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Barajas-López JDD, Tezycka J, Travaglia CN, Serrato AJ, Chueca A, Thormählen I, Geigenberger P, Sahrawy M. Expression of the chloroplast thioredoxins f and m is linked to short-term changes in the sugar and thiol status in leaves of Pisum sativum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:4887-900. [PMID: 22791824 PMCID: PMC3427998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Thioredoxins (TRXs) f and m are key components in the light regulation of photosynthetic metabolism via thiol-dithiol modulation in chloroplasts of leaves; however, little is known about the factors modulating the expression of these proteins. To investigate the effect of sugars as photosynthetic products on the expression of PsTRX f and m1 genes, sucrose and glucose were externally supplied to pea plants during the day. There was an increase in the mRNA levels of PsTRX f and m1 genes in response mainly to glucose. When leaf discs were incubated for up to 4h in the dark, glucose also led to an increase in both mRNA and protein levels of TRXs f and m, while sucrose had no substantial effect. Expression of PsDOF7, a carbon metabolism-related transcription factor gene, was also induced by glucose. Protein-DNA interaction showed that PsDOF7 binds specifically to the DOF core located in PsTRX f and m1 gene promoters. Transient expression in agroinfiltrated pea leaves demonstrated that PsDOF7 activated transcription of both promoters. The incubation of leaf discs in dithiotreitol (DTT) to increase the redox status led to a marked increase in the mRNA and protein levels of both TRXs within 4h. The increase in TRX protein levels occurred after 1h DTT feeding, implying a rapid effect of the thiol status on TRX f and m1 protein turnover rates, while transcriptional regulation took 3h to proceed. These results show that the protein levels of both TRXs are under short-term control of the sugar and thiol status in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan de Dios Barajas-López
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
- Present address: Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Plant Physiology, Umeå UniversityUmeå, Sweden
| | - Justyna Tezycka
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Claudia N. Travaglia
- Departamento de Ciencias Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físico Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Río Cuarto, Campus Universitario5800 Río Cuarto, Argentina
| | - Antonio Jesús Serrato
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Chueca
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
| | - Ina Thormählen
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Peter Geigenberger
- Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Department Biology IGrosshaderner Str. 2–4, D-82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mariam Sahrawy
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Estación Experimental del Zaidín, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasC/Profesor Albareda 1, 18008, Granada, Spain
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52
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Hall M, Kieselbach T, Sauer UH, Schröder WP. Purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of PPD6, a PsbP-domain protein from Arabidopsis thaliana. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2012; 68:278-80. [PMID: 22442221 PMCID: PMC3310529 DOI: 10.1107/s1744309111042023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The PsbP protein is an extrinsic component of photosystem II that together with PsbO and PsbQ forms the thylakoid lumenal part of the oxygen-evolving complex in higher plants. In addition to PsbP, the thylakoid lumen contains two PsbP-like proteins (PPLs) and six PsbP-domain proteins (PPDs). While the functions of the PsbP-like proteins PPL1 and PPL2 are currently under investigation, the function of the PsbP-domain proteins still remains completely unknown. PPD6 is unique among the PsbP family of proteins in that it contains a conserved disulfide bond which can be reduced in vitro by thioredoxin. The crystal structure determination of the PPD6 protein has been initiated in order to elucidate its function and to gain deeper insights into redox-regulation pathways in the thylakoid lumen. PPD6 has been expressed, purified and crystallized and preliminary X-ray diffraction data have been collected. The crystals belonged to space group P2(1), with unit-cell parameters a = 47.0, b = 64.3, c = 62.0 Å, β = 94.2°, and diffracted to a maximum d-spacing of 2.1 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hall
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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53
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Hall M, Mishra Y, Schröder WP. Preparation of stroma, thylakoid membrane, and lumen fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana chloroplasts for proteomic analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2011; 775:207-22. [PMID: 21863445 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-237-3_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/15/2023]
Abstract
For many studies regarding important chloroplast processes such as oxygenic photosynthesis, fractionation of the total chloroplast proteome is a necessary first step. Here, we describe a method for isolating the stromal, the thylakoid membrane, and the thylakoid lumen subchloroplast fractions from Arabidopsis thaliana leaf material. All three fractions can be isolated sequentially from the same plant material in a single day preparation. The isolated fractions are suitable for various proteomic analyses such as simple mapping studies or for more complex experiments such as differential expression analysis using two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D-DIGE) or mass spectrometry (MS)-based techniques. Besides this, the obtained fractions can also be used for many other purposes such as immunological assays, enzymatic activity assays, and studies of protein complexes by native-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (native-PAGE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hall
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry and Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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54
