51
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Dai L, Smith CD, Foroozesh M, Miele L, Qin Z. The sphingosine kinase 2 inhibitor ABC294640 displays anti-non-small cell lung cancer activities in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2018; 142:2153-2162. [PMID: 29277894 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85-90% of lung cancer cases, and is the number one killer among cancers in the United States. The majorities of lung cancer patients do not respond well to conventional chemo- and/or radio-therapeutic regimens, and have a dismal 5-year survival rate of ∼15%. The recent introduction of targeted therapy and immunotherapy gives new hopes to NSCLC patients, but even with these agents, not all patients respond, and responses are rarely complete. Thus, there is still an urgent need to identify new therapeutic targets in NSCLC and develop novel anti-cancer agents. Sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2) is one of the key enzymes in sphingolipid metabolism. SphK2 expression predicts poor survival in NSCLC patients, and is associated with Gefitinib-resistance. In this study, the anti-NSCLC activities of ABC294640, the only first-in-class orally available inhibitor of SphK2, were explored. The results obtained indicate that ABC294640 treatment causes significant NSCLC cell apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and suppression of tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, lipidomics analyses revealed the complete signature of ceramide and dihydro(dh)-ceramide species in the NSCLC cell-lines with or without ABC294640 treatment. These findings indicate that sphingolipid metabolism targeted therapy may be developed as a promising strategy against NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Dai
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA.,Department of Pediatrics, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
| | | | - Maryam Foroozesh
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, 1 Drexel Drive, New Orleans, LA
| | - Lucio Miele
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA
| | - Zhiqiang Qin
- Department of Genetics, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Louisiana Cancer Research Center, 1700 Tulane Ave., New Orleans, LA.,Department of Pediatrics, Research Center for Translational Medicine and Key Laboratory of Arrhythmias, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200120, China
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52
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Frink RE, Peyton M, Schiller JH, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Minna JD. Telomerase inhibitor imetelstat has preclinical activity across the spectrum of non-small cell lung cancer oncogenotypes in a telomere length dependent manner. Oncotarget 2017; 7:31639-51. [PMID: 27192120 PMCID: PMC5077965 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Telomerase was evaluated as a therapeutic oncotarget by studying the efficacy of the telomerase inhibitor imetelstat in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to determine the range of response phenotypes and identify potential biomarkers of response. A panel of 63 NSCLC cell lines was studied for telomere length and imetelstat efficacy in inhibiting colony formation and no correlation was found with patient characteristics, tumor histology, and oncogenotypes. While there was no overall correlation between imetelstat efficacy with initial telomere length (ranging from 1.5 to 20 kb), the quartile of NSCLC lines with the shortest telomeres was more sensitive than the quartile with the longest telomeres. Continuous long-term treatment with imetelstat resulted in sustained telomerase inhibition, progressive telomere shortening and eventual growth inhibition in a telomere-length dependent manner. Cessation of imetelstat therapy before growth inhibition was followed by telomere regrowth. Likewise, in vivo imetelstat treatment caused tumor xenograft growth inhibition in a telomere-length dependent manner. We conclude from these preclinical studies of telomerase as an oncotarget tested by imetelstat response that imetelstat has efficacy across the entire oncogenotype spectrum of NSCLC, continuous therapy is necessary to prevent telomere regrowth, and short telomeres appears to be the best treatment biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin E Frink
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Michael Peyton
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Joan H Schiller
- Inova Schar Cancer Institute, Falls Church, VA, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jerry W Shay
- Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Center for Excellence in Genomics Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Simmons Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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53
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Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD. Small-cell lung cancer: what we know, what we need to know and the path forward. Nat Rev Cancer 2017; 17:725-737. [PMID: 29077690 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2017.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 444] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly tumour accounting for approximately 15% of lung cancers and is pathologically, molecularly, biologically and clinically very different from other lung cancers. While the majority of tumours express a neuroendocrine programme (integrating neural and endocrine properties), an important subset of tumours have low or absent expression of this programme. The probable initiating molecular events are inactivation of TP53 and RB1, as well as frequent disruption of several signalling networks, including Notch signalling. SCLC, when diagnosed, is usually widely metastatic and initially responds to cytotoxic therapy but nearly always rapidly relapses with resistance to further therapies. There were no important therapeutic clinical advances for 30 years, leading SCLC to be designated a 'recalcitrant cancer'. Scientific studies are hampered by a lack of tissue availability. However, over the past 5 years, there has been a worldwide resurgence of studies on SCLC, including comprehensive molecular analyses, the development of relevant genetically engineered mouse models and the establishment of patient-derived xenografts. These studies have led to the discovery of new potential therapeutic vulnerabilities for SCLC and therefore to new clinical trials. Thus, while the past has been bleak, the future offers greater promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi F Gazdar
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
| | - Paul A Bunn
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 12801 East 17th Avenue, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75230-8593, USA
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54
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Xue X, Fei X, Hou W, Zhang Y, Liu L, Hu R. miR-342-3p suppresses cell proliferation and migration by targeting AGR2 in non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 412:170-178. [PMID: 29107102 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AGR2 is a well-studied secreted protein that is involved in multiple biological processes including cell proliferation and migration. The mechanism by which AGR2 increases the growth and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC) is still unknown. In this study, we report that AGR2 is directly targeted by miR-342-3p. Functional studies suggest that overexpression of miR-342-3p inhibits the proliferation and migration of non-small cell lung cancer cells. Overexpression of AGR2 counteracts the phenotypes induced by miR-342-3p. Moreover, AGR2 expression is up-regulated and negatively correlated with miR-342-3p levels in NSCLC cells and tissues. A meta-analysis of survival data indicates that NSCLC patients with high levels of AGR2 in their tumors have a worse prognosis. Collectively, the identification of miR-342-3p and AGR2 might facilitate the development of biomarkers and therapeutic targets for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Xue
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Fei
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Wenjie Hou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Jiangsu, 215006, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Liu Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Anhui Provincial Hospital Affiliated to the an Hui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rongkuan Hu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5390 Harry Hines, Dallas, TX, 75390, USA; Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science & Technology of China, Hefei, China.
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55
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McColl K, Wildey G, Sakre N, Lipka MB, Behtaj M, Kresak A, Chen Y, Yang M, Velcheti V, Fu P, Dowlati A. Reciprocal expression of INSM1 and YAP1 defines subgroups in small cell lung cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:73745-73756. [PMID: 29088741 PMCID: PMC5650296 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) patients demonstrate initial chemo-sensitivity, whereas a distinct subgroup of SCLC patients, termed chemo-refractory, do not respond to treatment. There is little understanding of how to distinguish these patients prior to disease treatment. Here we used gene expression profiling to stratify SCLC into subgroups and characterized a molecular phenotype that may identify, in part, chemo-refractive SCLC patients. Two subgroups of SCLC were identified in both cell lines and tumors by the reciprocal expression of two genes; INSM1, a neuroendocrine transcription factor, and YAP1, a key mediator of the Hippo pathway. The great majority of tumors expressed INSM1, which was prognostic for increased progression-free survival and associated with chemo-sensitivity in cell lines. YAP1 is expressed in a minority of SCLC tumors and was shown in cell lines to be downstream of the retinoblastoma protein (RB1) and associated with decreased drug sensitivity. RB1 expression in SCLC cell lines sensitizes them to CDK4/6 inhibitors. Wild-type RB1 mutation status, used as a surrogate marker of YAP1 expression, was prognostic for decreased patient survival and increased chemo-refractory tumor response. Thus, the reciprocal expression of INSM1 and YAP1 appears to stratify SCLC into distinct subgroups and may be useful, along with RB1 mutation status, to identify chemo-refractory SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen McColl
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gary Wildey
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nneha Sakre
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mary Beth Lipka
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Mohadese Behtaj
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adam Kresak
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yanwen Chen
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael Yang
- Department of Pathology, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Vamsidhar Velcheti
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Pingfu Fu
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Afshin Dowlati
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Seidman Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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56
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Solanki HS, Advani J, Khan AA, Radhakrishnan A, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Pinto SM, Chang X, Prasad TSK, Mathur PP, Sidransky D, Gowda H, Chatterjee A. Chronic Cigarette Smoke Mediated Global Changes in Lung Mucoepidermoid Cells: A Phosphoproteomic Analysis. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2017; 21:474-487. [PMID: 28816646 PMCID: PMC5583567 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2017.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Proteomics analysis of chronic cigarette smoke exposure is a rapidly emerging postgenomics research field. While smoking is a major cause of lung cancer, functional studies using proteomics approaches could enrich our mechanistic understanding of the elusive lung cancer global molecular signaling and cigarette smoke relationship. We report in this study on a stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture-based quantitative phosphoproteomic analysis of a human lung mucoepidermoid carcinoma cell line, H292 cells, chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Using high resolution Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometer, we identified the hyperphosphorylation of 493 sites, which corresponds to 341 proteins and 195 hypophosphorylated sites, mapping to 142 proteins upon smoke exposure (2.0-fold change). We report differential phosphorylation of multiple kinases, including PAK6, EPHA4, LYN, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatases, including TMEM55B, PTPN14, TIGAR, among others, in response to chronic cigarette smoke exposure. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the molecules differentially phosphorylated upon chronic exposure of cigarette smoke are associated with PI3K/AKT/mTOR and CDC42-PAK signaling pathways. These signaling networks are involved in multiple cellular processes, including cell polarity, cytoskeletal remodeling, cellular migration, protein synthesis, autophagy, and apoptosis. The present study contributes to emerging proteomics insights on cigarette smoke mediated global signaling in lung cells, which in turn may aid in development of precision medicine therapeutics and postgenomics biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitendra S. Solanki
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Jayshree Advani
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- Manipal University, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, India
| | - Aafaque Ahmad Khan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- School of Biotechnology, KIIT University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | | | | | - Sneha M. Pinto
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
| | - Xiaofei Chang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thottethodi Subrahmanya Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, India
- NIMHANS-IOB Proteomics and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Neurobiology Research Centre, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | | | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics, International Technology Park, Bangalore, India
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57
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Non-malignant respiratory epithelial cells preferentially proliferate from resected non-small cell lung cancer specimens cultured under conditionally reprogrammed conditions. Oncotarget 2017; 8:11114-11126. [PMID: 28052041 PMCID: PMC5355251 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The “conditionally reprogrammed cells” (CRC) method, using a Rho kinase inhibitor and irradiated mouse fibroblast cells has been described for the efficient growth of cells from malignant and non-malignant samples from primary tumor and non-malignant sites. Using the CRC method, four institutions independently cultured tumor tissues from 48 non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC, mostly from primary resected tumors) and 22 non-malignant lungs. We found that epithelial cells could be cultured from tumor and non-malignant lung. However, epithelial cells cultured from tumors had features of non-malignant respiratory epithelial cells which include: 1) among 22 mutations found in the original tumors only two mutations were found in the CRC cultures with reduced frequency (31% to 13% and 92% to 15% from original tumor and CRC culture respectively); 2) copy number variation was analyzed in 9 tumor and their CRC cultures and only diploid patterns were found in CRC cultures; 3) mRNA expression profiles were similar to those of normal respiratory epithelial cells; and 4) co-culture of tumor and non-malignant lung epithelial cells resulted in mostly non-malignant cells. We conclude that CRC method is a highly selective and useful method for the growth of non-malignant respiratory epithelial cells from tumor specimens and only occasionally do such CRC cultures contain a small subpopulation of cancer cells marked by oncogenic mutations. While our findings are restricted to resected primary NSCLC, they indicated the necessity to fully characterize all CRC cultures and the need to develop culture technology that facilitates the growth of primary lung cancers.
