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Rosati F, Williams DP, Juster RP, Thayer JF, Ottaviani C, Baiocco R. The Cardiovascular Conundrum in Ethnic and Sexual Minorities: A Potential Biomarker of Constant Coping With Discrimination. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:619171. [PMID: 34093107 PMCID: PMC8170077 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.619171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: A paradoxical profile of greater elevated sympathetic vasoconstriction (increased total peripheral resistance, TPR) and increased vagally-mediated heart rate variability (HRV) -the so-called Cardiovascular Conundrum- has been reported in African Americans (AAs) both at rest and in response to orthostasis. Whereas some authors have attributed this pattern to genetic factors, others have pointed to the potential role of coping with repeated racial discrimination. Objective: To disentangle between these alternative explanations, we have examined the hemodynamic profile of another population that is likely to be exposed to episodes of discrimination, i.e., sexual minorities. Methods: The first study was conducted on a sample of AAs and European Americans (EAs) with the aim of replicating previous results on the Cardiovascular Conundrum. In the second study, lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people, matched by age and sex with heterosexual participants, underwent a hemodynamic and autonomic assessment at rest and during an emotional (in the experimental group, both LGB-related and non LGB related), and a cognitive stressor. Results: The first study confirmed a pattern of higher resting HRV, paired with higher TPR, in AAs compared to EAs. In the second study, compared to heterosexuals, the LGB group showed the Cardiovascular Conundrum pattern, characterized by greater HRV and higher TPR at baseline and a more vascular hemodynamic profile and prominent compensation deficit in response to both tasks, and particularly during the LGB-related emotional task. However, in LGB only, the vascular response was negatively correlated with perceived discrimination. Conclusion: Present preliminary results are discussed in terms of maladaptive physiological consequences of exposure to chronic stress and the chronic use of dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies such as suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fausta Rosati
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - DeWayne P Williams
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert-Paul Juster
- Department of Psychiatry and Addiction, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Julian F Thayer
- Department of Psychological Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Cristina Ottaviani
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Functional Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Baiocco
- Department of Developmental and Social Psychology, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Transcriptomic analyses of black women in neighborhoods with high levels of violence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 127:105174. [PMID: 33647572 PMCID: PMC9191231 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chronic stress threatens an individual's capacity to maintain psychological and physiological homeostasis, but the molecular processes underlying the biological embedding of these experiences are not well understood. This is particularly true for marginalized groups, presenting a fundamental challenge to decreasing racial, economic, and gender-based health disparities. Physical and social environments influence genome function, including the transcriptional activity of core stress responsive genes. We studied the relationship between social experiences that are associated with systemic inequality (e.g., racial segregation, poverty, and neighborhood violence) and blood cell (leukocytes) gene expression, focusing on the activation of transcription factors (TF) critical to stress response pathways. The study used data from 68 women collected from a convenience sample in 2013 from the Southside of Chicago. Comparing single, low-income Black mothers living in neighborhoods with high levels of violence (self-reported and assessed using administrative police records) to those with low levels of violence we found no significant differences in expression of 51 genes associated with the Conserved Transcriptional Response to Adversity (CTRA). Using TELiS analysis of promoter TF-binding motif prevalence we found that mothers who self-reported higher levels of neighborhood stress showed greater expression of genes regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). These findings may reflect increased cortisol output from the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, or increased GR transcriptional sensitivity. Transcript origin analyses identified monocytes and dendritic cells as the primary cellular sources of gene transcripts up-regulated in association with neighborhood stress. The prominence of GR-related transcripts and the absence of sympathetic nervous system-related CTRA transcripts suggest that a subjective perception of elevated chronic neighborhood stress may be associated with an HPA-related defeat-withdrawal phenotype rather than a fight-or-flight phenotype. The defeat-withdrawal phenotype has been previously observed in animal models of severe, overwhelming threat. These results demonstrate the importance of studying biological embedding in diverse environments and communities, specifically marginalized populations such as low-income Black women.
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Porter LC, Kozlowski-Serra M, Lee H. Proliferation or adaptation? Differences across race and sex in the relationship between time served in prison and mental health symptoms. Soc Sci Med 2021; 276:113815. [PMID: 33812157 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Guided by stress proliferation and adaptation perspectives, this study investigates competing hypotheses for the relationship between time served in prison and mental health symptoms. Drawing on data from the Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities in 2004 (N = 12,118), our findings suggest that time served is correlated with mental health symptoms, but that the association differs across race and sex. White males exhibit fewer mental health symptoms at longer exposures to prison, while black males and black females exhibit more symptoms. We conclude that both incarceration dosage (treatment heterogeneity) and differences across groups (effect heterogeneity) may be important considerations in understanding the relationship between incarceration and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren C Porter
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States.
| | - Meghan Kozlowski-Serra
- Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice University of Maryland, 2220 LeFrak Hall, 7251 Preinkert Drive, College Park, MD, 20740, United States
| | - Hedwig Lee
- Department of Sociology Washington University in St. Louis, CB 1112 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO, 63130, United States
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54
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Gaydosh L, McLanahan S. Youth academic achievement, social context, and body mass index. SSM Popul Health 2021; 13:100708. [PMID: 33354615 PMCID: PMC7744949 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2020.100708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assesses the relationship between academic achievement and body mass index for age (BMI) trajectories across childhood and adolescence, and investigates how this relationship is moderated by social context. Specifically, we test the hypothesis that academic achievement is not associated with improved BMI among youth from disadvantaged social contexts. We test for differences by race/ethnicity, and examine the role of county-level economic mobility in shaping these patterns. We use data from the longitudinal Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), an ongoing birth cohort study representative of children born in large US cities in 2000, and measure BMI, academic achievement, and social context at Years 5, 9, and 15. Estimating multilevel random effects linear regression models of BMI from childhood to adolescence, we find that youth who were exposed to social advantage displayed a negative association between academic achievement and BMI. In contrast, youth exposed to social disadvantage displayed no association between academic achievement and BMI. This difference was observed regardless of race/ethnicity. County-level economic mobility modified the observed relationship, such that youth living in places with low levels of mobility displayed higher BMI associated with high academic performance. The results suggest that the health costs of academic achievement among disadvantaged youth are concentrated in areas with low institutional support for upward mobility. The findings demonstrate that the unequal benefits of educational attainment begin early in life, while living in places that promote upward mobility can help individuals realize the health benefits of their own educational attainment.
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55
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Guazzelli Williamson V, Lee AM, Miller D, Huo T, Maner JK, Cardel M. Psychological Resilience, Experimentally Manipulated Social Status, and Dietary Intake among Adolescents. Nutrients 2021; 13:806. [PMID: 33804409 PMCID: PMC7998543 DOI: 10.3390/nu13030806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Relative to other racial/ethnic groups in the United States, Hispanic American (HA) youth have higher rates of overweight and obesity. Previous work suggests that low perceived social status (SS) promotes excess caloric intake and, thereby, development of obesity. Psychological resilience may play a role in reducing adverse eating behaviors and risk for obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate whether resilience (as measured by the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale) interacts with experimentally manipulated SS to affect dietary intake among HA adolescents (n = 132). Using a rigged game of Monopoly (Hasbro, Inc.), participants were randomized to a high or low SS condition. Following the Monopoly game, participants consumed an ad libitum lunch and their dietary intake was assessed. There was a significant interaction between resilience and experimentally manipulated SS for total energy intake (p = 0.006), percent energy needs consumed (p = 0.005), and sugar intake (p = 0.004). For the high SS condition, for each increase in resilience score, total energy intake decreased by 7.165 ± 2.866 kcal (p = 0.014) and percent energy needs consumed decreased by 0.394 ± 0.153 (p = 0.011). In the low SS condition, sugar intake increased by 0.621 ± 0.240 g for each increase in resilience score (p = 0.011). After correction for multiple comparisons, the aforementioned interactions, but not simple slopes, were statistically significant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra M. Lee
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.M.L.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Darci Miller
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.M.L.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Tianyao Huo
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.M.L.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Jon K. Maner
- Department of Psychology, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA;
| | - Michelle Cardel
- Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (A.M.L.); (D.M.); (T.H.); (M.C.)
- Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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56
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Nicholson HL, Wheeler PB. Prescription Drug Misuse among African Americans and Afro Caribbeans: Results from the National Survey of American Life. Subst Use Misuse 2021; 56:962-970. [PMID: 33769198 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2021.1901928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The misuse of prescription medications is an understudied topic among the non-Hispanic Black population in the U.S. Even less is known about the prevalence and correlates of misuse among African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans, despite documented differences in their substance use behaviors. OBJECTIVES We aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of lifetime prescription drug misuse among African Americans and Afro Caribbeans using data from the National Survey of American Life. METHODS A national household probability sample of non-institutionalized African Americans and Afro Caribbeans from the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys was used. Pooled and ethnicity-stratified logistic regressions were estimated. RESULTS Findings showed no significant differences between African Americans (6.36%) and Afro-Caribbeans (5.71%) in lifetime prescription drug misuse. Several correlates were found to be associated with misuse among only African American or Afro-Caribbean respondents. CONCLUSIONS While research has shown prescription drug misuse is an issue among Blacks overall, our results show that the role of ethnicity must not be overlooked, especially when tailoring prevention and intervention programs. Limitations of this study are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvey L Nicholson
- Department of Sociology and Criminology & Law, University of Florida, Florida, USA
| | - Paris B Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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57
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Wolf ST, Jablonski NG, Kenney WL. Examining "race" in physiology. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 319:H1409-H1413. [PMID: 33064554 PMCID: PMC7792710 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00698.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Racial disparities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health outcomes are well described, and recent research has shed light on the mechanistic underpinnings of those disparities. However, "race" is a social construct that is poorly defined and continually evolving and is historically based on faulty premises. The continued categorization by race in physiological research suggests that there are inherent differences between races, rather than addressing the specific underlying factors that result in health disparities between groups. The purpose of this Perspectives article is to provide a brief history of the genesis of categorization by race, why such categorization should be reconsidered in physiology research, and offer recommendations to more directly investigate the underlying factors that result in group disparities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tony Wolf
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Nina G Jablonski
- Department of Anthropology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - W Larry Kenney
- Department of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
- Graduate Program in Physiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania
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58
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Goldstein E, Benton SF, Barrett B. Health Risk Behaviors and Resilience Among Low-Income, Black Primary Care Patients: Qualitative Findings From a Trauma-Informed Primary Care Intervention Study. FAMILY & COMMUNITY HEALTH 2020; 43:187-199. [PMID: 32324650 PMCID: PMC7988480 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an intervention with low-income, Black primary care patients and their experience in changing a health risk behavior. Participant themes, including behavioral coping, personal values, accomplishments and strengths, barriers and strategies, and social support, are understood in relationship to health behavior theories. Two structured interviews were conducted 1 month apart. Content analysis was used to analyze responses from 40 participants. Participants were well equipped with resilience-based coping, self-efficacies, and informal social networks despite economic and social disadvantages. Findings from this study have the potential to improve behavioral health coping and reduce racial inequities in health prevalent for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Goldstein
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison
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59
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Bernard DL, Jones SCT, Volpe VV. Impostor Phenomenon and Psychological Well-Being: The Moderating Roles of John Henryism and School Racial Composition Among Black College Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 46:195-227. [PMID: 32704193 DOI: 10.1177/0095798420924529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The impostor phenomenon (IP), or erroneous cognitions of intellectual incompetence, is a risk factor for poor psychological adjustment among Black emerging adults. Grounded in Lazarus and Folkman's Stress and Coping Framework, the current study investigated John Henryism's active coping and institutional racial composition as moderators of the association between IP and indicators of psychological well-being among 266 Black students (77% women; M age = 19.87) attending predominately White institutions (PWIs) and historically Black colleges/universities (HBCUs). Hierarchical moderation regression analyses revealed that IP was associated with decreases in well-being indicators among students attending PWIs and HBCUs. Moreover, students who attended PWIs and reported higher levels of John Henryism (+1 SD) were most vulnerable to increases in social anxiety, particularly at higher levels of IP. Results suggest that the interaction between IP, John Henrysim, and institutional racial composition may negatively influence psychological well-being. We discuss how these findings can be used to inform clinical and educational practices to best support Black college students.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donte L Bernard
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.,University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC, USA
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60
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Wheeler PB, Stevens-Watkins D, Dogan JN, McCarthy D. Polysubstance use among frequent marijuana users: an examination of John Henryism Active Coping, psychiatric symptoms, and family social support among African American incarcerated men. J Ethn Subst Abuse 2020; 21:553-569. [PMID: 32697626 DOI: 10.1080/15332640.2020.1793861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Incarcerated African American men who use marijuana are vulnerable to polysubstance use, which is associated with greater risk for negative health and psychosocial outcomes than marijuana use alone. It is imperative to understand risk and protective factors for polysubstance use among this vulnerable population to inform the development of culturally tailored substance use interventions. The current study examined the association between John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC), family social support, psychiatric symptoms, and polysubstance use among African American incarcerated men who frequently use marijuana. Results indicated that higher John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) is associated with decreased likelihood of engaging in polysubstance use, while psychiatric symptoms are associated with increased likelihood of polysubstance use. Incorporating elements of JHAC into concurrent mental health and substance use treatment may reduce risk for overdose and reincarceration among African American incarcerated men upon release into the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paris B Wheeler
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jardin N Dogan
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Daniel McCarthy
- Department of Educational, School, and Counseling Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Woods-Jaeger B, Siedlik E, Adams A, Piper K, O'Connor P, Berkley-Patton J. Building a Contextually-Relevant Understanding of Resilience among African American Youth Exposed to Community Violence. Behav Med 2020; 46:330-339. [PMID: 32787725 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2020.1725865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies consistently demonstrate that African American youth experience disproportionate levels of community violence, which is associated with negative health and well-being outcomes among these youth. The frequency and severity of community violence exposure is a unique challenge for these youth and requires tailored approaches to promote resilience after community violence exposure. However, limited research exists that operationalizes resilience after community violence based on the unique context and lived experience of African American youth. Developing a more contextually relevant understanding of resilience is critical to reducing health inequities experienced by African American youth and promoting their well-being. Five focus groups were conducted with 39 African American adolescents (ages 13-18) exposed to community violence. Participants also completed a brief survey that included questions on demographics, adverse childhood experiences, social capital, and resilience. Focus-group transcripts were independently coded by two members of the research team and analyzed using an inductive approach. Youth highlighted key indicators of resilience including the ability to persevere, self-regulate, and change to adapt/improve. Youth also described family, peer, and cultural contexts that impact how resilience is produced and manifested, highlighting trust, perceived burdensomeness, self-determination, connectedness, and mental health stigma as key factors within these contexts. Results of this qualitative study support the development of health promotion programs for African American youth exposed to community violence that address unique risks and build on existing protective factors within family, peer, and cultural contexts.
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Vargas EA, Chirinos DA, Mahalingam R, Marshall RA, Wong M, Kershaw KN. Discrimination, perceived control, and psychological health among African Americans with hypertension. J Health Psychol 2020; 26:2841-2850. [PMID: 32583690 DOI: 10.1177/1359105320937073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertensive individuals represent a "vulnerable" population regarding psychological health. While African Americans are disproportionally burdened with hypertension, pathways predicting their psychological health remain understudied. We examine if discrimination is associated with psychological health, through an indirect effect of perceived control within a sample of African American individuals with prevalent hypertension (n = 990). Discrimination was significantly associated with an increase psychological distress and a decrease in psychological well-being through a reduction in perceived control, supporting Minority Stress Theory. Cardiovascular disease risk factor management implications are discussed.
