Department, Consorcio Hospital General Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Raquel Morales-Gallel
- Laboratory of Compared Neurobiology, University of Valencia-CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain
| | - Ana Saurí-Tamarit
- Laboratory of Compared Neurobiology, University of Valencia-CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain
| | | | | | - Vicente Herranz-Pérez
- Laboratory of Compared Neurobiology, University of Valencia-CIBERNED, Paterna, Spain.,Predepartmental Unit of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain
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99910
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Hsu HM, Hsieh S. Age-related post-error slowing and stimulus repetition effect in motor inhibition during a stop-signal task. Psychol Res 2021; 86:1108-1121. [PMID: 34160667 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-021-01551-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to investigate how older adults react to a failed-inhibition error while performing a stop-signal task. That is, whether elderly people would exhibit enlarged post-error slowing and whether such slowing revealed an adaptive process, maladaptive process, or a mixture of maladaptive followed by adaptive processes. This study also addresses if the post-error process might further interact with a stimulus repetition effect based on the memory retrieval explanation. A group of 34 younger adults (age range 20-30 years) and a group of 34 older adults (age range 60-80 years) were included for the analyses. The results of the current study supported a mixture model by showing that older adults exhibited a larger post-error slowing than younger adults, and their post-error slowing was initially accompanied by deceased accuracy that then increased on the subsequent trial. Furthermore, such post-error slowing on older adults only occurred in the trial condition where the stimulus was repeated from the previous trial suggesting a memory-based process (a form of negative priming) involved in post-error processes. The implication of the current finding is that older adults might maintain the ability to detect and monitor the response error, yet their post-error adjustment might require a much longer time to start functioning well after the initial detrimental orienting response to the error and the entire process was memory-based.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Muchen Hsu
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan
| | - Shulan Hsieh
- Cognitive Electrophysiology Laboratory, Control, Aging, Sleep, and Emotion (CASE), Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan, 701, Taiwan.
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
- Department and Institute of Public Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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99911
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Beltrán-Matas P, Hartveit E, Veruki ML. Different glutamate sources and endogenous co-agonists activate extrasynaptic NMDA receptors on amacrine cells of the rod pathway microcircuit. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:4456-4474. [PMID: 34048091 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The NMDA receptors (NMDARs) expressed by AII and A17 amacrine cells, the two main inhibitory interneurons of the rod pathway microcircuit in the mammalian retina, are exclusively extrasynaptic, activated by ambient levels of glutamate, and molecularly distinct, with AII and A17 amacrines expressing GluN2B- and GluN2A-containing receptors, respectively. This important sensory microcircuit thus provides a unique model to study the activation and function of extrasynaptic NMDARs. Here, we investigated the sources of glutamate and the endogenous co-agonists (d-serine or glycine) that activate these distinct populations of NMDARs. With acute slices from rat retina, we used whole-cell voltage-clamp recording and measurement of current noise to monitor levels of NMDAR activity. Pre-incubation of retina with bafilomycin A1 (an inhibitor of neurotransmitter uptake into synaptic vesicles) abolished NMDAR-mediated noise in AII, but not A17 amacrines, suggesting a vesicular source of glutamate activates AII NMDARs, whereas a non-vesicular source activates A17 NMDARs. Pre-incubation of retina with l-methionine sulfoximine (an inhibitor of glutamine synthetase) also abolished NMDAR-mediated noise in AII, but not A17 amacrines, suggesting a neuronal source of glutamate activates AII NMDARs, whereas a glial source activates A17 NMDARs. Enzymatic breakdown of d-serine reduced NMDAR-mediated noise in AII, but not A17 amacrines, suggesting d-serine is the endogenous co-agonist at AII, but not A17 NMDARs. Our results reveal unique characteristics of these two populations of extrasynaptic NMDARs. The differential and independent activation of these receptors is likely to provide specific contributions to the signal processing and plasticity of the cellular components of the rod pathway microcircuit.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Espen Hartveit
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
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99912
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Wisniewski MG, Zakrzewski AC, Bell DR, Wheeler M. EEG power spectral dynamics associated with listening in adverse conditions. Psychophysiology 2021; 58:e13877. [PMID: 34161612 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Adverse listening conditions increase the demand on cognitive resources needed for speech comprehension. In an exploratory study, we aimed to identify independent power spectral features in the EEG useful for studying the cognitive processes involved in this effortful listening. Listeners performed the coordinate response measure task with a single-talker masker at a 0-dB signal-to-noise ratio. Sounds were left unfiltered or degraded with low-pass filtering. Independent component analysis (ICA) was used to identify independent components (ICs) in the EEG data, the power spectral dynamics of which were then analyzed. Frontal midline theta, left frontal, right frontal, left mu, right mu, left temporal, parietal, left occipital, central occipital, and right occipital clusters of ICs were identified. All IC clusters showed some significant listening-related changes in their power spectrum. This included sustained theta enhancements, gamma enhancements, alpha enhancements, alpha suppression, beta enhancements, and mu rhythm suppression. Several of these effects were absent or negligible using traditional channel analyses. Comparison of filtered to unfiltered speech revealed a stronger alpha suppression in the parietal and central occipital clusters of ICs for the filtered speech condition. This not only replicates recent findings showing greater alpha suppression as listening difficulty increases but also suggests that such alpha-band effects can stem from multiple cortical sources. We lay out the advantages of the ICA approach over the restrictive analyses that have been used as of late in the study of listening effort. We also make suggestions for moving into hypothesis-driven studies regarding the power spectral features that were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G Wisniewski
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | | | - Destiny R Bell
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Michelle Wheeler
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
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99913
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Battaglini L, Ghiani A. Motion behind occluder: Amodal perception and visual motion extrapolation. Visual Cognition 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2021.1943094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Battaglini
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy “Galileo Galilei”, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Ghiani
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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99914
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Yang HS, Zhang C, Carlyle BC, Zhen SY, Trombetta BA, Schultz AP, Pruzin JJ, Fitzpatrick CD, Yau WYW, Kirn DR, Rentz DM, Arnold SE, Johnson KA, Sperling RA, Chhatwal JP, Tanzi RE. Plasma IL-12/IFN-γ axis predicts cognitive trajectories in cognitively unimpaired older adults. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 18:645-653. [PMID: 34160128 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Immune dysregulation is implicated in neurodegeneration and altered cytokine levels are seen in people with dementia. However, whether cytokine levels are predictive of cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired (CU) elderly, especially in the setting of elevated amyloid beta (Aβ), remains unclear. METHODS We measured nine cytokines in the baseline plasma of 298 longitudinally followed CU elderly and assessed whether these measures were associated with cognitive decline, alone or synergistically with Aβ. We next examined associations between cytokine levels and neuroimaging biomarkers of Aβ/tau/neurodegeneration. RESULTS Higher IL-12p70 was associated with slower cognitive decline in the setting of higher Aβ (false discovery rate [FDR] = 0.0023), whereas higher IFN-γ was associated with slower cognitive decline independent of Aβ (FDR = 0.013). Higher IL-12p70 was associated with less tau and neurodegeneration in participants with higher Aβ. DISCUSSION Immune dysregulation is implicated in early-stage cognitive decline, and greater IL-12/IFN-γ axis activation may be protective against cognitive decline and early-stage AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Sik Yang
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Can Zhang
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Becky C Carlyle
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sherri Y Zhen
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Bianca A Trombetta
- Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Aaron P Schultz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jeremy J Pruzin
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Colleen D Fitzpatrick
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Wai-Ying W Yau
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dylan R Kirn
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dorene M Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven E Arnold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Alzheimer's Clinical and Translational Research Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Keith A Johnson
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Reisa A Sperling
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jasmeer P Chhatwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Center for Alzheimer Research and Treatment, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA
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99915
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Lashuel HA. Rethinking protein aggregation and drug discovery in neurodegenerative diseases: Why we need to embrace complexity? Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 64:67-75. [PMID: 34174698 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
More than a century has passed since pathological protein aggregates were first identified in the brains of patients with neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Yet, we still do not have effective therapies to treat or slow the progression of these devastating diseases or diagnostics for early detection and monitoring disease progression. Herein, I reflect on recent findings that are challenging traditional views about the composition, ultrastructural properties, and diversity of protein pathologies in the brain, their mechanisms of formation and how we investigate and model pathological aggregation processes in the laboratory today. This article is an invitation to embrace the complexity of proteinopathies as an essential step to understanding the molecular mechanisms underpinning NDDs and to advance translational research and drug discovery in NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilal A Lashuel
- Laboratory of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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99916
