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Prüller J, Mannhardt I, Eschenhagen T, Zammit PS, Figeac N. Satellite cells delivered in their niche efficiently generate functional myotubes in three-dimensional cell culture. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202574. [PMID: 30222770 PMCID: PMC6141091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biophysical/biochemical cues from the environment contribute to regulation of the regenerative capacity of resident skeletal muscle stem cells called satellites cells. This can be observed in vitro, where muscle cell behaviour is influenced by the particular culture substrates and whether culture is performed in a 2D or 3D environment, with changes including morphology, nuclear shape and cytoskeletal organization. To create a 3D skeletal muscle model we compared collagen I, Fibrin or PEG-Fibrinogen with different sources of murine and human myogenic cells. To generate tension in the 3D scaffold, biomaterials were polymerised between two flexible silicone posts to mimic tendons. This 3D culture system has multiple advantages including being simple, fast to set up and inexpensive, so providing an accessible tool to investigate myogenesis in a 3D environment. Immortalised human and murine myoblast lines, and primary murine satellite cells showed varying degrees of myogenic differentiation when cultured in these biomaterials, with C2 myoblasts in particular forming large multinucleated myotubes in collagen I or Fibrin. However, murine satellite cells retained in their niche on a muscle fibre and embedded in 3D collagen I or Fibrin gels generated aligned, multinucleated and contractile myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Prüller
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, England
| | - Ingra Mannhardt
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Peter S Zammit
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, England
| | - Nicolas Figeac
- King's College London, Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London, England
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52
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Smoak MM, Pearce HA, Mikos AG. Microfluidic devices for disease modeling in muscle tissue. Biomaterials 2018; 198:250-258. [PMID: 30193908 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have advanced significantly in recent years and are a promising technology for the field of tissue engineering. Highly sophisticated microfabrication techniques have paved the way for the development of complex ex vivo models capable of incorporating and measuring the real-time response of multiple cell types interacting together in a single system. Muscle-on-a-chip technology has drastically improved and serves as a drug screening platform for many muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophy, tendinosis, fibromyalgia, mitochondrial myopathy, and myasthenia gravis. This review seeks to communicate the gaps in knowledge of current muscular disease models and highlight the power of microfluidic devices in enabling researchers to better understand disease pathology and provide high throughput screening of therapeutics for muscular myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mollie M Smoak
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hannah A Pearce
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Antonios G Mikos
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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53
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Maleiner B, Tomasch J, Heher P, Spadiut O, Rünzler D, Fuchs C. The Importance of Biophysical and Biochemical Stimuli in Dynamic Skeletal Muscle Models. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1130. [PMID: 30246791 PMCID: PMC6113794 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical approaches to engineer skeletal muscle tissue based on current regenerative and surgical procedures still do not meet the desired outcome for patient applications. Besides the evident need to create functional skeletal muscle tissue for the repair of volumetric muscle defects, there is also growing demand for platforms to study muscle-related diseases, such as muscular dystrophies or sarcopenia. Currently, numerous studies exist that have employed a variety of biomaterials, cell types and strategies for maturation of skeletal muscle tissue in 2D and 3D environments. However, researchers are just at the beginning of understanding the impact of different culture settings and their biochemical (growth factors and chemical changes) and biophysical cues (mechanical properties) on myogenesis. With this review we intend to emphasize the need for new in vitro skeletal muscle (disease) models to better recapitulate important structural and functional aspects of muscle development. We highlight the importance of choosing appropriate system components, e.g., cell and biomaterial type, structural and mechanical matrix properties or culture format, and how understanding their interplay will enable researchers to create optimized platforms to investigate myogenesis in healthy and diseased tissue. Thus, we aim to deliver guidelines for experimental designs to allow estimation of the potential influence of the selected skeletal muscle tissue engineering setup on the myogenic outcome prior to their implementation. Moreover, we offer a workflow to facilitate identifying and selecting different analytical tools to demonstrate the successful creation of functional skeletal muscle tissue. Ultimately, a refinement of existing strategies will lead to further progression in understanding important aspects of muscle diseases, muscle aging and muscle regeneration to improve quality of life of patients and enable the establishment of new treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babette Maleiner
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Janine Tomasch
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria.,Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology/AUVA Research Center, Vienna, Austria.,Trauma Care Consult GmbH, Vienna, Austria
| | - Oliver Spadiut
- Institute of Chemical Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | - Dominik Rünzler
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christiane Fuchs
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University of Applied Sciences Technikum Wien, Vienna, Austria.,The Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Vienna, Austria
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54
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Stephens N, Di Silvio L, Dunsford I, Ellis M, Glencross A, Sexton A. Bringing cultured meat to market: Technical, socio-political, and regulatory challenges in cellular agriculture. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018; 78:155-166. [PMID: 30100674 PMCID: PMC6078906 DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cultured meat forms part of the emerging field of cellular agriculture. Still an early stage field it seeks to deliver products traditionally made through livestock rearing in novel forms that require no, or significantly reduced, animal involvement. Key examples include cultured meat, milk, egg white and leather. Here, we focus upon cultured meat and its technical, socio-political and regulatory challenges and opportunities. SCOPE AND APPROACH The paper reports the thinking of an interdisciplinary team, all of whom have been active in the field for a number of years. It draws heavily upon the published literature, as well as our own professional experience. This includes ongoing laboratory work to produce cultured meat and over seventy interviews with experts in the area conducted in the social science work. KEY FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS Cultured meat is a promising, but early stage, technology with key technical challenges including cell source, culture media, mimicking the in-vivo myogenesis environment, animal-derived and synthetic materials, and bioprocessing for commercial-scale production. Analysis of the social context has too readily been reduced to ethics and consumer acceptance, and whilst these are key issues, the importance of the political and institutional forms a cultured meat industry might take must also be recognised, and how ambiguities shape any emergent regulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Stephens
- Social and Political Sciences, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Di Silvio
- Kings College London, Floor 17, Tower Wing Guy's London, United Kingdom
| | - Illtud Dunsford
- Charcutier Ltd, Felin y Glyn Farm, Pontnewydd, Llanelli, SA15 5TL, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Ellis
- Dept of Chemical Engineering, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | | | - Alexandra Sexton
- Oxford Martin School, University of Oxford, 34 Broad Street, Oxford, OX1 3BD, United Kingdom
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55
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Krieger J, Park BW, Lambert CR, Malcuit C. 3D skeletal muscle fascicle engineering is improved with TGF-β1 treatment of myogenic cells and their co-culture with myofibroblasts. PeerJ 2018; 6:e4939. [PMID: 30018850 PMCID: PMC6045923 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle wound healing is dependent on complex interactions between fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, myogenic cells, and cytokines, such as TGF-β1. This study sought to clarify the impact of TGF-β1 signaling on skeletal muscle cells and discern between the individual contributions of fibroblasts and myofibroblasts to myogenesis when in co-culture with myogenic cells. 3D tissue-engineered models were compared to equivalent 2D culture conditions to assess the efficacy of each culture model to predictively recapitulate the in vivo muscle environment. Methods TGF-β1 treatment and mono-/co-cultures containing human dermal fibroblasts or myofibroblasts and C2C12 mouse myoblasts were assessed in 2D and 3D environments. Three culture systems were compared: cell monolayers grown on 2D dishes and 3D tissues prepared via a self-assembly method or collagen 1-based hydrogel biofabrication. qPCR identified gene expression changes during fibroblast to myofibroblast and myoblast differentiation between culture conditions. Changes to cell phenotype and tissue morphology were characterized via immunostaining for myosin heavy chain, procollagen, and α-smooth muscle actin. Tissue elastic moduli were measured with parallel plate compression and atomic force microscopy systems, and a slack test was employed to quantify differences in tissue architecture and integrity. Results TGF-β1 treatment improved myogenesis in 3D mono- and co-cultures containing muscle cells, but not in 2D. The 3D TGF-β1-treated co-culture containing myoblasts and myofibroblasts expressed the highest levels of myogenin and collagen 1, demonstrating a greater capacity to drive myogenesis than fibroblasts or TGF-β1-treatment in monocultures containing only myoblasts. These constructs possessed the greatest tissue stability, integrity, and muscle fiber organization, as demonstrated by their rapid and sustained shortening velocity during slack tests, and the highest Young’s modulus of 6.55 kPA, approximate half the stiffness of in situ muscle. Both self-assembled and hydrogel-based tissues yielded the most multinucleated, elongated, and aligned muscle fiber histology. In contrast, the equivalent 2D co-culture model treated with TGF-β1 completely lacked myotube formation through suppression of myogenin gene expression. Discussion These results show skeletal muscle regeneration can be promoted by treating myogenic cells with TGF-β1, and myofibroblasts are superior enhancers of myogenesis than fibroblasts. Critically, both TGF-β1 treatment and co-culturing skeletal muscle cells with myofibroblasts can serve as myogenesis accelerators across multiple tissue engineering platforms. Equivalent 2D culture systems cannot replicate these affects, however, highlighting a need to continually improve in vitro models for skeletal muscle development, discovery of therapeutics for muscle regeneration, and research and development of in vitro meat products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Krieger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
| | - Byung-Wook Park
- Department of Civil/Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Youngstown State University, Youngstown, OH, United States of America
| | - Christopher R Lambert
- Chemistry & Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, United States of America
| | - Christopher Malcuit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, United States of America
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56
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Biomaterials in Tendon and Skeletal Muscle Tissue Engineering: Current Trends and Challenges. MATERIALS 2018; 11:ma11071116. [PMID: 29966303 PMCID: PMC6073924 DOI: 10.3390/ma11071116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising approach to repair tendon and muscle when natural healing fails. Biohybrid constructs obtained after cells’ seeding and culture in dedicated scaffolds have indeed been considered as relevant tools for mimicking native tissue, leading to a better integration in vivo. They can also be employed to perform advanced in vitro studies to model the cell differentiation or regeneration processes. In this review, we report and analyze the different solutions proposed in literature, for the reconstruction of tendon, muscle, and the myotendinous junction. They classically rely on the three pillars of tissue engineering, i.e., cells, biomaterials and environment (both chemical and physical stimuli). We have chosen to present biomimetic or bioinspired strategies based on understanding of the native tissue structure/functions/properties of the tissue of interest. For each tissue, we sorted the relevant publications according to an increasing degree of complexity in the materials’ shape or manufacture. We present their biological and mechanical performances, observed in vitro and in vivo when available. Although there is no consensus for a gold standard technique to reconstruct these musculo-skeletal tissues, the reader can find different ways to progress in the field and to understand the recent history in the choice of materials, from collagen to polymer-based matrices.