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Barajas CB, Jones SCT, Milam AJ, Thorpe RJ, Gaskin DJ, LaVeist TA, Furr-Holden CDM. Coping, Discrimination, and Physical Health Conditions Among Predominantly Poor, Urban African Americans: Implications for Community-Level Health Services. J Community Health 2020; 44:954-962. [PMID: 30915675 DOI: 10.1007/s10900-019-00650-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
African Americans and ethnic minorities experience racial discrimination in a variety of settings. Racial discrimination is a potent stressor that has been linked to psychosocial stress and poor physical health. To cope with discriminatory experiences and daily life event stressors, African Americans frequently use the concept of John Henryism (a high effort coping strategy with prolonged exposure to stress). This cross-sectional analysis explored the relationship between racism/discrimination, John Henryism, and health problems in a predominately African American sample. Data were collected through health care screenings for hypertension, diabetes, and obesity and a self-report survey to assess experiences of discrimination and use of John Henryism. Logistic and linear regression models were used to assess the relationship between the John Henryism score, racism/discrimination score, and health problems among 352 participants. John Henryism was associated with a decrease in systolic blood pressure (b = - 12.50, 95% CI = - 23.05, - 1.95) among men, after adjusting for experiences of racism/discrimination and demographic characteristics. Experiences of racism/discrimination were associated with an increase in systolic blood pressure (b = 11.23, 95% CI = 0.38, 22.09) among men, after adjusting for John Henryism and demographic characteristics. Among women, there was no association found between John Henryism and experiences of racism/discrimination with systolic blood pressure. No association was found between John Henryism and experiences of racism/discrimination with being overweight/obese in women nor men. The study found that John Henryism was positively associated with the health of men, while experiences of racism/discrimination were negatively associated with their health. Limitations of the study are discussed, and recommendations are made to guide future research exploring the concept of John Henryism as a relevant factor between stress, racial discrimination and poor health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara B Barajas
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, USA
| | - Shawn C T Jones
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA
| | - Adam J Milam
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, USA. .,The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
| | - Roland J Thorpe
- The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Darrell J Gaskin
- The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Thomas A LaVeist
- The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.,Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, USA
| | - C Debra M Furr-Holden
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, 200 East 1st Street, Flint, MI, 48502, USA. .,The Hopkins Center for Health Disparities Solutions, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Assari S, Boyce S, Bazargan M, Caldwell CH. African Americans' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Adolescents' Depression and Suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Eur J Investig Health Psychol Educ 2020; 10:656-668. [PMID: 32656052 PMCID: PMC7351357 DOI: 10.3390/ejihpe10020048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate racial and ethnic differences in the protective effects of parental education and marital status against adolescents' depressed mood and suicidal attempts in the U.S. As proposed by the Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs), parental education generates fewer tangible outcomes for non-White compared to White families. Our existing knowledge is very limited regarding diminished returns of parental education and marital status on adolescents' depressed mood and suicidal attempts. To compare racial groups for the effects of parental education and marital status on adolescents' depressed mood and suicidal attempt. This cross-sectional study included 7076 non-Hispanic White or African American 8-11 years old adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The independent variables were parental education and marital status. The main outcomes were depressed mood and suicidal attempts based on parents' reports using the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS). Age and gender were the covariates. Race was the moderator. Logistic regression was used to analyze the ABCD data. Overall, parental education was associated with lower odds of depressed mood (OR = 0.81; 95% CI = 0.67-0.99; p = 0.037) and having married parents was associated with lower odds of suicidal attempts (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.28-0.91; p = 0.022). In the pooled sample, we found interaction terms between race with parental education and marital status on the outcomes, suggesting that the protective effect of having married parents against depressed mood (OR = 1.54; 95% CI = 1.00-2.37; p = 0.048) and the protective effect of having married parents against suicidal attempts (OR = 6.62; 95% CI = 2.21-19.86; p =0.001) are weaker for African Americans when compared to Whites. The protective effects of parent education and marital status against depressed mood and suicidal attempts are diminished for African American adolescents compared to White adolescents. There is a need for programs and interventions that equalize not only socioeconomic status (SES) but also the marginal returns of SES for racial minority groups. Such efforts require addressing structural and societal barriers that hinder African American families from translating their SES resources and human capital into tangible outcomes. There is a need for studies that can minimize MDRs for African American families, so that every individual and every family can benefit from their resources regardless of their skin color. To achieve such a goal, we need to help middle-class African American families secure tangible outcomes in the presence of SES resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-734-232-0445; Fax: +1-734-615-8739
| | - Shanika Boyce
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
| | - Mohsen Bazargan
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA;
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Cleopatra H. Caldwell
- Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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Snyder-Mackler N, Burger JR, Gaydosh L, Belsky DW, Noppert GA, Campos FA, Bartolomucci A, Yang YC, Aiello AE, O'Rand A, Harris KM, Shively CA, Alberts SC, Tung J. Social determinants of health and survival in humans and other animals. Science 2020; 368:eaax9553. [PMID: 32439765 PMCID: PMC7398600 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax9553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The social environment, both in early life and adulthood, is one of the strongest predictors of morbidity and mortality risk in humans. Evidence from long-term studies of other social mammals indicates that this relationship is similar across many species. In addition, experimental studies show that social interactions can causally alter animal physiology, disease risk, and life span itself. These findings highlight the importance of the social environment to health and mortality as well as Darwinian fitness-outcomes of interest to social scientists and biologists alike. They thus emphasize the utility of cross-species analysis for understanding the predictors of, and mechanisms underlying, social gradients in health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Joseph Robert Burger
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Institute of the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Lauren Gaydosh
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Center for Medicine, Health, and Society, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel W Belsky
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- Robert N. Butler Columbia Aging Center, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - Grace A Noppert
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Fernando A Campos
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Alessandro Bartolomucci
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Yang Claire Yang
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Lineberger Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Angela O'Rand
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kathleen Mullan Harris
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Sociology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carol A Shively
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Comparative Medicine Section, Department of Pathology, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Jenny Tung
- Social and Biological Determinants of Health Working Group, NC, USA.
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Population Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, Nairobi, Kenya
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Adams LB, Gottfredson N, Lightfoot AF, Corbie-Smith G, Golin C, Powell W. Factor Analysis of the CES-D 12 among a Community Sample of Black Men. Am J Mens Health 2020; 13:1557988319834105. [PMID: 30894043 PMCID: PMC6440056 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319834105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression (CES-D) scale is one of the most widely used measures for assessing depression in population-based research. Little is known about the varying range of symptomatology expressed by Black men, who report higher chronicity and disability of their depressive symptoms compared to men of other racial and ethnic backgrounds. This study assessed the dimensional structure of the CES-D 12-item scale using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis in a community-based sample of Black men (n = 683). Two latent factors emerged from the scale that best fit the data: interpersonal negative affect (INA) and diminished positive affect (DPA). The item “I felt like everything I did was an effort” was removed from the final measure, resulting in an 11-item scale. The total score for the revised CES-D-11 displayed acceptable internal consistency on both latent factors (Cronbach’s α = 0.83 [INA] and 0.73 [DPA]) and model fit (χ2 = 165.58, TLI = 0.967, CFI = 0.974, RMSEA = 0.065). Results differ from CES-D factor analyses in other demographic groups, including studies with other male subpopulations, such that depressed mood and interpersonal problems factors are merged as a unidimensional construct. Findings suggest that the “effort” item from the CES-D 12 should be interpreted with caution among Black men. Future studies should continue to disentangle the divergent pathways in which Black men express depressed mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie B Adams
- 1 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,2 Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Nisha Gottfredson
- 1 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandra F Lightfoot
