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Lee SJ, Lehar A, Meir JU, Koch C, Morgan A, Warren LE, Rydzik R, Youngstrom DW, Chandok H, George J, Gogain J, Michaud M, Stoklasek TA, Liu Y, Germain-Lee EL. Targeting myostatin/activin A protects against skeletal muscle and bone loss during spaceflight. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:23942-23951. [PMID: 32900939 PMCID: PMC7519220 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014716117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the physiological consequences of extended spaceflight are loss of skeletal muscle and bone mass. One signaling pathway that plays an important role in maintaining muscle and bone homeostasis is that regulated by the secreted signaling proteins, myostatin (MSTN) and activin A. Here, we used both genetic and pharmacological approaches to investigate the effect of targeting MSTN/activin A signaling in mice that were sent to the International Space Station. Wild type mice lost significant muscle and bone mass during the 33 d spent in microgravity. Muscle weights of Mstn-/- mice, which are about twice those of wild type mice, were largely maintained during spaceflight. Systemic inhibition of MSTN/activin A signaling using a soluble form of the activin type IIB receptor (ACVR2B), which can bind each of these ligands, led to dramatic increases in both muscle and bone mass, with effects being comparable in ground and flight mice. Exposure to microgravity and treatment with the soluble receptor each led to alterations in numerous signaling pathways, which were reflected in changes in levels of key signaling components in the blood as well as their RNA expression levels in muscle and bone. These findings have implications for therapeutic strategies to combat the concomitant muscle and bone loss occurring in people afflicted with disuse atrophy on Earth as well as in astronauts in space, especially during prolonged missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Jin Lee
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032;
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Adam Lehar
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Jessica U Meir
- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Christina Koch
- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Andrew Morgan
- The National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Lara E Warren
- Center for the Advancement of Science in Space, Houston, TX 77058
| | - Renata Rydzik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Daniel W Youngstrom
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
| | | | - Joshy George
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032
| | | | - Michael Michaud
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032
| | | | - Yewei Liu
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT 06032
| | - Emily L Germain-Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030
- Connecticut Children's Center for Rare Bone Disorders, Farmington, CT 06032
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52
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Shimoide T, Kawao N, Morita H, Ishida M, Takafuji Y, Kaji H. Roles of Olfactomedin 1 in Muscle and Bone Alterations Induced by Gravity Change in Mice. Calcif Tissue Int 2020; 107:180-190. [PMID: 32462291 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-020-00710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Microgravity causes both muscle and bone loss. Although we previously revealed that gravity change influences muscle and bone through the vestibular system in mice, its detailed mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we investigated the roles of olfactomedin 1 (OLFM1), whose expression was upregulated during hypergravity in the soleus muscle, in mouse bone cells. Vestibular lesion significantly blunted OLFM1 expression in the soleus muscle and serum OLFM1 levels enhanced by hypergravity in mice. Moreover, a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitor antagonized shear stress-enhanced OLFM1 expression in C2C12 myotubes. As for the effects of OLFM1 on bone cells, OLFM1 inhibited osteoclast formation from mouse bone marrow cells and mouse preosteoclastic RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, OLFM1 suppressed RANKL expression and nuclear factor-κB signaling in mouse osteoblasts. Serum OLFM1 levels were positively related to OLFM1 mRNA levels in the soleus muscle and trabecular bone mineral density of mice. In conclusion, we first showed that OLFM1 suppresses osteoclast formation and RANKL expression in mouse cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimoide
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Ishida
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Takafuji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, 377-2 Ohnohigashi, Osakasayama, Osaka, 589-8511, Japan.
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53
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Dose-dependent skeletal deficits due to varied reductions in mechanical loading in rats. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:15. [PMID: 32435691 PMCID: PMC7235020 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced skeletal loading leads to marked bone loss. Animal models of hindlimb suspension are widely used to assess alterations in skeleton during the course of complete unloading. More recently, the effects of partial unloading on the musculoskeletal system have been interrogated in mice and rats, revealing dose-dependent effects of partial weight bearing (PWB) on the skeleton and skeletal muscle. Here, we extended these studies to determine the structural and functional skeletal alterations in 14-week-old male Wister rats exposed to 20%, 40%, 70%, or 100% of body weight for 1, 2, or 4 weeks (n = 11-12/group). Using in vivo pQCT, we found that trabecular bone density at the proximal tibia declined in proportion to the degree of unloading and continued progressively with time, without evidence of a plateau by 4 weeks. Ex vivo measurements of trabecular microarchitecture in the distal femur by microcomputed tomography revealed deficits in bone volume fraction, 2 and 4 weeks after unloading. Histologic analyses of trabecular bone in the distal femur revealed the decreased osteoblast number and mineralizing surface in unloaded rats. Three-point bending of the femoral diaphysis indicated modest or no reductions in femoral stiffness and estimated modulus due to PWB. Our results suggest that this rat model of PWB leads to trabecular bone deterioration that is progressive and generally proportional to the degree of PWB, with minimal effects on cortical bone.
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54
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Stavnichuk M, Mikolajewicz N, Corlett T, Morris M, Komarova SV. A systematic review and meta-analysis of bone loss in space travelers. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:13. [PMID: 32411816 PMCID: PMC7200725 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss in space travelers is a major challenge for long-duration space exploration. To quantify microgravity-induced bone loss in humans, we performed a meta-analysis of studies systematically identified from searching Medline, Embase, Web of Science, BIOSIS, NASA Technical reports, and HathiTrust, with the last update in November 2019. From 25 articles selected to minimize the overlap between reported populations, we extracted post-flight bone density values for 148 individuals, and in-flight and post-flight biochemical bone marker values for 124 individuals. A percentage difference in bone density relative to pre-flight was positive in the skull, +2.2% [95% confidence interval: +1.1, +3.3]; neutral in the thorax/upper limbs, −0.7% [−1.3, −0.2]; and negative in the lumbar spine/pelvis, −6.2 [−6.7, −5.6], and lower limbs, −5.4% [−6.0, −4.9]. In the lower limb region, the rate of bone loss was −0.8% [−1.1, −0.5] per month. Bone resorption markers increased hyperbolically with a time to half-max of 11 days [9, 13] and plateaued at 113% [108, 117] above pre-flight levels. Bone formation markers remained unchanged during the first 30 days and increased thereafter at 7% [5, 10] per month. Upon landing, resorption markers decreased to pre-flight levels at an exponential rate that was faster after longer flights, while formation markers increased linearly at 84% [39, 129] per month for 3–5 months post-flight. Microgravity-induced bone changes depend on the skeletal-site position relative to the gravitational vector. Post-flight recovery depends on spaceflight duration and is limited to a short post-flight period during which bone formation exceeds resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya Stavnichuk
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,2Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicholas Mikolajewicz
- 2Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montréal, Canada.,3Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Tatsuya Corlett
- 2Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montréal, Canada.,3Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Martin Morris
- 4Schulich Library of Physical Sciences, Life Sciences and Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Svetlana V Komarova
- 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Canada.,2Shriners Hospital for Children-Canada, Montréal, Canada.,3Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
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55
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Steczina S, Tahimic CGT, Pendleton M, M'Saad O, Lowe M, Alwood JS, Halloran BP, Globus RK, Schreurs AS. Dietary countermeasure mitigates simulated spaceflight-induced osteopenia in mice. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6484. [PMID: 32300161 PMCID: PMC7162976 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63404-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight is a unique environment that includes at least two factors which can negatively impact skeletal health: microgravity and ionizing radiation. We have previously shown that a diet supplemented with dried plum powder (DP) prevented radiation-induced bone loss in mice. In this study, we investigated the capacity of the DP diet to prevent bone loss in mice following exposure to simulated spaceflight, combining microgravity (by hindlimb unloading) and radiation exposure. The DP diet was effective at preventing most decrements in bone micro-architectural and mechanical properties due to hindlimb unloading alone and simulated spaceflight. Furthermore, we show that the DP diet can protect osteoprogenitors from impairments resulting from simulated microgravity. Based on our findings, a dietary supplementation with DP could be an effective countermeasure against the skeletal deficits observed in astronauts during spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonette Steczina
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Candice G T Tahimic
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA.,KBR, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Megan Pendleton
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Ons M'Saad
- Space Life Sciences Training Program, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Moniece Lowe
- Blue Marble Space Institute of Science, Seattle, WA, 98154, USA.,Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Joshua S Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Bernard P Halloran
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Ruth K Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, 94035, USA. .,Universities Space Research Association, Moffett Field, CA, USA.