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58
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Duruisseaux M, Rabbe N, Antoine M, Vieira T, Poulot V, Cadranel J, Wislez M. Pro-tumoural CXCL10/CXCR3-A autocrine loop in invasive mucinous lung adenocarcinoma. ERJ Open Res 2017; 3:00047-2016. [PMID: 28845427 PMCID: PMC5566270 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00047-2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive mucinous adenocarcinoma (IMA) is a mucinous variant of lepidic predominant lung adenocarcinoma (LPA) and associated with a worse prognosis. We postulated that cytokine expression would enable us to differentiate IMA from LPA in terms of prognosis and acquisition of pro-tumoural capacities. A 30-cytokine panel was assessed in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BALF) from IMA (n=38), LPA (n=25) and control samples (n=7). We investigated the expression of differentially expressed cytokines and splice variants of their receptors in surgical samples. The presence of EGFR and KRAS mutations were determined. We also examined the expression of cytokines and splice variants of their receptors in different cell lines, exploring their functional impact on signalling pathways, proliferation and migration. Only C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10) was differentially expressed, namely overexpressed in IMA BALF compared with LPA. CXCL10 overexpression in BALF was linked to a worse prognosis. In surgical samples, CXCL10 and its receptor C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 3 (CXCR3) were overexpressed in IMA compared to LPA. A pro-tumoural CXCR3-A splice variant was overexpressed in IMA, suggesting a CXCL10/CXCR3-A autocrine loop in IMA. CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression were not correlated with EGFR or KRAS status. CXCL10 up-regulated CXCR3-A expression, Erk1/2 phosphorylation and enhanced migration in the mucinous H2228 cell line. CXCL10/CXCR3-A may play a pro-tumoural role in IMA via an autocrine mechanism. Invasive mucinous lung adenocarcinoma derived pro-tumoural advantages by means of a CXCL10/CXCR3-A autocrine loophttp://ow.ly/2Gjj308QxwK
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaël Duruisseaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Rabbe
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75970, Paris, France
| | - Martine Antoine
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Thibault Vieira
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75970, Paris, France
| | - Virginie Poulot
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Plateforme de Génomique des Tumeurs Solides, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, Paris, France
| | - Jacques Cadranel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75970, Paris, France
| | - Marie Wislez
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC University Paris 06, GRC n°04, Theranoscan, F-75252, Paris, France.,Service de Pneumologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Tenon, F-75970, Paris, France
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59
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Pan J, Lee Y, Zhang Q, Xiong D, Wan TC, Wang Y, You M. Honokiol Decreases Lung Cancer Metastasis through Inhibition of the STAT3 Signaling Pathway. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2016; 10:133-141. [PMID: 27849557 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Metastasis to lymph nodes and distal organs, especially brain, leads to severe complications and death. Preventing lung cancer development and metastases is an important strategy to reduce lung cancer mortality. Honokiol (HNK), a natural compound present in the extracts of magnolia bark, has a favorable bioavailability profile and recently has been shown to readily cross the blood-brain barrier. In the current study, we evaluated the antimetastatic effects of HNK in both the lymph node and brain mouse models of lung tumor metastasis. We tested the efficacy of HNK in preventing 18 H2030-BrM3 cell (brain-seeking human lung tumor cells) migration to lymph node or brain. In an orthotopic mouse model, HNK significantly decreased lung tumor growth compared with the vehicle control group. HNK also significantly reduced the incidence of lymph node metastasis and the weight of mediastinal lymph nodes. In a brain metastasis model, HNK inhibits metastasis of lung cancer cells to the brain to approximately one third of that observed in control mice. We analyzed HNK's mechanism of action, which indicated that its effect is mediated primarily by inhibiting the STAT3 pathway. HNK specifically inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation irrespective of the mutation status of EGFR, and knockdown of STAT3 abrogated both the antiproliferative and the antimetastatic effects of HNK. These observations suggest that HNK could provide novel chemopreventive or therapeutic options for preventing both lung tumor progression and lung cancer metastasis. Cancer Prev Res; 10(2); 133-41. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Pan
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yongik Lee
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Donghai Xiong
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Tina C Wan
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Yian Wang
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ming You
- Cancer Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. .,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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60
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Bunn PA. Karnofsky Award 2016: A Lung Cancer Journey, 1973 to 2016. J Clin Oncol 2016; 35:243-252. [PMID: 28056194 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.70.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Bunn
- From University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, CO
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61
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Kim J, McMillan E, Kim HS, Venkateswaran N, Makkar G, Rodriguez-Canales J, Villalobos P, Neggers JE, Mendiratta S, Wei S, Landesman Y, Senapedis W, Baloglu E, Chow CWB, Frink RE, Gao B, Roth M, Minna JD, Daelemans D, Wistuba II, Posner BA, Scaglioni PP, White MA. XPO1-dependent nuclear export is a druggable vulnerability in KRAS-mutant lung cancer. Nature 2016; 538:114-117. [PMID: 27680702 PMCID: PMC5161658 DOI: 10.1038/nature19771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The common participation of oncogenic KRAS proteins in many of the most lethal human cancers, together with the ease of detecting somatic KRAS mutant alleles in patient samples, has spurred persistent and intensive efforts to develop drugs that inhibit KRAS activity. However, advances have been hindered by the pervasive inter- and intra-lineage diversity in the targetable mechanisms that underlie KRAS-driven cancers, limited pharmacological accessibility of many candidate synthetic-lethal interactions and the swift emergence of unanticipated resistance mechanisms to otherwise effective targeted therapies. Here we demonstrate the acute and specific cell-autonomous addiction of KRAS-mutant non-small-cell lung cancer cells to receptor-dependent nuclear export. A multi-genomic, data-driven approach, utilizing 106 human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines, was used to interrogate 4,725 biological processes with 39,760 short interfering RNA pools for those selectively required for the survival of KRAS-mutant cells that harbour a broad spectrum of phenotypic variation. Nuclear transport machinery was the sole process-level discriminator of statistical significance. Chemical perturbation of the nuclear export receptor XPO1 (also known as CRM1), with a clinically available drug, revealed a robust synthetic-lethal interaction with native or engineered oncogenic KRAS both in vitro and in vivo. The primary mechanism underpinning XPO1 inhibitor sensitivity was intolerance to the accumulation of nuclear IκBα (also known as NFKBIA), with consequent inhibition of NFκB transcription factor activity. Intrinsic resistance associated with concurrent FSTL5 mutations was detected and determined to be a consequence of YAP1 activation via a previously unappreciated FSTL5-Hippo pathway regulatory axis. This occurs in approximately 17% of KRAS-mutant lung cancers, and can be overcome with the co-administration of a YAP1-TEAD inhibitor. These findings indicate that clinically available XPO1 inhibitors are a promising therapeutic strategy for a considerable cohort of patients with lung cancer when coupled to genomics-guided patient selection and observation.
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MESH Headings
- Active Transport, Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/antagonists & inhibitors
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/metabolism
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Nucleus/drug effects
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell Survival/genetics
- DNA-Binding Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Follistatin-Related Proteins/genetics
- Genes, Lethal/genetics
- Hippo Signaling Pathway
- Humans
- Karyopherins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Karyopherins/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/metabolism
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Mice
- Mutation
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha/metabolism
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Nuclear Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nuclear Proteins/metabolism
- Phosphoproteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Phosphoproteins/metabolism
- Porphyrins/pharmacology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Small Interfering
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- TEA Domain Transcription Factors
- Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Verteporfin
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- YAP-Signaling Proteins
- Exportin 1 Protein
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimi Kim
- Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Elizabeth McMillan
- Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Hyun Seok Kim
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 120-752, South Korea
| | | | - Gurbani Makkar
- Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Jaime Rodriguez-Canales
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Pamela Villalobos
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | | | - Saurabh Mendiratta
- Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Shuguang Wei
- Biochemistry, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | | | - Erkan Baloglu
- Karyopharm Therapeutics, Newton, Massachusetts 02459, USA
| | - Chi-Wan B Chow
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Robin E Frink
- Hamon Center, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Boning Gao
- Hamon Center, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Michael Roth
- Biochemistry, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Hamon Center, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | - Dirk Daelemans
- KU Leuven Department of Microbiology and Immunology, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ignacio I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Bruce A Posner
- Biochemistry, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
| | | | - Michael A White
- Department of Cell Biology, UTSW Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA
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62
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Polley E, Kunkel M, Evans D, Silvers T, Delosh R, Laudeman J, Ogle C, Reinhart R, Selby M, Connelly J, Harris E, Fer N, Sonkin D, Kaur G, Monks A, Malik S, Morris J, Teicher BA. Small Cell Lung Cancer Screen of Oncology Drugs, Investigational Agents, and Gene and microRNA Expression. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djw122. [PMID: 27247353 PMCID: PMC6279282 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djw122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) is an aggressive, recalcitrant cancer, often metastatic at diagnosis and unresponsive to chemotherapy upon recurrence, thus it is challenging to treat. METHODS Sixty-three human SCLC lines and three NSCLC lines were screened for response to 103 US Food and Drug Administration-approved oncology agents and 423 investigational agents. The investigational agents library was a diverse set of small molecules that included multiple compounds targeting the same molecular entity. The compounds were screened in triplicate at nine concentrations with a 96-hour exposure time using an ATP Lite endpoint. Gene expression was assessed by exon array, and microRNA expression was derived by direct digital detection. Activity across the SCLC lines was associated with molecular characteristics using pair-wise Pearson correlations. RESULTS Results are presented for inhibitors of targets: BCL2, PARP1, mTOR, IGF1R, KSP/Eg5, PLK-1, AURK, and FGFR1. A relational map identified compounds with similar patterns of response. Unsupervised microRNA clustering resulted in three distinct SCLC subgroups. Associating drug response with micro-RNA expression indicated that lines most sensitive to etoposide and topotecan expressed high miR-200c-3p and low miR-140-5p and miR-9-5p. The BCL-2/BCL-XL inhibitors produced similar response patterns. Sensitivity to ABT-737 correlated with higher ASCL1 and BCL2. Several classes of compounds targeting nuclear proteins regulating mitosis produced a response pattern distinct from the etoposide response pattern. CONCLUSIONS Agents targeting nuclear kinases appear to be effective in SCLC lines. Confirmation of SCLC line findings in xenografts is needed. The drug and compound response, gene expression, and microRNA expression data are publicly available at http://sclccelllines.cancer.gov.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Polley
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Mark Kunkel
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - David Evans
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Thomas Silvers
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Rene Delosh
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Julie Laudeman
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Chad Ogle
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Russell Reinhart
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Michael Selby
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - John Connelly
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Erik Harris