- 1 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Giselle Corbie-Smith
- 3 Department of Social Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,4 Center for Health Equity Research, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Carol Golin
- 1 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,5 Department of General Medicine and Epidemiology, Department of Medicine, UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Wizdom Powell
- 1 Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,6 Health Disparities Institute, University of Connecticut, Hartford, CT, USA
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67
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Nevarez L, Hovick SR, Enard KR, Lloyd SM, Kahlor LA. Race/Ethnic Variations in Predictors of Health Consciousness Within the Cancer Prevention Context. Am J Health Promot 2020; 34:740-746. [PMID: 32037851 DOI: 10.1177/0890117120904000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the literature establishes a link between health consciousness (HC) and prevention behavior, less explored are the individual, social, and health characteristics that are associated with increased HC. Similarly, underexamined is the influence of race and ethnicity on the relationship of these characteristics to higher levels of HC. DESIGN This cross-sectional study aims to identify and assess the relative importance of factors associated with higher levels of HC, highlighting the role of race and ethnicity. PARTICIPANTS Participants came from a national research panel survey (N = 1007). MEASURES Participants completed a 4-item scale capturing key concepts of HC as well as questionnaires capturing demographic profiles, social support, social networking activities, and health status. ANALYSIS A stepwise multiple regression was used to identify significant predictors of HC. RESULTS Female and more educated participants report higher levels of HC. African American and Hispanic participants report higher levels of HC compared to white participants. Findings indicate social support, social network participation, education, cancer survivorship, and health status were positively associated with higher HC for the collective sample. However, results revealed variations in factors associated with higher HC when stratified by race/ethnicity. CONCLUSION Findings suggest that interventions aiming to motivate cancer prevention behaviors within at-risk communities may find more success by incorporating factors that are aligned with increased HC among culturally diverse populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Nevarez
- College for Health, Community & Policy, Department of Social Work, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Shelly R Hovick
- School of Communication, 2647The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly R Enard
- College for Public Health and Social Justice, 7547Saint Louis University, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stacy M Lloyd
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, 3989Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lee Ann Kahlor
- Stan Richards School of Advertising and Public Relations, 12330The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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Cuffee YL, Hargraves L, Rosal M, Briesacher BA, Allison JJ, Hullett S. An Examination of John Henryism, Trust, and Medication Adherence Among African Americans With Hypertension. HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR 2020; 47:162-169. [PMID: 31592686 DOI: 10.1177/1090198119878778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background. John Henryism is defined as a measure of active coping in response to stressful experiences. John Henryism has been linked with health conditions such as diabetes, prostate cancer, and hypertension, but rarely with health behaviors. Aims. We hypothesized that reporting higher scores on the John Henryism Scale may be associated with poorer medication adherence, and trust in providers may mediate this relationship. Method. We tested this hypothesis using data from the TRUST study. The TRUST study included 787 African Americans with hypertension receiving care at a safety-net hospital. Ordinal logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between John Henryism and medication adherence. Results. Within our sample of African Americans with hypertension, lower John Henryism scores was associated with poorer self-reported adherence (low, 20.62; moderate, 19.19; high, 18.12; p < .001). Higher John Henryism scores were associated with lower trust scores (low John Henryism: 40.1; high John Henryism: 37.9; p < .001). In the adjusted model, each 1-point increase in the John Henryism score decreased the odds of being in a better cumulative medication adherence category by a factor of 4% (odds ratio = 0.96, p = .014, 95% confidence interval = 0.93-0.99). Twenty percent of the association between medication adherence and John Henryism was mediated by trust (standard deviation = 0.205, 95% confidence interval = 0.074-0.335). Discussion. This study provides important insights into the complex relationship between psychological responses and health behaviors. It also contributes to the body of literature examining the construct of John Henryism among African Americans with hypertension. Conclusion. The findings of this study support the need for interventions that promote healthful coping strategies and patient-provider trust.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lee Hargraves
- The University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Milagros Rosal
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
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Michaels EK, Reeves AN, Thomas MD, Price MM, Hasson RE, Chae DH, Allen AM. Everyday Racial Discrimination and Hypertension among Midlife African American Women: Disentangling the Role of Active Coping Dispositions versus Active Coping Behaviors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:E4759. [PMID: 31783683 PMCID: PMC6935759 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Racial discrimination, a psychosocial stressor, may contribute to disproportionate rates of hypertension among African American women. Coping moderates the effects of psychosocial stress on health. Coping dispositions describe stable personality characteristics, whereas contextual frameworks emphasize flexible coping behaviors in response to specific stressful encounters. Using data from the African American Women's Heart and Health Study-a non-probability cross-section of 208 midlife African American women in Northern California-we estimated the association between everyday racial discrimination (Everyday Discrimination Scale, EDS) and prevalence of hypertension (HTN), and evaluated moderation by coping disposition (John Henryism Active Coping scale, JH) versus context-specific active coping behavior (Active Coping with Racism scale, ACR). There were no main associations between EDS, JH, or ACR on HTN prevalence. There was evidence of statistical interaction between EDS and ACR (p-int = 0.05), but not JH (p-int = 0.90). Among those with high levels of ACR, reporting monthly (prevalence ratio (PR) = 2.35, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.13, 4.87), weekly (PR = 2.15, 95% CI = 1.01, 4.61), or daily (PR = 2.36, 95% CI = 1.14, 4.88) EDS was associated with higher HTN prevalence, versus reporting racial discrimination yearly or less. In contrast, among those with low levels of ACR, reporting more chronic racial discrimination was associated with lower hypertension prevalence, although results were less precise. Findings suggest that ongoing active coping with chronic racial discrimination may contribute to hypertension risk among African American women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli K. Michaels
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA; (A.N.R.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Alexis N. Reeves
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA; (A.N.R.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Marilyn D. Thomas
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA; (A.N.R.); (M.D.T.)
| | - Melisa M. Price
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA;
| | - Rebecca E. Hasson
- Schools of Kinesiology and Public Health, University of Michigan, 2110 Observatory Lodge/1402 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2029, USA;
| | - David H. Chae
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Human Sciences, Auburn University, 210 Spidle Hall, Auburn, GA 36849, USA;
| | - Amani M. Allen
- Divisions of Community Health Sciences and Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, 2121 Berkeley Way #5302, Berkeley, CA 94720-7360, USA;
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Brownlow BN, Sosoo EE, Long RN, Hoggard LS, Burford TI, Hill LK. Sex Differences in the Impact of Racial Discrimination on Mental Health Among Black Americans. Curr Psychiatry Rep 2019; 21:112. [PMID: 31686220 DOI: 10.1007/s11920-019-1098-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Greater racial discrimination is associated with poorer mental health among Black Americans; yet, there remains an incomplete understanding of sex differences in exposure to racial discrimination, and further, of how sex differences in coping with racial discrimination may heighten or diminish risk for poorer mental health. RECENT FINDINGS Black men may experience greater exposure to both structural and communal forms of racial discrimination, whereas Black women may face both a wider range of potential sources, as well as encounter greater variability in the subjective experience of racial discrimination. For both Black women and men, racial discrimination may be similarly associated with maladaptive coping strategies (i.e., emotional eating, rumination) that also are linked to poorer mental health; however, emerging findings suggest that mindfulness may partially buffer these deleterious effects. Overall, the recent literature reveals mixed findings with respect to sex differences in the experience and negative mental health impact of racial discrimination. Despite this heterogeneity, evidence documents sex differences in the settings, type, and qualitative experience of racial discrimination among Black Americans. Additionally, growing evidence indicating that racial discrimination is associated with physiological markers of stress reactivity and psychopathology risk further bolsters its characterization as a unique form of chronic stress among Black Americans and other minority groups in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Briana N Brownlow
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Effua E Sosoo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Risa N Long
- Department of Family Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lori S Hoggard
- Department of Psychology, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Tanisha I Burford
- Department of Psychology, North Carolina Central University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - LaBarron K Hill
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Center for Biobehavioral Health Disparities Research, Duke University-Social Science Research Institute, Durham, NC, USA.