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56
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Sibonga JD, Spector ER, Keyak JH, Zwart SR, Smith SM, Lang TF. Use of Quantitative Computed Tomography to Assess for Clinically-relevant Skeletal Effects of Prolonged Spaceflight on Astronaut Hips. J Clin Densitom 2020; 23:155-164. [PMID: 31558405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In 2010, experts in osteoporosis and bone densitometry were convened by the Space Life Sciences Directorate at NASA Johnson Space Center to identify a skeletal outcome in astronauts after spaceflight that would require a clinical response to address fracture risk. After reviewing astronaut data, experts expressed concern over discordant patterns in loss and recovery of bone mineral density (BMD) after spaceflight as monitored by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT). The pilot study described herein demonstrates the use of QCT to evaluate absence of recovery in hip trabecular BMD by QCT as an indicator of a clinically actionable response. METHODOLOGY QCT and DXA scans of both hips were performed on 10 astronauts: once preflight and twice postflight about 1 wk and 1 yr after return. If trabecular BMD had not returned to baseline (i.e., within QCT measurement error) in 1 or both hips 1 yr after flight, then another QCT hip scan was obtained at 2 yr after flight. RESULTS Areal BMD by DXA recovered in 9 of 10 astronauts at 1 yr postflight while incomplete recovery of trabecular BMD by QCT was evident in 5 of 10 astronauts and persisted in 4 of the 5 astronauts 2 yr postflight. CONCLUSION As an adjunct to DXA, QCT is needed to detect changes to hip trabecular BMD after spaceflight and to confirm complete recovery. Incomplete recovery at 2 yr should trigger the need for further evaluation and possible intervention to mitigate premature fragility and fractures in astronauts following long-duration spaceflight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean D Sibonga
- Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Elisabeth R Spector
- Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences Division, KBR, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Joyce H Keyak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Biomedical Engineering, and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Sara R Zwart
- University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Scott M Smith
- Biomedical Research & Environmental Sciences Division, NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Thomas F Lang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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57
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Albuquerque RBD, Geraldes AAR, Rangoussis B, Fonseca FDS, Nascimento Neto DDC, Oliveira ACCD. SWIMMING AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY: A SPORT WITHOUT OSTEOGENIC STIMULATION? REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202602216728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: The osteogenic effects generated by different sports are the subject of a growing number of research projects. Regular physical activity is one of the main recommendations for the stimulation of bone mineral density (BMD). However, evidence has shown that not all physical activities promote similar effects. In this context, the osteogenic effects of swimming need to be clarified. Objective: To verify and compare total and regional BMD levels between male and female swimming athletes and university non-athletes. Methods: The sample, composed of 60 participants of both sexes, was divided into two groups: 30 swimming athletes (GA): 15 men (22.2 ± 3.92 years; 73.61 ± 16.55 kg; 1.76 ± 0.08 m) and 15 women (21.91 ± 2.21 years; 53.15 ± 8.36 kg; 1.64 ± 0.06 m) and a control group (CG): 30 university non-athletes: 15 men (20.73 ± 1.27 years; 74.4 ± 5.54 kg, 1.74 ± 0.04 m) and 15 women (19.93 ± 2.05 years; 59.72 ± 1.33 kg; 1.63 ± 0.004 m). BMD (total, arms, legs, pelvis and spine) was measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The results were compared with one-way ANOVA using Scheffé's post hoc test, when necessary. Results: When compared with the women, the men of both groups presented superior results for all BMD values analyzed. In addition, GA had higher BMD of arms and spine when compared to the CG, both for males (p = 0.016 and p = 0.001, respectively) and females (p = 0.0001 and p = 0.011, respectively). Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that young male adults, athletes and non-athletes, present higher levels of BMD than their peers of the opposite sex. In addition, the results suggest that when undertaken for competitive purposes and with a weekly training volume of 12 hours or more, swimming may be beneficial for the bone development of young athletes when compared to non-athlete controls. Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Barbosa de Albuquerque
- Universidade Federal de Sergipe, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Brazil
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Morita H, Kaji H, Ueta Y, Abe C. Understanding vestibular-related physiological functions could provide clues on adapting to a new gravitational environment. J Physiol Sci 2020; 70:17. [PMID: 32169037 PMCID: PMC7069930 DOI: 10.1186/s12576-020-00744-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The peripheral vestibular organs are sensors for linear acceleration (gravity and head tilt) and rotation. Further, they regulate various body functions, including body stability, ocular movement, autonomic nerve activity, arterial pressure, body temperature, and muscle and bone metabolism. The gravitational environment influences these functions given the highly plastic responsiveness of the vestibular system. This review demonstrates that hypergravity or microgravity induces changes in vestibular-related physiological functions, including arterial pressure, muscle and bone metabolism, feeding behavior, and body temperature. Hopefully, this review contributes to understanding how human beings can adapt to a new gravitational environment, including the moon and Mars, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osakasayama, 589-8511, Japan
| | - Yoichi Ueta
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Kitakyushu, 807-8555, Japan
| | - Chikara Abe
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, 501-1194, Japan
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59
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Recombinant Irisin Prevents the Reduction of Osteoblast Differentiation Induced by Stimulated Microgravity through Increasing β-Catenin Expression. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041259. [PMID: 32070052 PMCID: PMC7072919 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Irisin, a novel exercise-induced myokine, was shown to mediate beneficial effects of exercise in osteoporosis. Microgravity is a major threat to bone homeostasis of astronauts during long-term spaceflight, which results in decreased bone formation. Methods: The hind-limb unloading mice model and a random position machine are respectively used to simulate microgravity in vivo and in vitro. Results: We demonstrate that not only are bone formation and osteoblast differentiation decreased, but the expression of fibronectin type III domain-containing 5 (Fdnc5; irisin precursor) is also downregulated under simulated microgravity. Moreover, a lower dose of recombinant irisin (r-irisin) (1 nM) promotes osteogenic marker gene (alkaline phosphatase (Alp), collagen type 1 alpha-1(ColIα1)) expressions, ALP activity, and calcium deposition in primary osteoblasts, with no significant effect on osteoblast proliferation. Furthermore, r-irisin could recover the decrease in osteoblast differentiation induced by simulated microgravity. We also find that r-irisin increases β-catenin expression and partly neutralizes the decrease in β-catenin expression induced by simulated microgravity. In addition, β-catenin overexpression could also in part attenuate osteoblast differentiation reduction induced by simulated microgravity. Conclusions: The present study is the first to show that r-irisin positively regulates osteoblast differentiation under simulated microgravity through increasing β-catenin expression, which may reveal a novel mechanism, and it provides a prevention strategy for bone loss and muscle atrophy induced by microgravity.
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Kwok A, Rosas S, Bateman TA, Livingston E, Smith TL, Moore J, Zawieja DC, Hampton T, Mao XW, Delp MD, Willey JS. Altered rodent gait characteristics after ~35 days in orbit aboard the International Space Station. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2020; 24:9-17. [PMID: 31987483 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The long-term adaptations to microgravity and other spaceflight challenges within the confines of a spacecraft, and readaptations to weight-bearing upon reaching a destination, are unclear. While post-flight gait change in astronauts have been well documented and reflect multi-system deficits, no data from rodents have been collected. Thus, the purpose of this study was to evaluate gait changes in response to spaceflight. A prospective collection of gait data was collected on 3 groups of mice: those who spent~35 days in orbit (FLIGHT) aboard the International Space Station (ISS); a ground-based control with the same habitat conditions as ISS (Ground Control; GC); and a vivarium control with typical rodent housing conditions (VIV). Pre-flight and post-flight gait measurements were conducted utilizing an optimized and portable gait analysis system (DigiGait, Mouse Specifics, Inc). The total data acquisition time for gait patterns of FLIGHT and control mice was 1.5-5 min/mouse, allowing all 20 mice per group to be assessed in less than an hour. Patterns of longitudinal gait changes were observed in the hind limbs and the forelimbs of the FLIGHT mice after ~35 days in orbit; few differences were observed in gait characteristics within the GC and VIV controls from the initial to the final gait assessment, and between groups. For FLIGHT mice, 12 out of 18 of the evaluated gait characteristics in the hind limbs were significantly changed, including: stride width variability; stride length and variance; stride, swing, and stance duration; paw angle and area at peak stance; and step angle, among others. Gait characteristics that decreased included stride frequency, and others. Moreover, numerous forelimb gait characteristics in the FLIGHT mice were changed at post-flight measures relative to pre-flight. This rapid DigiGait gait measurement tool and customized spaceflight protocol is useful for providing preliminary insight into how spaceflight could affect multiple systems in rodents in which deficits are reflected by altered gait characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Kwok
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Samuel Rosas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Ted A Bateman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Eric Livingston
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Thomas L Smith
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - Joseph Moore
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States
| | - David C Zawieja
- Department of Medical Physiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Tom Hampton
- Mouse Specifics, Framingham, MA, United States
| | - Xiao W Mao
- Department of Basic Sciences, Division of Biomedical Engineering Sciences (BMES), Loma Linda University School of Medicine and Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA, United States
| | - Michael D Delp
- Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Willey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, United States.
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Coulombe JC, Senwar B, Ferguson VL. Spaceflight-Induced Bone Tissue Changes that Affect Bone Quality and Increase Fracture Risk. Curr Osteoporos Rep 2020; 18:1-12. [PMID: 31897866 DOI: 10.1007/s11914-019-00540-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Bone mineral density and systemic factors are used to assess skeletal health in astronauts. Yet, even in a general population, these measures fail to accurately predict when any individual will fracture. This review considers how long-duration human spaceflight requires evaluation of additional bone structural and material quality measures that contribute to microgravity-induced skeletal fragility. RECENT FINDINGS In both humans and small animal models following spaceflight, bone mass is compromised via reduced bone formation and elevated resorption levels. Concurrently, bone structural quality (e.g., trabecular microarchitecture) is diminished and the quality of bone material is reduced via impaired tissue mineralization, maturation, and maintenance (e.g., mediated by osteocytes). Bone structural and material quality are both affected by microgravity and may, together, jeopardize astronaut operational readiness and lead to increased fracture risk upon return to gravitational loading. Future studies need to directly evaluate how bone quality combines with diminished bone mass to influence bone strength and toughness (e.g., resistance to fracture). Bone quality assessment promises to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer C Coulombe
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Bhavya Senwar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Virginia L Ferguson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Colorado, UCB 427, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioFrontiers Institute, University of Colorado, UCB 596, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
- BioServe Space Technologies, University of Colorado, UCB 429, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA.