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Nicole Fer
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Dmitriy Sonkin
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Gurmeet Kaur
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Anne Monks
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Shakun Malik
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Joel Morris
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Beverly A. Teicher
- Affiliations of authors:
Molecular Pharmacology Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD (DE, TS, RD, JL, CO, RR, MS, JC, EH, NF, AM); Developmental Therapeutics Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (MK, GK, JM, BAT), Biometric Research Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis (EP, DS), and Cancer Therapy Evaluation Program (SM), National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD
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63
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Liu YQ, Wang XL, Cheng X, Lu YZ, Wang GZ, Li XC, Zhang J, Wen ZS, Huang ZL, Gao QL, Yang LN, Cheng YX, Tao SC, Liu J, Zhou GB. Skp1 in lung cancer: clinical significance and therapeutic efficacy of its small molecule inhibitors. Oncotarget 2016; 6:34953-67. [PMID: 26474281 PMCID: PMC4741501 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Skp1 is an essential adaptor protein of the Skp1-Cul1-F-box protein complex and is able to stabilize the conformation of some ubiquitin E3 ligases. However, the role Skp1 plays during tumorigenesis remains unclear and Skp1-targeting agent is lacking. Here we showed that Skp1 was overexpressed in 36/64 (56.3%) of non-small cell lung cancers, and elevated Skp1 was associated with poor prognosis. By structure-based high-throughput virtual screening, we found some Skp1-targeting molecules including a natural compound 6-O-angeloylplenolin (6-OAP). 6-OAP bound Skp1 at sites critical to Skp1-Skp2 interaction, leading to dissociation and proteolysis of oncogenic E3 ligases NIPA, Skp2, and β-TRCP, and accumulation of their substrates Cyclin B1, P27 and E-Cadherin. 6-OAP induced prometaphase arrest and exerted potent anti-lung cancer activity in two murine models and showed low adverse effect. These results indicate that Skp1 is critical to lung cancer pathogenesis, and Skp1 inhibitor inactivates crucial oncogenic E3 ligases and exhibits significant therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Yong-Zhi Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Gui-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xin-Chun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Hefei 230039, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Zhi-Liang Huang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Cancer Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Qin-Lei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Li-Na Yang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yong-Xian Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Plant Resources in West China, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Jinsong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Guang-Biao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences & University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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64
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Larsen JE, Nathan V, Osborne JK, Farrow RK, Deb D, Sullivan JP, Dospoy PD, Augustyn A, Hight SK, Sato M, Girard L, Behrens C, Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Hayward NK, Minna JD. ZEB1 drives epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in lung cancer. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3219-35. [PMID: 27500490 DOI: 10.1172/jci76725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased expression of zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB1) is associated with tumor grade and metastasis in lung cancer, likely due to its role as a transcription factor in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Here, we modeled malignant transformation in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) and determined that EMT and ZEB1 expression are early, critical events in lung cancer pathogenesis. Specific oncogenic mutations in TP53 and KRAS were required for HBECs to engage EMT machinery in response to microenvironmental (serum/TGF-β) or oncogenetic (MYC) factors. Both TGF-β- and MYC-induced EMT required ZEB1, but engaged distinct TGF-β-dependent and vitamin D receptor-dependent (VDR-dependent) pathways, respectively. Functionally, we found that ZEB1 causally promotes malignant progression of HBECs and tumorigenicity, invasion, and metastases in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lines. Mechanistically, ZEB1 expression in HBECs directly repressed epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1 (ESRP1), leading to increased expression of a mesenchymal splice variant of CD44 and a more invasive phenotype. In addition, ZEB1 expression in early stage IB primary NSCLC correlated with tumor-node-metastasis stage. These findings indicate that ZEB1-induced EMT and associated molecular changes in ESRP1 and CD44 contribute to early pathogenesis and metastatic potential in established lung cancer. Moreover, TGF-β and VDR signaling and CD44 splicing pathways associated with ZEB1 are potential EMT chemoprevention and therapeutic targets in NSCLC.
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65
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Helfrich BA, Kim J, Gao D, Chan DC, Zhang Z, Tan AC, Bunn PA. Barasertib (AZD1152), a Small Molecule Aurora B Inhibitor, Inhibits the Growth of SCLC Cell Lines In Vitro and In Vivo. Mol Cancer Ther 2016; 15:2314-2322. [PMID: 27496133 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells have rapid proliferation, universal Rb inactivation, and high rates of MYC family amplification, making aurora kinase inhibition a natural target. Preclinical studies have demonstrated activity for Aurora A and pan-Aurora inhibitors with some relationship to MYC family expression. A clinical trial showed activity for an Aurora kinase A inhibitor, but no biomarkers were evaluated. We screened a panel of 23 SCLC lines with and without MYC family gene amplification or high MYC family gene expression for growth inhibition by the highly potent, selective aurora kinase B inhibitor barasertib. Nine of the SCLC lines were very sensitive to growth inhibition by barasertib, with IC50 values of <50 nmol/L and >75% growth inhibition at 100 nmol/L. Growth inhibition correlated with cMYC amplification (P = 0.018) and cMYC gene expression (P = 0.026). Sensitive cell lines were also enriched in a published MYC gene signature (P = 0.042). In vivo, barasertib inhibited the growth of xenografts established from an SCLC line that had high cMYC gene expression, no cMYC amplification, and was positive for the core MYC gene signature. Our studies suggest that SCLC tumors with cMYC amplification/high gene expression will frequently respond to Aurora B inhibitors and that clinical studies coupled with predictive biomarkers are indicated. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(10); 2314-22. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara A Helfrich
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Dexiang Gao
- Department of Biostatistics & Informatics, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado. Department of Medicine-Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver-Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Daniel C Chan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Zhiyong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Paul A Bunn
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Cancer Center, Aurora, Colorado.
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66
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In vivo selection for spine-derived highly metastatic lung cancer cells is associated with increased migration, inflammation and decreased adhesion. Oncotarget 2016; 6:22905-17. [PMID: 26090868 PMCID: PMC4673208 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed a murine spine metastasis model by screening five metastatic non-small cell lung cancer cell lines (PC-9, A549, NCI-H1299, NCI-H460, H2030). A549 cells displayed the highest tendency towards spine metastases. After three rounds of selection in vivo, we isolated a clone named A549L6, which induced spine metastasis in 80% of injected mice. The parameters of the A549L6 cell spinal metastatic mouse models were consistent with clinical spine metastasis features. All the spinal metastatic mice developed symptoms of nerve compression after 40 days. A549L6 cells had increased migration, invasiveness and decreased adhesion compared to the original A549L0 cells. In contrast, there was no significant differences in cell proliferation, apoptosis and sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin. Comparative transcriptomic analysis and Real-time PCR analysis showed that expression of signaling molecules regulating several tumor properties including migration (MYL9), metastasis (CEACAM6, VEGFC, CX3CL1, CST1, CCL5, S100A9, IGF1, NOTCH3), adhesion (FN1, CEACAM1) and inflammation (TRAF2, NFκB2 and RelB) were altered in A549L6 cells. We suggest that migration, adhesion and inflammation related genes contribute to spine metastatic capacity.
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67
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Tang KJ, Constanzo JD, Venkateswaran N, Melegari M, Ilcheva M, Morales JC, Skoulidis F, Heymach JV, Boothman DA, Scaglioni PP. Focal Adhesion Kinase Regulates the DNA Damage Response and Its Inhibition Radiosensitizes Mutant KRAS Lung Cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:5851-5863. [PMID: 27220963 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-15-2603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide due to the limited availability of effective therapeutic options. For instance, there are no effective strategies for NSCLCs that harbor mutant KRAS, the most commonly mutated oncogene in NSCLC. Thus, our purpose was to make progress toward the generation of a novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We characterized the effects of suppressing focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by RNA interference (RNAi), CRISPR/CAS9 gene editing or pharmacologic approaches in NSCLC cells and in tumor xenografts. In addition, we tested the effects of suppressing FAK in association with ionizing radiation (IR), a standard-of-care treatment modality. RESULTS FAK is a critical requirement of mutant KRAS NSCLC cells. With functional experiments, we also found that, in mutant KRAS NSCLC cells, FAK inhibition resulted in persistent DNA damage and susceptibility to exposure to IR. Accordingly, administration of IR to FAK-null tumor xenografts causes a profound antitumor effect in vivo CONCLUSIONS: FAK is a novel regulator of DNA damage repair in mutant KRAS NSCLC and its pharmacologic inhibition leads to radiosensitizing effects that could be beneficial in cancer therapy. Our results provide a framework for the rationale clinical testing of FAK inhibitors in NSCLC patients. Clin Cancer Res; 22(23); 5851-63. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Jing Tang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Jerfiz D Constanzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | - Niranjan Venkateswaran
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and
| | | | - Mariya Ilcheva
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Julio C Morales
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Ferdinandos Skoulidis
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John V Heymach
- Department of Thoracic and Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - David A Boothman
- Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and.,Departments of Radiation Oncology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Pier Paolo Scaglioni
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. .,Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center and
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68
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Leung AWY, Dragowska WH, Ricaurte D, Kwok B, Mathew V, Roosendaal J, Ahluwalia A, Warburton C, Laskin JJ, Stirling PC, Qadir MA, Bally MB. 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) knockdown sensitizes non-small cell lung cancer cells to DNA damaging agents. Oncotarget 2016. [PMID: 26220590 PMCID: PMC4627299 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Standard treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with no known driver mutation is platinum-based chemotherapy, which has a response rate of only 30–33%. Through an siRNA screen, 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthase 1 (PAPSS1), an enzyme that synthesizes the biologically active form of sulfate PAPS, was identified as a novel platinum-sensitizing target in NSCLC cells. PAPSS1 knockdown in combination with low-dose (IC10) cisplatin reduces clonogenicity of NSCLC cells by 98.7% (p < 0.001), increases DNA damage, and induces G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. PAPSS1 silencing also sensitized NSCLC cells to other DNA crosslinking agents, radiation, and topoisomerase I inhibitors, but not topoisomerase II inhibitors. Chemo-sensitization was not observed in normal epithelial cells. Knocking out the PAPSS1 homolog did not sensitize yeast to cisplatin, suggesting that sulfate bioavailability for amino acid synthesis is not the cause of sensitization to DNA damaging agents. Rather, sensitization may be due to sulfation reactions involved in blocking the action of DNA damaging agents, facilitating DNA repair, promoting cancer cell survival under therapeutic stress or reducing the bioavailability of DNA damaging agents. Our study demonstrates for the first time that PAPSS1 could be targeted to improve the activity of multiple anticancer agents used to treat NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W Y Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Wieslawa H Dragowska
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Daniel Ricaurte
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Brian Kwok
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Veena Mathew
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Jeroen Roosendaal
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, TB, 3508, The Netherlands
| | - Amith Ahluwalia
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Corinna Warburton
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Janessa J Laskin