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57
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Boers HE, Haroon M, Le Grand F, Bakker AD, Klein‐Nulend J, Jaspers RT. ---Mechanosensitivity of aged muscle stem cells. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:632-641. [PMID: 29094772 PMCID: PMC5888196 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
During aging, skeletal muscle tissue progressively declines in mass, strength, and regenerative capacity. Decreased muscle stem cell (MuSC) number and impaired function might underlie the aging-related muscle wasting and impaired regenerative capacity. As yet, the search for factors that regulate MuSC fate and function has revealed several biochemical factors within the MuSC niche that may be responsible for the decline in MuSC regenerative capacity. This decline cannot be explained by environmental factors solely, as the MuSC potential to regenerate muscle tissue is not reversed by changing the biochemical MuSC niche composition. Here we discuss the likeliness that during physical exercise, MuSCs within their niche are subjected to mechanical loads, in particular pressure and shear stress, as well as associated deformations. We postulate that these physical cues are involved in the activation and differentiation of MuSCs as these cells contain several transmembrane sensor proteins that have been shown to be mechanosensitive in other cell types, that is, endothelial cells and osteoprogenitors. We will specifically address age-related changes in mechanosensing in MuSCs and their niche. Insight in the physical cues applied to the MuSCs in vivo, and how these cues affect MuSC fate and function, helps to develop new therapeutic interventions to counterbalance age-related muscle loss. This requires an approach combining two- and three-dimensional live cell imaging of MuSCs within contracting muscle tissue, mathematical finite element modeling, and cell biology. © 2017 The Authors. Journal of Orthopaedic Research® Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of the Orthopaedic Research Society. J Orthop Res 36:632-641, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen E. Boers
- Laboratory for MyologyFaculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Haroon
- Laboratory for MyologyFaculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Fabien Le Grand
- Sorbonne UniversitésUPMC Univ Paris 06INSERM UMRS974CNRS FRE3617Center for Research in Myology75013 ParisFrance
| | - Astrid D. Bakker
- Department of Oral Cell BiologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry AmsterdamUniversity of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Jenneke Klein‐Nulend
- Department of Oral Cell BiologyAcademic Centre for Dentistry AmsterdamUniversity of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesAmsterdamThe Netherlands
| | - Richard T. Jaspers
- Laboratory for MyologyFaculty of Behavioural and Movement SciencesVrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam Movement SciencesDe Boelelaan 11081081 HZ AmsterdamThe Netherlands
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58
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Lev R, Seliktar D. Hydrogel biomaterials and their therapeutic potential for muscle injuries and muscular dystrophies. J R Soc Interface 2018; 15:20170380. [PMID: 29343633 PMCID: PMC5805959 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2017.0380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular diseases such as muscular dystrophies and muscle injuries constitute a large group of ailments that manifest as muscle weakness, atrophy or fibrosis. Although cell therapy is a promising treatment option, the delivery and retention of cells in the muscle is difficult and prevents sustained regeneration needed for adequate functional improvements. Various types of biomaterials with different physical and chemical properties have been developed to improve the delivery of cells and/or growth factors for treating muscle injuries. Hydrogels are a family of materials with distinct advantages for use as cell delivery systems in muscle injuries and ailments, including their mild processing conditions, their similarities to natural tissue extracellular matrix, and their ability to be delivered with less invasive approaches. Moreover, hydrogels can be made to completely degrade in the body, leaving behind their biological payload in a process that can enhance the therapeutic process. For these reasons, hydrogels have shown great potential as cell delivery matrices. This paper reviews a few of the hydrogel systems currently being applied together with cell therapy and/or growth factor delivery to promote the therapeutic repair of muscle injuries and muscle wasting diseases such as muscular dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lev
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Dror Seliktar
- Faculty of Biomedical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 32000, Israel
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59
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Öztürk-Kaloglu D, Hercher D, Heher P, Posa-Markaryan K, Sperger S, Zimmermann A, Wolbank S, Redl H, Hacobian A. A Noninvasive In Vitro Monitoring System Reporting Skeletal Muscle Differentiation. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2017; 23:1-11. [PMID: 27901409 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2016.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of cell differentiation is a crucial aspect of cell-based therapeutic strategies depending on tissue maturation. In this study, we have developed a noninvasive reporter system to trace murine skeletal muscle differentiation. Either a secreted bioluminescent reporter (Metridia luciferase) or a fluorescent reporter (green fluorescent protein [GFP]) was placed under the control of the truncated muscle creatine kinase (MCK) basal promoter enhanced by variable numbers of upstream MCK E-boxes. The engineered pE3MCK vector, coding a triple tandem of E-Boxes and the truncated MCK promoter, showed twentyfold higher levels of luciferase activation compared with a Cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter. This newly developed reporter system allowed noninvasive monitoring of myogenic differentiation in a straining bioreactor. Additionally, binding sequences of endogenous microRNAs (miRNAs; seed sequences) that are known to be downregulated in myogenesis were ligated as complementary seed sequences into the reporter vector to reduce nonspecific signal background. The insertion of seed sequences improved the signal-to-noise ratio up to 25% compared with pE3MCK. Due to the highly specific, fast, and convenient expression analysis for cells undergoing myogenic differentiation, this reporter system provides a powerful tool for application in skeletal muscle tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Öztürk-Kaloglu
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - David Hercher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Heher
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Katja Posa-Markaryan
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Simon Sperger
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Alice Zimmermann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Susanne Wolbank
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Heinz Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
| | - Ara Hacobian
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology , Vienna, Austria
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60
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Optogenetic approach for targeted activation of global calcium transients in differentiated C2C12 myotubes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11108. [PMID: 28894267 PMCID: PMC5593883 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11551-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Excitation-contraction coupling in muscle cells is initiated by a restricted membrane depolarization delimited within the neuromuscular junction. This targeted depolarization triggers an action potential that propagates and induces a global cellular calcium response and a consequent contraction. To date, numerous studies have investigated this excitation-calcium response coupling by using different techniques to depolarize muscle cells. However, none of these techniques mimic the temporal and spatial resolution of membrane depolarization observed in the neuromuscular junction. By using optogenetics in C2C12 muscle cells, we developed a technique to study the calcium response following membrane depolarization induced by photostimulations of membrane surface similar or narrower than the neuromuscular junction area. These stimulations coupled to confocal calcium imaging generate a global cellular calcium response that is the consequence of a membrane depolarization propagation. In this context, this technique provides an interesting, contactless and relatively easy way of investigation of calcium increase/release as well as calcium decrease/re-uptake triggered by a propagated membrane depolarization.