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Burkhart K, Allaire B, Anderson DE, Lee D, Keaveny TM, Bouxsein ML. Effects of Long-Duration Spaceflight on Vertebral Strength and Risk of Spine Fracture. J Bone Miner Res 2020; 35:269-276. [PMID: 31670861 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although the negative impact of long-duration spaceflight on spine BMD has been reported, its impact on vertebral strength and risk of vertebral fracture remains unknown. This study examined 17 crewmembers with long-duration service on the International Space Station in whom computed tomography (CT) scans of the lumbar spine (L1 and L2 ) were collected preflight, immediately postflight and 1 to 4 years after return to Earth. We assessed vertebral strength via CT-based finite element analysis (CT-FEA) and spinal loading during different activities via subject-specific musculoskeletal models. Six months of spaceflight reduced vertebral strength by 6.1% (-2.3%, -8.7%) (median [interquartile range]) compared to preflight (p < 0.05), with 65% of subjects experiencing deficits of greater than 5%, and strengths were not recovered up to 4 years after the mission. This decline in vertebral strength exceeded (p < 0.05) the 2.2% (-1.3%, -6.0%) decline in lumbar spine DXA-BMD. Further, the subject-specific changes in vertebral strength were not correlated with the changes in DXA-BMD. Although spinal loading increased slightly postflight, the ratio of vertebral compressive load to vertebral strength for typical daily activities remained well below a value of 1.0, indicating a low risk of vertebral fracture despite the loss in vertebral strength. However, for more strenuous activity, the postflight load-to-strength ratios ranged from 0.3 to 0.7, indicating a moderate risk of vertebral fracture in some individuals. Our findings suggest persistent deficits in vertebral strength following long-duration spaceflight, and although risk of vertebral fracture remains low for typical activities, the risk of vertebral fracture is notable in some crewmembers for strenuous exercise requiring maximal effort. © 2019 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Burkhart
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brett Allaire
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dennis E Anderson
- Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Tony M Keaveny
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Mary L Bouxsein
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology Program, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Center for Advanced Orthopaedic Studies, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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63
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Axpe E, Chan D, Abegaz MF, Schreurs AS, Alwood JS, Globus RK, Appel EA. A human mission to Mars: Predicting the bone mineral density loss of astronauts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0226434. [PMID: 31967993 PMCID: PMC6975633 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A round-trip human mission to Mars is anticipated to last roughly three years. Spaceflight conditions are known to cause loss of bone mineral density (BMD) in astronauts, increasing bone fracture risk. There is an urgent need to understand BMD progression as a function of spaceflight time to minimize associated health implications and ensure mission success. Here we introduce a nonlinear mathematical model of BMD loss for candidate human missions to Mars: (i) Opposition class trajectory (400-600 days), and (ii) Conjunction class trajectory (1000-1200 days). Using femoral neck BMD data (N = 69) from astronauts after 132-day and 228-day spaceflight and the World Health Organization's fracture risk recommendation, we predicted post-mission risk and associated osteopathology. Our model predicts 62% opposition class astronauts and 100% conjunction class astronauts will develop osteopenia, with 33% being at risk for osteoporosis. This model can help in implementing countermeasure strategies and inform space agencies' choice of crew candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eneko Axpe
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, California, United States of America
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Doreen Chan
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Metadel F. Abegaz
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, California, United States of America
| | - Ann-Sofie Schreurs
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, California, United States of America
| | - Joshua S. Alwood
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth K. Globus
- Space Biosciences Division, NASA-Ames Research Center, California, United States of America
| | - Eric A. Appel
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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64
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DeLong A, Friedman MA, Tucker SM, Krause AR, Kunselman A, Donahue HJ, Lewis GS. Protective Effects of Controlled Mechanical Loading of Bone in C57BL6/J Mice Subject to Disuse. JBMR Plus 2019; 4:e10322. [PMID: 32161839 PMCID: PMC7059829 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged reduction in weightbearing causes bone loss. Disuse of bone is associated with recovery from common musculoskeletal injury and trauma, bed rest resulting from various medical conditions, and spaceflight. The hindlimb‐suspension rodent model is popular for simulating unloading and disuse. We hypothesized that controlled mechanical loading of the tibia would protect against bone loss occurring from concurrent disuse. Additionally, we hypothesized that areas of high mechanical peak strains (midshaft) would provide more protection than areas of lower strain (distal shaft). Adult C57BL6/J mice were suspended for 3 weeks, with one limb subjected to tibial compression four times per week. μCT imaging was completed at days 0, 11, and 21, in addition to serum analysis. Significant bone loss caused by hindlimb suspension was detected in trabecular bone by day 11 and worsened by day 21 (p < 0.05). Bone loss was also detected in cortical thickness and area fraction by day 21. However, four short bouts per week of compressive loading protected the loaded limb from much of this bone loss. At day 21, we observed a 50% loss in trabecular bone volume/total volume and a 6% loss in midshaft cortical thickness in unloaded limbs, but only 15% and 2% corresponding losses in contralateral loaded limbs (p = 0.001 and p = 0.02). Many bone geometry parameters of the loaded limbs of suspended animals did not significantly differ from non‐suspended control limbs. Conversely, this protective effect of loading was not detected in cortical bone at the lower‐strained distal shaft. Analysis of bone metabolism markers suggested that the benefits of loading occurred through increased formation instead of decreased resorption. This study uniquely isolates the role of externally applied mechanical loading of the mouse tibia, in the absence of muscle stimulation, in protecting bone from concurrent disuse‐related loss, and demonstrates that limited bouts of loading may be highly effective during prolonged disuse. © 2019 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex DeLong
- Department of Comparative Medicine Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
| | - Michael A Friedman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Scott M Tucker
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, & Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
| | - Andrew R Krause
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, & Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
| | - Allen Kunselman
- Department of Public Health Sciences Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
| | - Henry J Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA USA
| | - Gregory S Lewis
- Department of Orthopaedics & Rehabilitation, & Center for Orthopaedic Research and Translational Science Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine Hershey PA USA
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65
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Sibonga J, Matsumoto T, Jones J, Shapiro J, Lang T, Shackelford L, Smith SM, Young M, Keyak J, Kohri K, Ohshima H, Spector E, LeBlanc A. Resistive exercise in astronauts on prolonged spaceflights provides partial protection against spaceflight-induced bone loss. Bone 2019; 128:112037. [PMID: 31400472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bone loss in astronauts during spaceflight may be a risk factor for osteoporosis, fractures and renal stone formation. We previously reported that the bisphosphonate alendronate, combined with exercise that included an Advanced Resistive Exercise Device (ARED), can prevent or attenuate group mean declines in areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measured soon after ~ 6-month spaceflights aboard the International Space Station (ISS). It is unclear however if the beneficial effects on postflight aBMD were due to individual or combined effects of alendronate and ARED. Hence, 10 additional ISS astronauts were recruited who used the ARED (ARED group) without drug administration using similar measurements in the previous study, i.e., densitometry, biochemical assays and analysis of finite element (FE) models. In addition densitometry data (DXA and QCT only) were compared to published data from crewmembers (n = 14-18) flown prior to in-flight access to the ARED (Pre-ARED). Group mean changes from preflight (± SD %) were used to evaluate effects of countermeasures as sequentially modified on the ISS (i.e., Pre-ARED vs. ARED; ARED vs. Bis+ARED). Spaceflight durations were not significantly different between groups. Postflight bone density measurements were significantly reduced from preflight in the Pre-ARED group. As previously reported, combined Bis+ARED prevented declines in all DXA and QCT hip densitometry and in estimates of FE hip strengths; increased the aBMD of lumbar spine; and prevented elevations in urinary markers for bone resorption during spaceflight. ARED without alendronate partially attenuated declines in bone mass but did not suppress biomarkers for bone resorption or prevent trabecular bone loss. Resistive exercise in the ARED group did not prevent declines in hip trabecular vBMD, but prevented reductions in cortical vBMD of the femoral neck, in FE estimate of hip strength for non-linear stance (NLS) and in aBMD of the femoral neck. We conclude that a bisphosphonate, when combined with resistive exercise, enhances the preservation of bone mass because of the added suppression of bone resorption in trabecular bone compartment not evident with ARED alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sibonga
- Human Health & Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - T Matsumoto
- Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Tokushima, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - J Jones
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - J Shapiro
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA.
| | - T Lang
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - L Shackelford
- Human Health & Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - S M Smith
- Human Health & Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - M Young
- Human Health & Performance Directorate, NASA Johnson Space Center, 2101 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - J Keyak
- Department of Radiological Sciences, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
| | - K Kohri
- Department of Nephrology, Nagoya City University, Kawasumi, Mizuho-cho, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan.
| | - H Ohshima
- Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba Space Center, 2-1-1 Sengen, Tsukuba-Shi, Ibaraki 305-8505, Japan.
| | - E Spector
- KBRwyle, 2400 NASA Parkway, Houston, TX 77058, USA.
| | - A LeBlanc
- Center for Space Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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66
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Maupin KA, Childress P, Brinker A, Khan F, Abeysekera I, Aguilar IN, Olivos DJ, Adam G, Savaglio MK, Ganesh V, Gorden R, Mannfeld R, Beckner E, Horan DJ, Robling AG, Chakraborty N, Gautam A, Hammamieh R, Kacena MA. Skeletal adaptations in young male mice after 4 weeks aboard the International Space Station. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:21. [PMID: 31583271 PMCID: PMC6760218 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0081-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gravity has an important role in both the development and maintenance of bone mass. This is most evident in the rapid and intense bone loss observed in both humans and animals exposed to extended periods of microgravity in spaceflight. Here, cohabitating 9-week-old male C57BL/6 mice resided in spaceflight for ~4 weeks. A skeletal survey of these mice was compared to both habitat matched ground controls to determine the effects of microgravity and baseline samples in order to determine the effects of skeletal maturation on the resulting phenotype. We hypothesized that weight-bearing bones would experience an accelerated loss of bone mass compared to non-weight-bearing bones, and that spaceflight would also inhibit skeletal maturation in male mice. As expected, spaceflight had major negative effects on trabecular bone mass of the following weight-bearing bones: femur, tibia, and vertebrae. Interestingly, as opposed to the bone loss traditionally characterized for most weight-bearing skeletal compartments, the effects of spaceflight on the ribs and sternum resembled a failure to accumulate bone mass. Our study further adds to the insight that gravity has site-specific influences on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Maupin
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Paul Childress
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA.,2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Alexander Brinker
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Faisal Khan
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Irushi Abeysekera
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Izath Nizeet Aguilar
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - David J Olivos
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA.,3Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA.,4Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Gremah Adam
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Michael K Savaglio
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Venkateswaran Ganesh
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Riley Gorden
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Rachel Mannfeld
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Elliott Beckner
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Daniel J Horan
- 2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA.,5Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- 2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA.,5Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Nabarun Chakraborty
- 6U.S. Army Center for Environmental Health Research, Fort Detrick, MD USA.,7Geneva Foundation, Fort Detrick, MD USA
| | | | | | - Melissa A Kacena
- 1Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA.,2Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, IN USA.,5Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN USA
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67
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Roncen R, Fellah ZEA, Piot E, Ogam E. Bayesian inference of a human bone and biomaterials using ultrasonic transmitted signals. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2019; 146:1629. [PMID: 31590502 DOI: 10.1121/1.5125263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic techniques could be good candidates to aid the assessment of osteoporosis detection, due to their non-intrusiveness and low cost. While earlier studies made use of the measured ultrasonic phase velocity and attenuation inside the bone, very few have considered an inverse identification of both the intrinsic pore microstructure and the mechanical properties of the bone, based on Biot's model. The main purpose of this work is to present an in vitro methodology for bone identification, adopting a statistical Bayesian inference technique using ultrasonic transmitted signals, which allows the retrieval of the identified parameters and their uncertainty. In addition to the bone density, Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio, the bone pore microstructure parameters (porosity, tortuosity, and viscous length) are identified. These additional microstructural terms could improve the knowledge on the correlations between bone microstructure and bone diseases, since they provide more information on the trabecular structure. In general, the exact properties of the saturating fluid are unknown (bone marrow and blood in the case of bone study) so in this work, the fluid properties (water) are identified during the inference as a proof of concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Roncen
- ONERA/Département Multi-Physique pour l'énergétique, Université de Toulouse, F-31055, Toulouse, France
| | - Z E A Fellah
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7031, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
| | - E Piot
- ONERA/Département Multi-Physique pour l'énergétique, Université de Toulouse, F-31055, Toulouse, France
| | - E Ogam
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et d'Acoustique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7031, Aix-Marseille Université, Centrale Marseille, F-13402 Marseille Cedex 20, France
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68
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The effects of spaceflight and fracture healing on distant skeletal sites. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11419. [PMID: 31388031 PMCID: PMC6684622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47695-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Spaceflight results in reduced mechanical loading of the skeleton, which leads to dramatic bone loss. Low bone mass is associated with increased fracture risk, and this combination may compromise future, long-term, spaceflight missions. Here, we examined the systemic effects of spaceflight and fracture surgery/healing on several non-injured bones within the axial and appendicular skeleton. Forty C57BL/6, male mice were randomized into the following groups: (1) Sham surgery mice housed on the earth (Ground + Sham); (2) Femoral segmental bone defect surgery mice housed on the earth (Ground + Surgery); (3) Sham surgery mice housed in spaceflight (Flight + Sham); and (4) Femoral segmental bone defect surgery mice housed in spaceflight (Flight + Surgery). Mice were 9 weeks old at the time of launch and were euthanized approximately 4 weeks after launch. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) was used to evaluate standard bone parameters in the tibia, humerus, sternebra, vertebrae, ribs, calvarium, mandible, and incisor. One intriguing finding was that both spaceflight and surgery resulted in virtually identical losses in tibial trabecular bone volume fraction, BV/TV (24–28% reduction). Another important finding was that surgery markedly changed tibial cortical bone geometry. Understanding how spaceflight, surgery, and their combination impact non-injured bones will improve treatment strategies for astronauts and terrestrial humans alike.