- Medical Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Peter C Stirling
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Mohammed A Qadir
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada
| | - Marcel B Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 2B5, Canada.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.,Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
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Dinh TKT, Fendler W, Chałubińska-Fendler J, Acharya SS, O’Leary C, Deraska PV, D’Andrea AD, Chowdhury D, Kozono D. Circulating miR-29a and miR-150 correlate with delivered dose during thoracic radiation therapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Radiat Oncol 2016; 11:61. [PMID: 27117590 PMCID: PMC4847218 DOI: 10.1186/s13014-016-0636-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Risk of normal tissue toxicity limits the amount of thoracic radiation therapy (RT) that can be routinely prescribed to treat non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An early biomarker of response to thoracic RT may provide a way to predict eventual toxicities-such as radiation pneumonitis-during treatment, thereby enabling dose adjustment before the symptomatic onset of late effects. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were studied as potential serological biomarkers for thoracic RT. As a first step, we sought to identify miRNAs that correlate with delivered dose and standard dosimetric factors. METHODS We performed miRNA profiling of plasma samples obtained from five patients with Stage IIIA NSCLC at five dose-points each during radical thoracic RT. Candidate miRNAs were then assessed in samples from a separate cohort of 21 NSCLC patients receiving radical thoracic RT. To identify a cellular source of circulating miRNAs, we quantified in vitro miRNA expression intracellularly and within secreted exosomes in five NSCLC and stromal cell lines. RESULTS miRNA profiling of the discovery cohort identified ten circulating miRNAs that correlated with delivered RT dose as well as other dosimetric parameters such as lung V20. In the validation cohort, miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p were reproducibly shown to decrease with increasing radiation dose. Expression of miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p in secreted exosomes decreased with radiation. This was concomitant with an increase in intracellular levels, suggesting that exosomal export of these miRNAs may be downregulated in both NSCLC and stromal cells in response to radiation. CONCLUSIONS miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p were identified as circulating biomarkers that correlated with delivered RT dose. miR-150 has been reported to decrease in the circulation of mammals exposed to radiation while miR-29a has been associated with fibrosis in the human heart, lungs, and kidneys. One may therefore hypothesize that outlier levels of circulating miR-29a-3p and miR-150-5p may eventually help predict unexpected responses to radiation therapy, such as toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tru-Khang T. Dinh
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Wojciech Fendler
- />Department of Biostatistics and Translational Medicine, Medical University of Łódź, Al. Kościuszki 4, 90-419 Łódź, Poland
| | | | - Sanket S. Acharya
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Colin O’Leary
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Peter V. Deraska
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Alan D. D’Andrea
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Center for DNA Damage and Repair, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - Dipanjan Chowdhury
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
| | - David Kozono
- />Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, 450 Brookline Ave, Boston, MA 02215 USA
- />Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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70
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Identification of Gene Expression Differences between Lymphangiogenic and Non-Lymphangiogenic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150963. [PMID: 26950548 PMCID: PMC4780812 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well established that lung tumors induce the formation of lymphatic vessels. However, the molecular mechanisms controlling tumor lymphangiogenesis in lung cancer have not been fully delineated. In the present study, we identify a panel of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines that induce lymphangiogenesis and use genome-wide mRNA expression to characterize the molecular mechanisms regulating tumor lymphangiogenesis. We show that Calu-1, H1993, HCC461, HCC827, and H2122 NSCLC cell lines form tumors that induce lymphangiogenesis whereas Calu-3, H1155, H1975, and H2073 NSCLC cell lines form tumors that do not induce lymphangiogenesis. By analyzing genome-wide mRNA expression data, we identify a 17-gene expression signature that distinguishes lymphangiogenic from non-lymphangiogenic NSCLC cell lines. Importantly, VEGF-C is the only lymphatic growth factor in this expression signature and is approximately 50-fold higher in the lymphangiogenic group than in the non-lymphangiogenic group. We show that forced expression of VEGF-C by H1975 cells induces lymphangiogenesis and that knockdown of VEGF-C in H1993 cells inhibits lymphangiogenesis. Additionally, we demonstrate that the triple angiokinase inhibitor, nintedanib (small molecule that blocks all FGFRs, PDGFRs, and VEGFRs), suppresses tumor lymphangiogenesis in H1993 tumors. Together, these data suggest that VEGF-C is the dominant driver of tumor lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC and reveal a specific therapy that could potentially block tumor lymphangiogenesis in NSCLC patients.
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71
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Leung AWY, Hung SS, Backstrom I, Ricaurte D, Kwok B, Poon S, McKinney S, Segovia R, Rawji J, Qadir MA, Aparicio S, Stirling PC, Steidl C, Bally MB. Combined Use of Gene Expression Modeling and siRNA Screening Identifies Genes and Pathways Which Enhance the Activity of Cisplatin When Added at No Effect Levels to Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells In Vitro. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150675. [PMID: 26938915 PMCID: PMC4777418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Platinum-based combination chemotherapy is the standard treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). While cisplatin is effective, its use is not curative and resistance often emerges. As a consequence of microenvironmental heterogeneity, many tumour cells are exposed to sub-lethal doses of cisplatin. Further, genomic heterogeneity and unique tumor cell sub-populations with reduced sensitivities to cisplatin play a role in its effectiveness within a site of tumor growth. Being exposed to sub-lethal doses will induce changes in gene expression that contribute to the tumour cell’s ability to survive and eventually contribute to the selective pressures leading to cisplatin resistance. Such changes in gene expression, therefore, may contribute to cytoprotective mechanisms. Here, we report on studies designed to uncover how tumour cells respond to sub-lethal doses of cisplatin. A microarray study revealed changes in gene expressions that occurred when A549 cells were exposed to a no-observed-effect level (NOEL) of cisplatin (e.g. the IC10). These data were integrated with results from a genome-wide siRNA screen looking for novel therapeutic targets that when inhibited transformed a NOEL of cisplatin into one that induced significant increases in lethality. Pathway analyses were performed to identify pathways that could be targeted to enhance cisplatin activity. We found that over 100 genes were differentially expressed when A549 cells were exposed to a NOEL of cisplatin. Pathways associated with apoptosis and DNA repair were activated. The siRNA screen revealed the importance of the hedgehog, cell cycle regulation, and insulin action pathways in A549 cell survival and response to cisplatin treatment. Results from both datasets suggest that RRM2B, CABYR, ALDH3A1, and FHL2 could be further explored as cisplatin-enhancing gene targets. Finally, pathways involved in repairing double-strand DNA breaks and INO80 chromatin remodeling were enriched in both datasets, warranting further research into combinations of cisplatin and therapeutics targeting these pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada W. Y. Leung
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Stacy S. Hung
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancers, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ian Backstrom
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel Ricaurte
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Brian Kwok
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven Poon
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Steven McKinney
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Romulo Segovia
- Terry Fox Laboratory, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jenna Rawji
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Mohammed A. Qadir
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Samuel Aparicio
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Molecular Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | - Christian Steidl
- Centre for Lymphoid Cancers, BC Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marcel B. Bally
- Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Centre for Drug Research and Development, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Wilson MR, Hou Z, Yang S, Polin L, Kushner J, White K, Huang J, Ratnam M, Gangjee A, Matherly LH. Targeting Nonsquamous Nonsmall Cell Lung Cancer via the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter with 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-d]Pyrimidine Thienoyl Antifolates. Mol Pharmacol 2016; 89:425-34. [PMID: 26837243 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.102798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pemetrexed (PMX) is a 5-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine antifolate used for therapy of nonsquamous nonsmall cell lung cancer (NS-NSCLC). PMX is transported by the reduced folate carrier (RFC) and proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Unlike RFC, PCFT is active at acidic pH levels characterizing the tumor microenvironment. By real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry, PCFT transcripts and proteins were detected in primary NS-NSCLC specimens. In six NS-NSCLC cell lines (A549, H1437, H460, H1299, H1650, and H2030), PCFT transcripts and proteins were detected by real-time RT-PCR and western blots, respectively. 6-Substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates related to PMX [compound 1 (C1) and compound 2 (C2), respectively] are selective substrates for PCFT over RFC. In the NS-NSCLC cell lines, both [(3)H]PMX and [(3)H]C2 were transported by PCFT. C1 and C2 inhibited proliferation of the NS-NSCLC cell lines; A549, H460, and H2030 cells were more sensitive to C1 than to PMX. C1 and C2 inhibited glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase in de novo purine nucleotide biosynthesis. When treated at pH 6.8, which favors PCFT uptake, C1 and C2 inhibited clonogenicity of H460 cells greater than PMX; PMX inhibited clonogenicity more than C1 or C2 at pH 7.2, which favors RFC transport over PCFT. Knockdown of PCFT in H460 cells resulted in decreased [(3)H]PMX and [(3)H]C2 transport and decreased growth inhibition by C1 and C2, and to a lesser extent by PMX. In vivo efficacy of C1 was seen toward H460 tumor xenografts in severe-combined immunodeficient mice. Our results suggest that 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidine thienoyl antifolates offer significant promise for treating NS-NSCLC by selective uptake by PCFT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike R Wilson
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Zhanjun Hou
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Si Yang
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Lisa Polin
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Juiwanna Kushner
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Kathryn White
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Jenny Huang
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Manohar Ratnam
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Aleem Gangjee
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
| | - Larry H Matherly
- Department of Oncology (M.R.W., Z.H., L.P., J.K., K.W., J.H., M.R., L.H.M.), and Department of Pharmacology (L.H.M.), Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan; Molecular Therapeutics Program, Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan (Z.H., L.P., M.R., L.H.M.); and Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (S.Y., A.G.)
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From Mice to Men and Back: An Assessment of Preclinical Model Systems for the Study of Lung Cancers. J Thorac Oncol 2015; 11:287-99. [PMID: 26723239 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtho.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies of preclinical models are essential for determining the biology of lung cancers and testing new and novel therapeutic approaches. We review the commonly used preclinical models for lung cancers and evaluate their strengths and weaknesses. METHODS We searched the MEDLINE database via PubMed using combinations of the following medical subject headings: lung cancer; animal models, mice; cell line, tumor; cell culture, mice; transgenic, mice; SCID, transplantation; heterologous; and genetic engineering. We reviewed the relevant published articles. RESULTS Multiple examples of the three major preclinical models-tumor cell lines, patient-derived xenografts, and genetically engineered mouse models-exist and have been used by investigators worldwide, with more than 15,000 relevant publications. Each model has its strengths and actual or potential weaknesses. In addition, newer forms of these models have been proposed or are in use as potential improvements over the conventional models. CONCLUSIONS A large number and variety of models have been developed and extensively used for the study of all major types of lung cancer. While they remain the cornerstone of preclinical studies, each model has its individual strengths and weaknesses. These must be carefully evaluated and applied to the proposed studies to obtain the maximum usefulness from the models.