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Yeh WH, Shubina-Oleinik O, Levy JM, Pan B, Newby GA, Wornow M, Burt R, Chen JC, Holt JR, Liu DR. In vivo base editing restores sensory transduction and transiently improves auditory function in a mouse model of recessive deafness. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/546/eaay9101. [PMID: 32493795 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay9101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most genetic diseases arise from recessive point mutations that require correction, rather than disruption, of the pathogenic allele to benefit patients. Base editing has the potential to directly repair point mutations and provide therapeutic restoration of gene function. Mutations of transmembrane channel-like 1 gene (TMC1) can cause dominant or recessive deafness. We developed a base editing strategy to treat Baringo mice, which carry a recessive, loss-of-function point mutation (c.A545G; resulting in the substitution p.Y182C) in Tmc1 that causes deafness. Tmc1 encodes a protein that forms mechanosensitive ion channels in sensory hair cells of the inner ear and is required for normal auditory function. We found that sensory hair cells of Baringo mice have a complete loss of auditory sensory transduction. To repair the mutation, we tested several optimized cytosine base editors (CBEmax variants) and guide RNAs in Baringo mouse embryonic fibroblasts. We packaged the most promising CBE, derived from an activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), into dual adeno-associated viruses (AAVs) using a split-intein delivery system. The dual AID-CBEmax AAVs were injected into the inner ears of Baringo mice at postnatal day 1. Injected mice showed up to 51% reversion of the Tmc1 c.A545G point mutation to wild-type sequence (c.A545A) in Tmc1 transcripts. Repair of Tmc1 in vivo restored inner hair cell sensory transduction and hair cell morphology and transiently rescued low-frequency hearing 4 weeks after injection. These findings provide a foundation for a potential one-time treatment for recessive hearing loss and support further development of base editing to correct pathogenic point mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hsi Yeh
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Program in Speech and Hearing Bioscience and Technology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Olga Shubina-Oleinik
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan M Levy
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bifeng Pan
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Gregory A Newby
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Michael Wornow
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Rachel Burt
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, The Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Jonathan C Chen
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Holt
- Department of Otolaryngology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. .,Department of Neurology, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David R Liu
- Merkin Institute of Transformative Technologies in Healthcare, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA. .,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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99917
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Wang C, Gong Y, Wei A, Huang T, Hou S, Du J, Li Z, Wang J, Liu B, Lan Y. Adult-repopulating lymphoid potential of yolk sac blood vessels is not confined to arterial endothelial cells. Sci China Life Sci 2021; 64:2073-2087. [PMID: 34181164 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-021-1935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, hematopoietic stem progenitor cells (HSPCs) are believed to be derived from hemogenic endothelial cells (HECs). Moreover, arterial feature is proposed to be a prerequisite for HECs to generate HSPCs with lymphoid potential. Although the molecular basis of hematopoietic stem cell-competent HECs has been delicately elucidated within the embryo proper, the functional and molecular characteristics of HECs in the extraembryonic yolk sac (YS) remain largely unresolved. In this study, we initially identified six molecularly different endothelial populations in the midgestational YS through integrated analysis of several single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) datasets and validated the arterial vasculature distribution of Gja5+ ECs using a Gja5-EGFP reporter mouse model. Further, we explored the hemogenic potential of different EC populations based on their Gja5-EGFP and CD44 expression levels. The hemogenic potential was ubiquitously detected in spatiotemporally different vascular beds on embryonic days (E)8.5-E9.5 and gradually concentrated in CD44-positive ECs from E10.0. Unexpectedly, B-lymphoid potential was detected in the YS ECs as early as E8.5 regardless of their arterial features. Furthermore, the capacity for generating hematopoietic progenitors with in vivo lymphoid potential was found in nonarterial as well as arterial YS ECs on E10.0-E10.5. Importantly, the distinct identities of E10.0-E10.5 HECs between YS and intraembryonic caudal region were revealed by further scRNA-seq analysis. Cumulatively, these findings extend our knowledge regarding the hemogenic potential of ECs from anatomically and molecularly different vascular beds, providing a theoretical basis for better understanding the sources of HSPCs during mammalian development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Yandong Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Anbang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Tao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Siyuan Hou
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.,Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Postdoctoral Research Station, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Junjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
| | - Zongcheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Junliang Wang
- Department of radiotherapy, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bing Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Institute of Hematology, Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Yu Lan
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
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99918
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Miller DR, Guenther DT, Maurer AP, Hansen CA, Zalesky A, Khoshbouei H. Dopamine Transporter Is a Master Regulator of Dopaminergic Neural Network Connectivity. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5453-5470. [PMID: 33980544 PMCID: PMC8221606 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0223-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) exhibit spontaneous firing activity. The dopaminergic neurons in these regions have been shown to exhibit differential sensitivity to neuronal loss and psychostimulants targeting dopamine transporter. However, it remains unclear whether these regional differences scale beyond individual neuronal activity to regional neuronal networks. Here, we used live-cell calcium imaging to show that network connectivity greatly differs between SNC and VTA regions with higher incidence of hub-like neurons in the VTA. Specifically, the frequency of hub-like neurons was significantly lower in SNC than in the adjacent VTA, consistent with the interpretation of a lower network resilience to SNC neuronal loss. We tested this hypothesis, in DAT-cre/loxP-GCaMP6f mice of either sex, when activity of an individual dopaminergic neuron is suppressed, through whole-cell patch clamp electrophysiology, in either SNC or VTA networks. Neuronal loss in the SNC increased network clustering, whereas the larger number of hub-neurons in the VTA overcompensated by decreasing network clustering in the VTA. We further show that network properties are regulatable via a dopamine transporter but not a D2 receptor dependent mechanism. Our results demonstrate novel regulatory mechanisms of functional network topology in dopaminergic brain regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT In this work, we begin to untangle the differences in complex network properties between the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNC) and VTA, that may underlie differential sensitivity between regions. The methods and analysis employed provide a springboard for investigations of network topology in multiple deep brain structures and disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Dylan T Guenther
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew P Maurer
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Carissa A Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Andrew Zalesky
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Melbourne School of Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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99919
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Elshout JA, Nijboer TCW, Van der Stigchel S. Impaired pre-saccadic shifts of attention in neglect patients. Cortex 2021; 142:213-220. [PMID: 34273800 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Every saccade is generally preceded by a mandatory shift of attention to the saccade endpoint, allowing us to process visual information more effectively. Whether this 'pre-saccadic shift of attention' is still intact in hemispatial neglect is unknown. Whereas neglect patients exhibit lateralized impairments of attention and often show impaired saccadic behaviour, it is not yet clear how the pre-saccadic shift of attention is affected during accurately executed eye movements. In this study, we used a gaze contingent visual discrimination task, in which neglect patients had to discriminate a probe presented before saccade onset. Results revealed an imbalance in discrimination performance between the two hemifields with poor performance to probes in the contralesional compared to the ipsilesional hemifield when accounting for saccadic impairments. These results suggest that attention and eye movements are both unique impairments of neglect patients. We hypothesize that the impaired pre-saccadic shift of attention could be one of the key problems of neglect and might underlie other spatial and non-spatial deficits often reported in neglect patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris A Elshout
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Tanja C W Nijboer
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Center of Excellence for Rehabilitation Medicine, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University and De Hoogstraat Rehabilitation, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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99920
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Keppeler D, Schwaerzle M, Harczos T, Jablonski L, Dieter A, Wolf B, Ayub S, Vogl C, Wrobel C, Hoch G, Abdellatif K, Jeschke M, Rankovic V, Paul O, Ruther P, Moser T. Multichannel optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway using microfabricated LED cochlear implants in rodents. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/553/eabb8086. [PMID: 32718992 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb8086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
When hearing fails, electrical cochlear implants (eCIs) provide the brain with auditory information. One important bottleneck of CIs is the poor spectral selectivity that results from the wide current spread from each of the electrode contacts. Optical CIs (oCIs) promise to make better use of the tonotopic order of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) inside the cochlea by spatially confined stimulation. Here, we established multichannel oCIs based on light-emitting diode (LED) arrays and used them for optical stimulation of channelrhodopsin (ChR)-expressing SGNs in rodents. Power-efficient blue LED chips were integrated onto microfabricated 15-μm-thin polyimide-based carriers comprising interconnecting lines to address individual LEDs by a stationary or mobile driver circuitry. We extensively characterized the optoelectronic, thermal, and mechanical properties of the oCIs and demonstrated stability over weeks in vitro. We then implanted the oCIs into ChR-expressing rats and gerbils, and characterized multichannel optogenetic SGN stimulation by electrophysiological and behavioral experiments. Improved spectral selectivity was directly demonstrated by recordings from the auditory midbrain. Long-term experiments in deafened ChR-expressing rats and in nontreated control animals demonstrated specificity of optogenetic stimulation. Behavioral studies on animals carrying a wireless oCI sound processor revealed auditory percepts. This study demonstrates hearing restoration with improved spectral selectivity by an LED-based multichannel oCI system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Keppeler
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences and Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwaerzle