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69
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Ratushnyy A, Yakubets D, Andreeva E, Buravkova L. Simulated microgravity modulates the mesenchymal stromal cell response to inflammatory stimulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9279. [PMID: 31243304 PMCID: PMC6594925 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45741-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The duration and distance of manned space flights emphasizes the importance of advanced elucidation of space flight factors and their effects on human beings. The exposure to inflammatory mediators under microgravity may contribute to the activity of different cells, perivascular stromal cells (MSCs) in particular. Inflammatory activation is now considered as a principal cue of MSC engagement in reparative remodeling. In the present paper, the effect of simulated microgravity (sµg) on TNFα-mediated priming of adipose tissue-derived MSC (ASCs) was examined. Sµg per se did not induce inflammatory-related changes, such as elevation of ICAM-1 and HLA-ABC expression, soluble mediator production, or shifting of the transcription profile in ASCs. Moreover, the attenuated ASC response to TNFα priming under sµg was manifested in decreased production of TNFα-dependent pleiotropic cytokines (IL-8 and MCP-1), matrix remodeling proteases, and downregulation of some genes encoding growth factors and cytokines. Time-dependent analysis detected the first signs of priming attenuation after 48 hours of 3D-clinorotation. A reduced response of MSCs to priming under sµg can be a negative factor in terms of MSC involvement in tissue remodeling processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Ratushnyy
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russia Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
| | - Danila Yakubets
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russia Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
| | - Elena Andreeva
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russia Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia
| | - Ludmila Buravkova
- Lab. of Cell Physiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems of Russia Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123007, Russia.
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70
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Millet GP. Space Medicine in the Era of Civilian Spaceflight. N Engl J Med 2019; 380:e50. [PMID: 31216414 DOI: 10.1056/nejmc1905104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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71
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Prospective case series. OBJECTIVE Determine the extent of paraspinal muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and attenuation change after long-duration spaceflight and recovery on Earth. Determine association between in-flight exercise and muscle atrophy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Long-duration spaceflight leads to marked muscle atrophy. However, another negative consequence of disuse is intramuscular fatty infiltration. Notably, few studies have investigated the effects of spaceflight on intramuscular fatty infiltration, or how muscle atrophy is associated with in-flight exercise. METHODS We analyzed computed tomography scans of the lumbar spine (L1/L2) from 17 long-duration astronauts and cosmonauts to determine paraspinal muscle CSA and attenuation. Computed tomography scans were collected preflight, postflight, 1-year postflight, and, in a subset, 2 to 4 years postflight. We measured CSA (mm) and attenuation (Hounsfield Units) of the erector spinae (ES), multifidus (MF), psoas (PS), and quadratus lumborum (QL) muscles. We used paired t tests to compare muscle morphology at each postflight time point to preflight values and Pearson correlation coefficients to determine the association between muscle changes and in-flight exercise. RESULTS ES, MF, and QL CSA and attenuation were significantly decreased postflight compared with preflight (-4.6% to -8.4% and -5.9% to -8.8%, respectively, p < 0.05 for all). CSA of these muscles equaled or exceeded preflight values upon Earth recovery, however QL and PS attenuation remained below preflight values at 2 to 4 years postflight. More resistance exercise was associated with less decline in ES and MF CSA, but greater decline in PS CSA. Increased cycle ergometer exercise was associated with less decline of QL CSA. There were no associations between in-flight exercise and muscle attenuation. CONCLUSION Both CSA and attenuation of paraspinal muscles decline after long-duration spaceflight, but while CSA returns to preflight values within 1 year of recovery, PS and QL muscle attenuation remain reduced even 2 to 4 years postflight. Spaceflight-induced changes in paraspinal muscle morphology may contribute to back pain commonly reported in astronauts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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72
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A comparison of exercise interventions from bed rest studies for the prevention of musculoskeletal loss. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:12. [PMID: 31098391 PMCID: PMC6506471 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0073-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Musculoskeletal loss in actual or simulated microgravity occurs at a high rate. Bed rest studies are a reliable ground-based spaceflight analogue that allow for direct comparison of intervention and control participants. The aim of this review was to investigate the impact of exercise compared to no intervention on bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle cross-sectional area (muscle CSA) in bed rest studies relative to other terrestrial models. Eligible bed rest studies with healthy participants had an intervention arm with an exercise countermeasure and a control arm. A search strategy was implemented for MEDLINE. After screening, eight studies were identified for inclusion. Interventions included resistive exercise (RE), resistive vibration exercise (RVE), flywheel resistive exercise, treadmill exercise with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) and a zero-gravity locomotion simulator (ZLS). Lower limb skeletal sites had the most significant BMD losses, particularly at the hip which reduced in density by 4.59% (p < 0.05) and the tibial epiphysis by 6% (p < 0.05). Exercise attenuated bone loss at the hip and distal tibia compared to controls (p < 0.05). Muscle CSA changes indicated that the calf and quadriceps were most affected by bed rest. Exercise interventions significantly attenuated loss of muscle mass. ZLS, LBNP treadmill and RE significantly attenuated bone and muscle loss at the hip compared to baseline and controls. Despite exercise intervention, high rates of bone loss were still observed. Future studies should consider adding bisphosphonates and pharmacological/nutrition-based interventions for consideration of longer-duration missions. These findings correlate to terrestrial bed rest settings, for example, stroke or spinal-injury patients.
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73
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Hip load capacity cut-points for Astronaut Skeletal Health NASA Finite Element Strength Task Group Recommendations. NPJ Microgravity 2019; 5:6. [PMID: 30886891 PMCID: PMC6418107 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-019-0066-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerns raised at a 2010 Bone Summit held for National Aeronautics and Space Administration Johnson Space Center led experts in finite element (FE) modeling for hip fracture prediction to propose including hip load capacity in the standards for astronaut skeletal health. The current standards for bone are based upon areal bone mineral density (aBMD) measurements by dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and an adaptation of aBMD cut-points for fragility fractures. Task Group members recommended (i) a minimum permissible outcome limit (POL) for post-mission hip bone load capacity, (ii) use of FE hip load capacity to further screen applicants to astronaut corps, (iii) a minimum pre-flight standard for a second long-duration mission, and (iv) a method for assessing which post-mission physical activities might increase an astronaut’s risk for fracture after return. QCT-FE models of eight astronaut were analyzed using nonlinear single-limb stance (NLS) and posterolateral fall (NLF) loading configurations. QCT data from the Age Gene/Environment Susceptibility (AGES) Reykjavik cohort and the Rochester Epidemiology Project were analyzed using identical modeling procedures. The 75th percentile of NLS hip load capacity for fractured elderly males of the AGES cohort (9537N) was selected as a post-mission POL. The NLF model, in combination with a Probabilistic Risk Assessment tool, was used to assess the likelihood of exceeding the hip load capacity during post-flight activities. There was no recommendation to replace the current DXA-based standards. However, FE estimation of hip load capacity appeared more meaningful for younger, physically active astronauts and was recommended to supplement aBMD cut-points.