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61
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Andersen JI, Pennisi CP, Fink T, Zachar V. Focal Adhesion Kinase Activation Is Necessary for Stretch-Induced Alignment and Enhanced Differentiation of Myogenic Precursor Cells. Tissue Eng Part A 2017; 24:631-640. [PMID: 28741418 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myogenic precursors sense and dynamically respond to mechanical stimulation through complex integrin-mediated mechanotransduction, in which focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a fundamental intracellular signaling mediator. When skeletal myoblasts are exposed to uniaxial cyclic tensile strain (UCTS), they display uniform alignment and an enhanced rate of differentiation. In this work, we explored the role of FAK activation by using C2C12 myoblasts that were grown on flexible culture plates and exposed to UCTS during the early differentiation phase. After 24 h, the cells oriented perpendicularly to the direction of strain and exhibited an enhanced differentiation profile. Next, the cells were exposed to a strain field that was either kept in the same direction or rotated 90°, in the presence or not of an FAK phosphorylation inhibitor. On reorientation of the strain field by 90°, the cells reassembled their focal adhesions and actin cytoskeleton to regain the perpendicular position with respect to the engaging stress. After blocking the FAK, however, the cells failed to respond to the reoriented strain field and their differentiation was abrogated. Interestingly, when the strain field remained in the same direction, the FAK inhibitor compromised the differentiation, even though there was no evident change in cell orientation. Our data indicate that during exposure to UCTS, the activation of FAK is necessary for the myoblasts to undergo alignment and enhanced differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Isak Andersen
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Cristian Pablo Pennisi
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Trine Fink
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Vladimir Zachar
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Research, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University , Aalborg, Denmark
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62
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Nikolić N, Görgens SW, Thoresen GH, Aas V, Eckel J, Eckardt K. Electrical pulse stimulation of cultured skeletal muscle cells as a model for in vitro exercise - possibilities and limitations. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2017; 220:310-331. [PMID: 27863008 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial health-related effects of exercise are well recognized, and numerous studies have investigated underlying mechanism using various in vivo and in vitro models. Although electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) for the induction of muscle contraction has been used for quite some time, its application on cultured skeletal muscle cells of animal or human origin as a model of in vitro exercise is a more recent development. In this review, we compare in vivo exercise and in vitro EPS with regard to effects on signalling, expression level and metabolism. We provide a comprehensive overview of different EPS protocols and their applications, discuss technical aspects of this model including critical controls and the importance of a proper maintenance procedure and finally discuss the limitations of the EPS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Nikolić
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - S. W. Görgens
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - G. H. Thoresen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences; School of Pharmacy; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
- Department of Pharmacology; Institute of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - V. Aas
- Department of Life Sciences and Health; Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences; Oslo Norway
| | - J. Eckel
- Paul-Langerhans-Group for Integrative Physiology; German Diabetes Center; Düsseldorf Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.); Düsseldorf Germany
| | - K. Eckardt
- Department of Nutrition; Institute for Basic Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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63
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Lipina C, Hundal HS. Lipid modulation of skeletal muscle mass and function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2017; 8:190-201. [PMID: 27897400 PMCID: PMC5377414 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a characteristic feature of various pathologies including cancer, diabetes, and obesity, as well as being a general feature of ageing. However, the processes underlying its pathogenesis are not fully understood and may involve multiple factors. Importantly, there is growing evidence which supports a role for fatty acids and their derived lipid intermediates in the regulation of skeletal muscle mass and function. In this review, we discuss evidence pertaining to those pathways which are involved in the reduction, increase and/or preservation of skeletal muscle mass by such lipids under various pathological conditions, and highlight studies investigating how these processes may be influenced by dietary supplementation as well as genetic and/or pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Lipina
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Harinder S Hundal
- Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology, Sir James Black Centre, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 5EH, UK
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64
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Kasper AM, Turner DC, Martin NRW, Sharples AP. Mimicking exercise in three-dimensional bioengineered skeletal muscle to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms of physiological adaptation. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:1985-1998. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andreas M. Kasper
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Daniel C. Turner
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
| | - Neil R. W. Martin
- Musculoskeletal Biology Research Group, School of Sport, Exercise, and Health Sciences; Loughborough University; Loughborough UK
| | - Adam P. Sharples
- Stem Cells, Ageing, and Molecular Physiology (SCAMP) Unit, Exercise Metabolism and Adaptation Research group, Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences (RISES), School of Sport and Exercise Sciences; Liverpool John Moores University; Liverpool UK
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Reimann L, Wiese H, Leber Y, Schwäble AN, Fricke AL, Rohland A, Knapp B, Peikert CD, Drepper F, van der Ven PFM, Radziwill G, Fürst DO, Warscheid B. Myofibrillar Z-discs Are a Protein Phosphorylation Hot Spot with Protein Kinase C (PKCα) Modulating Protein Dynamics. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 16:346-367. [PMID: 28028127 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m116.065425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Z-disc is a protein-rich structure critically important for the development and integrity of myofibrils, which are the contractile organelles of cross-striated muscle cells. We here used mouse C2C12 myoblast, which were differentiated into myotubes, followed by electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) to generate contracting myotubes comprising mature Z-discs. Using a quantitative proteomics approach, we found significant changes in the relative abundance of 387 proteins in myoblasts versus differentiated myotubes, reflecting the drastic phenotypic conversion of these cells during myogenesis. Interestingly, EPS of differentiated myotubes to induce Z-disc assembly and maturation resulted in increased levels of proteins involved in ATP synthesis, presumably to fulfill the higher energy demand of contracting myotubes. Because an important role of the Z-disc for signal integration and transduction was recently suggested, its precise phosphorylation landscape further warranted in-depth analysis. We therefore established, by global phosphoproteomics of EPS-treated contracting myotubes, a comprehensive site-resolved protein phosphorylation map of the Z-disc and found that it is a phosphorylation hotspot in skeletal myocytes, underscoring its functions in signaling and disease-related processes. In an illustrative fashion, we analyzed the actin-binding multiadaptor protein filamin C (FLNc), which is essential for Z-disc assembly and maintenance, and found that PKCα phosphorylation at distinct serine residues in its hinge 2 region prevents its cleavage at an adjacent tyrosine residue by calpain 1. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching experiments indicated that this phosphorylation modulates FLNc dynamics. Moreover, FLNc lacking the cleaved Ig-like domain 24 exhibited remarkably fast kinetics and exceedingly high mobility. Our data set provides research community resource for further identification of kinase-mediated changes in myofibrillar protein interactions, kinetics, and mobility that will greatly advance our understanding of Z-disc dynamics and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Reimann
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Heike Wiese
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Leber
- ¶Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja N Schwäble
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna L Fricke
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anne Rohland
- ¶Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Knapp
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christian D Peikert
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Friedel Drepper
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Peter F M van der Ven
- ¶Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Gerald Radziwill
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany.,§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- ¶Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Bettina Warscheid
- From the ‡Department of Biochemistry and Functional Proteomics, Institute of Biology II, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; .,§BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg
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Björninen M, Gilmore K, Pelto J, Seppänen-Kaijansinkko R, Kellomäki M, Miettinen S, Wallace G, Grijpma D, Haimi S. Electrically Stimulated Adipose Stem Cells on Polypyrrole-Coated Scaffolds for Smooth Muscle Tissue Engineering. Ann Biomed Eng 2016; 45:1015-1026. [DOI: 10.1007/s10439-016-1755-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Bursac N, Juhas M, Rando TA. Synergizing Engineering and Biology to Treat and Model Skeletal Muscle Injury and Disease. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2016; 17:217-42. [PMID: 26643021 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-bioeng-071114-040640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle is one of the most regenerative organs in our body, various genetic defects, alterations in extrinsic signaling, or substantial tissue damage can impair muscle function and the capacity for self-repair. The diversity and complexity of muscle disorders have attracted much interest from both cell biologists and, more recently, bioengineers, leading to concentrated efforts to better understand muscle pathology and develop more efficient therapies. This review describes the biological underpinnings of muscle development, repair, and disease, and discusses recent bioengineering efforts to design and control myomimetic environments, both to study muscle biology and function and to aid in the development of new drug, cell, and gene therapies for muscle disorders. The synergy between engineering-aided biological discovery and biology-inspired engineering solutions will be the path forward for translating laboratory results into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Mark Juhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305.,Rehabilitation Research & Development Service, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California 94304
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Xu H, Zhang J, Lei Y, Han Z, Rong D, Yu Q, Zhao M, Tian J. Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field promotes C2C12 myoblasts proliferation via activation of MAPK/ERK pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:97-102. [PMID: 27629357 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) has been shown to affect the activity of various cell types and promote them proliferation. However, its effect on skeletal muscle cells remains to be determined. In our study, we confirmed that PEMF (100 Hz, 1 mT) could promote C2C12 myoblasts proliferation by using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) and 5-Ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) assays, yet hardly any distinction was found in the rate of cell apoptosis between PEMF and control groups by flow cytometry (Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining method). To further study the mechanism of action of PEMF, Western blot was utilized to detect the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways. After exposing C2C12 myoblasts to PEMF, we found the phosphorylation level of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was significantly increased, while p38 MAPK and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathways were not affected. Pretreating the cells with the ERK kinase1/2 (MEK1/2) inhibitor U0126 obviously inhibited the proliferation of C2C12 cells. Taken together, our research for the first time demonstrated that PEMF promoted C2C12 myoblasts proliferation via activating MAPK/ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Yutian Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Zhongyu Han
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Dongming Rong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Basic Medical College, Southern Medical University, Baiyun, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Jing Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 253 Industrial Avenue, Haizhu, Guangzhou 510280, China.