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Clarke N, Biscocho J, Kwei KA, Davidson JM, Sridhar S, Gong X, Pollack JR. Integrative Genomics Implicates EGFR as a Downstream Mediator in NKX2-1 Amplified Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0142061. [PMID: 26556242 PMCID: PMC4640868 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0142061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
NKX2-1, encoding a homeobox transcription factor, is amplified in approximately 15% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC), where it is thought to drive cancer cell proliferation and survival. However, its mechanism of action remains largely unknown. To identify relevant downstream transcriptional targets, here we carried out a combined NKX2-1 transcriptome (NKX2-1 knockdown followed by RNAseq) and cistrome (NKX2-1 binding sites by ChIPseq) analysis in four NKX2-1-amplified human NSCLC cell lines. While NKX2-1 regulated genes differed among the four cell lines assayed, cell proliferation emerged as a common theme. Moreover, in 3 of the 4 cell lines, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was among the top NKX2-1 upregulated targets, which we confirmed at the protein level by western blot. Interestingly, EGFR knockdown led to upregulation of NKX2-1, suggesting a negative feedback loop. Consistent with this finding, combined knockdown of NKX2-1 and EGFR in NCI-H1819 lung cancer cells reduced cell proliferation (as well as MAP-kinase and PI3-kinase signaling) more than knockdown of either alone. Likewise, NKX2-1 knockdown enhanced the growth-inhibitory effect of the EGFR-inhibitor erlotinib. Taken together, our findings implicate EGFR as a downstream effector of NKX2-1 in NKX2-1 amplified NSCLC, with possible clinical implications, and provide a rich dataset for investigating additional mediators of NKX2-1 driven oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jewison Biscocho
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin A. Kwei
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jean M. Davidson
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Sushmita Sridhar
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Xue Gong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Jonathan R. Pollack
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pulmonary carcinoid tumors account for approximately 5% of all lung malignancies in adults, and comprise 30% of all carcinoid tumors. There are limited reagents available to study these rare tumors, and consequently no major advances have been made for patient treatment. We report the generation and characterization of human pulmonary carcinoid tumor cell lines to study underlying biology, and to provide models for testing novel chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Tissue was harvested from three patients with primary pulmonary typical carcinoid tumors undergoing surgical resection. The tumor was dissociated and plated onto dishes in culture media. The established cell lines were characterized by immunohistochemistry, Western blotting, and cell proliferation assays. Tumorigenicity was confirmed by soft agar growth and the ability to form tumors in a mouse xenograft model. Exome and RNA sequencing of patient tumor samples and cell lines was performed using standard protocols. RESULTS Three typical carcinoid tumor lines grew as adherent monolayers in vitro, expressed neuroendocrine markers consistent with the primary tumor, and formed colonies in soft agar. A single cell line produced lung tumors in nude mice after intravenous injection. Exome and RNA sequencing of this cell line showed lineage relationship with the primary tumor, and demonstrated mutations in a number of genes related to neuronal differentiation. CONCLUSION Three human pulmonary typical carcinoid tumor cell lines have been generated and characterized as a tool for studying the biology and novel treatment approaches for these rare tumors.
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TIMP-1 Inhibits Apoptosis in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells via Interaction with Bcl-2. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137673. [PMID: 26366732 PMCID: PMC4569297 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) are multifaceted molecules that exhibit properties beyond their classical proteinase inhibitory function. Although TIMP-1 is a known inhibitor of apoptosis in mammalian cells, the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects are not well-established. Our earlier studies using H2009 lung adenocarcinoma cells, implanted in the CNS, showed that TIMP-1 overexpressing H2009 cells (HB-1), resulted in more aggressive tumor kinetics and increased vasculature. The present study was undertaken to elucidate the role of TIMP-1 in the context of apoptosis, using the same lung cancer cell lines. Overexpressing TIMP-1 in a lung adenocarcinoma cell line H2009 resulted in an approximately 3-fold increased expression of Bcl-2, with a marked reduction in apoptosis upon staurosporine treatment. This was an MMP-independent function as a clone expressing TIMP-1 mutant T2G, lacking MMP inhibition activity, inhibited apoptosis as strongly as TIMP1 overexpressing clones, as determined by inhibition of PARP cleavage. Immunoprecipitation of Bcl-2 from cell lysates also co-immunoprecipitated TIMP-1, indicative of an interaction between these two proteins. This interaction was specific for TIMP-1 as TIMP-2 was not present in the Bcl-2 pull-down. Additionally, we show a co-dependency of TIMP-1 and Bcl-2 RNA and protein levels, such that abrogating Bcl-2 causes a downregulation of TIMP-1 but not TIMP-2. Finally, we demonstrate that TIMP-1 dependent inhibition of apoptosis occurs through p90RSK, with phosphorylation of the pro-apoptotic protein BAD at serine 112, ultimately reducing Bax levels and increasing mitochondrial permeability. Together, these studies define TIMP-1 as an important cancer biomarker and demonstrate the potential TIMP-1 as a crucial therapeutic target.
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Elkin SR, Bendris N, Reis CR, Zhou Y, Xie Y, Huffman KE, Minna JD, Schmid SL. A systematic analysis reveals heterogeneous changes in the endocytic activities of cancer cells. Cancer Res 2015; 75:4640-50. [PMID: 26359453 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-0939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a multistep process requiring cancer cell signaling, invasion, migration, survival, and proliferation. These processes require dynamic modulation of cell surface proteins by endocytosis. Given this functional connection, it has been suggested that endocytosis is dysregulated in cancer. To test this, we developed In-Cell ELISA assays to measure three different endocytic pathways: clathrin-mediated endocytosis, caveolae-mediated endocytosis, and clathrin-independent endocytosis and compared these activities using two different syngeneic models for normal and oncogene-transformed human lung epithelial cells. We found that all endocytic activities were reduced in the transformed versus normal counterparts. However, when we screened 29 independently isolated non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines to determine whether these changes were systematic, we observed significant heterogeneity. Nonetheless, using hierarchical clustering based on their combined endocytic properties, we identified two phenotypically distinct clusters of NSCLCs. One co-clustered with mutations in KRAS, a mesenchymal phenotype, increased invasion through collagen and decreased growth in soft agar, whereas the second was enriched in cells with an epithelial phenotype. Interestingly, the two clusters also differed significantly in clathrin-independent internalization and surface expression of CD44 and CD59. Taken together, our results suggest that endocytotic alterations in cancer cells that affect cell surface expression of critical molecules have a significant influence on cancer-relevant phenotypes, with potential implications for interventions to control cancer by modulating endocytic dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Elkin
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Nawal Bendris
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carlos R Reis
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yunyun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Science and Quantitative Biomedical Research Center (QBRC), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Clinical Science and Quantitative Biomedical Research Center (QBRC), UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Kenneth E Huffman
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - John D Minna
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas. Departments of Internal Medicine and Pharmacology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Sandra L Schmid
- Department of Cell Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas.
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The isolation of an RNA aptamer targeting to p53 protein with single amino acid mutation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015. [PMID: 26216949 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1502159112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
p53, known as a tumor suppressor, is a DNA binding protein that regulates cell cycle, activates DNA repair proteins, and triggers apoptosis in multicellular animals. More than 50% of human cancers contain a mutation or deletion of the p53 gene, and p53R175 is one of the hot spots of p53 mutation. Nucleic acid aptamers are short single-stranded oligonucleotides that are able to bind various targets, and they are typically isolated from an experimental procedure called systematic evolution of ligand exponential enrichment (SELEX). Using a previously unidentified strategy of contrast screening with SELEX, we have isolated an RNA aptamer targeting p53R175H. This RNA aptamer (p53R175H-APT) has a significantly stronger affinity to p53R175H than to the wild-type p53 in both in vitro and in vivo assays. p53R175H-APT decreased the growth rate, weakened the migration capability, and triggered apoptosis in human lung cancer cells harboring p53R175H. Further analysis actually indicated that p53R175H-APT might partially rescue or correct the p53R175H to function more like the wild-type p53. In situ injections of p53R175H-APT to the tumor xenografts confirmed the effects of this RNA aptamer on p53R175H mutation in mice.
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79
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TAE226, a Bis-Anilino Pyrimidine Compound, Inhibits the EGFR-Mutant Kinase Including T790M Mutant to Show Anti-Tumor Effect on EGFR-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129838. [PMID: 26090892 PMCID: PMC4474554 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
TAE226, a bis-anilino pyrimidine compound, has been developed as an inhibitor of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and insulin-like growth factor-I receptor (IGF-IR). In this study, we investigated the effect of TAE226 on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), especially focusing on the EGFR mutational status. TAE226 was more effective against cells with mutant EGFR, including the T790M mutant, than against cells with wild-type one. TAE226 preferentially inhibited phospho-EGFR and its downstream signaling mediators in the cells with mutant EGFR than in those with wild-type one. Phosphorylation of FAK and IGF-IR was not inhibited at the concentration at which the proliferation of EGFR-mutant cells was inhibited. Results of the in vitro binding assay indicated significant differences in the affinity for TAE226 between the wild-type and L858R (or delE746_A750) mutant, and the reduced affinity of ATP to the L858R (or delE746_A750) mutant resulted in good responsiveness of the L858R (or delE746_A750) mutant cells to TAE226. Of interest, the L858R/T790M or delE746_A750/T790M mutant enhanced the binding affinity for TAE226 compared with the L858R or delE746_A750 mutant, resulting in the effectiveness of TAE226 against T790M mutant cells despite the T790M mutation restoring the ATP affinity for the mutant EGFR close to that for the wild-type. TAE226 also showed higher affinity of about 15-fold for the L858R/T790M mutant than for the wild-type one by kinetic interaction analysis. The anti-tumor effect against EGFR-mutant tumors including T790M mutation was confirmed in mouse models without any significant toxicity. In summary, we showed that TAE226 inhibited the activation of mutant EGFR and exhibited anti-proliferative activity against NSCLCs carrying EGFR mutations, including T790M mutation.
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80
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Inhibition of autophagy sensitizes malignant pleural mesothelioma cells to dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1757. [PMID: 25950487 PMCID: PMC4669703 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) originates in most of the cases from chronic inflammation of the mesothelium due to exposure to asbestos fibers. Given the limited effect of chemotherapy, a big effort is being made to find new treatment options. The PI3K/mTOR pathway was reported to be upregulated in MPM. We tested the cell growth inhibition properties of two dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors NVP-BEZ235 and GDC-0980 on 19 MPM cell lines. We could identify resistant and sensitive lines; however, there was no correlation to the downregulation of PI3K/mTOR activity markers. As a result of mTOR inhibition, both drugs efficiently induced long-term autophagy but not cell death. Autophagy blockade by chloroquine in combination with the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors significantly induced caspase-independent cell death involving RIP1 in the sensitive cell line SPC212. Cell death in the resistant cell line Mero-82 was less pronounced, and it was not induced via RIP1-dependent mechanism, suggesting the involvement of RIP1 downstream effectors. Cell death induction was confirmed in 3D systems. Based on these results, we identify autophagy as one of the main mechanisms of cell death resistance against dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors in MPM. As PI3K/mTOR inhibitors are under investigation in clinical trials, these results may help interpreting their outcome and suggest ways for intervention.