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Karamoko M, Cline S, Redding K, Ruiz N, Hamel PP. Lumen Thiol Oxidoreductase1, a disulfide bond-forming catalyst, is required for the assembly of photosystem II in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2011; 23:4462-75. [PMID: 22209765 PMCID: PMC3269877 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.111.089680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2011] [Revised: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Here, we identify Arabidopsis thaliana Lumen Thiol Oxidoreductase1 (LTO1) as a disulfide bond-forming enzyme in the thylakoid lumen. Using topological reporters in bacteria, we deduced a lumenal location for the redox active domains of the protein. LTO1 can partially substitute for the proteins catalyzing disulfide bond formation in the bacterial periplasm, which is topologically equivalent to the plastid lumen. An insertional mutation within the LTO1 promoter is associated with a severe photoautotrophic growth defect. Measurements of the photosynthetic activity indicate that the lto1 mutant displays a limitation in the electron flow from photosystem II (PSII). In accordance with these measurements, we noted a severe depletion of the structural subunits of PSII but no change in the accumulation of the cytochrome b(6)f complex or photosystem I. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, the thioredoxin-like domain of LTO1 interacts with PsbO, a lumenal PSII subunit known to be disulfide bonded, and a recombinant form of the molecule can introduce a disulfide bond in PsbO in vitro. The documentation of a sulfhydryl-oxidizing activity in the thylakoid lumen further underscores the importance of catalyzed thiol-disulfide chemistry for the biogenesis of the thylakoid compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Karamoko
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Sara Cline
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Kevin Redding
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287
| | - Natividad Ruiz
- Department of Microbiology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
| | - Patrice P. Hamel
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Plant Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210
- Address correspondence to
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55
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Gollan PJ, Ziemann M, Bhave M. PPIase activities and interaction partners of FK506-binding proteins in the wheat thylakoid. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2011; 143:385-395. [PMID: 21848652 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2011.01503.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
FK506-binding proteins (FKBPs) and cyclophilins, collectively called immunophilins, conserve peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase (PPIase) active sites, although many lack PPIase activity. The chloroplast thylakoid contains a large proportion of the plant immunophilin family, but their functions within this compartment are unclear. Some lumenal immunophilins are important for assembly of photosynthetic complexes, implicating them in the maintenance and turnover of the photosynthetic apparatus during acclimation processes. In this investigation into the functions of three FKBPs localized to the thylakoid of Triticum aestivum (wheat), we present the first evidence of PPIase activity in the thylakoid of a cereal plant, and also show that PPIase activity is not conserved in all lumenal FKBPs. Using yeast two-hybrid analysis we found that the PPIase-active FKBP13 interacts with the globular domain of the wheat Rieske protein, with potential impact on photosynthetic electron transfer. Specific interaction partners for PPIase-deficient FKBP16-1 and FKBP16-3 link these isoforms to photosystem assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Gollan
- Environment and Biotechnology Centre, Faculty of Life and Social Sciences, Swinburne University of Technology, PO Box 218, Hawthorn, VIC 3122, Australia
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56
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Lundberg E, Storm P, Schröder WP, Funk C. Crystal structure of the TL29 protein from Arabidopsis thaliana: An APX homolog without peroxidase activity. J Struct Biol 2011; 176:24-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Cloning, expression and purification of the luminal domain of spinach photosystem 1 subunit PsaF functional in binding to plastocyanin and with a disulfide bridge required for folding. Protein Expr Purif 2011; 78:156-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2011.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2011] [Revised: 02/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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58
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Bond AE, Row PE, Dudley E. Post-translation modification of proteins; methodologies and applications in plant sciences. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2011; 72:975-96. [PMID: 21353264 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 10/21/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Proteins have the potential to undergo a variety of post-translational modifications and the different methods available to study these cellular processes has advanced rapidly with the continuing development of proteomic technologies. In this review we aim to detail five major post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, glycosylaion, lipid modification, ubiquitination and redox-related modifications), elaborate on the techniques that have been developed for their analysis and briefly discuss the study of these modifications in selected areas of plant science.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Bond
- Biochemistry Group, College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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59
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Lindahl M, Mata-Cabana A, Kieselbach T. The disulfide proteome and other reactive cysteine proteomes: analysis and functional significance. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:2581-642. [PMID: 21275844 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Ten years ago, proteomics techniques designed for large-scale investigations of redox-sensitive proteins started to emerge. The proteomes, defined as sets of proteins containing reactive cysteines that undergo oxidative post-translational modifications, have had a particular impact on research concerning the redox regulation of cellular processes. These proteomes, which are hereafter termed "disulfide proteomes," have been studied in nearly all kingdoms of life, including animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Disulfide proteomics has been applied to the identification of proteins modified by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species under stress conditions. Other studies involving disulfide proteomics have addressed the functions of thioredoxins and glutaredoxins. Hence, there is a steadily growing number of proteins containing reactive cysteines, which are probable targets for redox regulation. The disulfide proteomes have provided evidence that entire pathways, such as glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the Calvin-Benson cycle, are controlled by mechanisms involving changes in the cysteine redox state of each enzyme implicated. Synthesis and degradation of proteins are processes highly represented in disulfide proteomes and additional biochemical data have established some mechanisms for their redox regulation. Thus, combined with biochemistry and genetics, disulfide proteomics has a significant potential to contribute to new discoveries on redox regulation and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marika Lindahl