- University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamas Harczos
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lukasz Jablonski
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Dieter
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences and Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bettina Wolf
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Suleman Ayub
- University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian Vogl
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Wrobel
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Hoch
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Khaled Abdellatif
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marcus Jeschke
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vladan Rankovic
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Paul
- University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), 79110 Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruther
- University of Freiburg, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), 79110 Freiburg, Germany. .,Cluster of Excellence BrainLinks-BrainTools, University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Moser
- Institute for Auditory Neuroscience and InnerEarLab, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37099 Göttingen, Germany. .,Göttingen Graduate Center for Neurosciences and Molecular Biosciences, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Auditory Neuroscience and Optogenetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Kellnerweg 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.,Collaborative Research Center 889, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,Multiscale Bioimaging Cluster of Excellence, University Medical Center Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.,MPI for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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99921
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Chen Y, Moutal A, Navratilova E, Kopruszinski C, Yue X, Ikegami M, Chow M, Kanazawa I, Bellampalli SS, Xie J, Patwardhan A, Rice K, Fields H, Akopian A, Neugebauer V, Dodick D, Khanna R, Porreca F. The prolactin receptor long isoform regulates nociceptor sensitization and opioid-induced hyperalgesia selectively in females. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/529/eaay7550. [PMID: 32024801 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay7550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pain is more prevalent in women for reasons that remain unclear. We have identified a mechanism of injury-free nociceptor sensitization and opioid-induced hyperalgesia (OIH) promoted by prolactin (PRL) in females. PRL signals through mutually inhibitory long (PRLR-L) and short (PRLR-S) receptor isoforms, and PRLR-S activation induces neuronal excitability. PRL and PRLR expression were higher in females. CRISPR-mediated editing of PRLR-L promoted nociceptor sensitization and allodynia in naïve, uninjured female mice that depended on circulating PRL. Opioids, but not trauma-induced nerve injury, decreased PRLR-L promoting OIH through activation of PRLR-S in female mice. Deletion of both PRLR-L and PRLR-S (total PRLR) prevented, whereas PRLR-L overexpression rescued established OIH selectively in females. Inhibition of circulating PRL with cabergoline, a dopamine D2 agonist, up-regulated PRLR-L and prevented OIH only in females. The PRLR-L isoform therefore confers protection against PRL-promoted pain in females. Limiting PRL/PRLR-S signaling pharmacologically or with gene therapies targeting the PRLR may be effective for reducing pain in a female-selective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Aubin Moutal
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Edita Navratilova
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Caroline Kopruszinski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Xu Yue
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Megumi Ikegami
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Michele Chow
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Iori Kanazawa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Shreya Sai Bellampalli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Jennifer Xie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Amol Patwardhan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Kenner Rice
- National Institute on Drug Abuse and National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Howard Fields
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Armen Akopian
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
| | | | | | - Rajesh Khanna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA. .,Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85752, USA
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99922
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Wang J, Li Q, Huang Q, Lv M, Li P, Dai J, Zhou M, Xu J, Zhang F, Gao J. Washed Microbiota Transplantation Accelerates the Recovery of Abnormal Changes by Light-Induced Stress in Tree Shrews. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:685019. [PMID: 34249778 PMCID: PMC8262326 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.685019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The gut and brain interact constantly in a complex fashion. Its intricacy and intrigue is progressively being revealed in the study of the "gut-brain axis". Among many factors, abnormal light exposure is a potential powerful stressor, which is becoming ever more pervasive in our modern society. However, little is known about how stress, induced by staying up late by light, affects the gut-brain axis. We addressed this question by extending the normal circadian light for four hours at night in fifteen male tree shrews to simulate the pattern of staying up late in humans. The behavior, biochemical tests, microbiota dynamics, and brain structure of tree shrews were evaluated. The simple prolongation of light in the environment resulted in substantial changes of body weight loss, behavioral differences, total sleep time reduction, and an increased level of urine cortisol. These alterations were rescued by the treatment of either ketamine or washed microbiota transplantation (WMT). Importantly, the sustainability of WMT effect was better than that of ketamine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging analysis indicated that ketamine acted on the hippocampus and thalamus, and WMT mainly affected the piriform cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus. In conclusion, long-term light stimulation could change the behaviors, composition of gut microbiota and brain structure in tree shrews. Targeting microbiota thus certainly holds promise as a treatment for neuropsychiatric disorders, including but not limited to stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Visual Cognition Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Qianqian Li
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Huang
- PET Center, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Meng Lv
- Animal Core Facility of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Li
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Dai
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Minjie Zhou
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jialu Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Faming Zhang
- Medical Center for Digestive Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Key Lab of Holistic Integrative Enterology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Gao
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Jiangsu Shengze Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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99923
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Zocher S, Overall RW, Lesche M, Dahl A, Kempermann G. Environmental enrichment preserves a young DNA methylation landscape in the aged mouse hippocampus. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3892. [PMID: 34162876 PMCID: PMC8222384 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The decline of brain function during aging is associated with epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation. Lifestyle interventions can improve brain function during aging, but their influence on age-related epigenetic changes is unknown. Using genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing, we here show that experiencing a stimulus-rich environment counteracts age-related DNA methylation changes in the hippocampal dentate gyrus of mice. Specifically, environmental enrichment prevented the aging-induced CpG hypomethylation at target sites of the methyl-CpG-binding protein Mecp2, which is critical to neuronal function. The genes at which environmental enrichment counteracted aging effects have described roles in neuronal plasticity, neuronal cell communication and adult hippocampal neurogenesis and are dysregulated with age-related cognitive decline in the human brain. Our results highlight the stimulating effects of environmental enrichment on hippocampal plasticity at the level of DNA methylation and give molecular insights into the specific aspects of brain aging that can be counteracted by lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zocher
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rupert W Overall
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mathias Lesche
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahl
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- DRESDEN-concept Genome Center c/o Center for Molecular and Cellular Bioengineering (CMCB), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Gerd Kempermann
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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99924
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Davis AA, Inman CE, Wargel ZM, Dube U, Freeberg BM, Galluppi A, Haines JN, Dhavale DD, Miller R, Choudhury FA, Sullivan PM, Cruchaga C, Perlmutter JS, Ulrich JD, Benitez BA, Kotzbauer PT, Holtzman DM. APOE genotype regulates pathology and disease progression in synucleinopathy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/529/eaay3069. [PMID: 32024799 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay3069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4 genotype is associated with increased risk of dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the mechanism is not clear, because patients often have a mixture of α-synuclein (αSyn), amyloid-β (Aβ), and tau pathologies. APOE ε4 exacerbates brain Aβ pathology, as well as tau pathology, but it is not clear whether APOE genotype independently regulates αSyn pathology. In this study, we generated A53T αSyn transgenic mice (A53T) on Apoe knockout (A53T/EKO) or human APOE knockin backgrounds (A53T/E2, E3, and E4). At 12 months of age, A53T/E4 mice accumulated higher amounts of brainstem detergent-insoluble phosphorylated αSyn compared to A53T/EKO and A53T/E3; detergent-insoluble αSyn in A53T/E2 mice was undetectable. By immunohistochemistry, A53T/E4 mice displayed a higher burden of phosphorylated αSyn and reactive gliosis compared to A53T/E2 mice. A53T/E2 mice exhibited increased survival and improved motor performance compared to other APOE genotypes. In a complementary model of αSyn spreading, striatal injection of αSyn preformed fibrils induced greater accumulation of αSyn pathology in the substantia nigra of A53T/E4 mice compared to A53T/E2 and A53T/EKO mice. In two separate cohorts of human patients with PD, APOE ε4/ε4 individuals showed the fastest rate of cognitive decline over time. Our results demonstrate that APOE genotype directly regulates αSyn pathology independent of its established effects on Aβ and tau, corroborate the finding that APOE ε4 exacerbates pathology, and suggest that APOE ε2 may protect against αSyn aggregation and neurodegeneration in synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert A Davis
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Casey E Inman
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Zachary M Wargel
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Umber Dube
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Brittany M Freeberg
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Alexander Galluppi
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jessica N Haines
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dhruva D Dhavale
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Rebecca Miller
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Fahim A Choudhury
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Patrick M Sullivan