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81
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Iwakawa R, Kohno T, Totoki Y, Shibata T, Tsuchihara K, Mimaki S, Tsuta K, Narita Y, Nishikawa R, Noguchi M, Harris CC, Robles AI, Yamaguchi R, Imoto S, Miyano S, Totsuka H, Yoshida T, Yokota J. Expression and clinical significance of genes frequently mutated in small cell lung cancers defined by whole exome/RNA sequencing. Carcinogenesis 2015; 36:616-21. [PMID: 25863124 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgv026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is the most aggressive type of lung cancer. Only 15% of SCLC patients survive beyond 2 years after diagnosis. Therefore, for the improvement of patients' outcome in this disease, it is necessary to identify genetic alterations applicable as therapeutic targets in SCLC cells. The purpose of this study is the identification of genes frequently mutated and expressed in SCLCs that will be targetable for therapy of SCLC patients. Exome sequencing was performed in 28 primary tumors and 16 metastatic tumors from 38 patients with SCLCs. Expression of mutant alleles was verified in 19 cases by RNA sequencing. TP53, RB1 and PTEN were identified as being significantly mutated genes. Additional 36 genes were identified as being frequently (≥10%) mutated in SCLCs by combining the results of this study and two recent studies. Mutated alleles were expressed in 8 of the 36 genes, TMEM132D, SPTA1, VPS13B, CSMD2, ANK2, ASTN1, ASPM and FBN3. In particular, the TMEM132D, SPTA1 and VPS13B genes were commonly mutated in both early and late stage tumors, primary tumors and metastases, and tumors before and after chemotherapy, as in the case of the TP53 and RB1 genes. Therefore, in addition to TP53, RB1 and PTEN, TMEM132D, SPTA1 and VPS13B could be also involved in SCLC development, with the products from their mutated alleles being potential therapeutic targets in SCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reika Iwakawa
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Takashi Kohno
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan, Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Yasushi Totoki
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Shibata
- Division of Cancer Genomics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Katsuya Tsuchihara
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Sachiyo Mimaki
- Division of Translational Research, Exploratory Oncology Research and Clinical Trial Center, National Cancer Center, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | | | - Yoshitaka Narita
- Department of Neurosurgery and Neuro-Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Ryo Nishikawa
- Department of Neuro-Oncology/Neurosurgery, International Medical Center, Saitama Medical University, Saitama 350-1298, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Curtis C Harris
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
| | - Ana I Robles
- Laboratory of Human Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4258, USA
| | - Rui Yamaguchi
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Seiya Imoto
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Satoru Miyano
- Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Totsuka
- Bioinfomatics Group, Research and Development Center, Solution Division 4, Hitachi Government and Public Corporation System Engineering Ltd, Tokyo 135-8633, Japan
| | - Teruhiko Yoshida
- Division of Genetics, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan and
| | - Jun Yokota
- Division of Genome Biology, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan, Cancer Genome Biology Group, Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, 08916 Barcelona, Spain
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82
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Evaluation of Lung Toxicity of Biodegradable Nanoparticles. ADVANCES IN DELIVERY SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-11355-5_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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83
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Hirose M, Yamato K, Endo S, Saito R, Ueno T, Hirai S, Suzuki H, Abei M, Natori Y, Hyodo I. MDM4 expression as an indicator of TP53 reactivation by combined targeting of MDM2 and MDM4 in cancer cells without TP53 mutation. Oncoscience 2014; 1:830-43. [PMID: 25621298 PMCID: PMC4303891 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MDM2 and MDM4, a structurally related MDM2 homolog, negatively regulates expression and functions of TP53 tumor suppressor gene. To explore the precise expression patterns and function of MDM2 and MDM4 in wild-type (wt) TP53 cancer cells, we analyzed 11 various cancer cell lines with wt TP53. All cell lines exhibited deregulated expression of MDM2 and MDM4, and were divided into two distinct types; the one expressing high levels of MDM4 and another expressing low levels of MDM4. The low MDM4 type expressed higher MDM2 levels than the high MDM4 type. In cells with high MDM4 expression, knockdown of MDM4 or MDM2 reactivated TP53, and simultaneous knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 synergistically reactivated TP53. In contrast, in cells with low MDM4 expression, knockdown of only MDM2 reactivated TP53. These results suggest that both MDM2 and MDM4 are closely involved in TP53 inactivation in cancer cells with high MDM4 expression, whereas only MDM2, and not MDM4, is a regulator of TP53 in cells with low MDM4 expression. MDM4 expression in wt TP53-tumors is a potential indicator for TP53 reactivation cancer therapy by simultaneous targeting of MDM4 and MDM2. Specific knockdown of MDM2 and MDM4 might be applicable for TP53 restoration therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Hirose
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kenji Yamato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shinji Endo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Rie Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takunori Ueno
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hirai
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hideo Suzuki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masato Abei
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | | | - Ichinosuke Hyodo
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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84
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Kinome sequencing reveals RET G691S polymorphism in human neuroendocrine lung cancer cell lines. Genes Genomics 2014; 36:829-841. [PMID: 25530832 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-014-0217-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) lung tumors comprise 20-25% of all invasive lung malignancies. Currently, no effective treatments are available to cure these tumors, and it is necessary to identify a molecular alteration(s) that characterizes NE lung tumor cells. We aimed to identify a kinase mutation(s) associated with NE lung tumor by screening 517 kinase-encoding genes in human lung cancer cell lines. Our next-generation sequencing analysis of six NE lung tumor cell lines (four small cell lung cancer lines and two non-small cell lung cancer lines) and three non-NE lung tumor lines revealed various kinase mutations, including a nonsynonymous mutation in the proto-oncogene RET (c.2071G>A; p.G691S). Further evaluation of the RET polymorphism in total 15 lung cancer cell lines by capillary sequencing suggested that the frequency of the minor allele (A-allele) in NE lung tumor lines was significantly higher than its frequency in a reference population (p = 0.0001). However, no significant difference between non-NE lung tumor lines and a reference group was detected (p = 1.0). Nevertheless, neither RET expression levels were correlated with the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a key NE marker, nor vandetanib and cabozantinib, small molecule compounds that inhibit RET, affected NSE levels in lung cancer cells. Our data suggest a potential association of G691S RET polymorphism with NE lung tumor, proposing the necessity of more thorough evaluation of this possibility. The dataset of kinase mutation profiles in this report may help choosing cell line models for study of lung cancer.
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85
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Pop LM, Barman S, Shao C, Poe JC, Venturi GM, Shelton JM, Pop IV, Gerber DE, Girard L, Liu XY, Behrens C, Rodriguez-Canales J, Liu H, Wistuba II, Richardson JA, Minna JD, Tedder TF, Vitetta ES. A reevaluation of CD22 expression in human lung cancer. Cancer Res 2014; 74:263-71. [PMID: 24395821 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-1436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CD22 is a transmembrane glycoprotein expressed by mature B cells. It inhibits signal transduction by the B-cell receptor and its coreceptor CD19. Recent reports indicate that most human lung cancer cells and cell lines express CD22, making it an important new therapeutic target for lung cancer. The objective of our studies was to independently validate these results with the goal of testing the efficacy of our CD22 immunotoxins on lung cancer cell lines. As determined by quantitative real-time PCR analysis, we found that levels of CD22 mRNA in a panel of human lung cancer cell lines were 200 to 60,000-fold lower than those observed in the human CD22(+) Burkitt lymphoma cells, Daudi. Using flow cytometry with a panel of CD22 monoclonal antibodies and Western blot analyses, we could not detect surface or intracellular expression of CD22 protein in a panel of lung cancer cell lines. In addition, the in vitro proliferation of the lung tumor cell lines was not affected by either CD22 antibodies or our highly potent anti-CD22 immunotoxin. In contrast, CD22(+) Daudi cells expressed high levels of CD22 mRNA and protein, and were sensitive to our CD22 immunotoxin. Importantly, primary non-small cell lung cancers from more than 250 patient specimens did not express detectable levels of CD22 protein as assessed by immunohistochemistry. We conclude that CD22 is not expressed at measurable levels on the surface of lung cancer cells, and that these cells cannot be killed by anti-CD22 immunotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentiu M Pop
- Authors' Affiliations: Cancer Immunobiology Center and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research; Departments of Immunology, Internal Medicine, Microbiology, Pathology, and Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Departments of Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology and Translational Molecular Pathology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston; Bio-Synthesis Inc., Lewisville, Texas; and Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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86
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Evaluation of human embryonic stem cells and their differentiated fibroblastic progenies as cellular models for in vitro genotoxicity screening. J Biotechnol 2014; 184:154-68. [PMID: 24862194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated human embryonic stem cells (hESC) and their differentiated fibroblastic progenies as cellular models for genotoxicity screening. The DNA damage response of hESCs and their differentiated fibroblastic progenies were compared to a fibroblastic cell line (HEPM, CRL1486) and primary cultures of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL), upon exposure to Mitomycin C, gamma irradiation and H2O2. It was demonstrated that hESC-derived fibroblastic progenies (H1F) displayed significantly higher chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei formation and double strand break (DSB) formation, as compared to undifferentiated hESC upon exposure to genotoxic stress. Nevertheless, H1F cell types displayed comparable sensitivities to genotoxic challenge as HEPM and PBL, both of which are representative of somatic cell types commonly used for genotoxicity screening. Subsequently, transcriptomic and pathways analysis identified differential expression of critical genes involved in cell death and DNA damage response upon exposure to gamma irradiation. The results thus demonstrate that hESC-derived fibroblastic progenies are as sensitive as commonly-used somatic cell types for genotoxicity screening. Moreover, hESCs have additional advantages, such as their genetic normality compared to immortalized cell lines, as well as their amenability to scale-up for producing large, standardized quantities of cells for genotoxicity screening on an industrial scale, something which can never be achieved with primary cell cultures.
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87
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CDKN2A/p16 inactivation mechanisms and their relationship to smoke exposure and molecular features in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2014; 8:1378-88. [PMID: 24077454 DOI: 10.1097/jto.0b013e3182a46c0c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION CDKN2A (p16) inactivation is common in lung cancer and occurs via homozygous deletions, methylation of promoter region, or point mutations. Although p16 promoter methylation has been linked to KRAS mutation and smoking, the associations between p16 inactivation mechanisms and other common genetic mutations and smoking status are still controversial or unknown. METHODS We determined all three p16 inactivation mechanisms with the use of multiple methodologies for genomic status, methylation, RNA, and protein expression, and correlated them with EGFR, KRAS, STK11 mutations and smoking status in 40 cell lines and 45 tumor samples of primary non-small-cell lung carcinoma. We also performed meta-analyses to investigate the impact of smoke exposure on p16 inactivation. RESULTS p16 inactivation was the major mechanism of RB pathway perturbation in non-small-cell lung carcinoma, with homozygous deletion being the most frequent method, followed by methylation and the rarer point mutations. Inactivating mechanisms were tightly correlated with loss of mRNA and protein expression. p16 inactivation occurred at comparable frequencies regardless of mutational status of EGFR, KRAS, and STK11, however, the major inactivation mechanism of p16 varied. p16 methylation was linked to KRAS mutation but was mutually exclusive with EGFR mutation. Cell lines and tumor samples demonstrated similar results. Our meta-analyses confirmed a modest positive association between p16 promoter methylation and smoking. CONCLUSION Our results confirm that all the inactivation mechanisms are truly associated with loss of gene product and identify specific associations between p16 inactivation mechanisms and other genetic changes and smoking status.