- Center for the Study of Aging and Human Development, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3119, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Brown KM, Hui Q, Huang Y, Taylor JY, Prescott L, de Mendoza VB, Crusto C, Sun YV. Association Between Stress and Coping with DNA Methylation of Blood Pressure-Related Genes Among African American Women. CHRONIC STRESS 2019; 3. [PMID: 32395678 PMCID: PMC7213592 DOI: 10.1177/2470547019879088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Exposure to psychosocial stress and employment of high effort coping
strategies have been identified as risk factors that may partially explain
the high prevalence of hypertension among African Americans. One biological
mechanism through which stress and coping may affect risk of hypertension is
via epigenetic modifications (e.g., DNA methylation) in blood
pressure-related genes; however, this area remains understudied in African
Americans. Methods We used data from the ongoing Intergenerational Blood Pressure Study, a
longitudinal study designed to investigate factors that contribute to
hypertension risk in African American women (n = 120) and their young
children, to investigate the association between stress overload,
problem-solving coping, avoidance coping, and social support coping with DNA
methylation in 25 candidate genes related to blood pressure. Multivariable
linear regression and multilevel modeling were used to conduct methylation
site-level and gene-level analyses, respectively. Results In site-level analyses, stress overload, problem-solving coping, social
support coping, and avoidance coping were associated with 47, 63, 66, and 61
sites, respectively, at p < 0.05. However, no associations were
statistically significant after multiple testing correction. There were also
no significant associations in gene-level analyses. Conclusions As human social epigenomics is an emerging, evolving area of research, there
is much to be learned from studies with statistically significant findings
as well as studies with null findings. Factors such as characteristics of
the social stressor, source of DNA, and synchronization of exposure and
outcome are likely important considerations as we move the field
forward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qin Hui
- Emory University (Atlanta, Georgia)
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Assari S. Psychosocial Determinants of Communication Satisfaction in Racially Concordant and Discordant Patient-Physician Interactions. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL RESEARCH AND INNOVATION 2019; 3:e000165. [PMID: 34734151 PMCID: PMC8562862 DOI: 10.32892/jmri.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although socioeconomic and race-related factors both influence the quality of medical encounters, it is not known how these effects differ between racially concordant and discordant medical visits. The current study investigated psychosocial determinants of physician visit satisfaction of Black adults based on a racial concordance of the medical encounter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data came from the Detroit Area Study, a community survey of adults in Michigan, United States. The current analysis included 336 Black individuals who had visited a White (n = 191) or a Black (n = 145) physician in the last year. The outcome was satisfaction with the quality of communication with the doctor. Demographics (age and gender), socioeconomic status (education and income), psychosocial factors (control beliefs and social support), race-related factors (having a close White friend, negative attitudes about Blacks, discrimination), and health status (chronic disease count, self-rated health, and distress) of the patient as well as race of the doctor were measured. We used multi-group structural equation modeling for data analysis, where the two groups were racially concordant (those who met a Black physician) and racially discordant (those who met a White physician) visits. RESULTS Satisfaction with physician visit was lower in racially discordant than racially concordant encounters. In racially concordant visits, high education was associated with higher satisfaction; however, racial discrimination was associated with lower satisfaction. In racially discordant visits ((i.e., with a White doctor), having a White friend as well as high sense of control were associated with higher satisfaction, while negative attitudes about Blacks was associated with a lower level of satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS Racially concordant and discordant visits have different satisfaction levels. Racially concordant and discordant visits also have different predictors of communication satisfaction among Black patients. Socioeconomic status as well as racial attitudes and experiences impact the quality of communication of the Black patients with their doctors; however, these effects depend on the race of the doctor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, USA
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73
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Jones SCT, Brooks JH, Milam AJ, Barajas CB, LaVeist TA, Kane E, Furr-Holden CDM. Racial discrimination, John Henryism coping, and behavioral health conditions among predominantly poor, urban African Americans: Implications for community-level opioid problems and mental health services. JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY 2019; 47:1032-1042. [PMID: 30791117 PMCID: PMC6581591 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The current study examined the relationship between John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC), experiences of racial discrimination, and behavioral health outcomes in a community sample of 319 Black adults. Assessments included primary health care screenings as well as self-reported survey questions to assess JHAC, experiences of discrimination, and self-reported behavioral health. Logistic regression models, adjusted for control variables, found a significant relationship between JHAC and having an opioid problem (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95, p = 0.003) and needing mental health services (OR = 0.95, p < 0.001), such that higher levels of coping were associated with lower odds of reporting an opioid problem and needing mental health services. Notably, racial discrimination was not significantly independently associated with behavioral health. Implications for interventions and community programming are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J Milam
- Michigan State University
- Johns Hopkins University
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Prospective Associations of Adolescent Conscientiousness With Psychological Resources and Metabolic Syndrome in Black and White Men. Psychosom Med 2019; 81:341-351. [PMID: 30855556 PMCID: PMC7171695 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Conscientiousness predicts better psychological resources as well as lower cardiovascular mortality and lower metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk. However, the benefits of conscientiousness might be amplified, disabled, or reversed in disadvantaged groups. This study is the first to test these competing hypotheses for prospective associations between adolescent conscientiousness and adult psychological resources and MetS. METHOD Participants were 220 men (54.6% black) from the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Adolescent conscientiousness (M [SD] age = 16 [1]) was rated by participants and their parents. Adult (M [SD] age = 32 [1]) socioeconomic status (SES; occupation and education), psychological resources (composite of positive affect, purpose in life, optimism, self-mastery, and self-esteem), and MetS scores (glucose, lipids, waist circumference, and blood pressure) were measured. Hierarchical regressions were used to evaluate the association of conscientiousness with adult psychological resources and MetS scores, with testing of moderation by race and SES. RESULTS Self- and parent-reported conscientiousness were associated with better psychological resources (βs = 0.23-0.29, ps ≤ .015), with no moderation by race or socioeconomic status. In the full sample, a three-way interaction of self-reported conscientiousness, race, and SES was obtained for MetS (β = 0.12, p = .093). Subgroup analysis indicated that self-reported conscientiousness was related to higher MetS scores in low SES black men (βint = -0.22, p = .022), but there was no comparable linear (βs ≤ 0.08, ps ≥ .50) or interaction (βs ≤ -0.13 ps ≥ .25) pattern in white men. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent conscientiousness was beneficial for adult psychological resources, regardless of race or SES. However, there may be physiological costs of conscientiousness for black men from disadvantaged backgrounds.
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Ward JB, Feinstein L, Vines AI, Robinson WR, Haan MN, Aiello AE. Perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms among US Latinos: the modifying role of educational attainment. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2019; 24:271-286. [PMID: 28399649 PMCID: PMC5683937 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2017.1315378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite growing evidence that discrimination may contribute to poor mental health, few studies have assessed this association among US Latinos. Furthermore, the interaction between discrimination and educational attainment in shaping Latino mental health is virtually unexplored. This study aims to examine the association between perceived discrimination and depressive symptoms and the modifying role of education among a population of Mexican-origin adults. DESIGN We utilized population-based data from 629 Mexican-origin adults (mean age = 52.8 years) participating the Niños Lifestyle and Diabetes Study (2013-2014). Perceived discrimination was defined as responding 'sometimes' or 'often' to at least one item on the 9-item Everyday Discrimination Scale. High depressive symptoms were defined as scoring ≥10 on the CESD-10. We used log-binomial and linear-binomial models to estimate prevalence ratios (PR) and prevalence differences (PD), respectively, of high depressive symptoms for levels of perceived discrimination. Final models were adjusted for age, sex, education, cultural orientation, and nativity. General estimating equations were employed to account for within-family clustering. RESULTS Prevalence of perceived discrimination and high depressive symptoms were 49.5% and 29.2%, respectively. Participants experiencing discrimination had higher depressive symptom prevalence than those never or rarely experiencing discrimination [PR = 1.94, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.46-2.58; PD = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12-0.27]. The strength of this association varied by education level. The association between discrimination and depressive symptoms was stronger among those with >12 years of education (PR = 2.69; PD = 0.24) compared to those with ≤12 years of education (PR = 1.36; PD = 0.09). CONCLUSION US Latinos suffer a high burden of depressive symptoms, and discrimination may be an important driver of this burden. Our results suggest that effortful coping strategies, such as achieving high education despite high perceived discrimination, may magnify discrimination's adverse effect on Latino mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia B Ward
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
- b Carolina Population Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Lydia Feinstein
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
- c Social & Scientific Systems, Inc. , Durham , USA
| | - Anissa I Vines
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Whitney R Robinson
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
- b Carolina Population Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
| | - Mary N Haan
- d Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics , University of California , San Francisco , USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- a Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
- b Carolina Population Center , University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill , USA
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Felix AS, Shisler R, Nolan TS, Warren BJ, Rhoades J, Barnett KS, Williams KP. High-Effort Coping and Cardiovascular Disease among Women: A Systematic Review of the John Henryism Hypothesis. J Urban Health 2019; 96:12-22. [PMID: 30506136 PMCID: PMC6430283 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-018-00333-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African-American women living in the United States experience higher cardiovascular disease risk (CVD) mortality compared to White women. Unique mechanisms, including prolonged high-effort coping in the face of discriminatory stressors might contribute to these racial disparities. The John Henryism hypothesis is a conceptual framework used to explain poor health outcomes observed among individuals with low resources who repeatedly utilize active coping to overcome barriers. The aims of our study were to summarize the literature related to John Henryism and CVD-related factors with a particular focus on women and to identify gaps for areas of future inquiry. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and CINAHL to identify literature that used the John Henryism Active Coping scale. Reviewers independently reviewed eligible full-text study articles and conducted data extraction. We qualitatively summarized the literature related to John Henryism and cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related health behaviors (e.g., smoking or physical activity) and risk factors (e.g., hypertension) with a focus on study populations inclusive of women. Our review included 21 studies that used the John Henryism Active Coping scale, of which 10 explicitly reported on the interaction between John Henryism and socioeconomic status (SES) and CVD-related factors. With respect to the original hypothesis, three studies reported results in line with the hypothesis, four were null, and three reported findings in opposition to the hypothesis. The remaining studies included in the review examined the main effects of John Henryism, with similarly mixed results. The literature related to the interaction between John Henryism and SES on CVD-related factors among women is mixed. Additional studies of John Henryism that incorporate biological measures, varied indicators of resources, and larger study populations may illuminate the relationship between coping and deleterious health outcomes among women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley S Felix
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Robert Shisler
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Timiya S Nolan
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Barbara J Warren
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jennifer Rhoades
- Division of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, 346 Cunz Hall, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Kierra S Barnett
- Division of Health Behavior and Health Promotion, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Kirwan Institute for the Study of Race and Ethnicity, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Karen Patricia Williams
- Center for Women, Children, and Youth, College of Nursing, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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Active coping moderates associations among race-related stress, rumination, and depressive symptoms in emerging adult African American women. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 30:1817-1835. [PMID: 30451137 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cross-sectional and longitudinal research has shown that race-related stress is associated with increased depressive symptoms among racial/ethnic minorities. Rumination has long been considered a maladaptive self-regulatory response to race-related stress, and growing evidence suggests that it may be an important link in the relation between race-related stress and depression. More adaptive forms of self-regulation, such as active coping, may counteract the negative impact of rumination. We examined the influence of rumination on the relation between race-related stress and depressive symptoms in a sample (N = 69) of young adult (mean age = 20 ± 1.5 years) African American women. We also considered the possible moderating effects of John Henryism, a form of persistent and determined goal striving, and vagally mediated heart rate variability, a purported biomarker of coping. Anticipatory race-related stress was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms through rumination: estimate = 0.07, 95% confidence interval [0.01, 0.16]. Both John Henryism and vagally mediated heart rate variability moderated the relationship between race-related stress and rumination; however, only John Henryism reliably influenced the indirect association between race-related stress and depression through rumination. We discuss these findings in the context of growing research examining the interplay between cultural and biological factors in the risk for poorer mental health.