- Instituto de Bioquímica Vegetal y Fotosíntesis, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Sevilla, Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Isla de la Cartuja, Seville, Spain
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60
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Tikkanen M, Aro EM. Thylakoid protein phosphorylation in dynamic regulation of photosystem II in higher plants. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:232-8. [PMID: 21605541 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2011] [Revised: 05/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, the photosystem (PS) II core and its several light harvesting antenna (LHCII) proteins undergo reversible phosphorylation cycles according to the light intensity. High light intensity induces strong phosphorylation of the PSII core proteins and suppresses the phosphorylation level of the LHCII proteins. Decrease in light intensity, in turn, suppresses the phosphorylation of PSII core, but strongly induces the phosphorylation of LHCII. Reversible and differential phosphorylation of the PSII-LHCII proteins is dependent on the interplay between the STN7 and STN8 kinases, and the respective phosphatases. The STN7 kinase phosphorylates the LHCII proteins and to a lesser extent also the PSII core proteins D1, D2 and CP43. The STN8 kinase, on the contrary, is rather specific for the PSII core proteins. Mechanistically, the PSII-LHCII protein phosphorylation is required for optimal mobility of the PSII-LHCII protein complexes along the thylakoid membrane. Physiologically, the phosphorylation of LHCII is a prerequisite for sufficient excitation of PSI, enabling the excitation and redox balance between PSII and PSI under low irradiance, when excitation energy transfer from the LHCII antenna to the two photosystems is efficient and thermal dissipation of excitation energy (NPQ) is minimised. The importance of PSII core protein phosphorylation is manifested under highlight when the photodamage of PSII is rapid and phosphorylation is required to facilitate the migration of damaged PSII from grana stacks to stroma lamellae for repair. The importance of thylakoid protein phosphorylation is highlighted under fluctuating intensity of light where the STN7 kinase dependent balancing of electron transfer is a prerequisite for optimal growth and development of the plant. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosystem II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, Finland
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Thioredoxin-mediated reduction of the photosystem I subunit PsaF and activation through oxidation by the interaction partner plastocyanin. FEBS Lett 2011; 585:1753-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2011.04.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dietz KJ, Pfannschmidt T. Novel regulators in photosynthetic redox control of plant metabolism and gene expression. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:1477-85. [PMID: 21205617 PMCID: PMC3091116 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.170043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 12/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Josef Dietz
- Biochemistry and Physiology of Plants, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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63
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On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2011; 104:236-57. [PMID: 21295993 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 485] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a highly sensitive, non-destructive, and reliable tool for measuring, rather quickly, photosynthetic efficiency, particularly of Photosystem II (PSII), the water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. We briefly review here the connection between the fast (up to 2 s) chlorophyll fluorescence rise and PSII, as well as the empirical use of the fluorescence rise kinetics in understanding photosynthetic reactions, particularly of PSII. When dark-adapted photosynthetic samples are exposed to light, a fluorescence induction is observed, known as the Kautsky effect, after Hans Kautsky, the discoverer of the phenomenon showing the existence of variable fluorescence. The chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rises from a minimum level (the O level), in less than 1 s, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I. This is followed by a decline to a lower semi-steady state level, the S level, which is reached in about one minute. We provide here an educational review on how this phenomenon has been exploited through analysis of the fast OJIP fluorescence transient, by discussing basic assumptions, derivation of equations, as well as application to PSII-related questions.
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Sun L, Ren H, Liu R, Li B, Wu T, Sun F, Liu H, Wang X, Dong H. An h-type thioredoxin functions in tobacco defense responses to two species of viruses and an abiotic oxidative stress. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2010; 23:1470-85. [PMID: 20923353 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-10-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Various thioredoxin (Trx) proteins have been identified in plants. However, many of the physiological roles played by these proteins remain to be elucidated. We cloned a TRXh-like gene predicted to encode an h-type Trx in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and designated it NtTRXh3, based on the biochemical activity of the NtTRXh3 protein. Overexpression of NtTRXh3 conferred resistance to Tobacco mosaic virus and Cucumber mosaic virus, both of which showed reduced multiplication and pathogenicity in NtTRXh3-overexpressing plants compared with controls. NtTRXh3 overexpression also enhanced tobacco resistance to oxidative stress induced by paraquat, an herbicide that inhibits the production of reducing equivalents by chloroplasts. The NtTRXh3 protein localized exclusively to chloroplasts in coordination with the maintenance of cellular reducing conditions, which accompanied an elevation in the glutathione/glutathione disulfide couple ratio. NtTRXh3 gene expression and NtTRXh3 protein production were necessary for these defensive responses, because they were all arrested when NtTRXh3 was silenced and the production of NtTRXh3 protein was abrogated. These results suggest that NtTRXh3 is involved in the resistance of tobacco to virus infection and abiotic oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Sun
- Ministry of Agriculture of R. P. China Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Crop Pathogens and Insect Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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