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88
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Singh AN, McGuire MJ, Li S, Hao G, Kumar A, Sun X, Brown KC. Dimerization of a phage-display selected peptide for imaging of αvβ6- integrin: two approaches to the multivalent effect. Theranostics 2014; 4:745-60. [PMID: 24883124 PMCID: PMC4038756 DOI: 10.7150/thno.7811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The integrin αvβ6 is an emerging biomarker for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). An αvβ6-binding peptide was previously selected from a phage-displayed peptide library. Here, we utilize a multivalent design to develop a peptidic probe for positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of αvβ6+ NSCLC tumors. Multimeric presentation of this peptide, RGDLATLRQL, on a bifunctional copper chelator was achieved using two approaches: dimerization of the peptide followed by conjugation to the chelator (H2-D10) and direct presentation of two copies of the peptide on the chelator scaffold (H2-(M10)2). Binding affinities of the divalent peptide conjugates are four-fold higher than their monovalent counterpart (H2-M10), suggestive of multivalent binding. PET imaging using the bivalent 64Cu-labeled conjugates showed rapid and persistent accumulation in αvβ6+ tumors. By contrast, no significant accumulation was observed in αvβ6- tumors. Irrespective of the dimerization approach, all divalent probes showed three-fold higher tumor uptake than the monovalent probe, indicating the role of valency in signal enhancement. However, the divalent probes have elevated uptake in non-target organs, especially the kidneys. To abrogate nonspecific uptake, the peptide's N-terminus was acetylated. The resultant bivalent probe, 64Cu- AcD10, showed drastic decrease of kidney accumulation while maintaining tumor uptake. In conclusion, we developed an αvβ6-integrin specific probe with optimized biodistribution for noninvasive PET imaging of NSCLC. Further, we have demonstrated that use of multivalent scaffolds is a plausible method to improve library selected peptides, which would be suboptimal or useless otherwise, for imaging probe development.
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89
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Phase II trial of a GM-CSF-producing and CD40L-expressing bystander cell line combined with an allogeneic tumor cell-based vaccine for refractory lung adenocarcinoma. J Immunother 2014; 36:442-50. [PMID: 23994887 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0b013e3182a80237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We created a vaccine in which irradiated allogeneic lung adenocarcinoma cells are combined with a bystander K562 cell line transfected with hCD40L and hGM-CSF. By recruiting and activating dendritic cells, we hypothesized that the vaccine would induce tumor regression in metastatic lung adenocarcinoma. Intradermal vaccine was given q14 days×3, followed by monthly ×3. Cyclophosphamide (300 mg/m IV) was administered before the first and fourth vaccines to deplete regulatory T cells. All-trans retinoic acid was given (150/mg/m/d) after the first and fourth vaccines to enhance dendritic cell differentiation. Twenty-four participants were accrued at a single institution from October 2006 to June 2008, with a median age 64 years and median of 4 previous lines of systemic therapy. A total of 101 vaccines were administered. Common toxicities were headache (54%) and site reaction (38%). No radiologic responses were observed. Median overall survival was 7.9 months and median progression-free survival was 1.7 months. Of 14 patients evaluable for immunological study, 5 had peptide-induced CD8 T-cell activation after vaccination. Overall, vaccine administration was feasible in an extensively pretreated population of metastatic lung cancer. Despite a suggestion of clinical activity in the subset with immune response, the trial did not meet the primary endpoint of inducing radiologic tumor regression.
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90
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Identification and characterization of a suite of tumor targeting peptides for non-small cell lung cancer. Sci Rep 2014; 4:4480. [PMID: 24670678 PMCID: PMC3967199 DOI: 10.1038/srep04480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor targeting ligands are emerging components in cancer therapies. Widespread use of targeted therapies and molecular imaging is dependent on increasing the number of high affinity, tumor-specific ligands. Towards this goal, we biopanned three phage-displayed peptide libraries on a series of well-defined human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, isolating 11 novel peptides. The peptides show distinct binding profiles across 40 NSCLC cell lines and do not bind normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. Binding of specific peptides correlates with onco-genotypes and activation of particular pathways, such as EGFR signaling, suggesting the peptides may serve as surrogate markers. Multimerization of the peptides results in cell binding affinities between 0.0071–40 nM. The peptides home to tumors in vivo and bind to patient tumor samples. This is the first comprehensive biopanning for isolation of high affinity peptidic ligands for a single cancer type and expands the diversity of NSCLC targeting ligands.
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91
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Wang S, Han X, Wang J, Yao J, Shi Y. Antitumor effects of a novel chromosome region maintenance 1 (CRM1) inhibitor on non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in mouse tumor xenografts. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89848. [PMID: 24595136 PMCID: PMC3942386 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chromosome Region Maintenance 1 (CRM1) is a nuclear exporter and its inhibitor has anti-tumor activity in various cancers. This study assessed the therapeutic efficiency of the novel CRM1 inhibitor KPT-185 on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). METHODS NSCLC cell lines were treated with KPT-185 to assess changes in cell viability, cell cycle, apoptosis, and protein expression. NOD-SCID mice carrying NSCLC cell xenografts were orally treated with KPT-276, a clinical analog of KPT-185, to examine the efficacy and side effects of KPT-276 in vivo. RESULTS KPT-185 significantly reduced the viability of six NSCLC cell lines in a time- and dose-dependent manner, including epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI)-resistant H1975 and H1650GR cell lines. In addition, KPT-185 induced these NSCLC cells to arrest at G1 phase of the cell cycle and caused apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. KPT-185 treatment also reduced CRM1 protein levels in six NSCLC cell lines, and the reduction could be completely abolished by the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib. KPT-185 activated caspase 3, 8, and 9, but inhibited survivin expression in NSCLC cells. In a mouse H1975 cell xenograft model, tumor growth was significantly inhibited by oral KPT-276 administration, and there was no significant mouse body weight loss or other side effects. CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of KPT-185 in NSCLC cells, including EGFR-TKI-resistant NSCLC cell lines. Further studies will assess anti-tumor activity of KPT-185 in a clinical trial for NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfei Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Yao
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute/Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, Beijing, China
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92
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Noxa determines localization and stability of MCL-1 and consequently ABT-737 sensitivity in small cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1052. [PMID: 24525728 PMCID: PMC3944277 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The sensitivity to ABT-737, a prototype BH3 mimetic drug, varies in a broad range in small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells. We have previously shown that the expression of Noxa, a BH3-only pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family protein, is the critical determinant of ABT-737 sensitivity. We show here that Noxa regulates the localization and stability of MCL-1, an anti-apoptotic member, which results in modulating ABT-737 sensitivity. Mutations in Noxa within the BH3 domain, the carboxyl terminus mitochondrial targeting domain, or of ubiquitinated lysines not only change the localization and stability of Noxa itself but also affect the mitochondrial localization and phosphorylation/ubiquitination status of MCL-1 and consequently modulate sensitivity to ABT-737. Results of studies utilizing these mutant proteins indicate that Noxa recruits MCL-1 from the cytosol to the mitochondria. Translocation of MCL-1 initiates its phosphorylation and subsequent ubiquitination, which triggers proteasome-mediated degradation. The precise regulatory mechanisms of Noxa/MCL-1 expression and stability could provide alternative targets to modulate apoptosis induced by BH3 mimetic drugs or other chemotherapeutic reagents.
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93
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Davies KD, Mahale S, Astling DP, Aisner DL, Le AT, Hinz TK, Vaishnavi A, Bunn PA, Heasley LE, Tan AC, Camidge DR, Varella-Garcia M, Doebele RC. Resistance to ROS1 inhibition mediated by EGFR pathway activation in non-small cell lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82236. [PMID: 24349229 PMCID: PMC3862576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The targeting of oncogenic ‘driver’ kinases with small molecule inhibitors has proven to be a highly effective therapeutic strategy in selected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. However, acquired resistance to targeted therapies invariably arises and is a major limitation to patient care. ROS1 fusion proteins are a recently described class of oncogenic driver, and NSCLC patients that express these fusions generally respond well to ROS1-targeted therapy. In this study, we sought to determine mechanisms of acquired resistance to ROS1 inhibition. To accomplish this, we analyzed tumor samples from a patient who initially responded to the ROS1 inhibitor crizotinib but eventually developed acquired resistance. In addition, we generated a ROS1 inhibition-resistant derivative of the initially sensitive NSCLC cell line HCC78. Previously described mechanisms of acquired resistance to tyrosine kinase inhibitors including target kinase-domain mutation, target copy number gain, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and conversion to small cell lung cancer histology were found to not underlie resistance in the patient sample or resistant cell line. However, we did observe a switch in the control of growth and survival signaling pathways from ROS1 to EGFR in the resistant cell line. As a result of this switch, ROS1 inhibition-resistant HCC78 cells became sensitive to EGFR inhibition, an effect that was enhanced by co-treatment with a ROS1 inhibitor. Our results suggest that co-inhibition of ROS1 and EGFR may be an effective strategy to combat resistance to targeted therapy in some ROS1 fusion-positive NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurtis D. Davies
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Sakshi Mahale
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David P. Astling
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dara L. Aisner
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Anh T. Le
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Trista K. Hinz
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aria Vaishnavi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Paul A. Bunn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Lynn E. Heasley
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Aik-Choon Tan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - D. Ross Camidge
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Marileila Varella-Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Robert C. Doebele
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Hong SK, Kim JH, Starenki D, Park JI. Autophagy sensitivity of neuroendocrine lung tumor cells. Int J Oncol 2013; 43:2031-8. [PMID: 24126619 PMCID: PMC3834067 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2013.2136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroendocrine (NE) phenotypes characterize a spectrum of lung tumors, including low-grade typical and intermediate-grade atypical carcinoid, high-grade large-cell NE carcinoma and small cell lung carcinoma. Currently, no effective treatments are available to cure NE lung tumors, demanding identification of biological features specific to these tumors. Here, we report that autophagy has an important role for NE lung tumor cell proliferation and survival. We found that the expression levels of the autophagy marker LC3 are relatively high in a panel of lung tumor cell lines expressing high levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), a key NE marker in lung tumors. In response to bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, NE lung tumor cells exhibited cytotoxicity whereas non-NE lung tumor cells exhibited cytostasis, indicating a distinct role of autophagy for NE lung tumor cell survival. Intriguingly, in certain NE lung tumor cell lines, the levels of processed LC3 (LC3-II) were inversely correlated with AKT activity. When AKT activity was inhibited using AKTi or MK2206, the levels of LC3-II and SQSTM1/p62 were increased. In contrast, torin 1, rapamycin or mTOR knockdown increased p62 levels, suggesting that these two pathways have opposing effects on autophagy in certain NE lung tumors. Moreover, inhibition of one pathway resulted in reduced activity of the other, suggesting that these two pathways crosstalk in the tumors. These results suggest that NE lung tumor cells share a common feature of autophagy and are more sensitive to autophagy inhibition than non-NE lung tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Keun Hong
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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95
