51
|
Essler JL, Kane SA, Collins A, Ryder K, DeAngelo A, Kaynaroglu P, Otto CM. Egg masses as training aids for spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula detection dogs. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0250945. [PMID: 33939739 PMCID: PMC8092771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0250945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is an invasive species first detected in 2014. The insect feeds on plants causing severe damage in vineyards such as the occurrence of sooty mold fungus that impairs leaf photosynthesis. Currently, there is extensive research on how to track and ultimately prevent the spread of this species. It lays eggs that persist through the winter, while the adults die out, which presents a unique opportunity to enter infested or suspected infested areas to begin quarantine and management of the spread while the species is dormant. Detection dogs may be a tool that can be used to search out the spotted lanternfly egg masses during this overwintering period, however it is not known whether dogs can detect any specific odor from the spotted lanternfly eggs. Moreover, as the eggs are only available during certain times of the year, and hatch based on temperature, finding training aids for the dogs could prove difficult. In this study, we investigated whether three detection dogs could learn the odor from dead spotted lanternfly egg masses and if so, whether that would allow them to recognize live spotted lanternfly egg masses. We found that dogs could be trained to find dead spotted lanternfly egg masses, and could learn to ignore relevant controls, with high levels of sensitivity and specificity (up to 94.6% and 92.8%, respectively). Further, we found that after the training, dogs could find live spotted lanternfly egg masses without additional training and returned to previous levels of sensitivity and specificity within a few sessions. Coded videos of training and testing sessions showed that dogs spent more time at the egg masses than at controls, as expected from training. These results suggest that dead spotted lanternfly egg masses could be a useful training aid for spotted lanternfly detection dogs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Essler
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sarah A Kane
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Amanda Collins
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kaley Ryder
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Annemarie DeAngelo
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia Kaynaroglu
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Cynthia M Otto
- Penn Vet Working Dog Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Clinical Science and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Xin B, Zhang YL, Wang XY, Cao LM, Hoelmer KA, Broadley HJ, Gould JR. Exploratory Survey of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) and Its Natural Enemies in China. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:36-45. [PMID: 33301027 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An invasive population of spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White, was first noted in North America in Pennsylvania in 2014, and by September 2020 populations had spread to six additional states. To develop a biocontrol program to aid in the management of the pest, exploratory surveys for SLF natural enemies in its native range were carried out in 27 provinces and other administrative regions of China from 2015 to 2019. Naturally laid egg masses were collected and sentinel SLF egg masses were deployed to attract egg parasitoids, and yellow sticky traps were used to collect SLF nymphs to discover and determine the parasitism rates of nymphal parasitoids. Results show that SLF is widely distributed in China (22 provinces and regions) and that the population densities in northeast China are higher than in southern and western China. An egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis Yang (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), were collected. Anastatus orientalis was reared from SLF eggs in seven provinces in China with parasitoid emergence rates ranging from 4.0 to 15.5% (or 17.6 to 37.3% if including only egg masses that had at least some parasitism). There were significant differences in parasitoid emergence rates between sites associated with factors including habitat and host plants. Dryinus sinicus was discovered in eight cities across six provinces. The percentage of SLF nymphs parasitized by D. sinicus were 31.1, 23.3, and 0% in Tai'an, Shandong Province, Beijing City, and Yan'an, Shaanxi Province, respectively. These two parasitoids are promising natural enemies that are being considered as potential biocontrol agents of invasive populations of SLF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Xin
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Long Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Liang-Ming Cao
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Kim A Hoelmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, Newark, DE
| | - Hannah J Broadley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Juli R Gould