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Stephens N, Ruivenkamp M. Promise and Ontological Ambiguity in the In vitro Meat Imagescape: From Laboratory Myotubes to the Cultured Burger. SCIENCE AS CULTURE 2016; 25:327-355. [PMID: 27695202 PMCID: PMC5022697 DOI: 10.1080/09505431.2016.1171836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In vitro meat (IVM), also known as cultured meat, involves growing cells into muscle tissue to be eaten as food. The technology had its most high-profile moment in 2013 when a cultured burger was cooked and tasted in a press conference. Images of the burger featured in the international media and were circulated across the Internet. These images-literally marks on a two-dimensional surface-do important work in establishing what IVM is and what it can do. A combination of visual semiotics and narrative analysis shows that images of IVM afford readings of their story that are co-created by the viewer. Before the cultured burger, during 2011, images of IVM fell into four distinct categories: cell images, tissue images, flowcharts, and meat in a dish images. The narrative infrastructure of each image type affords different interpretations of what IVM can accomplish and what it is. The 2013 cultured burger images both draw upon and depart from these image types in an attempt to present IVM as a normal food stuff, and as 'matter in place' when placed on the plate. The analysis of individual images and the collection of images about a certain object or subject-known as the imagescape-is a productive approach to understanding the ontology and promise of IVM and is applicable to other areas of social life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil Stephens
- Social Sciences, Media and Communications, Brunel University London, Middlesex, UK
- Correspondence Address: Neil Stephens, Social Sciences, Media and Communications, Brunel University London, Kingston Lane, Uxbridge, MiddlesexUB8 3PH, UK.
| | - Martin Ruivenkamp
- Kenniscentrum Publieke Zaak, HAN University of Applied Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Juhas M, Ye J, Bursac N. Design, evaluation, and application of engineered skeletal muscle. Methods 2016; 99:81-90. [PMID: 26455485 PMCID: PMC4821818 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
For over two decades, research groups have been developing methods to engineer three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissues. These tissues hold great promise for use in disease modeling and pre-clinical drug development, and have potential to serve as therapeutic grafts for functional muscle repair. Recent advances in the field have resulted in the engineering of regenerative muscle constructs capable of survival, vascularization, and functional maturation in vivo as well as the first-time creation of functional human engineered muscles for screening of therapeutics in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the methodologies that have progressed work in the muscle tissue engineering field to its current state. The emphasis will be placed on the existing procedures to generate myogenic cell sources and form highly functional muscle tissues in vitro, techniques to monitor and evaluate muscle maturation and performance in vitro and in vivo, and surgical strategies to both create diseased environments and ensure implant survival and rapid integration into the host. Finally, we will suggest the most promising methodologies that will enable continued progress in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Juhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jean Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
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72
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Wu Y, van der Schaft DWJ, Baaijens FP, Oomens CWJ. Cell death induced by mechanical compression on engineered muscle results from a gradual physiological mechanism. J Biomech 2016; 49:1071-1077. [PMID: 26961799 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Deep tissue injury (DTI), a type of pressure ulcer, arises in the muscle layers adjacent to bony prominences due to sustained mechanical loading. DTI presents a serious problem in the clinic, as it is often not visible until reaching an advanced stage. One of the causes can be direct mechanical deformation of the muscle tissue and cell. The mechanism of cell death induced by mechanical compression was studied using bio-artificial skeletal muscle tissues. Compression was applied by placing weights on top of the constructs. The morphological changes of the cytoskeleton and the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) under compression were investigated. Moreover, inhibitors for each of the three major MAPK groups, p38, ERK, and JNK, were applied separately to look at their roles in the compression caused apoptosis and necrosis. The present study for the first time showed that direct mechanical compression activates MAPK phosphorylation. Compression also leads to a gradual destruction of the cytoskeleton. The percentage apoptosis is strongly reduced by p38 and JNK inhibitors down to the level of the unloaded group. This phenomenon could be observed up to 24h after initiation of compression. Therefore, cell death in bio-artificial muscle tissue caused by mechanical compression is primarily caused by a physiological mechanism, rather than through a physical mechanism which kills the cell directly. These findings reveal insight of muscle cell death under mechanical compression. Moreover, the result indicates a potential clinical solution to prevent DTI by pre-treating with p38 or/and JNK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yabin Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands; Institute for Biomechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Frank P Baaijens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - Cees W J Oomens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands
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Bhullar AS, Putman CT, Mazurak VC. Potential Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Myogenic Program of Satellite Cells. Nutr Metab Insights 2016; 9:1-10. [PMID: 26884682 PMCID: PMC4747635 DOI: 10.4137/nmi.s27481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle loss is associated with aging as well as pathological conditions. Satellite cells (SCs) play an important role in muscle regeneration. Omega-3 fatty acids are widely studied in a variety of muscle wasting diseases; however, little is known about their impact on skeletal muscle regeneration. The aim of this review is to evaluate studies examining the effect of omega-3 fatty acids, α-linolenic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid on the regulation of SC proliferation and differentiation. This review highlights mechanisms by which omega-3 fatty acids may modulate the myogenic program of the stem cell population within skeletal muscles and identifies considerations for future studies. It is proposed that minimally three myogenic transcriptional regulatory factors, paired box 7 (Pax7), myogenic differentiation 1 protein, and myogenin, should be measured to confirm the stage of SCs within the myogenic program affected by omega-3 fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amritpal S Bhullar
- M.Sc, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Science, Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Charles T Putman
- PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Physical Education and Recreation and Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- PhD, Associate Professor, Faculty of Agricultural, Life, and Environmental Science, Division of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Orfanos Z, Gödderz MPO, Soroka E, Gödderz T, Rumyantseva A, van der Ven PFM, Hawke TJ, Fürst DO. Breaking sarcomeres by in vitro exercise. Sci Rep 2016; 6:19614. [PMID: 26804343 PMCID: PMC4726327 DOI: 10.1038/srep19614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Eccentric exercise leads to focal disruptions in the myofibrils, referred to as “lesions”. These structures are thought to contribute to the post-exercise muscle weakness, and to represent areas of mechanical damage and/or remodelling. Lesions have been investigated in human biopsies and animal samples after exercise. However, this approach does not examine the mechanisms behind lesion formation, or their behaviour during contraction. To circumvent this, we used electrical pulse stimulation (EPS) to simulate exercise in C2C12 myotubes, combined with live microscopy. EPS application led to the formation of sarcomeric lesions in the myotubes, resembling those seen in exercised mice, increasing in number with the time of application or stimulation intensity. Furthermore, transfection with an EGFP-tagged version of the lesion and Z-disc marker filamin-C allowed us to observe the formation of lesions using live cell imaging. Finally, using the same technique we studied the behaviour of these structures during contraction, and observed them to be passively stretching. This passive behaviour supports the hypothesis that lesions contribute to the post-exercise muscle weakness, protecting against further damage. We conclude that EPS can be reliably used as a model for the induction and study of sarcomeric lesions in myotubes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Orfanos
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus P O Gödderz
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Ekaterina Soroka
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Tobias Gödderz
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anastasia Rumyantseva
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter F M van der Ven
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas J Hawke
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3Z5, Canada
| | - Dieter O Fürst
- Institute for Cell Biology, University of Bonn, Ulrich-Haberland-Str. 61a, 53121 Bonn, Germany
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Yang HS, Lee B, Tsui JH, Macadangdang J, Jang SY, Im SG, Kim DH. Electroconductive Nanopatterned Substrates for Enhanced Myogenic Differentiation and Maturation. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:137-45. [PMID: 25988569 PMCID: PMC5003176 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Electrically conductive materials provide a suitable platform for the in vitro study of excitable cells, such as skeletal muscle cells, due to their inherent conductivity and electroactivity. Here it is demonstrated that bioinspired electroconductive nanopatterned substrates enhance myogenic differentiation and maturation. The topographical cues from the highly aligned collagen bundles that form the extracellular matrix of skeletal muscle tissue are mimicked using nanopatterns created with capillary force lithography. Electron beam deposition is then utilized to conformally coat nanopatterned substrates with a thin layer of either gold or titanium to create electroconductive substrates with well-defined, large-area nanotopographical features. C2C12 cells, a myoblast cell line, are cultured for 7 d on substrates and the effects of topography and electrical conductivity on cellular morphology and myogenic differentiation are assessed. It is found that biomimetic nanotopography enhances the formation of aligned myotubes and the addition of an electroconductive coating promotes myogenic differentiation and maturation, as indicated by the upregulation of myogenic regulatory factors Myf5, MyoD, and myogenin (MyoG). These results suggest the suitability of electroconductive nanopatterned substrates as a biomimetic platform for the in vitro engineering of skeletal muscle tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seok Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan, 330-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Bora Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonathan H Tsui