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham VAMC and Geriatric Research Clinical Center, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Departments of Neuroscience and Radiology, Programs in Physical and Occupational Therapy, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Jason D Ulrich
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Bruno A Benitez
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Paul T Kotzbauer
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - David M Holtzman
- Hope Center for Neurologic Disease, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.,Knight Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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99925
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Cullen KE, Wei RH. Differences in the Structure and Function of the Vestibular Efferent System Among Vertebrates. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:684800. [PMID: 34248486 PMCID: PMC8260987 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.684800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of the mammalian vestibular efferent system in everyday life has been a long-standing mystery. In contrast to what has been reported in lower vertebrate classes, the mammalian vestibular efferent system does not appear to relay inputs from other sensory modalities to the vestibular periphery. Furthermore, to date, the available evidence indicates that the mammalian vestibular efferent system does not relay motor-related signals to the vestibular periphery to modulate sensory coding of the voluntary self-motion generated during natural behaviors. Indeed, our recent neurophysiological studies have provided insight into how the peripheral vestibular system transmits head movement-related information to the brain in a context independent manner. The integration of vestibular and extra-vestibular information instead only occurs at next stage of the mammalian vestibular system, at the level of the vestibular nuclei. The question thus arises: what is the physiological role of the vestibular efferent system in mammals? We suggest that the mammalian vestibular efferent system does not play a significant role in short-term modulation of afferent coding, but instead plays a vital role over a longer time course, for example in calibrating and protecting the functional efficacy of vestibular circuits during development and aging in a role analogous the auditory efferent system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen E. Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Otolaryngology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Kavli Neuroscience Discovery Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Rui-Han Wei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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99926
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Loewke AC, Minerva AR, Nelson AB, Kreitzer AC, Gunaydin LA. Frontostriatal Projections Regulate Innate Avoidance Behavior. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5487-5501. [PMID: 34001628 PMCID: PMC8221601 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2581-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC) has been linked to avoidance and decision-making under conflict, key neural computations altered in anxiety disorders. However, the heterogeneity of prefrontal projections has obscured identification of specific top-down projections involved. While the dmPFC-amygdala circuit has long been implicated in controlling reflexive fear responses, recent work suggests that dmPFC-dorsomedial striatum (DMS) projections may be more important for regulating avoidance. Using fiber photometry recordings in both male and female mice during the elevated zero maze task, we show heightened neural activity in frontostriatal but not frontoamygdalar projection neurons during exploration of the anxiogenic open arms. Additionally, using optogenetics, we demonstrate that this frontostriatal projection preferentially excites postsynaptic D1 receptor-expressing neurons in the DMS and causally controls innate avoidance behavior. These results support a model for prefrontal control of defensive behavior in which the dmPFC-amygdala projection controls reflexive fear behavior and the dmPFC-striatum projection controls anxious avoidance behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The medial prefrontal cortex has been extensively linked to several behavioral symptom domains related to anxiety disorders, with much of the work centered around reflexive fear responses. Comparatively little is known at the mechanistic level about anxious avoidance behavior, a core feature across anxiety disorders. Recent work has suggested that the striatum may be an important hub for regulating avoidance behaviors. Our work uses optical circuit dissection techniques to identify a specific corticostriatal circuit involved in encoding and controlling avoidance behavior. Identifying neural circuits for avoidance will enable the development of more targeted symptom-specific treatments for anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne C Loewke
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Adelaide R Minerva
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Anatol C Kreitzer
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Neurological Disease Institute, Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California 94158
| | - Lisa A Gunaydin
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience is at University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94158
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99927
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Nahm M, Lim SM, Kim YE, Park J, Noh MY, Lee S, Roh JE, Hwang SM, Park CK, Kim YH, Lim G, Lee J, Oh KW, Ki CS, Kim SH. ANXA11 mutations in ALS cause dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and stress granule dynamics. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/566/eaax3993. [PMID: 33087501 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax3993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of calcium ion homeostasis and abnormal protein aggregation have been proposed as major pathogenic hallmarks underpinning selective degeneration of motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Recently, mutations in annexin A11 (ANXA11), a gene encoding a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid-binding protein, have been identified in familial and sporadic ALS. However, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ANXA11 remain unknown. Here, we report functions of ANXA11 related to intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and stress granule dynamics. We analyzed the exome sequences of 500 Korean patients with sALS and identified nine ANXA11 variants in 13 patients. The amino-terminal variants p.G38R and p.D40G within the low-complexity domain of ANXA11 enhanced aggregation propensity, whereas the carboxyl-terminal ANX domain variants p.H390P and p.R456H altered Ca2+ responses. Furthermore, all four variants in ANXA11 underwent abnormal phase separation to form droplets with aggregates and led to the alteration of the biophysical properties of ANXA11. These functional defects caused by ALS-linked variants induced alterations in both intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis and stress granule disassembly. We also revealed that p.G228Lfs*29 reduced ANXA11 expression and impaired Ca2+ homeostasis, as caused by missense variants. Ca2+-dependent interaction and coaggregation between ANXA11 and ALS-causative RNA-binding proteins, FUS and hnRNPA1, were observed in motor neuron cells and brain from a patient with ALS-FUS. The expression of ALS-linked ANXA11 variants in motor neuron cells caused cytoplasmic sequestration of endogenous FUS and triggered neuronal apoptosis. Together, our findings suggest that disease-associated ANXA11 mutations can contribute to ALS pathogenesis through toxic gain-of-function mechanisms involving abnormal protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minyeop Nahm
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Su Min Lim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jinseok Park
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Min-Young Noh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea.,Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Sanggon Lee
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Ju Eun Roh
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Sung-Min Hwang
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Chul-Kyu Park
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - Yong Ho Kim
- Gachon Pain Center and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon 21999, Korea
| | - GyuTae Lim
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Jinhyuk Lee
- Genome Editing Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Department of Bioinformatics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Ki-Wook Oh
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | | | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea. .,Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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99928
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Nashef A, Mitelman R, Harel R, Joshua M, Prut Y. Area-specific thalamocortical synchronization underlies the transition from motor planning to execution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012658118. [PMID: 33526664 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012658118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied correlated firing between motor thalamic and cortical cells in monkeys performing a delayed-response reaching task. Simultaneous recording of thalamocortical activity revealed that around movement onset, thalamic cells were positively correlated with cell activity in the primary motor cortex but negatively correlated with the activity of the premotor cortex. The differences in the correlation contrasted with the average neural responses, which were similar in all three areas. Neuronal correlations reveal functional cooperation and opposition between the motor thalamus and distinct motor cortical areas with specific roles in planning vs. performing movements. Thus, by enhancing and suppressing motor and premotor firing, the motor thalamus can facilitate the transition from a motor plan to execution.
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99929
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Huang Y, Mohan A, McLeod SL, Luckey AM, Hart J Jr, Vanneste S. Polarity-specific high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation of the anterior and posterior default mode network improves remote memory retrieval. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:1005-14. [PMID: 34182233 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies show that activity in the posterior default mode network (pDMN), including the posterior cingulate cortex and the precuneus, is correlated with the success of long-term episodic memory retrieval. However, the role of the anterior DMN (aDMN) including the medial prefrontal cortex is still unclear. Some studies show that activating the medial prefrontal cortex improves memory retrieval while other studies show deactivation of the medial prefrontal cortex in successful retrieval of episodic memories, suggesting a possible functional dissociation between the aDMN and pDMN. OBJECTIVE In the current study, we aim to causally explore this probable dissociation using high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). METHODS We perform a randomised double-blinded two-visit placebo-controlled study with 84 healthy young adults. During Visit 1 they learn 75 Swahili-English word-associations. Seven days later, they randomly receive either anodal, cathodal or sham HD-tDCS targeting the pDMN or aDMN while they recall what they have previously learned. RESULTS We demonstrate that anodal stimulation of the pDMN and cathodal stimulation of the aDMN, equally improve the percentage of Swahili-English word-associations recalled 7 days after learning. CONCLUSIONS Modulating the activity in the aDMN and pDMN causally affect memory retrieval performance. HD-tDCS of the aDMN and pDMN shows that anodal stimulation of the pDMN and cathodal stimulation of the aDMN increases memory retrieval performance one week after the learning phase. Given consistent evidence, it is highly likely that we are increasing the activity in the pDMN with anodal pDMN stimulation. However, it is not clear if cathodal HD-tDCS targetting aDMN works via decoupling from the pDMN or via indirectly disinhibit pDMN.