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Broadley HJ, Gould JR, Sullivan LT, Wang XY, Hoelmer KA, Hickin ML, Elkinton JS. Life History and Rearing of Anastatus orientalis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), an Egg Parasitoid of the Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:28-35. [PMID: 33247300 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To support efforts to manage and contain spotted lanternfly (SLF), Lycorma delicatula White (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), research is being conducted to develop classical biological control methods. To date, two potential biocontrol agents from China have been identified: an egg parasitoid, Anastatus orientalis, and a nymphal parasitoid, Dryinus sinicus Olmi (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae). The research detailed here focuses on investigating the biology and rearing of A. orientalis to assess its potential efficacy in a biocontrol program and optimize its rearing. Female wasps lived significantly longer than male wasps (68 and 23 d, respectively) and females produced an average of 94 total progeny that successfully emerged as adults, with most progeny produced between weeks one and four of the females' lives. The sex ratio of the progeny, with no re-mating, was initially highly female-biased but became progressively more male-biased, likely due to sperm depletion. There was no evidence of additional mortality to SLF eggs from wasp host feeding, but the data were highly variable and the sample size was small. There was high parasitoid emergence when oviposition conditions mimicked mid-September Beijing temperature and photoperiod; however, there was little emergence under 25°C and long-day conditions because most progeny entered a diapause. Storage of parasitized eggs in 5°C chill lowered parasitoid emergence rates. Lastly, there was no evidence that storing field-collected SLF egg masses in 5°C for 10 mo prior to parasitization affected parasitism rates. These findings inform our rearing protocol for A. orientalis and facilitate our testing of this species as a potential biological control agent for SLF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Broadley
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Juli R Gould
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | - Liam T Sullivan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| | - Xiao-Yi Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Forest Protection, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Research Institute of Forest Ecology, Environment and Protection, Chinese Academy of Forestry, Beijing, China
| | - Kim A Hoelmer
- Beneficial Insects Introduction Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Newark, DE
| | - Mauri L Hickin
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Plant Protection and Quarantine, Science and Technology, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | - Joseph S Elkinton
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Smyers EC, Urban JM, Dechaine AC, Pfeiffer DG, Crawford SR, Calvin DD. Spatio-Temporal Model for Predicting Spring Hatch of the Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 50:126-137. [PMID: 33381800 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of temperature on the rate of spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White) (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), egg development was investigated for a population in Pennsylvania. Mean developmental duration (days ± SE) for egg hatch was evaluated at five constant temperatures of 19.9, 24.2, 25.1, 26.7, and 30°C using egg masses laid during the fall of 2018 and collected in 2019 from Berks Co., Pennsylvania. Base temperature thresholds for egg development were estimated using intercept and slope parameters by fitting a linear relationship between average temperature and developmental rate for the Pennsylvania study, two Korean studies, and the combined data sets. The base threshold estimates were then used to calculate seasonal accumulated degree-days (ADD) and construct logistic equations for predicting cumulative proportion of hatch in the spring. The fitted logistic prediction equations were then graphed against the egg hatch observations from field sites in Pennsylvania (2017) and Virginia (2019). When base temperature estimates from the three studies and combined studies were used to calculate ADD, the logistic models predicted similar timing for seasonal egg hatch. Because the slopes and intercepts for these four data sets were not statistically different, a base temperature threshold of 10.4°C derived from the combined model is a good estimate for computing ADD to predict spotted lanternfly spring emergence across a spatio-temporal scale. The combined model was linked with open source weather database and mapping programs to provide spatiotemporal prediction maps to aid pest surveillance and management efforts for spotted lanternfly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erica C Smyers
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA
| | - Julie M Urban
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, PA
| | - Andrew C Dechaine
- Department of Entomology, The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Douglas G Pfeiffer
- Department of Entomology, The Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Stephen R Crawford
- Center for Environmental Informatics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Dennis D Calvin