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Lane G, Farag M, White J, Nisbet C, Vatanparast H. Chronic health disparities among refugee and immigrant children in Canada. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2019; 43:1043-1058. [PMID: 29726691 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are knowledge gaps in our understanding of the development of chronic disease risks in children, especially with regard to the risk differentials experienced by immigrants and refugees. The Healthy Immigrant Children study employed a mixed-methods cross-sectional study design to characterize the health and nutritional status of 300 immigrant and refugee children aged 3-13 years who had been in Canada for less than 5 years. Quantitative data regarding socioeconomic status, food security, physical activity, diet, and bone and body composition and anthropometric measurements were collected. Qualitative data regarding their experiences with accessing health care and their family lifestyle habits were gathered through in-depth interviews with the parents of newcomer children. Many newcomers spoke about their struggles to attain their desired standard of living. Regarding health outcomes, significantly more refugees (23%) had stunted growth when compared with immigrants (5%). Older children, those with better-educated parents, and those who consumed a poorer-quality diet were at a higher risk of being overweight or obese. Sixty percent of refugees and 42% of immigrants had high blood cholesterol. Significant health concerns for refugee children include stunting and high blood cholesterol levels, and emerging trends indicate that older immigrant children from privileged backgrounds in low-income countries may be more at risk of overweight and obesity. A variety of pathways related to their families' conceptualization of life in Canada and the social structures that limit progress to meeting their goals likely influence the development of health inequity among refugee and immigrant children. Public health initiatives should address these health inequities among newcomer families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginny Lane
- a Government of Saskatchewan, Community Care Branch, Ministry of Health, Regina, SK S4S 6X6, Canada
| | - Marwa Farag
- b School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 4Z2, Canada
| | - Judy White
- c Faculty of Social Work, University of Regina, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3R3, Canada
| | - Christine Nisbet
- d College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
| | - Hassan Vatanparast
- e College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 2Z4, Canada
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Jemal A. Transformative Consciousness of Health Inequities: Oppression is a Virus and Critical Consciousness is the Antidote. JOURNAL OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND SOCIAL WORK 2018; 3:202-215. [PMID: 30687777 PMCID: PMC6345409 DOI: 10.1007/s41134-018-0061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Oppression has been identified as a fundamental cause of disease. Like a self-replicating virus, it infects systems from the biological to the political, contributing to personal (e.g., substance use, low self-esteem) and social (e.g., community violence, mass incarceration) dysfunction. Paulo Freire's critical consciousness (CC) is a philosophical, theoretical and practice-based framework that has been identified as an antidote to oppression. Critical consciousness constitutes an awareness of, and action against, institutional, historical, and systemic forces that limit or promote opportunities for certain groups. Although CC theory has been used to address inequity, very few scholars have attempted to conceptualize, operationalize and describe the development process of CC. In response to the conceptual inconsistencies widely noted in the CC literature, this paper presents a new construct, Transformative Consciousness (TC), composed of three domains: Awareness, Behavioral-Response, and Consequence, for each level of the socio-ecosystem. The staged process of TC development is also described. The theoretical framework of TC can be applied to various social issues, such as violence, mass incarceration, homelessness, HIV/STI infection, and substance use - all of which have tremendous implications for health and well-being as a human right. With further research, Transformative Consciousness may prove necessary to move persons in the direction of anti-oppressive, individual and collective action to overcome and dismantle oppression, creating a healthier and more just and liberated society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Jemal
- Silberman School of Social Work at Hunter College, 2180 3 Ave New York, NY 10035
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80
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Lopes GB, James SA, Lopes MB, Penalva CC, Silva CTJE, Matos CM, Martins MTS, Lopes AA. John Henryism and Perceived Health among Hemodialysis Patients in a Multiracial Brazilian Population: the PROHEMO. Ethn Dis 2018; 28:539-548. [PMID: 30405298 DOI: 10.18865/ed.28.4.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose John Henryism (JH) is a strong behavioral predisposition to engage in high-effort coping with difficult socioenvironmental stressors. We investigated associations between JH and perceived general health (GH) among maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients in a multiracial Brazilian population. Design The 12-item John Henryism Acting Coping (JHAC) Scale was completed by 525 patients enrolled in The Prospective Study of the Prognosis of Hemodialysis Patients (PROHEMO) in Salvador (Bahia) Brazil. JH scores could range from 12 to 60. The low and high JH groups were determined by a median split (<52 vs ≥52). The 36-Item Short Form Health Survey was used to determine GH score (range 0-100; higher means better health). Linear regression with extensive adjustments was used to test associations. Results Mean age was 48.3±13.7 years; 38.7% were female; 11.4% were White, 29.1% were Black and 59.4% were mixed race. JH was positively associated with higher GH in the whole sample (adjusted difference [AdjDif]=7.14, 95% CI= 2.98, 11.3) and similarly in men and women. A strong positive association between JH and GH was observed in non-Whites but not in Whites; (AdjDif in Blacks =16.4, 95% CI=8.37, 24.4). Also, a strong positive association between JH and GH was observed for patients aged <60 years (AdjDif =9.04, 95% CI = 4.46, 13.6) but not for older patients. Conclusions The results indicate that MHD patients engaged in high-effort coping with socioenvironmental stressors as demonstrated by high JH tend to feel more positively about their overall health. This seems to be especially the case for non-White and younger patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gildete Barreto Lopes
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Sherman A James
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Marcelo Barreto Lopes
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Tavares Joau E Silva
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Cacia Mendes Matos
- Graduate Program of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Institute of Nephrology and Dialysis (INED), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Márcia Tereza Silva Martins
- Graduate Program of Medicine and Health, School of Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Clinic of Renal Disease and Hypertension (CLINIRIM), Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alberto Lopes
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence Based Medicine, Professor Edgard Santos University Hospital, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil.,Department of Internal Medicine, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
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81
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Vargas EA, Li Y, Mahalingham R, Hui P, Liu G, Lapedis M, Liu JR. The double edge sword of John Henryism: Impact on patients' health in the People's Republic of China. J Health Psychol 2018; 25:2374-2387. [PMID: 30229675 DOI: 10.1177/1359105318800141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The People's Republic of China has experienced extraordinary economic growth, which is associated with increases in chronic health stressors. We examined the impact of John Henryism-a coping mechanism-on various health indicators in a sample of patients (n = 642) in China. John Henryism significantly related to increased medical adherence (B=.03,p<.001) and health-promotional behaviors (B=.02,p<.001). John Henryism predicted several indicators of psychological health through social support. John Henryism was also related to increased alcoholism (B=.04,p<.05). The findings highlight the complexity and paradoxical implications of John Henryism on health. Implications are discussed in relation to China's epidemiological and age demographic shifts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pan Hui
- Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China
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82
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Whitaker KM, Jacobs DR, Kershaw KN, Demmer RT, Booth JN, Carson AP, Lewis CE, Goff DC, Lloyd-Jones DM, Gordon-Larsen P, Kiefe CI. Racial Disparities in Cardiovascular Health Behaviors: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:63-71. [PMID: 29776780 PMCID: PMC6014889 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There are known racial differences in cardiovascular health behaviors, including smoking, physical activity, and diet quality. A better understanding of these differences may help identify intervention targets for reducing cardiovascular disease disparities. This study examined whether socioeconomic, psychosocial, and neighborhood environmental factors, in isolation or together, mediate racial differences in health behaviors. METHODS Participants were 3,081 men and women from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study who were enrolled in 1985-1986 (Year 0) and completed a follow-up examination in 2015-2016 (Year 30). A health behavior score was created at Years 0, 7, 20, and 30 using smoking, physical activity, and diet assessed that year. The race difference in health behavior score was estimated using linear regression in serial cross-sectional analyses. Mediation analyses computed the proportion of the race and health behavior score association attributable to socioeconomic, psychosocial, and neighborhood factors. RESULTS Data analysis conducted in 2016-2017 found that blacks had significantly lower health behavior scores than whites across 30 years of follow-up. Individual socioeconomic factors mediated 48.9%-70.1% of the association between race and health behavior score, psychosocial factors 20.3%-30.0%, and neighborhood factors 22.1%-41.4% (p<0.01 for all). CONCLUSIONS Racial differences in health behavior scores appear to be mediated predominately by correspondingly large differences in socioeconomic factors. This study highlights the profound impact of socioeconomic factors, which are mostly not under an individual's control, on health behaviors. Policy action targeting socioeconomic factors may help reduce disparities in health behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Whitaker
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.