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99930
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McCamphill PK, Stoppel LJ, Senter RK, Lewis MC, Heynen AJ, Stoppel DC, Sridhar V, Collins KA, Shi X, Pan JQ, Madison J, Cottrell JR, Huber KM, Scolnick EM, Holson EB, Wagner FF, Bear MF. Selective inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase 3α corrects pathophysiology in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/544/eaam8572. [PMID: 32434848 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam8572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome is caused by FMR1 gene silencing and loss of the encoded fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP), which binds to mRNA and regulates translation. Studies in the Fmr1-/y mouse model of fragile X syndrome indicate that aberrant cerebral protein synthesis downstream of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling contributes to disease pathogenesis, but clinical trials using mGluR5 inhibitors were not successful. Animal studies suggested that treatment with lithium might be an alternative approach. Targets of lithium include paralogs of glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3), and nonselective small-molecule inhibitors of these enzymes improved disease phenotypes in a fragile X syndrome mouse model. However, the potential therapeutic use of GSK3 inhibitors has been hampered by toxicity arising from inhibition of both α and β paralogs. Recently, we developed GSK3 inhibitors with sufficient paralog selectivity to avoid a known toxic consequence of dual inhibition, that is, increased β-catenin stabilization. We show here that inhibition of GSK3α, but not GSK3β, corrected aberrant protein synthesis, audiogenic seizures, and sensory cortex hyperexcitability in Fmr1-/y mice. Although inhibiting either paralog prevented induction of NMDA receptor-dependent long-term depression (LTD) in the hippocampus, only inhibition of GSK3α impaired mGluR5-dependent and protein synthesis-dependent LTD. Inhibition of GSK3α additionally corrected deficits in learning and memory in Fmr1-/y mice; unlike mGluR5 inhibitors, there was no evidence of tachyphylaxis or enhanced psychotomimetic-induced hyperlocomotion. GSK3α selective inhibitors may have potential as a therapeutic approach for treating fragile X syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K McCamphill
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Laura J Stoppel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebecca K Senter
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael C Lewis
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Arnold J Heynen
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - David C Stoppel
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Vinay Sridhar
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Katie A Collins
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Xi Shi
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jen Q Pan
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jon Madison
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Cottrell
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Kimberly M Huber
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Department of Neuroscience, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Edward M Scolnick
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Edward B Holson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Florence F Wagner
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Mark F Bear
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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99931
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Abstract
Explicit rewards are commonly used to reinforce a behavior, a form of learning that engages the dopaminergic neuromodulatory system. In contrast, skill acquisition can display dramatic improvements from a social learning experience, even though the observer receives no explicit reward. Here, we test whether a dopaminergic signal contributes to social learning in naïve gerbils that are exposed to, and learn from, a skilled demonstrator performing an auditory discrimination task. Following five exposure sessions, naïve observer gerbils were allowed to practice the auditory task and their performance was assessed across days. We first tested the effect of an explicit food reward in the observer's compartment that was yoked to the demonstrator's performance during exposure sessions. Naïve observer gerbils with the yoked reward learned the discrimination task significantly faster, as compared to unrewarded observers. The effect of this explicit reward was abolished by administration of a D1/D5 dopamine receptor antagonist during the exposure sessions. Similarly, the D1/D5 antagonist reduced the rate of learning in unrewarded observers. To test whether a dopaminergic signal was sufficient to enhance social learning, we administered a D1/D5 receptor agonist during the exposure sessions in which no reward was present and found that the rate of learning occurred significantly faster. Finally, a quantitative analysis of vocalizations during the exposure sessions suggests one behavioral strategy that contributes to social learning. Together, these results are consistent with a dopamine-dependent reward signal during social learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihaad Paraouty
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
| | - Catherine R Rizzuto
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Dan H Sanes
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, 4 Washington Place, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Biology, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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99932
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine aspires to transform the future practice of medicine by providing curative, rather than palliative, treatments. Healing the central nervous system (CNS) remains among regenerative medicine's most highly prized but formidable challenges. "Regenerative neurosurgery" provides access to the CNS or its surrounding structures to preserve or restore neurological function. Pioneering efforts over the past three decades have introduced cells, neurotrophins, and genes with putative regenerative capacity into the CNS to combat neurodegenerative, ischemic, and traumatic diseases. In this review we critically evaluate the rationale, paradigms, and translational progress of regenerative neurosurgery, harnessing access to the CNS to protect, rejuvenate, or replace cell types otherwise irreversibly compromised by neurological disease. We discuss the evidence surrounding fetal, somatic, and pluripotent stem cell derived implants to replace endogenous neuronal and glial cell types and provide trophic support. Neurotrophin based strategies via infusions and gene therapy highlight the motivation to preserve neuronal circuits, the complex fidelity of which cannot be readily recreated. We specifically highlight ongoing translational efforts in Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, stroke, and spinal cord injury, using these to illustrate the principles, challenges, and opportunities of regenerative neurosurgery. Risks of associated procedures and novel neurosurgical trials are discussed, together with the ethical challenges they pose. After decades of efforts to develop and refine necessary tools and methodologies, regenerative neurosurgery is well positioned to advance treatments for refractory neurological diseases. Strategic multidisciplinary efforts will be critical to harness complementary technologies and maximize mechanistic feedback, accelerating iterative progress toward cures for neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Burns
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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99933
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Davis EJ, Broestl L, Abdulai-Saiku S, Worden K, Bonham LW, Miñones-Moyano E, Moreno AJ, Wang D, Chang K, Williams G, Garay BI, Lobach I, Devidze N, Kim D, Anderson-Bergman C, Yu GQ, White CC, Harris JA, Miller BL, Bennett DA, Arnold AP, De Jager PL, Palop JJ, Panning B, Yokoyama JS, Mucke L, Dubal DB. A second X chromosome contributes to resilience in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/558/eaaz5677. [PMID: 32848093 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz5677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A major sex difference in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is that men with the disease die earlier than do women. In aging and preclinical AD, men also show more cognitive deficits. Here, we show that the X chromosome affects AD-related vulnerability in mice expressing the human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP), a model of AD. XY-hAPP mice genetically modified to develop testicles or ovaries showed worse mortality and deficits than did XX-hAPP mice with either gonad, indicating a sex chromosome effect. To dissect whether the absence of a second X chromosome or the presence of a Y chromosome conferred a disadvantage on male mice, we varied sex chromosome dosage. With or without a Y chromosome, hAPP mice with one X chromosome showed worse mortality and deficits than did those with two X chromosomes. Thus, adding a second X chromosome conferred resilience to XY males and XO females. In addition, the Y chromosome, its sex-determining region Y gene (Sry), or testicular development modified mortality in hAPP mice with one X chromosome such that XY males with testicles survived longer than did XY or XO females with ovaries. Furthermore, a second X chromosome conferred resilience potentially through the candidate gene Kdm6a, which does not undergo X-linked inactivation. In humans, genetic variation in KDM6A was linked to higher brain expression and associated with less cognitive decline in aging and preclinical AD, suggesting its relevance to human brain health. Our study suggests a potential role for sex chromosomes in modulating disease vulnerability related to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Davis
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lauren Broestl
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Samira Abdulai-Saiku
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kurtresha Worden
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Luke W Bonham
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Elena Miñones-Moyano
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Arturo J Moreno
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin Chang
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Gina Williams
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Bayardo I Garay
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Iryna Lobach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Nino Devidze
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | | | - Gui-Qiu Yu
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Charles C White
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.,Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Julie A Harris
- Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Arthur P Arnold
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Phil L De Jager
- Center for Translational and Computational Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jorge J Palop
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Barbara Panning
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jennifer S Yokoyama
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Memory and Aging Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lennart Mucke
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.,Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Dena B Dubal
- Department of Neurology and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA. .,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.,Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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99934
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Akkari L, Bowman RL, Tessier J, Klemm F, Handgraaf SM, de Groot M, Quail DF, Tillard L, Gadiot J, Huse JT, Brandsma D, Westerga J, Watts C, Joyce JA. Dynamic changes in glioma macrophage populations after radiotherapy reveal CSF-1R inhibition as a strategy to overcome resistance. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/552/eaaw7843. [PMID: 32669424 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaw7843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and microglia (MG) are potent regulators of glioma development and progression. However, the dynamic alterations of distinct TAM populations during the course of therapeutic intervention, response, and recurrence have not yet been fully explored. Here, we investigated how radiotherapy changes the relative abundance and phenotypes of brain-resident MG and peripherally recruited monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) in glioblastoma. We identified radiation-specific, stage-dependent MG and MDM gene expression signatures in murine gliomas and confirmed altered expression of several genes and proteins in recurrent human glioblastoma. We found that targeting these TAM populations using a colony-stimulating factor-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitor combined with radiotherapy substantially enhanced survival in preclinical models. Our findings reveal the dynamics and plasticity of distinct macrophage populations in the irradiated tumor microenvironment, which has translational relevance for enhancing the efficacy of standard-of-care treatment in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Akkari
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Robert L Bowman
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jeremy Tessier
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Florian Klemm
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Shanna M Handgraaf
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Marnix de Groot
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Daniela F Quail
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lucie Tillard
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jules Gadiot
- Tumor Biology and Immunology Division, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Oncode Institute, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Jason T Huse
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dieta Brandsma