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Reid CH, Hudgins EJ, Guay JD, Patterson S, Medd AM, Cooke SJ, Bennett JR. The state of Canada’s biosecurity efforts to protect biodiversity from species invasions. Facets (Ott) 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/facets-2021-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Invasive alien species (IAS) pose threats to native biodiversity globally and are linked to numerous negative biodiversity impacts throughout Canada. Considering the Canadian federal government’s commitments to environmental stewardship (e.g., the Convention on Biological Diversity), the successful management of IAS requires an understanding of how federal infrastructure, strategies, and decisions have contributed to previous outcomes. Here, we present an analysis of current efforts by the federal government to prevent IAS establishment in Canadian ecosystems and the unique challenges associated with Canadian IAS management. We then examine historical and current case studies of IAS in Canada with variable outcomes. By drawing comparisons with IAS management in the United States, Australia, and New Zealand, we discuss how the Canadian government may refine its policies and practices to enable more effective responses to IAS threats. We conclude by considering how future interacting stressors (e.g., climate change) will shape how we address IAS threats, and list six lessons for successful management. Most importantly, Canada must regard biodiversity impacts from IAS with as much urgency as direct economic impacts that have historically garnered more attention. Although we focus on Canada, our findings may also be useful in other jurisdictions facing similar challenges with IAS management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Connor H. Reid
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Emma J. Hudgins
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jessika D. Guay
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Sean Patterson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alec M. Medd
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Steven J. Cooke
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Joseph R. Bennett
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Environmental and Interdisciplinary Science, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Dr., Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Duke SO. A Journal of the Plague Year. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2021; 77:9-11. [PMID: 33289934 DOI: 10.1002/ps.6175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
|
57
|
Mason CJ, Walsh B, Keller J, Couture JJ, Calvin D, Urban JM. Fidelity and Timing of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Attack Patterns on Ornamental Trees in the Suburban Landscape. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1427-1436. [PMID: 32960283 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Invasive herbivores can have dramatic impacts in new environments by altering landscape composition, displacing natives, and causing plant decline and mortality. One of the most recent invasive insects in the United States, the spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula), has the potential to cause substantial economic and environmental impacts in agriculture and forestry. Spotted lanternfly exhibits a broad host range, yet reports of late-season movement from the surrounding landscapes onto select tree species in suburban environments have been reported. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the fidelity of spotted lanternfly attack on specific, individual trees within the same species during this movement period. In 2018 and 2019, we observed that individual red (Acer rubrum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) and silver maple (Acer saccharinum L. [Sapindales: Sapindaceae]) trees were preferentially attacked over other nearby trees of the same species. Foliar elemental composition was a good predictor of spotted lanternfly attack numbers, indicating that individual variation in nutrients may influence spotted lanternfly attraction to and/or retention on maple trees. Our data also confirm reports of late-season movement from surrounding landscapes throughout autumn. Collectively, our results show that spotted lanternfly exhibits some fidelity to particular trees in the landscape during this movement period. While other potential mechanisms also contribute to host plant selection by spotted lanternfly, our data show that host nutritional profiles influence spotted lanternfly infestation of suburban trees at the landscape scale. Our data establish that late-season infestations of suburban trees by spotted lanternfly occurred and that variation in host quality should be further considered in the management of this invasive insect pest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian Walsh
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Joseph Keller
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John J Couture
- Department of Entomology and Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Dennis Calvin
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Julie M Urban
- Department of Entomology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Murman K, Setliff GP, Pugh CV, Toolan MJ, Canlas I, Cannon S, Abreu L, Fetchen M, Zhang L, Warden ML, Wallace M, Wickham J, Spichiger SE, Swackhamer E, Carrillo D, Cornell A, Derstine NT, Barringer L, Cooperband MF. Distribution, Survival, and Development of Spotted Lanternfly on Host Plants Found in North America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1270-1281. [PMID: 33128562 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Studies were conducted from 2015 to 2018 to evaluate spotted lanternfly (SLF) distribution and developmental suitability of different plant species in the U.S. Tree bands on 283 trees spanning 33 species captured 21,006 SLF in 2 yr. More SLF per tree were trapped on tree-of-heaven Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle (Sapindales: Simaroubaceae) than on other species, on average, and most adults were captured on tree-of-heaven. Frequency of detection of adult SLF was higher on tree-of-heaven than on other species but was actually equal or lower on tree-of-heaven than on all other species combined for younger SLF stages in 2015. An enclosed choice test