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Li WY, Li XY, Tian YH, Chen XR, Zhou J, Zhu BY, Xi HR, Gao YH, Xian CJ, Chen KM. Pulsed electromagnetic fields prevented the decrease of bone formation in hindlimb-suspended rats by activating sAC/cAMP/PKA/CREB signaling pathway. Bioelectromagnetics 2018; 39:569-584. [PMID: 30350869 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microgravity is one of the main threats to the health of astronauts. Pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) have been considered as one of the potential countermeasures for bone loss induced by space flight. However, the optimal therapeutic parameters of PEMFs have not been obtained and the action mechanism is still largely unknown. In this study, a set of optimal therapeutic parameters for PEMFs (50 Hz, 0.6 mT 50% duty cycle and 90 min/day) selected based on high-throughput screening with cultured osteoblasts was used to prevent bone loss in rats induced by hindlimb suspension, a commonly accepted animal model to simulate the space environment. It was found that hindlimb suspension for 4 weeks led to significant decreases in femoral and vertebral bone mineral density (BMD) and their maximal loads, severe deterioration in bone micro-structure, and decreases in levels of bone formation markers and increases in bone resorption markers. PEMF treatment prevented about 50% of the decreased BMD and maximal loads, preserved the microstructure of cancellous bone and thickness of cortical bone, and inhibited decreases in bone formation markers. Histological analyses revealed that PEMFs significantly alleviated the reduction in osteoblast number and inhibited the increase in adipocyte number in the bone marrow. PEMFs also blocked decreases in serum levels of parathyroid hormone and its downstream signal molecule cAMP, and maintained the phosphorylation levels of protein kinase A (PKA) and cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). The expression level of soluble adenylyl cyclases (sAC) was also maintained. It therefore can be concluded that PEMFs partially prevented the bone loss induced by weightless environment by maintaining bone formation through signaling of the sAC/cAMP/PKA/CREB pathway. Bioelectromagnetics. 39:569-584, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yuan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China.,Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xue-Yan Li
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yong-Hui Tian
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-Ru Chen
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yanglin, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Ying Zhu
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hui-Rong Xi
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yu-Hai Gao
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
| | - Cory J Xian
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ke-Ming Chen
- Institute of Orthopaedics, Lanzhou General Hospital of CPLA, Lanzhou, China
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Responses to spaceflight of mouse mandibular bone and teeth. Arch Oral Biol 2018; 93:163-176. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Edgell H, Grinberg A, Beavers KR, Gagné N, Hughson RL. Efficacy of fluid loading as a countermeasure to the hemodynamic and hormonal changes of 28-h head-down bed rest. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13874. [PMID: 30298552 PMCID: PMC6175712 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
After exposure to microgravity, or head-down bed rest (HDBR), fluid loading is often used with the intent of increasing plasma volume and maintaining mean arterial pressure during orthostatic stress. Nine men (aged 18-32 years) underwent three randomized trials with lower body negative pressure (LBNP) before and after: (1) 4-h of sitting with fluid loading (1 g sodium chloride/125 mL of water starting 2.5-h before LBNP), (2) 28-h of 6-degree HDBR without fluid loading, and (3) 28-h of 6-degree HDBR with fluid loading. LBNP was progressive from 0 to -40 mmHg. After 28-h HDBR, fluid loading did not protect against the loss of plasma volume (-280 ± 64 mL without fluid loading, -207 ± 86 with fluid loading, P = 0.472) nor did it protect against a drop of mean arterial pressure (P = 0.017) during LBNP (Post-28 h HDBR response from 0 to -40 mmHg LBNP: 88 ± 4 to 85 ± 4 mmHg without fluid loading and 93 ± 4 to 88 ± 5 mmHg with fluid loading, P = 0.557 between trials). However, fluid loading did protect against the loss of stroke volume index and central venous pressure observed after 28-h HDBR. Fluid loading also attenuated the increase of angiotensin II seen after 28-h HDBR and throughout the LBNP protocol (Post-28 h HDBR response from 0 to -40 mmHg LBNP: 16.6 ± 3.4 to 23.7 ± 5.0 pg/mL without fluid loading and 6.1 ± 0.8 to 12.2 ± 2.3 pg/mL with fluid loading, P < 0.001 between trials). Our results indicate that fluid loading did not protect against plasma volume loss due to HDBR or change blood pressure responses to LBNP. However, changes in central venous pressure, stroke volume and fluid regulatory hormones could potentially influence longer duration studies and those with more severe orthostatic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather Edgell
- Faculty of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
- School of Kinesiology and Health SciencesYork UniversityTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Anna Grinberg
- Faculty of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Keith R. Beavers
- Faculty of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Nathalie Gagné
- Faculty of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
| | - Richard L. Hughson
- Faculty of Applied Health SciencesUniversity of WaterlooWaterlooOntarioCanada
- Schlegel‐University of Waterloo Research Institute for AgingWaterlooOntarioCanada
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Salvianolic acid B alleviate the osteoblast activity decreasing under simulated microgravity by Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Scheinpflug J, Pfeiffenberger M, Damerau A, Schwarz F, Textor M, Lang A, Schulze F. Journey into Bone Models: A Review. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E247. [PMID: 29748516 PMCID: PMC5977187 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a complex tissue with a variety of functions, such as providing mechanical stability for locomotion, protection of the inner organs, mineral homeostasis and haematopoiesis. To fulfil these diverse roles in the human body, bone consists of a multitude of different cells and an extracellular matrix that is mechanically stable, yet flexible at the same time. Unlike most tissues, bone is under constant renewal facilitated by a coordinated interaction of bone-forming and bone-resorbing cells. It is thus challenging to recreate bone in its complexity in vitro and most current models rather focus on certain aspects of bone biology that are of relevance for the research question addressed. In addition, animal models are still regarded as the gold-standard in the context of bone biology and pathology, especially for the development of novel treatment strategies. However, species-specific differences impede the translation of findings from animal models to humans. The current review summarizes and discusses the latest developments in bone tissue engineering and organoid culture including suitable cell sources, extracellular matrices and microfluidic bioreactor systems. With available technology in mind, a best possible bone model will be hypothesized. Furthermore, the future need and application of such a complex model will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Scheinpflug
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Moritz Pfeiffenberger
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Alexandra Damerau
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Franziska Schwarz
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Martin Textor
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Annemarie Lang
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
- German Rheumatism Research Centre (DRFZ) Berlin, a Leibniz Institute, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Frank Schulze
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R),10589 Berlin, Germany.
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Zwart SR, Rice BL, Dlouhy H, Shackelford LC, Heer M, Koslovsky MD, Smith SM. Dietary acid load and bone turnover during long-duration spaceflight and bed rest. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 107:834-844. [PMID: 29722847 PMCID: PMC6862931 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bed rest studies document that a lower dietary acid load is associated with lower bone resorption. Objective We tested the effect of dietary acid load on bone metabolism during spaceflight. Design Controlled 4-d diets with a high or low animal protein-to-potassium (APro:K) ratio (High and Low diets, respectively) were given to 17 astronauts before and during spaceflight. Each astronaut had 1 High and 1 Low diet session before flight and 2 High and 2 Low sessions during flight, in addition to a 4-d session around flight day 30 (FD30), when crew members were to consume their typical in-flight intake. At the end of each session, blood and urine samples were collected. Calcium, total protein, energy, and sodium were maintained in each crew member's preflight and in-flight controlled diets. Results Relative to preflight values, N-telopeptide (NTX) and urinary calcium were higher during flight, and bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP) was higher toward the end of flight. The High and Low diets did not affect NTX, BSAP, or urinary calcium. Dietary sulfur and age were significantly associated with changes in NTX. Dietary sodium and flight day were significantly associated with urinary calcium during flight. The net endogenous acid production (NEAP) estimated from the typical dietary intake at FD30 was associated with loss of bone mineral content in the lumbar spine after the mission. The results were compared with data from a 70-d bed rest study, in which control (but not exercising) subjects' APro:K was associated with higher NTX during bed rest. Conclusions Long-term lowering of NEAP by increasing vegetable and fruit intake may protect against changes in loss of bone mineral content during spaceflight when adequate calcium is consumed, particularly if resistive exercise is not being performed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01713634.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Zwart
- Universities Space Research Association, Houston, TX
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Community Health, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX
| | - Barbara L Rice
- Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc., Houston, TX
- KBRwyle, Houston, TX
| | - Holly Dlouhy
- Enterprise Advisory Services, Inc., Houston, TX
- KBRwyle, Houston, TX
| | - Linda C Shackelford
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX
| | - Martina Heer
- Institute of Nutritional and Food Sciences, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Scott M Smith
- Human Health and Performance Directorate, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX
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Bailey JF, Miller SL, Khieu K, O’Neill CW, Healey RM, Coughlin DG, Sayson JV, Chang DG, Hargens AR, Lotz JC. From the international space station to the clinic: how prolonged unloading may disrupt lumbar spine stability. Spine J 2018; 18:7-14. [PMID: 28962911 PMCID: PMC6339989 DOI: 10.1016/j.spinee.2017.08.261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CONTEXT Prolonged microgravity exposure is associated with localized low back pain and an elevated risk of post-flight disc herniation. Although the mechanisms by which microgravity impairs the spine are unclear, they should be foundational for developing in-flight countermeasures for maintaining astronaut spine health. Because human spine anatomy has adapted to upright posture on Earth, observations of how spaceflight affects the spine should also provide new and potentially important information on spine biomechanics that benefit the general population. PURPOSE This study compares quantitative measures of lumbar spine anatomy, health, and biomechanics in astronauts before and after 6 months of microgravity exposure on board the International Space Station (ISS). STUDY DESIGN This is a prospective longitudinal study. SAMPLE Six astronaut crewmember volunteers from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) with 6-month missions aboard the ISS comprised our study sample. OUTCOME MEASURES For multifidus and erector spinae at L3-L4, measures include cross-sectional area (CSA), functional cross-sectional area (FCSA), and FCSA/CSA. Other measures include supine lumbar lordosis (L1-S1), active (standing) and passive (lying) flexion-extension range of motion (FE ROM) for each lumbar disc segment, disc water content from T2-weighted intensity, Pfirrmann grade, vertebral end plate pathology, and subject-reported incidence of chronic low back pain or disc injuries at 1-year follow-up. METHODS 3T magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic fluoroscopy of the lumbar spine were collected for each subject at two time points: approximately 30 days before launch (pre-flight) and 1 day following 6 months spaceflight on the ISS (post-flight). Outcome measures were compared between time points using paired t tests and regression analyses. RESULTS Supine lumbar lordosis decreased (flattened) by an average of 11% (p=.019). Active FE ROM decreased for the middle three lumbar discs (L2-L3: -22.1%, p=.049; L3-L4: -17.3%, p=.016; L4-L5: -30.3%, p=.004). By contrast, no significant passive FE ROM changes in these discs were observed (p>.05). Disc water content did not differ systematically from pre- to post-flight. Multifidus and erector spinae changed variably between subjects, with five of six subjects experiencing an average decrease 20% for FCSA and 8%-9% for CSA in both muscles. For all subjects, changes in multifidus FCSA strongly correlated with changes in lordosis (r2=0.86, p=.008) and active FE ROM at L4-L5 (r2=0.94, p=.007). Additionally, changes in multifidus FCSA/CSA correlated with changes in lordosis (r2=0.69, p=.03). Although multifidus-associated changes in lordosis and ROM were present among all subjects, only those with severe, pre-flight end plate irregularities (two of six subjects) had post-flight lumbar symptoms (including chronic low back pain or disc herniation). CONCLUSIONS We observed that multifidus atrophy, rather than intervertebral disc swelling, associated strongly with lumbar flattening and increased stiffness. Because these changes have been previously linked with detrimental spine biomechanics and pain in terrestrial populations, when combined with evidence of pre-flight vertebral end plate insufficiency, they may elevate injury risk for astronauts upon return to gravity loading. Our results also have implications for deconditioned spines on Earth. We anticipate that our results will inform new astronaut countermeasures that target the multifidus muscles, and research on the role of muscular stability in relation to chronic low back pain and disc injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannie F. Bailey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA
| | - Stephanie L. Miller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA
| | - Kristine Khieu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0863, USA
| | - Conor W. O’Neill
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA
| | - Robert M. Healey
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA
| | - Dezba G. Coughlin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA
| | - Jojo V. Sayson
- Ola Grimsby Institute, 8550 United Plaza Blvd. Baton Rouge, LA 70809, USA
| | - Douglas G. Chang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0863, USA
| | - Alan R. Hargens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Diego, 9452 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037-0863, USA
| | - Jeffrey C. Lotz
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, S1157, San Francisco, CA, 94143-0514, USA,Corresponding author. Orthopaedic Bioengineering Laboratory, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Ave, 11th Floor, S1157, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA. Tel.: 415 476 7881; fax: 415 476 1128. (J.C. Lotz)
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Kawao N, Morita H, Obata K, Tamura Y, Okumoto K, Kaji H. The vestibular system is critical for the changes in muscle and bone induced by hypergravity in mice. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/19/e12979. [PMID: 27697847 PMCID: PMC5064136 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gravity changes concurrently affect muscle and bone as well as induce alterations in vestibular signals. However, the role of vestibular signals in the changes in muscle and bone induced by gravity changes remains unknown. We therefore investigated the effects of vestibular lesions (VL) on the changes in muscle and bone induced by 3 g hypergravity for 4 weeks in C57BL/6J mice. Quantitative computed tomography analysis revealed that hypergravity increased muscle mass surrounding the tibia and trabecular bone mineral content, adjusting for body weight in mice. Hypergravity did not affect cortical bone and fat masses surrounding the tibia. Vestibular lesions blunted the increases in muscle and bone masses induced by hypergravity. Histological analysis showed that hypergravity elevated the cross‐sectional area of myofiber in the soleus muscle. The mRNA levels of myogenic genes such as MyoD, Myf6, and myogenin in the soleus muscle were elevated in mice exposed to hypergravity. Vestibular lesions attenuated myofiber size and the mRNA levels of myogenic differentiation markers enhanced by hypergravity in the soleus muscle. Propranolol, a β‐blocker, antagonized the changes in muscle induced by hypergravity. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that gravity changes affect muscle and bone through vestibular signals and subsequent sympathetic outflow in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Morita
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan Mouse Epigenetics Project, ISS/Kibo Experiment, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Obata
- Department of Physiology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yukinori Tamura
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Okumoto
- Life Science Research Institute, Kindai University, Osakasayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kaji
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osakasayama, Japan
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Spaceflight and Neurosurgery: A Comprehensive Review of the Relevant Literature. World Neurosurg 2017; 109:444-448. [PMID: 29061459 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.10.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spaceflight and the associated gravitational fluctuations may impact various components of the central nervous system. These include changes in intracranial pressure, the spine, and neurocognitive performance. The implications of altered astronaut performance on critical spaceflight missions are potentially significant. The current body of research on this important topic is extremely limited, and a comprehensive review has not been published. Herein, the authors address this notable gap, as well as the role of the neurosurgeon in optimizing potential diagnostic and therapeutic modalities. METHODS A literature search was conducted using the PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases, with no time constraints. Significant manuscripts on physiologic changes associated with spaceflight and microgravity were identified and reviewed. Manifestations were separated into 1 of 3 general categories, including changes in intracranial pressure, the spine, and neurocognitive performance. RESULTS A comprehensive literature review yielded 27 studies with direct relevance to the impact of microgravity and spaceflight on nervous system physiology. This included 7 studies related to intracranial pressure fluctuations, 17 related to changes in the spinal column, and 3 related to neurocognitive change. CONCLUSIONS The microgravity environment encountered during spaceflight impacts intracranial physiology. This includes changes in intracranial pressure, the spinal column, and neurocognitive performance. Herein, we present a systematic review of the published literature on this issue. Neurosurgeons should have a key role in the continued study of this important topic, contributing to both diagnostic and therapeutic understanding.
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Vico L, van Rietbergen B, Vilayphiou N, Linossier MT, Locrelle H, Normand M, Zouch M, Gerbaix M, Bonnet N, Novikov V, Thomas T, Vassilieva G. Cortical and Trabecular Bone Microstructure Did Not Recover at Weight-Bearing Skeletal Sites and Progressively Deteriorated at Non-Weight-Bearing Sites During the Year Following International Space Station Missions. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:2010-2021. [PMID: 28574653 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Risk for premature osteoporosis is a major health concern in astronauts and cosmonauts; the reversibility of the bone lost at the weight-bearing bone sites is not established, although it is suspected to take longer than the mission length. The bone three-dimensional structure and strength that could be uniquely affected by weightlessness is currently unknown. Our objective is to evaluate bone mass, microarchitecture, and strength of weight-bearing and non-weight-bearing bone in 13 cosmonauts before and for 12 months after a 4-month to 6-month sojourn in the International Space Station (ISS). Standard and advanced evaluations of trabecular and cortical parameters were performed using high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography. In particular, cortical analyses involved determination of the largest common volume of each successive individual scan to improve the precision of cortical porosity and density measurements. Bone resorption and formation serum markers, and markers reflecting osteocyte activity or periosteal metabolism (sclerostin, periostin) were evaluated. At the tibia, in addition to decreased bone mineral densities at cortical and trabecular compartments, a 4% decrease in cortical thickness and a 15% increase in cortical porosity were observed at landing. Cortical size and density subsequently recovered and serum periostin changes were associated with cortical recovery during the year after landing. However, tibial cortical porosity or trabecular bone failed to recover, resulting in compromised strength. The radius, preserved at landing, unexpectedly developed postflight fragility, from 3 months post-landing onward, particularly in its cortical structure. Remodeling markers, uncoupled in favor of bone resorption at landing, returned to preflight values within 6 months, then declined farther to lower than preflight values. Our findings highlight the need for specific protective measures not only during, but also after spaceflight, because of continuing uncertainties regarding skeletal recovery long after landing. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Vico
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | | | | | | | - Hervé Locrelle
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Myriam Normand
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Mohamed Zouch
- Laboratory of Exercise Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.,Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, Université de Sfax, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Maude Gerbaix
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Nicolas Bonnet
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Valery Novikov
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Thierry Thomas
- University of Lyon, INSERM, UMR 1059, F-42000 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Galina Vassilieva
- Institute of Biomedical Problems of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Krause AR, Speacht TL, Zhang Y, Lang CH, Donahue HJ. Simulated space radiation sensitizes bone but not muscle to the catabolic effects of mechanical unloading. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0182403. [PMID: 28767703 PMCID: PMC5540592 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0182403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep space travel exposes astronauts to extended periods of space radiation and mechanical unloading, both of which may induce significant muscle and bone loss. Astronauts are exposed to space radiation from solar particle events (SPE) and background radiation referred to as galactic cosmic radiation (GCR). To explore interactions between skeletal muscle and bone under these conditions, we hypothesized that decreased mechanical load, as in the microgravity of space, would lead to increased susceptibility to space radiation-induced bone and muscle loss. We evaluated changes in bone and muscle of mice exposed to hind limb suspension (HLS) unloading alone or in addition to proton and high (H) atomic number (Z) and energy (E) (HZE) (16O) radiation. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice were randomly assigned to six groups: No radiation ± HLS, 50 cGy proton radiation ± HLS, and 50 cGy proton radiation + 10 cGy 16O radiation ± HLS. Radiation alone did not induce bone or muscle loss, whereas HLS alone resulted in both bone and muscle loss. Absolute trabecular and cortical bone volume fraction (BV/TV) was decreased 24% and 6% in HLS-no radiation vs the normally loaded no-radiation group. Trabecular thickness and mineral density also decreased with HLS. For some outcomes, such as BV/TV, trabecular number and tissue mineral density, additional bone loss was observed in the HLS+proton+HZE radiation group compared to HLS alone. In contrast, whereas HLS alone decreased muscle mass (19% gastrocnemius, 35% quadriceps), protein synthesis, and increased proteasome activity, radiation did not exacerbate these catabolic outcomes. Our results suggest that combining simulated space radiation with HLS results in additional bone loss that may not be experienced by muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R. Krause
- Department of Orthopaedics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Toni L. Speacht
- Department of Orthopaedics, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Engineering, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Charles H. Lang
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Henry J. Donahue
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Engineering, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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86