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Jesse Macadangdang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Seok-Young Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Gap Im
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
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van Marion MH, Bax NA, van Turnhout M, Mauretti A, van der Schaft DW, Goumans MJT, Bouten CV. Behavior of CMPCs in unidirectional constrained and stress-free 3D hydrogels. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 87:79-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Sciancalepore M, Coslovich T, Lorenzon P, Ziraldo G, Taccola G. Extracellular stimulation with human “noisy” electromyographic patterns facilitates myotube activity. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:349-57. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9424-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Heher P, Maleiner B, Prüller J, Teuschl AH, Kollmitzer J, Monforte X, Wolbank S, Redl H, Rünzler D, Fuchs C. A novel bioreactor for the generation of highly aligned 3D skeletal muscle-like constructs through orientation of fibrin via application of static strain. Acta Biomater 2015; 24:251-65. [PMID: 26141153 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The generation of functional biomimetic skeletal muscle constructs is still one of the fundamental challenges in skeletal muscle tissue engineering. With the notion that structure strongly dictates functional capabilities, a myriad of cell types, scaffold materials and stimulation strategies have been combined. To further optimize muscle engineered constructs, we have developed a novel bioreactor system (MagneTissue) for rapid engineering of skeletal muscle-like constructs with the aim to resemble native muscle in terms of structure, gene expression profile and maturity. Myoblasts embedded in fibrin, a natural hydrogel that serves as extracellular matrix, are subjected to mechanical stimulation via magnetic force transmission. We identify static mechanical strain as a trigger for cellular alignment concomitant with the orientation of the scaffold into highly organized fibrin fibrils. This ultimately yields myotubes with a more mature phenotype in terms of sarcomeric patterning, diameter and length. On the molecular level, a faster progression of the myogenic gene expression program is evident as myogenic determination markers MyoD and Myogenin as well as the Ca(2+) dependent contractile structural marker TnnT1 are significantly upregulated when strain is applied. The major advantage of the MagneTissue bioreactor system is that the generated tension is not exclusively relying on the strain generated by the cells themselves in response to scaffold anchoring but its ability to subject the constructs to individually adjustable strain protocols. In future work, this will allow applying mechanical stimulation with different strain regimes in the maturation process of tissue engineered constructs and elucidating the role of mechanotransduction in myogenesis. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Mechanical stimulation of tissue engineered skeletal muscle constructs is a promising approach to increase tissue functionality. We have developed a novel bioreactor-based 3D culture system, giving the user the possibility to apply different strain regimes like static, cyclic or ramp strain to myogenic precursor cells embedded in a fibrin scaffold. Application of static mechanical strain leads to alignment of fibrin fibrils along the axis of strain and concomitantly to highly aligned myotube formation. Additionally, the pattern of myogenic gene expression follows the temporal progression observed in vivo with a more thorough induction of the myogenic program when static strain is applied. Ultimately, the strain protocol used in this study results in a higher degree of muscle maturity demonstrated by enhanced sarcomeric patterning and increased myotube diameter and length. The introduced bioreactor system enables new possibilities in muscle tissue engineering as longer cultivation periods and different strain applications will yield tissue engineered muscle-like constructs with improved characteristics in regard to functionality and biomimicry.
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Vannozzi L, Ricotti L, Cianchetti M, Bearzi C, Gargioli C, Rizzi R, Dario P, Menciassi A. Self-assembly of polydimethylsiloxane structures from 2D to 3D for bio-hybrid actuation. BIOINSPIRATION & BIOMIMETICS 2015; 10:056001. [PMID: 26292037 DOI: 10.1088/1748-3190/10/5/056001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to demonstrate the feasibility of a novel approach for the development of 3D self-assembled polydimethylsiloxane structures, to be used as engineered flexible matrices for bio-hybrid actuation. We described the fabrication of engineered bilayers, organized in a 3D architecture by means of a stress-induced rolling membrane technique. Such structures were provided with ad hoc surface topographies, for both cell alignment and cell survival after membrane rolling. We reported the results of advanced finite element model simulations, predicting the system behavior in terms of overall contraction, induced by the contractile activity of muscle cells seeded on the membrane. Then, we tested in vitro the structure with primary cardiomyocytes to evaluate the real bio-actuator contraction, thus validating the simulation results. At a later stage, we provided the samples with a stable fibronectin coating, by covalently binding the protein on the polymer surface, thus enabling long-term cultures with C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, a more controllable cell type. These tests revealed cell viability and alignment on the rolled structures, but also the ability of cells to differentiate and to form multinucleated and oriented myotubes on the polymer surface, also supported by a fibroblast feeder layer. Our results highlighted the possibility of developing 3D rolled PDMS structures, characterized by different mechanical properties, as novel bio-hybrid actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Vannozzi
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pontedera (PI), Italy
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80
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Benam KH, Dauth S, Hassell B, Herland A, Jain A, Jang KJ, Karalis K, Kim HJ, MacQueen L, Mahmoodian R, Musah S, Torisawa YS, van der Meer AD, Villenave R, Yadid M, Parker KK, Ingber DE. Engineered in vitro disease models. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2015; 10:195-262. [PMID: 25621660 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012414-040418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ultimate goal of most biomedical research is to gain greater insight into mechanisms of human disease or to develop new and improved therapies or diagnostics. Although great advances have been made in terms of developing disease models in animals, such as transgenic mice, many of these models fail to faithfully recapitulate the human condition. In addition, it is difficult to identify critical cellular and molecular contributors to disease or to vary them independently in whole-animal models. This challenge has attracted the interest of engineers, who have begun to collaborate with biologists to leverage recent advances in tissue engineering and microfabrication to develop novel in vitro models of disease. As these models are synthetic systems, specific molecular factors and individual cell types, including parenchymal cells, vascular cells, and immune cells, can be varied independently while simultaneously measuring system-level responses in real time. In this article, we provide some examples of these efforts, including engineered models of diseases of the heart, lung, intestine, liver, kidney, cartilage, skin and vascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, and nervous systems, as well as models of infectious diseases and cancer. We also describe how engineered in vitro models can be combined with human inducible pluripotent stem cells to enable new insights into a broad variety of disease mechanisms, as well as provide a test bed for screening new therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kambez H Benam
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115;
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81
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Song J, Lee EA, Cha S, Kim I, Choi Y, Hwang NS. Fabrication of multi-well platform with electrical stimulation for efficient myogenic commitment of C2C12 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.12989/bme.2015.2.1.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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82
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Qazi TH, Mooney DJ, Pumberger M, Geissler S, Duda GN. Biomaterials based strategies for skeletal muscle tissue engineering: existing technologies and future trends. Biomaterials 2015; 53:502-21. [PMID: 25890747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscles have a robust capacity to regenerate, but under compromised conditions, such as severe trauma, the loss of muscle functionality is inevitable. Research carried out in the field of skeletal muscle tissue engineering has elucidated multiple intrinsic mechanisms of skeletal muscle repair, and has thus sought to identify various types of cells and bioactive factors which play an important role during regeneration. In order to maximize the potential therapeutic effects of cells and growth factors, several biomaterial based strategies have been developed and successfully implemented in animal muscle injury models. A suitable biomaterial can be utilized as a template to guide tissue reorganization, as a matrix that provides optimum micro-environmental conditions to cells, as a delivery vehicle to carry bioactive factors which can be released in a controlled manner, and as local niches to orchestrate in situ tissue regeneration. A myriad of biomaterials, varying in geometrical structure, physical form, chemical properties, and biofunctionality have been investigated for skeletal muscle tissue engineering applications. In the current review, we present a detailed summary of studies where the use of biomaterials favorably influenced muscle repair. Biomaterials in the form of porous three-dimensional scaffolds, hydrogels, fibrous meshes, and patterned substrates with defined topographies, have each displayed unique benefits, and are discussed herein. Additionally, several biomaterial based approaches aimed specifically at stimulating vascularization, innervation, and inducing contractility in regenerating muscle tissues are also discussed. Finally, we outline promising future trends in the field of muscle regeneration involving a deeper understanding of the endogenous healing cascades and utilization of this knowledge for the development of multifunctional, hybrid, biomaterials which support and enable muscle regeneration under compromised conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taimoor H Qazi
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - David J Mooney
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, USA.