between tree-of-heaven and black walnut Juglans nigra L. (Fagales: Juglandaceae) revealed nymphs showed little consistent preference, whereas adults consistently and significantly preferred tree-of-heaven. No-choice field sleeve studies evaluated SLF survivorship on 26 host plant species in 17 families. Ten plant species supported SLF for an average of ≥45 d, with the rest unable to support SLF for >30 d. Eight species were able to support development from first instar to adult: black walnut, chinaberry Melia azedarach L. (Sapindales: Meliaceae), oriental bittersweet Celastrus orbiculatus Thunb. (Celastrales: Celastraceae), tree-of-heaven, hops Humulus lupulus L. (Rosales: Cannabaceae), sawtooth oak Quercus acutissima Carruthers (Fagales: Fagaceae), butternut Juglans cinerea L, and tulip tree Liriodendron tulipifiera L. (Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae). The ability of SLF to develop to adult on hosts other than tree-of-heaven may impact pest management decisions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Murman
- Otis Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA
| | | | - Cathryn V Pugh
- Department of Biology, Kutztown University, Kutztown, PA
| | | | - Isaiah Canlas
- Otis Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL
| | - Stefani Cannon
- Otis Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA
| | - Leslie Abreu
- Otis Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA
| | | | - Longwa Zhang
- Anhui Agricultural University, School of Forestry, Hefei, Anhui Province, China
| | | | - Matthew Wallace
- Department of Biological Sciences, East Stroudsburg University, East Stroudsburg, PA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel Carrillo
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL
| | | | - Nathan T Derstine
- Otis Laboratory, USDA APHIS PPQ S&T, Buzzards Bay, MA
- Tropical Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Homestead, FL
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Leach A, Leach H. Characterizing the spatial distributions of spotted lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) in Pennsylvania vineyards. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20588. [PMID: 33239707 PMCID: PMC7688957 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77461-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (SLF) is an invasive insect in the Northeastern U.S. projected to spread nationally and globally. While SLF is a significant pest of vineyards, little is known about the pest in grape agroecosystems including its spatial ecology. SLF spatial patterns were analyzed using a combination of approaches including generalized linear mixed effect models, Moran’s I statistic for spatial clustering, and Empirical Bayesian Kriging. Analysis revealed that SLF displayed significantly clumped distributions in monitored vineyards. Approximately 54% and 44% of the respective adult and egg mass populations were observed within the first 15 m of the vineyard edge. Importantly, the spatial concentration of adults at the edge was consistent temporally, both between years and weeks. Moreover, high populations of SLF on vines were significantly correlated with reduced fruit production in the following year. Mark-release-recapture of SLF revealed that higher proportions of SLF were recaptured on vines with high pre-existing SLF populations, indicating that SLF may exhibit aggregation behavior along vineyard perimeters. Monitoring and management efforts for SLF should be prioritized around vineyard edges as it may significantly reduce infestations and subsequent damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Leach
- Entomology Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Heather Leach
- Entomology Department, Penn State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Uyi O, Keller JA, Johnson A, Long D, Walsh B, Hoover K. Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Can Complete Development and Reproduce Without Access to the Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1185-1190. [PMID: 32725170 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite its broad host range, the spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White), is known to have a marked preference for Ailanthus altissima. However, whether this polyphagous phloem feeder can complete its life cycle in the absence of A. altissima is unknown. We examined the performance of L. delicatula with and without access to A. altissima by tracking development, survival, host tree species association, and oviposition in large enclosures planted with Salix babylonica and Acer saccharinum along with either A. altissima or Betula nigra. We monitored enclosures from late May 2019 through June 2020. Lycorma delicatula survival was slightly higher in enclosures with A. altissima and 50% of individuals in A. altissima enclosures reached the adult stage ~6.5 d earlier than in enclosures without A. altissima. In the presence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently observed on this host while adults were found at similar frequencies on A. altissima and A. saccharinum. In the absence of A. altissima, nymphs were most frequently associated with S. babylonica and A. saccharinum, while adults were most often found on A. saccharinum. Females laid a total of 46 and 6 egg masses in enclosures with and without A. altissima, respectively, before freezing temperatures killed the remaining adults. The proportion of eggs that hatched per egg mass did not differ between treatments. Although L. delicatula can complete development and reproduce on other host species without access to A. altissima, fitness was reduced. These findings have implications for management that relies exclusively on treatment of A. altissima.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osariyekemwen Uyi