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Johan Westerga
- Departments of Neuro-Oncology and Pathology, Netherlands Cancer Institute-Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, Amsterdam 1066CX, Netherlands
| | - Colin Watts
- Birmingham Brain Cancer Program, Institute of Cancer Genome Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
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99935
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Lunding LP, Krause D, Stichtenoth G, Stamme C, Lauterbach N, Hegermann J, Ochs M, Schuster B, Sedlacek R, Saftig P, Schwudke D, Wegmann M, Damme M. LAMP3 deficiency affects surfactant homeostasis in mice. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009619. [PMID: 34161347 PMCID: PMC8259984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosome-associated membrane glycoprotein 3 (LAMP3) is a type I transmembrane protein of the LAMP protein family with a cell-type-specific expression in alveolar type II cells in mice and hitherto unknown function. In type II pneumocytes, LAMP3 is localized in lamellar bodies, secretory organelles releasing pulmonary surfactant into the extracellular space to lower surface tension at the air/liquid interface. The physiological function of LAMP3, however, remains enigmatic. We generated Lamp3 knockout mice by CRISPR/Cas9. LAMP3 deficient mice are viable with an average life span and display regular lung function under basal conditions. The levels of a major hydrophobic protein component of pulmonary surfactant, SP-C, are strongly increased in the lung of Lamp3 knockout mice, and the lipid composition of the bronchoalveolar lavage shows mild but significant changes, resulting in alterations in surfactant functionality. In ovalbumin-induced experimental allergic asthma, the changes in lipid composition are aggravated, and LAMP3-deficient mice exert an increased airway resistance. Our data suggest a critical role of LAMP3 in the regulation of pulmonary surfactant homeostasis and normal lung function. LAMP3 is a protein of unknown molecular function with highest expression in alveolar type II cells. In alveolar type II cells, LAMP3 localizes to lamellar bodies, specific lysosome-related organelles that play an important role in secreting pulmonary surfactant, a mixture of hydrophobic proteins and lipids lowering the surface tension between the gas and the liquid phase of the lung in order to prevent alveoli from collapsing. To decipher the physiological function of LAMP3, we generated Lamp3 knockout mice, which are viable and show no apparent phenotype. Under basal conditions, both the protein and lipid composition of pulmonary surfactant are altered, but do not affect the physiological function of the lung. However, under diseased conditions of experimental allergic asthma, changes in the lipid composition are aggravated and are associated with an impaired lung function, suggesting an important role of LAMP3 in the homeostasis of pulmonary surfactant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars P. Lunding
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | - Daniel Krause
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
| | | | - Cordula Stamme
- Division of Cellular Pneumology, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Niklas Lauterbach
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan Hegermann
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Ochs
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Research Core Unit Electron Microscopy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Institute of Functional Anatomy, Charité Medical University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Schuster
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Radislav Sedlacek
- Czech Centre for Phenogenomics, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Dominik Schwudke
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Bioanalytical Chemistry, Priority Research Area Infections, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), TTU Tuberculosis, Borstel, Germany
| | - Michael Wegmann
- Airway Research Center North, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Borstel, Germany
- Division of Asthma Exacerbation & Regulation, Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Borstel, Germany
- * E-mail: (MW); (MD)
| | - Markus Damme
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
- * E-mail: (MW); (MD)
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99936
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Chen L, Daniels S, Kim Y, Chu HY. Cell Type-Specific Decrease of the Intrinsic Excitability of Motor Cortical Pyramidal Neurons in Parkinsonism. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5553-5565. [PMID: 34006589 PMCID: PMC8221604 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2694-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypokinetic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD) are closely linked with a decreased motor cortical output as a consequence of elevated basal ganglia inhibition. However, whether and how the loss of dopamine (DA) alters the cellular properties of motor cortical neurons in PD remains undefined. We induced parkinsonism in adult C57BL/6 mice of both sexes by injecting neurotoxin, 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA), into the medial forebrain bundle. By using ex vivo patch-clamp recording and retrograde tracing approach, we found that the intrinsic excitability of pyramidal tract neurons (PTNs) in the primary motor cortical (M1) layer (L)5b was greatly decreased in parkinsonism; but the intratelencephalic neurons (ITNs) were not affected. The cell type-specific intrinsic adaptations were associated with a depolarized threshold and broadened width of action potentials (APs) in PTNs. Moreover, the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons impaired the capability of M1 PTNs to sustain high-frequency firing, which could underlie their abnormal pattern of activity in the parkinsonian state. We also showed that the decreased excitability in parkinsonism was caused by an impaired function of both persistent sodium channels and the large conductance, Ca2+-activated K+ channels. Acute activation of dopaminergic receptors failed to rescue the impaired intrinsic excitability of M1 PTNs in parkinsonian mice. Altogether, our data demonstrated a cell type-specific decrease of the excitability of M1 pyramidal neurons in parkinsonism. Thus, intrinsic adaptations in the motor cortex provide novel insight in our understanding of the pathophysiology of motor deficits in PD.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The degeneration of midbrain dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) remodels the connectivity and function of cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical network. However, whether and how dopaminergic degeneration and the associated basal ganglia dysfunction alter motor cortical circuitry remain undefined. We found that pyramidal neurons in the layer (L)5b of the primary motor cortex (M1) exhibit distinct adaptations in response to the loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons, depending on their long-range projections. Besides the decreased thalamocortical synaptic excitation as proposed by the classical model of Parkinson's pathophysiology, these results, for the first time, show novel cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the abnormal motor cortical output in parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Chen
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Samuel Daniels
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Yerim Kim
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
| | - Hong-Yuan Chu
- Department of Neurodegenerative Science, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
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99937
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Xiang J, Chen Y, Roussy M. Behavioral Inflexibility from a Neuronal Population Perspective. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5350-5352. [PMID: 34162748 PMCID: PMC8221595 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0559-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkang Xiang
- Department of Psychology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C2, Canada
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Yilin Chen
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Megan Roussy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, Western University, London, Ontario N6C 0A7, Canada
- Brain and Mind Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 3K7, Canada
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99938
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Peruzzotti-Jametti L, Willis CM, Hamel R, Krzak G, Pluchino S. Metabolic Control of Smoldering Neuroinflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705920. [PMID: 34249016 PMCID: PMC8262770 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence exists that patients with chronic neurological conditions, which includes progressive multiple sclerosis, display pathological changes in neural metabolism and mitochondrial function. However, it is unknown if a similar degree of metabolic dysfunction occurs also in non-neural cells in the central nervous system. Specifically, it remains to be clarified (i) the full extent of metabolic changes in tissue-resident microglia and infiltrating macrophages after prolonged neuroinflammation (e.g., at the level of chronic active lesions), and (ii) whether these alterations underlie a unique pathogenic phenotype that is amenable for therapeutic targeting. Herein, we discuss how cell metabolism and mitochondrial function govern the function of chronic active microglia and macrophages brain infiltrates and identify new metabolic targets for therapeutic approaches aimed at reducing smoldering neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Peruzzotti-Jametti
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cory M Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Regan Hamel
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Grzegorz Krzak
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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99939
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Campagnoli C, Domini F, Taylor JA. Taking aim at the perceptual side of motor learning: exploring how explicit and implicit learning encode perceptual error information through depth vision. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:413-426. [PMID: 34161173 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00153.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor learning in visuomotor adaptation tasks results from both explicit and implicit processes, each responding differently to an error signal. Although the motor output side of these processes has been extensively studied, the visual input side is relatively unknown. We investigated if and how depth perception affects the computation of error information by explicit and implicit motor learning. Two groups of participants made reaching movements to bring a virtual cursor to a target in the frontoparallel plane. The Delayed group was allowed to reaim and their feedback was delayed to emphasize explicit learning, whereas the camped group received task-irrelevant clamped cursor feedback and continued to aim straight at the target to emphasize implicit adaptation. Both groups played this game in a highly detailed virtual environment (depth condition), leveraging a cover task of playing darts in a virtual tavern, and in an empty environment (no-depth condition). The delayed group showed an increase in error sensitivity under depth relative to no-depth. In contrast, the clamped group adapted to the same degree under both conditions. The movement kinematics of the delayed participants also changed under the depth condition, consistent with the target appearing more distant, unlike the Clamped group. A comparison of the delayed behavioral data with a perceptual task from the same individuals showed that the greater reaiming in the depth condition was consistent with an increase in the scaling of the error distance and size. These findings suggest that explicit and implicit learning processes may rely on different sources of perceptual information.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We leveraged a classic sensorimotor adaptation task to perform a first systematic assessment of the role of perceptual cues in the estimation of an error signal in the 3-D space during motor learning. We crossed two conditions presenting different amounts of depth information, with two manipulations emphasizing explicit and implicit learning processes. Explicit learning responded to the visual conditions, consistent with perceptual reports, whereas implicit learning appeared to be independent of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Campagnoli
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
| | - Fulvio Domini
- Department of Cognitive, Linguistic and Psychological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey
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99940
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Li C, Konishi H, Nishiwaki K, Sato K, Miyata T, Kiyama H. A mouse model of microglia-specific ablation in the embryonic central nervous system. Neurosci Res 2021:S0168-0102(21)00143-7. [PMID: 34157360 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, which migrate into the central nervous system (CNS) during the early embryonic stages, are considered to play various roles in CNS development. However, their embryonic roles are largely unknown, partly due to the lack of an effective microglial ablation system in the embryo. Here, we show a microglial ablation model by injecting diphtheria toxin (DT) into the amniotic fluid of Siglechdtr mice, in which the gene encoding DT receptor is knocked into the microglia-specific gene locus Siglech. We revealed that embryonic microglia were depleted for several days throughout the CNS, including some regions where microglia transiently accumulated, at any embryonic time point from embryonic day 10.5, when microglia colonize the CNS. This ablation system was specific for microglia because CNS-associated macrophages, which are a distinct population from microglia that reside in the CNS interfaces such as meninges, were unaffected. Therefore, this microglial ablation system is highly effective for studying the embryonic functions of microglia.