| | - David R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | | | - Ryan T Demmer
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - John N Booth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - April P Carson
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Cora E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - David C Goff
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Catarina I Kiefe
- Quantitative Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts
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83
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Abstract
We describe how self-reported health (SRH) varies with gender and John Henryism (a strong behavioral predisposition to engage in high-effort coping to overcome adversity) in a low income sample of Serbian Roma. Data were collected in 2016 in several Roma settlements around Belgrade, Serbia. The sample consisted of 90 men and 112 women. In addition to John Henryism (JH), measured by a Serbian version of the John Henryism Scale, demographic data and data on SRH and family relationships dynamics were collected. SRH was positively correlated with age and JH, and negatively correlated with a history of chronic disease. Roma males and females differed significantly on JH and a number of other variables. For Roma women, multiple regression analyses revealed that a history of chronic disease, unemployment, age and daily stress level were negatively associated with SRH, while JH, SES and harmonious relationships with one's family/children were positively associated with SRH. For Roma men, there was no association between JH and SRH, but older age, being on welfare, a diagnosis of hypertension and extended family disputes were associated with poorer SRH. Hence, despite economic disadvantage and social exclusion from mainstream society, some Roma report good health and the ability to cope actively with economic disadvantage and social exclusion. This study adds to the literature on the cross-cultural relevance of JH theory for understanding health variations within socially and economically marginalized populations.
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84
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Assari S, Lapeyrouse LM, Neighbors HW. Income and Self-Rated Mental Health: Diminished Returns for High Income Black Americans. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:E50. [PMID: 29772799 PMCID: PMC5981244 DOI: 10.3390/bs8050050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The minorities' diminished return theory suggests that socioeconomic position (SEP) generates smaller health gains for racial/ethnic minorities compared to Whites. The current study was a Black⁻White comparison of the association between household income and self-rated mental health (SRMH). Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the 2017 State of the State Survey (SOSS). With representative sampling, the SOSS generates results that are generalizable to the state of Michigan. This study included 881 adults, (n = 92) Black and (n = 782) White. The independent variable was household income. The dependent variable was SRMH, measured using a single item. Age, gender, and participation in the labor force were covariates. Race/ethnicity was the focal moderator. Logistic regression models were used for data analysis. Results: Overall, higher household income was associated with better SRMH, net of covariates. An interaction was found between race/ethnicity and household income on SRMH, suggesting a smaller, or nonexistent, protective effect for Blacks compared to Whites. In race/ethnicity-stratified models, higher household income was associated with better SRMH for Whites but not Blacks. Conclusion: Supporting the minorities' diminished return theory, our study documents differential effects for income on SRHM for Blacks and Whites, where Whites but not Blacks appear to benefit from their income. Given this, researchers and policy makers are cautioned against making assumptions that racial groups benefit equally from similar economic resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shervin Assari
- Center for Research on Ethnicity, Culture, and Health (CRECH), School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, 4250 Plymouth Rd.; Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2700, USA.
| | - Lisa M Lapeyrouse
- Department of Public Health and Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Flint, MI 48502, USA.
| | - Harold W Neighbors
- Division of Public Health, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, Flint, MI 48502, USA.
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85
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Cadaret MC, Speight SL. An Exploratory Study of Attitudes Toward Psychological Help Seeking Among African American Men. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798418774655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Disparities in health care are a significant social problem affecting millions of racial and ethnic minorities in the United States. To better understand these disparities, the current study explored the relationship between self- and social stigma, John Henryism, hardiness, and attitudes toward seeking professional psychological help in a community sample of 120 Black men ( Mage = 42.72 years, SD = 13.26). Additionally, participants completed measures of potential covariates, which included occupation, highest education, and income. Results suggest that self-stigma is a major deterrent to seeking help for psychological issues. This relationship is moderated by both age and occupation. Hardiness negatively influenced self-stigma for help seeking and had a positive indirect influence on attitudes toward help seeking. Findings support previous research on help-seeking attitudes among African American men and suggest that personal characteristics, such as age, occupation, and coping style can influence help-seeking behaviors.
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86
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McCluney CL, Schmitz LL, Hicken MT, Sonnega A. Structural racism in the workplace: Does perception matter for health inequalities? Soc Sci Med 2018; 199:106-114. [PMID: 28552294 PMCID: PMC5696122 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2017.05.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Structural racism has been linked to racial health inequalities and may operate through an unequal labor market that results in inequalities in psychosocial workplace environments (PWE). Experiences of the PWE may be a critical but understudied source of racial health disparities as most adults spend a large portion of their lives in the workplace, and work-related stress affects health outcomes. Further, it is not clear if the objective characteristics of the workplace are important for health inequalities or if these inequalities are driven by the perception of the workplace. Using data from the 2008 to 2012 waves of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a probability-based sample of US adults 50 years of age and older and the Department of Labor's Occupational Information Network (O*NET), we examine the role of both standardized, objective (O*NET) and survey-based, subjective (as in HRS) measures of PWEs on health and Black-White health inequalities. We find that Blacks experience more stressful PWEs and have poorer health as measured by self-rated health, episodic memory function, and mean arterial pressure. Mediation analyses suggest that these objective O*NET ratings, but not the subjective perceptions, partially explain the relationship between race and health. We discuss these results within the extant literature on workplace and health and health inequalities. Furthermore, we discuss the use of standardized objective measures of the PWE to capture racial inequalities in workplace environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L McCluney
- University of Virginia, Darden School of Business, 100 Darden Blvd, Charlottesville, VA 22903, United States.
| | - Lauren L Schmitz
- University of Michigan, Population Studies Center, Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States.
| | - Margaret T Hicken
- University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
| | - Amanda Sonnega
- University of Michigan, Health and Retirement Study, Institute for Social Research, 426 Thompson Street, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, United States
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87
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Mendez YP, Ralston PA, Wickrama KKAS, Bae D, Young-Clark I, Ilich JZ. Lower life satisfaction, active coping and cardiovascular disease risk factors in older African Americans: outcomes of a longitudinal church-based intervention. J Behav Med 2018; 41:344-356. [PMID: 29357010 DOI: 10.1007/s10865-017-9909-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study examined lower life satisfaction, active coping and cardiovascular disease risk factors (diastolic and systolic blood pressure, body mass index, and circumferences) in older African Americans over the phases of an 18-month church-based intervention, using a quasi-experimental design. Participants (n = 89) were 45 years of age and older from six churches (three treatment, three comparison) in North Florida. Lower life satisfaction had a persistent unfavorable effect on weight variables. Active coping showed a direct beneficial effect on selected weight variables. However, active coping was adversely associated with blood pressure, and did not moderate the association between lower life satisfaction and cardiovascular risk factors. The intervention had a beneficial moderating influence on the association between lower life satisfaction and weight variables and on the association between active coping and these variables. Yet, this pattern did not hold for the association between active coping and blood pressure. The relationship of lower life satisfaction and selected cardiovascular risk factors and the positive effect of active coping were established, but findings regarding blood pressure suggest further study is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesenia P Mendez
- College of Medicine, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
| | - Penny A Ralston
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1491, USA.