| | - Matthias Pumberger
- Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charitè - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany.
| | - Sven Geissler
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg School for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany; Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Berlin, Germany.
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83
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Handschin C, Mortezavi A, Plock J, Eberli D. External physical and biochemical stimulation to enhance skeletal muscle bioengineering. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 82-83:168-175. [PMID: 25453267 PMCID: PMC4444527 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Cell based muscle tissue engineering carries the potential to revert the functional loss of muscle tissue caused by disease and trauma. Although muscle tissue can be bioengineered using various precursor cells, major limitations still remain. RECENT FINDINGS In the last decades several cellular pathways playing a crucial role in muscle tissue regeneration have been described. These pathways can be influenced by external stimuli and they not only orchestrate the regenerative process after physiologic wear and muscle trauma, but also play an important part in aging and maintaining the stem cell niche, which is required to maintain long-term muscle function. SUMMARY In this review article we will highlight possible new avenues using external physical and biochemical stimulation in order to optimize muscle bioengineering.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel Eberli
- corresponding author: Daniel Eberli MD PhD, Division of Urology, University Hospital Zürich, University of Zürich, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland, Phone: +41 44 255 11 11, Fax: +41 44 255 96 20,
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84
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Ostrovidov S, Ahadian S, Ramon-Azcon J, Hosseini V, Fujie T, Parthiban SP, Shiku H, Matsue T, Kaji H, Ramalingam M, Bae H, Khademhosseini A. Three-dimensional co-culture of C2C12/PC12 cells improves skeletal muscle tissue formation and function. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:582-595. [PMID: 25393357 DOI: 10.1002/term.1956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered muscle tissues demonstrate properties far from native muscle tissue. Therefore, fabrication of muscle tissues with enhanced functionalities is required to enable their use in various applications. To improve the formation of mature muscle tissues with higher functionalities, we co-cultured C2C12 myoblasts and PC12 neural cells. While alignment of the myoblasts was obtained by culturing the cells in micropatterned methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) hydrogels, we studied the effects of the neural cells (PC12) on the formation and maturation of muscle tissues. Myoblasts cultured in the presence of neural cells showed improved differentiation, with enhanced myotube formation. Myotube alignment, length and coverage area were increased. In addition, the mRNA expression of muscle differentiation markers (Myf-5, myogenin, Mefc2, MLP), muscle maturation markers (MHC-IId/x, MHC-IIa, MHC-IIb, MHC-pn, α-actinin, sarcomeric actinin) and the neuromuscular markers (AChE, AChR-ε) were also upregulated. All these observations were amplified after further muscle tissue maturation under electrical stimulation. Our data suggest a synergistic effect on the C2C12 differentiation induced by PC12 cells, which could be useful for creating improved muscle tissue. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ostrovidov
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Samad Ahadian
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Javier Ramon-Azcon
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Vahid Hosseini
- Laboratory of Applied Mechanobiology, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Toshinori Fujie
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S Prakash Parthiban
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shiku
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Matsue
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kaji
- Department of Bioengineering and Robotics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Murugan Ramalingam
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Centre for Stem Cell Research, A unit of the Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Christian Medical College Campus, Vellore, India.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U977, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, France
| | - Hojae Bae
- College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School and Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA.,Center of Nanotechnology, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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85
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Nam KH, Smith AST, Lone S, Kwon S, Kim DH. Biomimetic 3D Tissue Models for Advanced High-Throughput Drug Screening. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 20:201-15. [PMID: 25385716 DOI: 10.1177/2211068214557813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most current drug screening assays used to identify new drug candidates are 2D cell-based systems, even though such in vitro assays do not adequately re-create the in vivo complexity of 3D tissues. Inadequate representation of the human tissue environment during a preclinical test can result in inaccurate predictions of compound effects on overall tissue functionality. Screening for compound efficacy by focusing on a single pathway or protein target, coupled with difficulties in maintaining long-term 2D monolayers, can serve to exacerbate these issues when using such simplistic model systems for physiological drug screening applications. Numerous studies have shown that cell responses to drugs in 3D culture are improved from those in 2D, with respect to modeling in vivo tissue functionality, which highlights the advantages of using 3D-based models for preclinical drug screens. In this review, we discuss the development of microengineered 3D tissue models that accurately mimic the physiological properties of native tissue samples and highlight the advantages of using such 3D microtissue models over conventional cell-based assays for future drug screening applications. We also discuss biomimetic 3D environments, based on engineered tissues as potential preclinical models for the development of more predictive drug screening assays for specific disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hwan Nam
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea Center for Analytical Instrumentation Development, The Korea Basic Science Institute, Deajeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Alec S T Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Saifullah Lone
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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86
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Smith AST, Long CJ, McAleer C, Bobbitt N, Srinivasan B, Hickman JJ. Utilization of microscale silicon cantilevers to assess cellular contractile function in vitro. J Vis Exp 2014:e51866. [PMID: 25350792 DOI: 10.3791/51866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of more predictive and biologically relevant in vitro assays is predicated on the advancement of versatile cell culture systems which facilitate the functional assessment of the seeded cells. To that end, microscale cantilever technology offers a platform with which to measure the contractile functionality of a range of cell types, including skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle cells, through assessment of contraction induced substrate bending. Application of multiplexed cantilever arrays provides the means to develop moderate to high-throughput protocols for assessing drug efficacy and toxicity, disease phenotype and progression, as well as neuromuscular and other cell-cell interactions. This manuscript provides the details for fabricating reliable cantilever arrays for this purpose, and the methods required to successfully culture cells on these surfaces. Further description is provided on the steps necessary to perform functional analysis of contractile cell types maintained on such arrays using a novel laser and photo-detector system. The representative data provided highlights the precision and reproducible nature of the analysis of contractile function possible using this system, as well as the wide range of studies to which such technology can be applied. Successful widespread adoption of this system could provide investigators with the means to perform rapid, low cost functional studies in vitro, leading to more accurate predictions of tissue performance, disease development and response to novel therapeutic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec S T Smith
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - James J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida;
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87
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Cheng CS, Davis BNJ, Madden L, Bursac N, Truskey GA. Physiology and metabolism of tissue-engineered skeletal muscle. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2014; 239:1203-14. [PMID: 24912506 DOI: 10.1177/1535370214538589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a major target for tissue engineering, given its relative size in the body, fraction of cardiac output that passes through muscle beds, as well as its key role in energy metabolism and diabetes, and the need for therapies for muscle diseases such as muscular dystrophy and sarcopenia. To date, most studies with tissue-engineered skeletal muscle have utilized murine and rat cell sources. On the other hand, successful engineering of functional human muscle would enable different applications including improved methods for preclinical testing of drugs and therapies. Some of the requirements for engineering functional skeletal muscle include expression of adult forms of muscle proteins, comparable contractile forces to those produced by native muscle, and physiological force-length and force-frequency relations. This review discusses the various strategies and challenges associated with these requirements, specific applications with cultured human myoblasts, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy S Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Brittany N J Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Lauran Madden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Nenad Bursac
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - George A Truskey
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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88
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Smith AST, Long CJ, Pirozzi K, Najjar S, McAleer C, Vandenburgh HH, Hickman JJ. A multiplexed chip-based assay system for investigating the functional development of human skeletal myotubes in vitro. J Biotechnol 2014; 185:15-8. [PMID: 24909944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2014.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This report details the development of a non-invasive in vitro assay system for investigating the functional maturation and performance of human skeletal myotubes. Data is presented demonstrating the survival and differentiation of human myotubes on microscale silicon cantilevers in a defined, serum-free system. These cultures can be stimulated electrically and the resulting contraction quantified using modified atomic force microscopy technology. This system provides a higher degree of sensitivity for investigating contractile waveforms than video-based analysis, and represents the first system capable of measuring the contractile activity of individual human muscle myotubes in a reliable, high-throughput and non-invasive manner. The development of such a technique is critical for the advancement of body-on-a-chip platforms toward application in pre-clinical drug development screens.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S T Smith
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - C J Long
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - K Pirozzi
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - S Najjar
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - C McAleer
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA
| | - H H Vandenburgh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - J J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Orlando, FL 32826, USA.