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Cavanagh PR, Rice AJ, Novotny SC, Genc KO, Englehaupt RK, Owings TM, Comstock B, Cardoso T, Ilaslan H, Smith SM, Licata AA. Replacement of daily load attenuates but does not prevent changes to the musculoskeletal system during bed rest. Bone Rep 2017; 5:299-307. [PMID: 28580400 PMCID: PMC5440781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bonr.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The dose-response effects of exercise in reduced gravity on musculoskeletal health have not been well documented. It is not known whether or not individualized exercise prescriptions can be effective in preventing the substantial loss in bone mineral density and muscle function that have been observed in space flight and in bed rest. In this study, typical daily loads to the lower extremities were quantified in free-living subjects who were then randomly assigned to control or exercise groups. Subjects were confined to 6-degree head-down bed rest for 84 days. The exercise group performed individually prescribed 1 g loaded locomotor exercise to replace their free-living daily load. Eleven subjects (5 exercise, 6 control) completed the protocol. Volumetric bone mineral density results from quantitative computed tomography demonstrated that control subjects lost significant amounts of bone in the intertrochanteric and total hip regions (p < 0.0125), whereas the exercise group showed no significant change from baseline in any region (p > 0.0125). Pre-and post-bed rest muscle volumes were calculated from analysis of magnetic resonance imaging data. The exercise group retained a larger percentage of their total quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle volume (− 7.2% ± 5.9, − 13.8% ± 6.1, respectively) than their control counterparts (− 23.3% ± 5.9, − 33.0 ± 8.2, respectively; p < 0.01). Both groups significantly lost strength in several measured activities (p < 0.05). The declines in peak torque during repeated exertions of knee flexion and knee extension were significantly less in the exercise group than in the control group (p < 0.05) but work done was not significantly different between groups (p > 0.05). The decline in VO2max was 17% ± 18 in exercising subjects (p < 0.05) and 31% ± 13 in control subjects (p = 0.003; difference between groups was not significant p = 0.26). Changes in blood and urine measures showed trends but no significant differences between groups (p > 0.05). In summary, the decline in a number of important measures of musculoskeletal and cardiovascular health was attenuated but not eliminated by a subject-specific program of locomotor exercise designed to replace daily load accumulated during free living. We conclude that single daily bouts of exposure to locomotor exercise can play a role in a countermeasures program during bed rest, and perhaps space flight, but are not sufficient in their own right to ensure musculoskeletal or cardiovascular health. Daily loads were quantified in subjects who were then randomly assigned to control or exercise groups. Eleven subjects (5 exercise, 6 control) completed the protocol of 84-days head-down bedrest. In 2 hip regions, bone loss was significant in controls but not in exercising subjects. The exercise group retained a larger percentage ofquadriceps and gastrocnemius muscle volumes and VO2max than controls. 1x day locomotor exercise attenuates changes but does not maintain musculoskeletal or cardiovascular health during bedrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R Cavanagh
- The Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrea J Rice
- The Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sara C Novotny
- The Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kerim O Genc
- The Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356500, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Tammy M Owings
- The Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bryan Comstock
- The Center for Biomedical Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tamre Cardoso
- The Department of Statistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Hakan Ilaslan
- The Department of Radiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | - Angelo A Licata
- The Department of Endocrinology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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87
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Gerbaix M, Gnyubkin V, Farlay D, Olivier C, Ammann P, Courbon G, Laroche N, Genthial R, Follet H, Peyrin F, Shenkman B, Gauquelin-Koch G, Vico L. One-month spaceflight compromises the bone microstructure, tissue-level mechanical properties, osteocyte survival and lacunae volume in mature mice skeletons. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2659. [PMID: 28572612 PMCID: PMC5453937 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03014-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The weightless environment during spaceflight induces site-specific bone loss. The 30-day Bion-M1 mission offered a unique opportunity to characterize the skeletal changes after spaceflight and an 8-day recovery period in mature male C57/BL6 mice. In the femur metaphysis, spaceflight decreased the trabecular bone volume (−64% vs. Habitat Control), dramatically increased the bone resorption (+140% vs. Habitat Control) and induced marrow adiposity invasion. At the diaphysis, cortical thinning associated with periosteal resorption was observed. In the Flight animal group, the osteocyte lacunae displayed a reduced volume and a more spherical shape (synchrotron radiation analyses), and empty lacunae were highly increased (+344% vs. Habitat Control). Tissue-level mechanical cortical properties (i.e., hardness and modulus) were locally decreased by spaceflight, whereas the mineral characteristics and collagen maturity were unaffected. In the vertebrae, spaceflight decreased the overall bone volume and altered the modulus in the periphery of the trabecular struts. Despite normalized osteoclastic activity and an increased osteoblast number, bone recovery was not observed 8 days after landing. In conclusion, spaceflight induces osteocyte death, which may trigger bone resorption and result in bone mass and microstructural deterioration. Moreover, osteocyte cell death, lacunae mineralization and fatty marrow, which are hallmarks of ageing, may impede tissue maintenance and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maude Gerbaix
- French National Centre for Space Studies, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Vasily Gnyubkin
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Delphine Farlay
- INSERM, UMR 1033, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Cécile Olivier
- University of Lyon, INSERM U1206, France and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Patrick Ammann
- Division of Bone Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine Specialties, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Norbert Laroche
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Rachel Genthial
- CNRS UMR 5588, University of Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hélène Follet
- INSERM, UMR 1033, University of Lyon, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, F69622, Lyon, France
| | - Françoise Peyrin
- University of Lyon, INSERM U1206, France and European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, CS40220, 38043, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Boris Shenkman
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Laurence Vico
- INSERM, UMR 1059, University of Lyon, University Jean Monnet, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France.
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88
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Bone Marrow Adipose Tissue Deficiency Increases Disuse-Induced Bone Loss in Male Mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46325. [PMID: 28402337 PMCID: PMC5389344 DOI: 10.1038/srep46325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow adipose tissue (MAT) is negatively associated with bone mass. Since osteoblasts and adipocytes are derived from the same precursor cells, adipocyte differentiation may occur at the expense of osteoblast differentiation. We used MAT-deficient KitW/W−v (MAT-) mice to determine if absence of MAT reduced bone loss in hindlimb-unloaded (HU) mice. Male MAT- and wild-type (WT) mice were randomly assigned to a baseline, control or HU group (n = 10 mice/group) within each genotype and HU groups unloaded for 2 weeks. Femurs were evaluated using micro-computed tomography, histomorphometry and targeted gene profiling. MAT- mice had a greater reduction in bone volume fraction after HU than did WT mice. HU MAT- mice had elevated cancellous bone formation and resorption compared to other treatment groups as well as a unique profile of differentially expressed genes. Adoptive transfer of WT bone marrow-derived hematopoietic stem cells reconstituted c-kit but not MAT in KitW/W−v mice. The MAT- WT → KitW/W−v mice lost cancellous bone following 2 weeks of HU. In summary, results from this study suggest that MAT deficiency was not protective, and was associated with exaggerated disuse-induced cancellous bone loss.
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89
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Cartilage breakdown in microgravity-a problem for long-term spaceflight? NPJ Regen Med 2017; 2:10. [PMID: 29302346 PMCID: PMC5677769 DOI: 10.1038/s41536-017-0016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
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90
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Xu Z, Sun W, Li Y, Ling S, Zhao C, Zhong G, Zhao D, Song J, Song H, Li J, You L, Nie G, Chang Y, Li Y. The regulation of iron metabolism by hepcidin contributes to unloading-induced bone loss. Bone 2017; 94:152-161. [PMID: 27686598 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Iron overload inhibits osteoblast function and promotes osteoclastogenesis. Hepcidin plays an important role in this process. The changes in iron content and the regulation of hepcidin under unloading-induced bone loss remain unknown. A hindlimb suspension model was adopted to simulate unloading-induced bone loss in mice. The results showed that iron deposition in both liver and bone was markedly increased in hindlimb unloaded mice, and was accompanied by the upregulation of osteoclast activity and downregulation of osteoblast activity. The iron chelator deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) reduced the iron content in bone and alleviated unloading-induced bone loss. The increased iron content in bone was mainly a result of the upregulation of transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1) and divalent metal transporter 1 with iron response element (DMT1+IRE), rather than changes in the iron transporter ferroportin 1 (FPN1). The hepcidin level in the liver was significantly higher, while the FPN1 level in the duodenum was substantially reduced. However, there were no changes in the FPN1 level in bone tissue. During hindlimb unloading, downregulation of hepcidin by siRNA increased iron uptake in bone and liver, which aggravated unloading-induced bone loss. In summary, these data show that unloading-induced bone loss was orchestrated by iron overload and coupled with the regulation of hepcidin by the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Weijia Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Yuheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Shukuan Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Chenyang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Guohui Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Dingsheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Jinping Song
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Hailin Song
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jinqiao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Linhao You
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Guangjun Nie
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Academy of Sciences for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yanzhong Chang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China.
| | - Yingxian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing 100094, China.
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91
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Aubert AE, Larina I, Momken I, Blanc S, White O, Kim Prisk G, Linnarsson D. Towards human exploration of space: the THESEUS review series on cardiovascular, respiratory, and renal research priorities. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16031. [PMID: 28725739 PMCID: PMC5515532 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- André E Aubert
- Laboratory of Experimental Cardiology, Gasthuisberg University Hospital, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irina Larina
- Institute for Biomedical Problems, Moscow, Russia
| | - Iman Momken
- Université d’Evry Val d’Essonne, UBIAE (EA7362), Evry, France
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Stéphane Blanc
- Université de Strasbourg, IPHC, Strasbourg, France
- CNRS, UMR7178, Strasbourg, France
| | | | - G Kim Prisk
- University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
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92
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Zhang X, Wang Q, Wan Z, Li J, Liu L, Zhang X. CKIP-1 knockout offsets osteoporosis induced by simulated microgravity. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 122:140-148. [PMID: 27666961 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Casein kinase 2-interacting protein 1 (CKIP-1) is a negative regulator for bone formation. CKIP-1 knockout (KO) mice are very important for research on countermeasures to bone loss induced by space microgravity. Under simulated microgravity, the bone metabolism of CKIP-1 KO mice was different than that of wild-type (WT) mice. Many experiments all showed that the KO mice had significantly enhanced ossification in the tail suspension conditions, and the differences were closely related to the time the mice were exposed to the microgravity environment. Our results reveal the effect of CKIP-1 on the regulation of bone metabolism and osteogenesis in vivo and the ability of this gene to offset osteoporosis, and they suggest an approach to the treatment of osteoporosis induced by microgravity in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchang Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Logistical College of People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China; Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiangsong Wang
- Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Science, Tianjin, China
| | - Zongming Wan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Logistical College of People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianyu Li
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Logistical College of People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Logistical College of People's Armed Police Forces, Tianjin, China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- Institute of Medical Equipment, Academy of Military Medical Science, Tianjin, China.