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99941
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Ghosh A, Comerota MM, Wan D, Chen F, Propson NE, Hwang SH, Hammock BD, Zheng H. An epoxide hydrolase inhibitor reduces neuroinflammation in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/573/eabb1206. [PMID: 33298560 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abb1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been increasingly recognized to play a critical role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The epoxy fatty acids (EpFAs) are derivatives of the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and have anti-inflammatory activities. However, their efficacy is limited because of their rapid hydrolysis by the soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH). We report that sEH is predominantly expressed in astrocytes and is elevated in postmortem brain tissue from patients with AD and in the 5xFAD β amyloid mouse model of AD. The amount of sEH expressed in AD mouse brains correlated with a reduction in brain EpFA concentrations. Using a specific small-molecule sEH inhibitor, 1-trifluoromethoxyphenyl-3-(1-propionylpiperidin-4-yl) urea (TPPU), we report that TPPU treatment protected wild-type mice against LPS-induced inflammation in vivo. Long-term administration of TPPU to the 5xFAD mouse model via drinking water reversed microglia and astrocyte reactivity and immune pathway dysregulation. This was associated with reduced β amyloid pathology and improved synaptic integrity and cognitive function on two behavioral tests. TPPU treatment correlated with an increase in EpFA concentrations in the brains of 5xFAD mice, demonstrating brain penetration and target engagement of this small molecule. These findings support further investigation of TPPU as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anamitra Ghosh
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Michele M Comerota
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Debin Wan
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCDMC Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Fading Chen
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Nicholas E Propson
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Sung Hee Hwang
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCDMC Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bruce D Hammock
- Department of Entomology and Nematology and UCDMC Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. .,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.,Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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99942
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Ham S, Yun SP, Kim H, Kim D, Seo BA, Kim H, Shin JY, Dar MA, Lee GH, Lee YI, Kim D, Kim S, Kweon HS, Shin JH, Ko HS, Lee Y. Amyloid-like oligomerization of AIMP2 contributes to α-synuclein interaction and Lewy-like inclusion. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/569/eaax0091. [PMID: 33177178 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aax0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Lewy bodies are pathological protein inclusions present in the brain of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). These inclusions consist mainly of α-synuclein with associated proteins, such as parkin and its substrate aminoacyl transfer RNA synthetase complex-interacting multifunctional protein-2 (AIMP2). Although AIMP2 has been suggested to be toxic to dopamine neurons, its roles in α-synuclein aggregation and PD pathogenesis are largely unknown. Here, we found that AIMP2 exhibits a self-aggregating property. The AIMP2 aggregate serves as a seed to increase α-synuclein aggregation via specific and direct binding to the α-synuclein monomer. The coexpression of AIMP2 and α-synuclein in cell cultures and in vivo resulted in the rapid formation of α-synuclein aggregates with a corresponding increase in toxicity. Moreover, accumulated AIMP2 in mouse brain was largely redistributed to insoluble fractions, correlating with the α-synuclein pathology. Last, we found that α-synuclein preformed fibril (PFF) seeding, adult Parkin deletion, or oxidative stress triggered a redistribution of both AIMP2 and α-synuclein into insoluble fraction in cells and in vivo. Supporting the pathogenic role of AIMP2, AIMP2 knockdown ameliorated the α-synuclein aggregation and dopaminergic cell death in response to PFF or 6-hydroxydopamine treatment. Together, our results suggest that AIMP2 plays a pathological role in the aggregation of α-synuclein in mice. Because AIMP2 insolubility and coaggregation with α-synuclein have been seen in the PD Lewy body, targeting pathologic AIMP2 aggregation might be useful as a therapeutic strategy for neurodegenerative α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangwoo Ham
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.,ToolGen Inc., Seoul 08501, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Yun
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hyojung Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Donghoon Kim
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Bo Am Seo
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Heejeong Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yong Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohamad Aasif Dar
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Gum Hwa Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun Il Lee
- Well Aging Research Center, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea.,Companion Diagnostics and Medical Technology Research Group, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeun Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and School of Medicine, Yonsei University, Incheon 21983, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Seok Kweon
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Ho Shin
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seok Ko
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. .,Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Yunjong Lee
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute (SBRI), Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea.
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99943
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Fuster-García C, García-Bohórquez B, Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Aller E, Jaijo T, Millán JM, García-García G. Usher Syndrome: Genetics of a Human Ciliopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136723. [PMID: 34201633 PMCID: PMC8268283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Usher syndrome (USH) is an autosomal recessive syndromic ciliopathy characterized by sensorineural hearing loss, retinitis pigmentosa and, sometimes, vestibular dysfunction. There are three clinical types depending on the severity and age of onset of the symptoms; in addition, ten genes are reported to be causative of USH, and six more related to the disease. These genes encode proteins of a diverse nature, which interact and form a dynamic protein network called the “Usher interactome”. In the organ of Corti, the USH proteins are essential for the correct development and maintenance of the structure and cohesion of the stereocilia. In the retina, the USH protein network is principally located in the periciliary region of the photoreceptors, and plays an important role in the maintenance of the periciliary structure and the trafficking of molecules between the inner and the outer segments of photoreceptors. Even though some genes are clearly involved in the syndrome, others are controversial. Moreover, expression of some USH genes has been detected in other tissues, which could explain their involvement in additional mild comorbidities. In this paper, we review the genetics of Usher syndrome and the spectrum of mutations in USH genes. The aim is to identify possible mutation associations with the disease and provide an updated genotype–phenotype correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Fuster-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Belén García-Bohórquez
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - José M. Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Gema García-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe (IIS La Fe), 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.F.-G.); (B.G.-B.); (A.R.-M.); (E.A.); (T.J.); (G.G.-G.)
- Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades Raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
- Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
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99944
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Han Z, Chen C, Christiansen A, Ji S, Lin Q, Anumonwo C, Liu C, Leiser SC, Meena, Aznarez I, Liau G, Isom LL. Antisense oligonucleotides increase Scn1a expression and reduce seizures and SUDEP incidence in a mouse model of Dravet syndrome. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/558/eaaz6100. [PMID: 32848094 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aaz6100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Dravet syndrome (DS) is an intractable developmental and epileptic encephalopathy caused largely by de novo variants in the SCN1A gene, resulting in haploinsufficiency of the voltage-gated sodium channel α subunit NaV1.1. Here, we used Targeted Augmentation of Nuclear Gene Output (TANGO) technology, which modulates naturally occurring, nonproductive splicing events to increase target gene and protein expression and ameliorate disease phenotype in a mouse model. We identified antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) that specifically increase the expression of productive Scn1a transcript in human cell lines, as well as in mouse brain. We show that a single intracerebroventricular dose of a lead ASO at postnatal day 2 or 14 reduced the incidence of electrographic seizures and sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP) in the F1:129S-Scn1a +/- × C57BL/6J mouse model of DS. Increased expression of productive Scn1a transcript and NaV1.1 protein was confirmed in brains of treated mice. Our results suggest that TANGO may provide a unique, gene-specific approach for the treatment of DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Han
- Stoke Therapeutics Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Chunling Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Sophina Ji
- Stoke Therapeutics Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Qian Lin
- Stoke Therapeutics Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Charles Anumonwo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Chante Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Meena
- Stoke Therapeutics Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | | | - Gene Liau
- Stoke Therapeutics Inc., Bedford, MA 01730, USA
| | - Lori L Isom
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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99945
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Ullman JC, Arguello A, Getz JA, Bhalla A, Mahon CS, Wang J, Giese T, Bedard C, Kim DJ, Blumenfeld JR, Liang N, Ravi R, Nugent AA, Davis SS, Ha C, Duque J, Tran HL, Wells RC, Lianoglou S, Daryani VM, Kwan W, Solanoy H, Nguyen H, Earr T, Dugas JC, Tuck MD, Harvey JL, Reyzer ML, Caprioli RM, Hall S, Poda S, Sanchez PE, Dennis MS, Gunasekaran K, Srivastava A, Sandmann T, Henne KR, Thorne RG, Di Paolo G, Astarita G, Diaz D, Silverman AP, Watts RJ, Sweeney ZK, Kariolis MS, Henry AG. Brain delivery and activity of a lysosomal enzyme using a blood-brain barrier transport vehicle in mice. Sci Transl Med 2021; 12:12/545/eaay1163. [PMID: 32461331 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay1163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Most lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) involve progressive central nervous system (CNS) impairment, resulting from deficiency of a lysosomal enzyme. Treatment of neuronopathic LSDs remains a considerable challenge, as approved intravenously administered enzyme therapies are ineffective in modifying CNS disease because they do not effectively cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We describe a therapeutic platform for increasing the brain exposure of enzyme replacement therapies. The enzyme transport vehicle (ETV) is a lysosomal enzyme fused to an Fc domain that has been engineered to bind to the transferrin receptor, which facilitates receptor-mediated transcytosis across the BBB. We demonstrate that ETV fusions containing iduronate 2-sulfatase (ETV:IDS), the lysosomal enzyme deficient in mucopolysaccharidosis type II, exhibited high intrinsic activity and degraded accumulated substrates in both IDS-deficient cell and in vivo models. ETV substantially improved brain delivery of IDS in a preclinical model of disease, enabling enhanced cellular distribution to neurons, astrocytes, and microglia throughout the brain. Improved brain exposure for ETV:IDS translated to a reduction in accumulated substrates in these CNS cell types and peripheral tissues and resulted in a complete correction of downstream disease-relevant pathologies in the brain, including secondary accumulation of lysosomal lipids, perturbed gene expression, neuroinflammation, and neuroaxonal damage. These data highlight the therapeutic potential of the ETV platform for LSDs and provide preclinical proof of concept for TV-enabled therapeutics to treat CNS diseases more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Ullman
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Annie Arguello
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jennifer A Getz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Akhil Bhalla
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Cathal S Mahon
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Junhua Wang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Tina Giese
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Catherine Bedard
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Do Jin Kim
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jessica R Blumenfeld
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Nicholas Liang
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ritesh Ravi
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Alicia A Nugent
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Sonnet S Davis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Connie Ha
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Joseph Duque
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hai L Tran
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert C Wells
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Steve Lianoglou
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Vinay M Daryani
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Wanda Kwan
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Hoang Nguyen
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Timothy Earr
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jason C Dugas
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Michael D Tuck
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 9160 MRB III, 465 21 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Jennifer L Harvey
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 9160 MRB III, 465 21 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Michelle L Reyzer
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 9160 MRB III, 465 21 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Mass Spectrometry Research Center, Vanderbilt University, 9160 MRB III, 465 21 Avenue South, Nashville, TN 37240, USA
| | - Sejal Hall
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Suresh Poda
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Pascal E Sanchez
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mark S Dennis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kannan Gunasekaran
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ankita Srivastava
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Thomas Sandmann
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Kirk R Henne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Robert G Thorne
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Gilbert Di Paolo
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Giuseppe Astarita
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Dolores Diaz
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Adam P Silverman
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Zachary K Sweeney
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Mihalis S Kariolis
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
| | - Anastasia G Henry
- Denali Therapeutics Inc., 161 Oyster Point Blvd., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA.