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, University of Benin, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Joseph A Keller
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Anne Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - David Long
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Brian Walsh
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Keller JA, Johnson AE, Uyi O, Wurzbacher S, Long D, Hoover K. Dispersal of Lycorma delicatula (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae) Nymphs Through Contiguous, Deciduous Forest. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:1012-1018. [PMID: 32814958 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) is a recently introduced pest in the United States, where it threatens the wine, timber, and ornamentals industries. Knowledge of the dispersal ability of L. delicatula is key to developing effective management strategies for this invasive pest. We conducted a mark, release, re-sight study, marking nymphs with fluorescent powders and observing dispersal distances from a central release point at three time points over 7 d following release. To examine how dispersal patterns changed over the course of nymphal development, we repeated this process for each of L. delicatula's four instars. All releases were conducted in contiguous, deciduous forest, which is a widespread habitat type within L. delicatula's invaded range and a habitat where this pest may have negative ecological and economic impacts. We found that nymphs displayed clear directionality in their movement following release, apparently preferring to move uphill on the modest 6° grade at our release site. Most nymphs remained near the release location, while some moved tens of meters. The maximum displacement we observed was 65 m from the release point, 10 d after release. Nymphs were re-sighted singly and in small groups on a variety of trees, shrubs, and understory vegetation. All four instars had similar dispersal distances over time, though third instar nymphs moved farthest on average, with estimated median displacement of 16.9 m 7 d after release. Further studies are needed to provide additional information on what factors influence spotted lanternfly dispersal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph A Keller
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Anne E Johnson
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Osariyekemwen Uyi
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Sarah Wurzbacher
- Penn State Extension, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - David Long
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| | - Kelli Hoover
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Barringer L, Ciafré CM. Worldwide Feeding Host Plants of Spotted Lanternfly, With Significant Additions From North America. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:999-1011. [PMID: 32797186 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The spotted lanternfly Lycorma delicatula (White) is an invasive insect spreading throughout southeast Asia and eastern North America. The rapid spread of this species is facilitated by the prevalence of its preferred host, tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle), as well as its use of many other host plants. While the spotted lanternfly has been previously reported to use over 65 plant species, most of these reports are from Asia and may not be applicable in North America. Additionally, many of the known hosts have not been specified as feeding hosts or as egg laying substrates. To better understand the potential impacts of this invasive insect on natural and cultivated systems in North America, we reviewed records from published and unpublished results and observations of host plant use by spotted lanternfly. We aggregated 172 host plant records worldwide and found feeding behaviors associated with 103 plant taxa across 33 families and 17 orders, 20 of which were not previously known to be associated with SLF and 15 of which were not confirmed as feeding hosts. North American records account for 56 of these taxa which include native, cultivated, and nonnative species. As a result, the spotted lanternfly has the potential to impact a wide assortment of ecosystems throughout its potential range and its North American distribution may not be limited by the presence of tree of heaven.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Barringer
- Division of Entomology, Pennsylvania Department of Agriculture Harrisburg, PA
| | - Claire M Ciafré
- NatureCITE: Center for Integrative Taxonomy and Ecology, Springfield, MO
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Clifton EH, Hajek AE, Jenkins NE, Roush RT, Rost JP, Biddinger DJ. Applications of Beauveria bassiana (Hypocreales: Cordycipitaceae) to Control Populations of Spotted Lanternfly (Hemiptera: Fulgoridae), in Semi-Natural Landscapes and on Grapevines. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2020; 49:854-864. [PMID: 32488261 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvaa064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula (White), is an invasive Asian insect that was initially found in Berks County, Pennsylvania, in 2014. As of early 2020, this pest had been found in five more eastern states and it is expected to continue to expand its geographical range. Lycorma delicatula is highly polyphagous but seems to prefer tree-of-heaven, Ailanthus altissima. However, grape growers in Pennsylvania have reported significant damage and loss of vines caused by L. delicatula adults. In fall 2018, two fungal entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Batkoa major) drove localized collapses in L. delicatula populations in Berks County, Pennsylvania. In 2019, we tested applications of a commercialized mycoinsecticide based on B. bassiana strain GHA on L. delicatula populations in a public park in southeastern Pennsylvania. A single application of B. bassiana reduced fourth instar nymphs by 48% after 14 d. Applications of B. bassiana to L. delicatula adults in the same park resulted in 43% mortality after 14 d. Beauveria bassiana spores remained viable on foliage for 5-7 d after spraying. We also conducted semi-field bioassays with B. bassiana GHA (formulated as BoteGHA and Aprehend) and another mycoinsecticide containing Isaria fumosorosea Apopka Strain 97 against L. delicatula adults feeding on potted grapes. All the mycoinsecticides killed ≥90% of adults after 9 d using direct applications. Aprehend killed 99% of adults after 9 d with exposure to residues on sprayed grapes. These data show that fungal entomopathogens can help to suppress populations of L. delicatula in agroecosystems and natural areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric H Clifton
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Ann E Hajek
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Nina E Jenkins
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Richard T Roush
- College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - John P Rost
- College of Biology and Horticulture, Penn State Berks, Reading, PA
| | - David J Biddinger
- Department of Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
- Fruit Research and Extension Center, Entomology, Pennsylvania State University, Biglerville, PA
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
The Inability of Spotted Lanternfly ( Lycorma delicatula) to Vector a Plant Pathogen between its Preferred Host, Ailanthus altissima, in a Laboratory Setting. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11080515. [PMID: 32784902 PMCID: PMC7469210 DOI: 10.3390/insects11080515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The invasive and accidently introduced insect, the spotted lanternfly, is spreading rapidly and becoming abundant in the mid-Atlantic region of the USA. Though this insect prefers to feed on the also invasive tree-of-heaven, its ability to feed on other native and crop plant species is concerning, and therefore eradication and control efforts are underway. These efforts include targeting the difficult to control tree-of-heaven for removal. Recently, researchers have found that a naturally occurring fungus effectively kills the tree-of-heaven and work towards making this fungus publically available is ongoing. Therefore, we tested whether the spotted lanternfly is capable of spreading the pathogen between symptomatic fungus-inoculated tree-of-heaven seedlings or plant material to healthy tree-of-heaven seedlings in a controlled laboratory setting. In these conditions, we found no evidence that this transmission occurred. This included monitoring the seedlings for symptoms and sampling the seedlings and the insects for the fungus. This lack of transmission may indicate that the spotted lanternfly cannot help spread this fungus to other tree-of-heaven. Abstract With the recent introduction of the non-native spotted lanternfly (Lycorma delicatula) to the USA, research and concern regarding this insect is increasing. Though L. delicatula is able to feed on many different plant species, its preference for the invasive tree-of-heaven (Ailanthus altissima) is apparent, especially during its later life stage. Therefore, management focused on A. altissima control to help limit L. delicatula establishment and population growth has become popular. Unfortunately, the control of A. altissima is difficult. Verticillium nonalfalfae, a naturally occurring vascular-wilt pathogen, has recently received attention as a potential biological control agent. Therefore, we studied if L. delicatula fourth instars or adults could vector V. nonalfalfae from infected A. altissima material to healthy A. altissima seedlings in a laboratory setting. We were unable to re-isolate V. nonalfalfae from the 45 A. altissima seedlings or from the 225 L. delicatula utilized in this experiment. We therefore, found no support that L. delicatula could effectively vector this pathogen between A. altissima in laboratory conditions. Since L.delicatula’s ability to vector V. nonalfalfae has implications for the dissemination of both this beneficial biological control and other similar unwanted plant pathogens, future research is needed to confirm these findings in a field setting.
Collapse
|
65
|
Valentin RE, Fonseca DM, Gable S, Kyle KE, Hamilton GC, Nielsen AL, Lockwood JL. Moving eDNA surveys onto land: Strategies for active eDNA aggregation to detect invasive forest insects. Mol Ecol Resour 2020; 20. [DOI: 10.1111/1755-0998.13151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rafael E. Valentin
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Princeton University Princeton NJ USA
| | - Dina M. Fonseca
- Department of Ecology Evolution & Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
- Department of Entomology Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Sydney Gable
- Department of Entomology Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Kathleen E. Kyle
- Department of Ecology Evolution & Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | | | - Anne L. Nielsen
- Department of Entomology Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| | - Julie L. Lockwood
- Department of Ecology Evolution & Natural Resources Rutgers University New Brunswick NJ USA
| |
Collapse
|