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93
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Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Influence of body weight on bone mass, architecture and turnover. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:R115-30. [PMID: 27352896 PMCID: PMC4980254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weight-dependent loading of the skeleton plays an important role in establishing and maintaining bone mass and strength. This review focuses on mechanical signaling induced by body weight as an essential mechanism for maintaining bone health. In addition, the skeletal effects of deviation from normal weight are discussed. The magnitude of mechanical strain experienced by bone during normal activities is remarkably similar among vertebrates, regardless of size, supporting the existence of a conserved regulatory mechanism, or mechanostat, that senses mechanical strain. The mechanostat functions as an adaptive mechanism to optimize bone mass and architecture based on prevailing mechanical strain. Changes in weight, due to altered mass, weightlessness (spaceflight), and hypergravity (modeled by centrifugation), induce an adaptive skeletal response. However, the precise mechanisms governing the skeletal response are incompletely understood. Furthermore, establishing whether the adaptive response maintains the mechanical competence of the skeleton has proven difficult, necessitating the development of surrogate measures of bone quality. The mechanostat is influenced by regulatory inputs to facilitate non-mechanical functions of the skeleton, such as mineral homeostasis, as well as hormones and energy/nutrient availability that support bone metabolism. Although the skeleton is very capable of adapting to changes in weight, the mechanostat has limits. At the limits, extreme deviations from normal weight and body composition are associated with impaired optimization of bone strength to prevailing body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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94
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Berman AG, Wallace JM. Bone Quality and Quantity are Mediated by Mechanical Stimuli. Clin Rev Bone Miner Metab 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12018-016-9221-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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95
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Effects of myokines on bone. BONEKEY REPORTS 2016; 5:826. [PMID: 27579164 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2016.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The links between muscle and bone have been recently examined because of the increasing number of patients with osteoporosis and sarcopenia. Myokines are skeletal muscle-derived humoral cytokines and growth factors, which exert physiological and pathological functions in various distant organs, including the regulation of glucose, energy and bone metabolism. Myostatin is a crucial myokine, the expression of which is mainly limited to muscle tissues. The inhibition of myostatin signaling increases bone remodeling, bone mass and muscle mass, and it may provide a target for the treatment of both sarcopenia and osteoporosis. As myostatin is involved in osteoclast formation and bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis, myostatin may be a target myokine for the treatment of accelerated bone resorption and joint destruction in rheumatoid arthritis. Numerous other myokines, including transforming growth factor-β, follistatin, insulin-like growth factor-I, fibroblast growth factor-2, osteoglycin, FAM5C, irisin, interleukin (IL)-6, leukemia inhibitory factor, IL-7, IL-15, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, ciliary neurotrophic factor, osteonectin and matrix metalloproteinase 2, also affect bone cells in various manners. However, the effects of myokines on bone metabolism are largely unknown. Further research is expected to clarify the interaction between muscle and bone, which may lead to greater diagnosis and the development of the treatment for muscle and bone disorders, such as osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
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96
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Espinosa JJR, Esteve TV, Monzó AP, Abella CP, Deval VC. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRAINING VOLUME AND BONE MINERAL DENSITY CHANGES IN ELDERLY WOMEN. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220162203155536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Several studies have analyzed the relationship between physical activity and bone density. However, the prescription of exercise is not entirely clear as to the type, quantity and intensity. Objective: The objective of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between the amount of exercise and changes in bone mineral density. Methods: Fifty-two women, members of the Municipal Program of Physical Activity for Seniors, voluntarily underwent two ultrasonographies of the calcaneus within a 6-month interval. During this period, all physical activity was recorded. Afterwards, a lineal correlation study was carried out between the amount of exercise and bone changes, expressed as T-Score variation, first in total number of participants and then in groups. Considering the average body weight obtained for all women, two groups were created ("light" < 69 kg and "heavy" > 69 kg). Later, women who had participated in less than 72% of the targeted program were excluded from both groups, and the differences between the groups "light and trained" and "heavy and trained" were analyzed. To do so, the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U test was used. Results: A significant relationship of r= -0.59 was found between the total amount of exercise and the T-Score variation in the group of women above 69 kg. Significant differences were found between the "light and trained" group and the "heavy and trained" group with respect to the variation of T-Score. Conclusion: The effect of exercise on bone mineral density is determined, somehow, by body weight. This interaction is due, possibly, to mechanical demands difference.
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97
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Grimm D, Grosse J, Wehland M, Mann V, Reseland JE, Sundaresan A, Corydon TJ. The impact of microgravity on bone in humans. Bone 2016; 87:44-56. [PMID: 27032715 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Experiencing real weightlessness in space is a dream for many of us who are interested in space research. Although space traveling fascinates us, it can cause both short-term and long-term health problems. Microgravity is the most important influence on the human organism in space. The human body undergoes dramatic changes during a long-term spaceflight. In this review, we will mainly focus on changes in calcium, sodium and bone metabolism of space travelers. Moreover, we report on the current knowledge on the mechanisms of bone loss in space, available models to simulate the effects of microgravity on bone on Earth as well as the combined effects of microgravity and cosmic radiation on bone. The available countermeasures applied in space will also be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Grimm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Jirka Grosse
- Department of Nuclear Medicine Germany, University of Regensburg, D-93042 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Markus Wehland
- Clinic for Plastic, Aesthetic and Hand Surgery, Otto-von-Guericke University, D-39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Vivek Mann
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
| | - Janne Elin Reseland
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, N-0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Alamelu Sundaresan
- Department of Biology, Texas Southern University, 3100 Cleburne, Houston, TX 77004, USA
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98
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Spaceflight-induced vertebral bone loss in ovariectomized rats is associated with increased bone marrow adiposity and no change in bone formation. NPJ Microgravity 2016; 2:16016. [PMID: 28725730 PMCID: PMC5515514 DOI: 10.1038/npjmgrav.2016.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is often a reciprocal relationship between bone marrow adipocytes and osteoblasts, suggesting that marrow adipose tissue (MAT) antagonizes osteoblast differentiation. MAT is increased in rodents during spaceflight but a causal relationship between MAT and bone loss remains unclear. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of a 14-day spaceflight on bone mass, bone resorption, bone formation, and MAT in lumbar vertebrae of ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Twelve-week-old OVX Fischer 344 rats were randomly assigned to a ground control or flight group. Following flight, histological sections of the second lumbar vertebrae (n=11/group) were stained using a technique that allowed simultaneous quantification of cells and preflight fluorochrome label. Compared with ground controls, rats flown in space had 32% lower cancellous bone area and 306% higher MAT. The increased adiposity was due to an increase in adipocyte number (224%) and size (26%). Mineral apposition rate and osteoblast turnover were unchanged during spaceflight. In contrast, resorption of a preflight fluorochrome and osteoclast-lined bone perimeter were increased (16% and 229%, respectively). The present findings indicate that cancellous bone loss in rat lumbar vertebrae during spaceflight is accompanied by increased bone resorption and MAT but no change in bone formation. These findings do not support the hypothesis that increased MAT during spaceflight reduces osteoblast activity or lifespan. However, in the context of ovarian hormone deficiency, bone formation during spaceflight was insufficient to balance increased resorption, indicating defective coupling. The results are therefore consistent with the hypothesis that during spaceflight mesenchymal stem cells are diverted to adipocytes at the expense of forming osteoblasts.
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Bloomfield SA, Martinez DA, Boudreaux RD, Mantri AV. Microgravity Stress: Bone and Connective Tissue. Compr Physiol 2016; 6:645-86. [PMID: 27065165 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c130027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The major alterations in bone and the dense connective tissues in humans and animals exposed to microgravity illustrate the dependency of these tissues' function on normal gravitational loading. Whether these alterations depend solely on the reduced mechanical loading of zero g or are compounded by fluid shifts, altered tissue blood flow, radiation exposure, and altered nutritional status is not yet well defined. Changes in the dense connective tissues and intervertebral disks are generally smaller in magnitude but occur more rapidly than those in mineralized bone with transitions to 0 g and during recovery once back to the loading provided by 1 g conditions. However, joint injuries are projected to occur much more often than the more catastrophic bone fracture during exploration class missions, so protecting the integrity of both tissues is important. This review focuses on the research performed over the last 20 years in humans and animals exposed to actual spaceflight, as well as on knowledge gained from pertinent ground-based models such as bed rest in humans and hindlimb unloading in rodents. Significant progress has been made in our understanding of the mechanisms for alterations in bone and connective tissues with exposure to microgravity, but intriguing questions remain to be solved, particularly with reference to biomedical risks associated with prolonged exploration missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan A Bloomfield
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel A Martinez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ramon D Boudreaux
- Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
| | - Anita V Mantri
- Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA.,Health Science Center School of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, USA
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Schreurs AS, Shirazi-Fard Y, Shahnazari M, Alwood JS, Truong TA, Tahimic CGT, Limoli CL, Turner ND, Halloran B, Globus RK. Dried plum diet protects from bone loss caused by ionizing radiation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21343. [PMID: 26867002 PMCID: PMC4750446 DOI: 10.1038/srep21343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone loss caused by ionizing radiation is a potential health concern for radiotherapy patients, radiation workers and astronauts. In animal studies, exposure to ionizing radiation increases oxidative damage in skeletal tissues, and results in an imbalance in bone remodeling initiated by increased bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Therefore, we evaluated various candidate interventions with antioxidant or anti-inflammatory activities (antioxidant cocktail, dihydrolipoic acid, ibuprofen, dried plum) both for their ability to blunt the expression of resorption-related genes in marrow cells after irradiation with either gamma rays (photons, 2 Gy) or simulated space radiation (protons and heavy ions, 1 Gy) and to prevent bone loss. Dried plum was most effective in reducing the expression of genes related to bone resorption (Nfe2l2, Rankl, Mcp1, Opg, TNF-α) and also preventing later cancellous bone decrements caused by irradiation with either photons or heavy ions. Thus, dietary supplementation with DP may prevent the skeletal effects of radiation exposures either in space or on Earth.
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Affiliation(s)
- A-S Schreurs
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - Y Shirazi-Fard
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - M Shahnazari
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - J S Alwood
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - T A Truong
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - C G T Tahimic
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
| | - C L Limoli
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California Irvine
| | - N D Turner
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, Texas A&M University
| | - B Halloran
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco
| | - R K Globus
- Bone and Signaling Laboratory, Space Biosciences Division, NASA Ames Research Center
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