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89
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Post MJ. Cultured beef: medical technology to produce food. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1039-1041. [PMID: 24214798 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Post
- Department of Physiology, CARIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, NL-6229, ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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90
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Girgis CM, Clifton-Bligh RJ, Mokbel N, Cheng K, Gunton JE. Vitamin D signaling regulates proliferation, differentiation, and myotube size in C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Endocrinology 2014; 155:347-57. [PMID: 24280059 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is linked to a range of muscle disorders including myalgia, muscle weakness, and falls. Humans with severe vitamin D deficiency and mice with transgenic vitamin D receptor (VDR) ablation have muscle fiber atrophy. However, molecular mechanisms by which vitamin D influences muscle function and fiber size remain unclear. A central question is whether VDR is expressed in skeletal muscle and is able to regulate transcription at this site. To address this, we examined key molecular and morphologic changes in C2C12 cells treated with 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)(2)D). As well as stimulating VDR expression, 25(OH)D and 1,25(OH)(2)D dose-dependently increased expression of the classic vitamin D target cytochrome P450, family 24, subfamily A, polypeptide 1 (CYP24A1), demonstrating the presence of an autoregulatory vitamin D-endocrine system in these cells. Luciferase reporter studies demonstrated that cytochrome P450, family 27, subfamily B, polypeptide 1 (CYP27B1) was functional in these cells. Both 25OHD and 1,25(OH)(2)D altered C2C12 proliferation and differentiation. These effects were related to the increased expression of genes involved in G(0)/G(1) arrest (retinoblastoma protein [Rb], 1.3-fold; ATM, 1.5-fold, both P < .05), downregulation of mRNAs involved in G(1)/S transition, including myc and cyclin-D1 (0.7- and 0.8-fold, both P < .05) and reduced phosphorylation of Rb protein (0.3-fold, P < .005). After serum depletion, 1,25(OH)(2)D (100nM) suppressed myotube formation with decreased mRNAs for key myogenic regulatory factors (myogenin, 0.5-fold; myf5, 0.4-fold, P < .005) but led to a 1.8-fold increase in cross-sectional size of individual myotubes associated with markedly decreased myostatin expression (0.2-fold, P < .005). These data show that vitamin D signaling alters gene expression in C2C12 cells, with effects on proliferation, differentiation, and myotube size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian M Girgis
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research (C.M.G., N.M., K.C., J.E.G.), Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia; Faculty of Medicine (C.M.G., R.J.C.-B., J.E.G.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2008, Australia; The Kolling Institute of Medical Research (R.J.C.-B.) and Royal North Shore Hospital (R.J.C.-B.), Sydney, New South Wales 2065, Australia; Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes (J.E.G.), Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales 2145, Australia; and St Vincent's Clinical School (J.E.G.), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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91
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Determination and validation of reference gene stability for qPCR analysis in polysaccharide hydrogel-based 3D chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cell cultural models. Mol Biotechnol 2013; 54:623-33. [PMID: 23054629 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-012-9604-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Gene expression study is widely used to obtain information of the cell activities and phenotypes. To quantify gene expression, measurement of the mRNA copy number is commonly done by quantitative RT-PCR (RT-qPCR). However, proper reference gene is needed for different tissues to normalize the expression level of different genes accurately. In this study, reference gene determination was done for three-dimensional (3D) artificial tissue constructs in hydrogel. Porcine synovium-derived mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) and rabbit chondrocytes were cultured in both alginate and agarose hydrogels to set up four different 3D culture systems to form the artificial tissue constructs. The gene expression levels of candidate genes were determined by RT-qPCR and then analyzed by geNorm, Bestkeeper, and Normfinder. For porcine SMSCs, PPIA, and TBP were selected for tissue in alginate scaffold whereas HPRT and TBP were selected for the agarose scaffold system. On the other hand, HPRT, PPIA, and RPL18 were the stable reference genes for rabbit chondrocytes in alginate scaffold while TBP, RPL5, and RPL18 were selected for rabbit chondrocytes in agarose scaffold. This study has further indicated that suitable reference genes are different for each tissue and study purpose. The reference genes are expressed in different stability when a scaffold of different material is used.