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99946
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Booras A, Stevenson T, McCormack CN, Rhoads ME, Hanks TD. Change point detection with multiple alternatives reveals parallel evaluation of the same stream of evidence along distinct timescales. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13098. [PMID: 34162943 PMCID: PMC8222317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92470-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to behave appropriately in a rapidly changing world, individuals must be able to detect when changes occur in that environment. However, at any given moment, there are a multitude of potential changes of behavioral significance that could occur. Here we investigate how knowledge about the space of possible changes affects human change point detection. We used a stochastic auditory change point detection task that allowed model-free and model-based characterization of the decision process people employ. We found that subjects can simultaneously apply distinct timescales of evidence evaluation to the same stream of evidence when there are multiple types of changes possible. Informative cues that specified the nature of the change led to improved accuracy for change point detection through mechanisms involving both the timescales of evidence evaluation and adjustments of decision bounds. These results establish three important capacities of information processing for decision making that any proposed neural mechanism of evidence evaluation must be able to support: the ability to simultaneously employ multiple timescales of evidence evaluation, the ability to rapidly adjust those timescales, and the ability to modify the amount of information required to make a decision in the context of flexible timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa Booras
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Tanner Stevenson
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Connor N. McCormack
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA
| | - Marie E. Rhoads
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.19006.3e0000 0000 9632 6718Department of Neuroscience, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Timothy D. Hanks
- grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA USA ,grid.27860.3b0000 0004 1936 9684Department of Neurology, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA USA
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99947
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Ferretjans R, de Souza RP, Panizzutti B, Ferrari P, Mantovani L, de Campos-Carli SM, Santos RR, Guimarães FC, Teixeira AL, Gama CS, Salgado JV. Cannabinoid receptor gene polymorphisms and cognitive performance in patients with schizophrenia and controls. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 44:26-34. [PMID: 34190825 PMCID: PMC8827365 DOI: 10.1590/1516-4446-2020-1650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To test the hypothesis that genetic variations of cannabinoid receptors contribute to the pathophysiology of cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. Methods: In this genetic association case-control study, cannabinoid receptor polymorphisms CNR1 rs12720071 and CNR2 rs2229579 were tested for association with neurocognitive performance in 69 patients with schizophrenia and 45 healthy controls. Neurocognition was assessed by the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia (BACS). Results: We found a consistent association between CNR1 rs12720071 polymorphism and the cognitive performance of patients in several cognitive domains. Patients with C/C polymorphism presented significantly worse performance in motor speed, verbal fluency, attention/processing speed and reasoning/problem solving. Conclusion: Although limited, our data support the hypothesis that CNR1 variations may be associated with the pathogenesis of cognitive deficits of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ferretjans
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Renan P de Souza
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruna Panizzutti
- The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.,Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Pâmela Ferrari
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento (PPGPSIQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Centro de Pesquisa Experimental, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucas Mantovani
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Salvina M de Campos-Carli
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael R Santos
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C Guimarães
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Antonio L Teixeira
- Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa, Santa Casa BH, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Neuropsychiatry Program, UTHealth Houston, TX, USA
| | - Clarissa S Gama
- Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento (PPGPSIQ), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - João V Salgado
- Programa Interdisciplinar de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.,Departamento de Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, UFMG, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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99948
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Gao S, Xia X, Scheinost D, Mishne G. Smooth graph learning for functional connectivity estimation. Neuroimage 2021; 239:118289. [PMID: 34171497 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional connectivity (FC) estimated from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) signals is important in understanding neural representation and information processing in cortical networks. However, due to a lack of "ground truth" FC pattern, the reliability and robustness of FC estimates are usually examined in downstream FC analysis tasks, such as performing participant's identification (also known as "fingerprinting"). In this paper, we propose to learn FC via a smooth graph learning framework. In particular, we treat each time frame of the fMRI time series as a graph signal on an underlying functional brain graph, and estimate the smooth graph functional connectivity (SGFC) by learning the weighted graph adjacency matrix based on graph signal smoothness assumption. We demonstrate that our approach gives rise to a natural and sparse graph representation of FC from which reliable graph measures can be extracted. Reliability of SGFC is evaluated in the context of fingerprinting and compared to correlation FC (CFC). SGFC achieves higher fingerprinting accuracy across several different experiment settings; the improvement is even more significant when a shorter fMRI scanning length is used for FC estimation. In addition to being reliable, we also validate the cognitive relevance of SGFC by using it to predict fluid intelligence. Finally, in evaluating topological measures of the sparse graph, SGFC reveals a more small-world and modular structure compared to CFC. Together, our results suggest that the smooth graph learning framework produces a naturally sparse, reliable, and cognitive-relevant representation of functional connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Gao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 06520, United States
| | - Xinyue Xia
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 92093, United States
| | - Dustin Scheinost
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Yale University, 06520, United States; Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, 06510, United States; Department of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, 06520, United States; Child Study Center, Yale School of Medicine, 06510, United States
| | - Gal Mishne
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, 92093, United States; Halicioğlu Data Science Institute, University of California San Diego, 92093, United States; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, 92093, United States.
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99949
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Experimental animal studies have revealed mechanisms that link cortical spreading depression (CSD) to the trigeminal activation mediating lateralized headache. However, conventional CSD as seen in lissencephalic brain is insufficient to explain some clinical features of aura and migraine headache. AREAS COVERED The importance of CSD in headache development including dysfunction of the thalamocortical network, neuroinflammation, calcitonin gene-related peptide, transgenic models, and the role of CSD in migraine triggers, treatment options, neuromodulation and future directions are reviewed. EXPERT OPINION The conventional understanding of CSD marching across the hemisphere is invalid in gyrencephalic brains. Thalamocortical dysfunction and interruption of functional cortical network systems by CSD, may provide alternative explanations for clinical manifestations of migraine phases including aura. Not all drugs showing CSD blocking properties in lissencephalic brains, have efficacy in migraine headache and monoclonal antibodies against CGRP ligand/receptors which are effective in migraine treatment, have no impact on aura in humans or CSD properties in rodents. Functional networks and molecular mechanisms mediating and amplifying the effects of limited CSD in migraine brain remain to be investigated to define new targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doga Vuralli
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hulya Karatas
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Muge Yemisci
- Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey.,Institute of Neurological Sciences and Psychiatry, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Hayrunnisa Bolay
- Department of Neurology and Algology, Gazi University Faculty of Medicine, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuropsychiatry Center, Gazi University, Besevler, Ankara, Turkey.,Neuroscience and Neurotechnology Center of Excellence (NÖROM), Ankara, Turkey
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99950
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Balaji S, Kim U, Muthukkaruppan V, Vanniarajan A. Emerging role of tumor microenvironment derived exosomes in therapeutic resistance and metastasis through epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Life Sci 2021; 280:119750. [PMID: 34171378 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment (TME) constitutes multiple cell types including cancerous and non-cancerous cells. The intercellular communication between these cells through TME derived exosomes may either enhance or suppress the tumorigenic processes. The tumor-derived exosomes could convert an anti-tumor environment into a pro-tumor environment by inducing the differentiation of stromal cells into tumor-associated cells. The exosomes from tumor-associated stromal cells reciprocally trigger epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in tumor cells, which impose therapeutic resistance and metastasis. It is well known that these exosomes contain the signals of EMT, but how these signals execute chemoresistance and metastasis in tumors remains elusive. Understanding the significance and molecular signatures of exosomes transmitting EMT signals would aid in developing appropriate methods of inhibiting them. In this review, we focus on molecular signatures of exosomes that shuttle between cancer cells and their stromal populations in TME to explicate their impact on therapeutic resistance and metastasis through EMT. Especially Wnt signaling is found to be involved in multiple ways of exosomal transport and hence we decipher the biomolecules of Wnt signaling trafficked through exosomes and their potential in serving as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekaran Balaji
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Usha Kim
- Department of Orbit, Oculoplasty and Ocular Oncology, Aravind Eye Hospital, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Veerappan Muthukkaruppan
- Department of Immunology and Stem Cell Biology, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India
| | - Ayyasamy Vanniarajan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Aravind Medical Research Foundation, Madurai, Tamil Nadu 625 020, India.
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