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Basak SK, Veena MS, Oh S, Lai C, Vangala S, Elashoff D, Fishbein MC, Sharma S, Rao NP, Rao D, Phan R, Srivatsan ES, Batra RK. The CD44(high) tumorigenic subsets in lung cancer biospecimens are enriched for low miR-34a expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73195. [PMID: 24019906 PMCID: PMC3760902 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is an integral part of cancer development and progression. Progression can be associated with emergence of cells that exhibit high phenotypic plasticity (including “de-differentiation” to primitive developmental states), and aggressive behavioral properties (including high tumorigenic potentials). We observed that many biomarkers that are used to identify Cancer Stem Cells (CSC) can label cell subsets in an advanced clinical stage of lung cancer (malignant pleural effusions, or MPE). Thus, CSC-biomarkers may be useful for live sorting functionally distinct cell subsets from individual tumors, which may enable investigators to hone in on the molecular basis for functional heterogeneity. We demonstrate that the CD44hi (CD44-high) cancer cell subsets display higher clonal, colony forming potential than CD44lo cells (n = 3) and are also tumorigenic (n = 2/2) when transplanted in mouse xenograft model. The CD44hi subsets express different levels of embryonal (de-differentiation) markers or chromatin regulators. In archived lung cancer tissues, ALDH markers co-localize more with CD44 in squamous cell carcinoma (n = 5/7) than Adeno Carcinoma (n = 1/12). MPE cancer cells and a lung cancer cell line (NCI-H-2122) exhibit chromosomal abnormalities and 1p36 deletion (n = 3/3). Since miR-34a maps to the 1p36 deletion site, low miR-34a expression levels were detected in these cells. The colony forming efficiency of CD44hi cells, characteristic property of CSC, can be inhibited by mir-34a replacement in these samples. In addition the highly tumorigenic CD44hi cells are enriched for cells in the G2 phase of cell cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saroj K. Basak
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKB); (RKB)
| | - Mysore S. Veena
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Scott Oh
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Chi Lai
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sitaram Vangala
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David Elashoff
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Michael C. Fishbein
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sanjai Sharma
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nagesh P. Rao
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Dinesh Rao
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Ryan Phan
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Eri S. Srivatsan
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Division of General Surgery/Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Raj K. Batra
- Wadsworth Stem Cell Institute, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System (VAGLAHS), Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (SKB); (RKB)
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96
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Gray BP, McGuire MJ, Brown KC. A liposomal drug platform overrides peptide ligand targeting to a cancer biomarker, irrespective of ligand affinity or density. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72938. [PMID: 24009717 PMCID: PMC3751880 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
One method for improving cancer treatment is the use of nanoparticle drugs functionalized with targeting ligands that recognize receptors expressed selectively by tumor cells. In theory such targeting ligands should specifically deliver the nanoparticle drug to the tumor, increasing drug concentration in the tumor and delivering the drug to its site of action within the tumor tissue. However, the leaky vasculature of tumors combined with a poor lymphatic system allows the passive accumulation, and subsequent retention, of nanosized materials in tumors. Furthermore, a large nanoparticle size may impede tumor penetration. As such, the role of active targeting in nanoparticle delivery is controversial, and it is difficult to predict how a targeted nanoparticle drug will behave in vivo. Here we report in vivo studies for αvβ6-specific H2009.1 peptide targeted liposomal doxorubicin, which increased liposomal delivery and toxicity to lung cancer cells in vitro. We systematically varied ligand affinity, ligand density, ligand stability, liposome dosage, and tumor models to assess the role of active targeting of liposomes to αvβ6. In direct contrast to the in vitro results, we demonstrate no difference in in vivo targeting or efficacy for H2009.1 tetrameric peptide liposomal doxorubicin, compared to control peptide and no peptide liposomes. Examining liposome accumulation and distribution within the tumor demonstrates that the liposome, and not the H2009.1 peptide, drives tumor accumulation, and that both targeted H2009.1 and untargeted liposomes remain in perivascular regions, with little tumor penetration. Thus H2009.1 targeted liposomes fail to improve drug efficacy because the liposome drug platform prevents the H2009.1 peptide from both actively targeting the tumor and binding to tumor cells throughout the tumor tissue. Therefore, using a high affinity and high specificity ligand targeting an over-expressed tumor biomarker does not guarantee enhanced efficacy of a liposomal drug. These results highlight the complexity of in vivo targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethany Powell Gray
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Michael J. McGuire
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kathlynn C. Brown
- Department of Internal Medicine and The Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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97
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Oleksiewicz U, Liloglou T, Tasopoulou KM, Daskoulidou N, Bryan J, Gosney JR, Field JK, Xinarianos G. Cytoglobin has bimodal: tumour suppressor and oncogene functions in lung cancer cell lines. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:3207-17. [PMID: 23591990 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytoglobin (CYGB) is frequently downregulated in many types of human malignancies, and its exogenous overexpression reduces proliferation of cancer cells. Despite its implied tumour suppressor (TSG) functions, its exact role in carcinogenesis remains unclear as CYGB upregulation is also associated with tumour hypoxia and aggressiveness. In this study, we explore the TSG role of CYGB, its influence on the phenotype of cancerous cells under stress conditions and the clinical significance of CYGB expression and promoter methylation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA methylation-dependent expression silencing of CYGB is demonstrated in both clinical samples and cell lines. CYGB promoter was more frequently methylated in lung adenocarcinomas (P = 1.4 × 10(-4)). Demethylation by 5'-azadeoxycytidine partially restored CYGB expression in cell lines. Interestingly, trichostatin A triggered upregulation of CYGB expression in cancer cell lines and downregulation in non-tumourigenic ones. CYGB mRNA expression in NSCLC surgical specimens correlated with that of HIF1α and VEGFa (P < 1 × 10(-4)). Overexpression of CYGB in cancer cell lines reduced cell migration, invasion and anchorage-independent growth. Moreover, CYGB impaired cell proliferation, but only in the lung adenocarcinoma cell line (H358). Upon hydrogen peroxide treatment, CYGB protected cell viability, migratory potential and anchorage independence by attenuating oxidative injury. In hypoxia, CYGB overexpression decreased cell viability, augmented migration and anchorage independence in a cell-type-specific manner. In conclusion, CYGB revealed TSG properties in normoxia but promoted tumourigenic potential of the cells exposed to stress, suggesting a bimodal function in lung tumourigenesis, depending on cell type and microenvironmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula Oleksiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Roy Castle Lung Cancer Research Programme, University of Liverpool, 200 London Rd, Liverpool L3 9TA,UK
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98
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Sato M, Larsen JE, Lee W, Sun H, Shames DS, Dalvi MP, Ramirez RD, Tang H, DiMaio JM, Gao B, Xie Y, Wistuba II, Gazdar AF, Shay JW, Minna JD. Human lung epithelial cells progressed to malignancy through specific oncogenic manipulations. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 11:638-50. [PMID: 23449933 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0634-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We used CDK4/hTERT-immortalized normal human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) from several individuals to study lung cancer pathogenesis by introducing combinations of common lung cancer oncogenic changes (p53, KRAS, and MYC) and followed the stepwise transformation of HBECs to full malignancy. This model showed that: (i) the combination of five genetic alterations (CDK4, hTERT, sh-p53, KRAS(V12), and c-MYC) is sufficient for full tumorigenic conversion of HBECs; (ii) genetically identical clones of transformed HBECs exhibit pronounced differences in tumor growth, histology, and differentiation; (iii) HBECs from different individuals vary in their sensitivity to transformation by these oncogenic manipulations; (iv) high levels of KRAS(V12) are required for full malignant transformation of HBECs, however, prior loss of p53 function is required to prevent oncogene-induced senescence; (v) overexpression of c-MYC greatly enhances malignancy but only in the context of sh-p53+KRAS(V12); (vi) growth of parental HBECs in serum-containing medium induces differentiation, whereas growth of oncogenically manipulated HBECs in serum increases in vivo tumorigenicity, decreases tumor latency, produces more undifferentiated tumors, and induces epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT); (vii) oncogenic transformation of HBECs leads to increased sensitivity to standard chemotherapy doublets; (viii) an mRNA signature derived by comparing tumorigenic versus nontumorigenic clones was predictive of outcome in patients with lung cancer. Collectively, our findings show that this HBEC model system can be used to study the effect of oncogenic mutations, their expression levels, and serum-derived environmental effects in malignant transformation, while also providing clinically translatable applications such as development of prognostic signatures and drug response phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Sato
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas 75390, USA
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99
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Konstantinidou G, Ramadori G, Torti F, Kangasniemi K, Ramirez RE, Cai Y, Behrens C, Dellinger MT, Brekken RA, Wistuba II, Heguy A, Teruya-Feldstein J, Scaglioni PP. RHOA-FAK is a required signaling axis for the maintenance of KRAS-driven lung adenocarcinomas. Cancer Discov 2013; 3:444-57. [PMID: 23358651 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-12-0388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) often expresses mutant KRAS together with tumor-associated mutations of the CDKN2A locus, which are associated with aggressive, therapy-resistant tumors. Here, we unravel specific requirements for the maintenance of NSCLC that carries this genotype. We establish that the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/RHOA/focal adhesion kinase (FAK) network is deregulated in high-grade lung tumors. Suppression of RHOA or FAK induces cell death selectively in mutant KRAS;INK4A/ARF-deficient lung cancer cells. Furthermore, pharmacologic inhibition of FAK caused tumor regression specifically in the high-grade lung cancer that developed in mutant Kras;Cdkn2a-null mice. These findings provide a rationale for the rapid implementation of genotype-specific targeted therapies using FAK inhibitors in patients with cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Targeted therapies are effective for only a small fraction of patients with cancer. We report that FAK inhibitors exert potent antitumor effects in NSCLCs that express mutant KRAS in association with INK4A/ARF deficiency. These results reveal a novel genotype-specific vulnerability of cancer cells that can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgia Konstantinidou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Simmons Cancer Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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100
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Kamiyama H, Rauenzahn S, Shim JS, Karikari CA, Feldmann G, Hua L, Kamiyama M, Schuler FW, Lin MT, Beaty RM, Karanam B, Liang H, Mullendore ME, Mo G, Hidalgo M, Jaffee E, Hruban RH, Jinnah HA, Roden RBS, Jimeno A, Liu JO, Maitra A, Eshleman JR. Personalized chemotherapy profiling using cancer cell lines from selectable mice. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 19:1139-46. [PMID: 23340293 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-2127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE High-throughput chemosensitivity testing of low-passage cancer cell lines can be used to prioritize agents for personalized chemotherapy. However, generating cell lines from primary cancers is difficult because contaminating stromal cells overgrow the malignant cells. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We produced a series of hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase (hprt)-null immunodeficient mice. During growth of human cancers in these mice, hprt-null murine stromal cells replace their human counterparts. RESULTS Pancreatic and ovarian cancers explanted from these mice were grown in selection media to produce pure human cancer cell lines. We screened one cell line with a 3,131-drug panel and identified 77 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs with activity, and two novel drugs to which the cell line was uniquely sensitive. Xenografts of this carcinoma were selectively responsive to both drugs. CONCLUSION Chemotherapy can be personalized using patient-specific cell lines derived in biochemically selectable mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohiko Kamiyama
- The Sol Goldman Pancreatic Cancer Research Center, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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