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92
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Snyman C, Goetsch KP, Myburgh KH, Niesler CU. Simple silicone chamber system for in vitro three-dimensional skeletal muscle tissue formation. Front Physiol 2013; 4:349. [PMID: 24348426 PMCID: PMC3842895 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioengineering skeletal muscle often requires customized equipment and intricate casting techniques. One of the major hurdles when initially trying to establish in vitro tissue engineered muscle constructs is the lack of consistency across published methodology. Although this diversity allows for specialization according to specific research goals, lack of standardization hampers comparative efforts. Differences in cell type, number and density, variability in matrix and scaffold usage as well as inconsistency in the distance between and type of adhesion posts complicates initial establishment of the technique with confidence. We describe an inexpensive, but readily adaptable silicone chamber system for the generation of skeletal muscle constructs that can readily be standardized and used to elucidate myoblast behavior in a three-dimensional space. Muscle generation, regeneration and adaptation can also be investigated in this model, which is more advanced than differentiated myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celia Snyman
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kyle P Goetsch
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Kathryn H Myburgh
- Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Stellenbosch Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Carola U Niesler
- Discipline of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
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93
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Fuhrer R, Hofmann S, Hild N, Vetsch JR, Herrmann IK, Grass RN, Stark WJ. Pressureless mechanical induction of stem cell differentiation is dose and frequency dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81362. [PMID: 24278427 PMCID: PMC3836961 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Movement is a key characteristic of higher organisms. During mammalian embryogenesis fetal movements have been found critical to normal tissue development. On the single cell level, however, our current understanding of stem cell differentiation concentrates on inducing factors through cytokine mediated biochemical signaling. In this study, human mesenchymal stem cells and chondrogenesis were investigated as representative examples. We show that pressureless, soft mechanical stimulation precipitated by the cyclic deformation of soft, magnetic hydrogel scaffolds with an external magnetic field, can induce chondrogenesis in mesenchymal stem cells without any additional chondrogenesis transcription factors (TGF-β1 and dexamethasone). A systematic study on the role of movement frequency revealed a classical dose-response relationship for human mesenchymal stem cells differentiation towards cartilage using mere mechanical stimulation. This effect could even be synergistically amplified when exogenous chondrogenic factors and movement were combined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Fuhrer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Hofmann
- Institute for Biomechanics, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nora Hild
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Inge K. Herrmann
- Institute of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robert N. Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wendelin J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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94
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In vitro myoblast motility models: investigating migration dynamics for the study of skeletal muscle repair. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2013; 34:333-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10974-013-9364-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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95
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An J, Chua CK, Yu T, Li H, Tan LP. Advanced nanobiomaterial strategies for the development of organized tissue engineering constructs. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2013; 8:591-602. [PMID: 23560410 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.13.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials, a field at the interface of biomaterials and nanotechnologies, when applied to tissue engineering applications, are usually perceived to resemble the cell microenvironment components or as a material strategy to instruct cells and alter cell behaviors. Therefore, they provide a clear understanding of the relationship between nanotechnologies and resulting cellular responses. This review will cover recent advances in nanobiomaterial research for applications in tissue engineering. In particular, recent developments in nanofibrous scaffolds, nanobiomaterial composites, hydrogel systems, laser-fabricated nanostructures and cell-based bioprinting methods to produce scaffolds with nanofeatures for tissue engineering are discussed. As in native niches of cells, where nanofeatures are constantly interacting and influencing cellular behavior, new generations of scaffolds will need to have these features to enable more desirable engineered tissues. Moving forward, tissue engineering will also have to address the issues of complexity and organization in tissues and organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia An
- Division of Systems & Engineering Management, School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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96
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Rønning SB, Pedersen ME, Andersen PV, Hollung K. The combination of glycosaminoglycans and fibrous proteins improves cell proliferation and early differentiation of bovine primary skeletal muscle cells. Differentiation 2013; 86:13-22. [PMID: 23933398 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2013.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary muscle cell model systems from farm animals are widely used to acquire knowledge about muscle development, muscle pathologies, overweight issues and tissue regeneration. The morphological properties of a bovine primary muscle cell model system, in addition to cell proliferation and differentiation features, were characterized using immunocytochemistry, western blotting and real-time PCR. We observed a reorganization of the Golgi complex in differentiated cells. The Golgi complex transformed to a highly fragmented network of small stacks of cisternae positioned throughout the myotubes as well as around the nucleus. Different extracellular matrix (ECM) components were used as surface coatings in order to improve cell culture conditions. Our experiments demonstrated improved proliferation and early differentiation for cells grown on surface coatings containing a mixture of both glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and fibrous proteins. We suggest that GAGs and fibrous proteins mixed together into a composite biomaterial can mimic a natural ECM, and this could improve myogenesis for in vitro cell cultures.
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97
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Sun Y, Duffy R, Lee A, Feinberg AW. Optimizing the structure and contractility of engineered skeletal muscle thin films. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:7885-94. [PMID: 23632372 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An experimental system was developed to tissue engineer skeletal muscle thin films with well-defined tissue architecture and to quantify the effect on contractility. Using the C2C12 cell line, the authors tested whether tailoring the width and spacing of micropatterned fibronectin lines can be used to increase myoblast differentiation into functional myotubes and maximize uniaxial alignment within a 2-D sheet. Using a combination of image analysis and the muscular thin film contractility assay, it was demonstrated that a fibronectin line width of 100μm and line spacing of 20μm is able to maximize the formation of anisotropic, engineered skeletal muscle with consistent contractile properties at the millimeter length scale. The engineered skeletal muscle exhibited a positive force-frequency relationship, could achieve tetanus and produced a normalized peak twitch stress of 9.4±4.6kPa at 1Hz stimulation. These results establish that micropatterning technologies can be used to control skeletal muscle differentiation and tissue architecture and, in combination with the muscular thin film contractility, assay can be used to probe structure-function relationships. More broadly, an experimental platform is provided with the potential to examine how a range of microenvironmental cues such as extracellular matrix protein composition, micropattern geometries and substrate mechanics affect skeletal muscle myogenesis and contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Sun
- Regenerative Biomaterials and Therapeutics Group, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, 700 Technology Dr., Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
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98
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Redpath CJ, Bou Khalil M, Drozdzal G, Radisic M, McBride HM. Mitochondrial hyperfusion during oxidative stress is coupled to a dysregulation in calcium handling within a C2C12 cell model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69165. [PMID: 23861961 PMCID: PMC3704522 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Atrial Fibrillation is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia worldwide harming millions of people every year. Atrial Fibrillation (AF) abruptly induces rapid conduction between atrial myocytes which is associated with oxidative stress and abnormal calcium handling. Unfortunately this new equilibrium promotes perpetuation of the arrhythmia. Recently, in addition to being the major source of oxidative stress within cells, mitochondria have been observed to fuse, forming mitochondrial networks and attach to intracellular calcium stores in response to cellular stress. We sought to identify a potential role for rapid stimulation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial hyperfusion in acute changes to myocyte calcium handling. In addition we hoped to link altered calcium handling to increased sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)-mitochondrial contacts, the so-called mitochondrial associated membrane (MAM). We selected the C2C12 murine myotube model as it has previously been successfully used to investigate mitochondrial dynamics and has a myofibrillar system similar to atrial myocytes. We observed that rapid stimulation of C2C12 cells resulted in mitochondrial hyperfusion and increased mitochondrial colocalisation with calcium stores. Inhibition of mitochondrial fission by transfection of mutant DRP1K38E resulted in similar effects on mitochondrial fusion, SR colocalisation and altered calcium handling. Interestingly the effects of 'forced fusion' were reversed by co-incubation with the reducing agent N-Acetyl cysteine (NAC). Subsequently we demonstrated that oxidative stress resulted in similar reversible increases in mitochondrial fusion, SR-colocalisation and altered calcium handling. Finally, we believe we have identified that myocyte calcium handling is reliant on baseline levels of reactive oxygen species as co-incubation with NAC both reversed and retarded myocyte response to caffeine induced calcium release and re-uptake. Based on these results we conclude that the coordinate regulation of mitochondrial fusion and MAM contacts may form a point source for stress-induced arrhythmogenesis. We believe that the MAM merits further investigation as a therapeutic target in AF-induced remodelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Calum J Redpath
- Cellular Electrophysiology Laboratory, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada.
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99
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Obregón R, Ahadian S, Ramón-Azcón J, Chen L, Fujita T, Shiku H, Chen M, Matsue T. Non-invasive measurement of glucose uptake of skeletal muscle tissue models using a glucose nanobiosensor. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 50:194-201. [PMID: 23856563 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissues play a significant role to maintain the glucose level of whole body and any dysfunction of this tissue leads to the diabetes disease. A culture medium was created in which the muscle cells could survive for a long time and meanwhile it did not interfere with the glucose sensing. We fabricated a model of skeletal muscle tissues in vitro to monitor its glucose uptake. A nanoporous gold as a high sensitive nanobiosensor was then successfully developed and employed to detect the glucose uptake of the tissue models in this medium upon applying the electrical stimulation in a rapid, and non-invasive approach. The response of the glucose sensor was linear in a wide concentration range of 1-50 mM, with a detection limit of 3 μM at a signal-to-noise ratio of 3.0. The skeletal muscle tissue was electrically stimulated during 24 h and glucose uptake was monitored during this period. During the first 3 h of stimulation, electrically stimulated muscle tissue consumed almost twice the amount of glucose than counterpart non-stimulated sample. In total, the glucose consumption of muscle tissues was higher for the electrically stimulated tissues compared to those without applying the electrical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Obregón
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8579, Japan
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100
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Juhas M, Bursac N. Engineering skeletal muscle repair. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2013; 24:880-6. [PMID: 23711735 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Healthy skeletal muscle has a remarkable capacity for regeneration. Even at a mature age, muscle tissue can undergo a robust rebuilding process that involves the formation of new muscle cells and extracellular matrix and the re-establishment of vascular and neural networks. Understanding and reverse-engineering components of this process is essential for our ability to restore loss of muscle mass and function in cases where the natural ability of muscle for self-repair is exhausted or impaired. In this article, we will describe current approaches to restore the function of diseased or injured muscle through combined use of myogenic stem cells, biomaterials, and functional tissue-engineered muscle. Furthermore, we will discuss possibilities for expanding the future use of human cell sources toward the development of cell-based clinical therapies and in vitro models of human muscle disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Juhas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 3000 Science Drive, Hudson Hall Room 136, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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