| | - Kandauda K A S Wickrama
- Georgia Athletic Association Endowed Professor of Human Development and Family Science Research, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dayoung Bae
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Iris Young-Clark
- Center on Better Health and Life for Underserved Populations, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-1491, USA
| | - Jasminka Z Ilich
- Professor of Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Food and Exercise Sciences, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA
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88
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College completion predicts lower depression but higher metabolic syndrome among disadvantaged minorities in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 115:109-114. [PMID: 29255040 PMCID: PMC5776811 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714616114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
College graduates enjoy healthier, longer lives compared with individuals who do not graduate from college. However, the health benefit of educational attainment is not as great for blacks as it is for whites. Moreover, college completion may not erase the detrimental effects of early-life disadvantage for blacks and Hispanics. We use nationally representative data on young adults to test whether American minorities experience differential returns to educational attainment. We find that college completion predicts lower rates of depression for all racial groups. It also predicts lower metabolic syndrome among whites. However, college completion predicts higher metabolic syndrome among black and Hispanic adults from disadvantaged backgrounds, suggesting upward mobility may come at a health cost to young minorities in America. Individuals with higher educational attainment live healthier and longer lives. However, not everyone benefits equally from higher education. In particular, the black–white gap in life expectancy is greater at higher levels of educational attainment. Furthermore, recent research suggests that disadvantaged African Americans in the rural Southeast who attend college have worse physical health than their similarly disadvantaged peers who do not attend college. The extent to which this pattern generalizes to a nationally representative, mixed-race sample is unknown. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, we test whether the health benefits associated with college completion vary by level of childhood disadvantage for depression and metabolic syndrome in young adulthood, across race/ethnicity. We find uniform lower depression associated with college completion regardless of childhood disadvantage, and across non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic young adults. College completion is associated with lower metabolic syndrome for whites across all levels of childhood disadvantage. In contrast, college completion is associated with higher metabolic syndrome among black and Hispanic young adults from disadvantaged childhood environments. Our findings suggest that, for minorities from disadvantaged backgrounds, finishing college pays substantial dividends for mental health but simultaneously exacts costs with regard to physical health. This pattern contrasts starkly with whites and minorities from more privileged backgrounds, for whom college completion is associated with benefits to both mental and physical health. These results suggest that racial disparities in health may persist in part because the health of upwardly mobile minorities is compromised in young adulthood.
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Mujahid MS, James SA, Kaplan GA, Salonen JT. Socioeconomic position, John Henryism, and incidence of acute myocardial infarction in Finnish men. Soc Sci Med 2016; 173:54-62. [PMID: 27923154 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Previous cross-sectional studies examining whether John Henryism (JH), or high-effort coping with socioeconomic adversity, potentiates the inverse association between socioeconomic position (SEP) and cardiovascular health have focused mainly on hypertension in African Americans. We conducted the first longitudinal test of this hypothesis on incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) using data from the Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor Study in Finland (N = 1405 men, 42-60 years). We hypothesized that the expected inverse gradient between SEP and AMI risk would be stronger for men scoring high on JH than for those scoring low. John Henryism was measured by a Finnish version of the JH Scale for Active Coping. Four different measures of SEP were used: childhood SEP, education, income, and occupation. AMI hazard ratios (HR) by SEP and JH were estimated using COX proportional hazard models, before and after adjustment for study covariates. 205 cases of AMI occurred over a median of 14.9 years. Men employed in lower rank (farmer, blue-collar) occupations who scored high on JH had significantly higher age-adjusted risks of AMI than men in higher rank (white-collar) occupations (HR = 3.14, 95% CI: 1.65-5.98 for blue collar; HR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.04-5.22 for farmers) who also scored high on JH. No socioeconomic differences in AMI were observed for men who scored low on JH (HR = 1.36, 95% CI: 0.74-2.47 for blue collar; HR = 0.93, 95% CI: 0.59-1.48 for farmers; p = 0.002 for the SEP × JH interaction). These findings persisted after adjustment for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biological factors. Results for other SEP measures were in the same direction, but did not reach statistical significance. Repetitive high-effort coping with adversity (John Henryism) was independently associated with increased risk for AMI in Finnish men, underscoring the potential relevance of the John Henryism hypothesis to CVD outcomes other than hypertension and to populations other than African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasin S Mujahid
- Division of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of California, 105 Haviland Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-7358, United States.
| | - Sherman A James
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Rd., Atlanta, GA 30322, United States.
| | - George A Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Jukka T Salonen
- Metabolic Analytical Services Inc., Helsinki, Finland; Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
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Ford ME, Havstad SL, Hill DD, Kart CS. Assessing the Reliability of Four Standard Health Measures in a Sample of Older, Urban Adults. Res Aging 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0164027500226008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing attention is being paid to racial and ethnic differences in the structure and measurement of physical health and mental health constructs. The objective of this study was to examine the reliability of four measures of physical health and mental health in a sample of 400 older (50+ years) African Americans and Caucasians. These measures are the instrumental activities of daily living and activities of daily living scales of the National Chronic Care Consortium Health Risk Appraisal Survey, the SF-12, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale, and the John Henryism Active Coping Scale. The measures were tested by racial group. The results of factor analyses reveal that the overall reliability of each scale, as measured by Cronbach’s alpha, was near or above .70. However, the item-to-scale correlations of many of these scales were low. This finding indicates that the measurement of the constructs may be different for older African Americans and Caucasians.
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91
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Blackmon SM, Coyle LD, Davenport S, Owens AC, Sparrow C. Linking Racial-Ethnic Socialization to Culture and Race-Specific Coping Among African American College Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798415617865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the use of coping strategies generally shared by all Americans, research has shown that African Americans tend to make use of culture and race-specific coping styles that distinguish them from other racial/ethnic group populations. These coping styles are important for the negotiation of multiple types of stressors. Little has been written on the antecedents of culture and race-specific coping (i.e., Africultural coping and John Henryism). This exploratory online investigation sought to determine if childhood racial-ethnic socialization (i.e., a cultural practice and protective factor) experiences predicted present self-reported culture and race-specific coping among a group of African American college students ( N = 191). Results indicated that past racial socialization messages encouraging participants to engage in positive cross-racial interactions (i.e., cross-racial relationship messages) were positively predictive of spiritual-centered and collective coping. Racial socialization messages that prescribed how participants should cope with racism were negatively associated with prolonged, active high-effort coping (i.e., John Henryism). Ethnic socialization messages emphasizing participation in African American cultural activities (i.e., African American heritage messages) positively predicted spiritual-centered, collective, and ritual-centered coping. Finally, ethnic socialization messages encouraging participants to have respect for authority figures, retain close relationships with family members, and maintain a collectivistic orientation (i.e., African American cultural values messages) were negatively predictive of John Henryism. Taken together, childhood racial-ethnic socialization experiences are an important resource for coping during college.
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92
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Clark R. Interethnic Group and Intraethnic Group Racism: Perceptions and Coping in Black University Students. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0095798404268286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study explored perceived racism and the usual ways of coping with these perceptions in a sample of 269 Black university students (53% female). Perceptions of inter- and intragroup racism were assessed with the Life Experiences and Stress scale, and coping was measured with the Coping Orientations to Problems Experienced scale. A principal component analysis suggested that inter- and intragroup racism were separable constructs. Correlation analyses revealed that inter- and intragroup racism were negatively associated with self-deception.Relative to females, t-test analyses indicated that males perceived more inter- and intragroup racism. The t-test analyses also revealed that females were more likely than males to use emotion-focused and religious coping responses, when negotiating perceptions of inter- and intragroup racism; and, when negotiating perceptions of intragroup racism, males were more likely than females to use alcohol as a coping response. The limitations of the study and directions for future research are discussed.
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93
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The Role of Disadvantaged Neighborhood Environments in the Association of John Henryism With Hypertension and Obesity. Psychosom Med 2016; 78:552-61. [PMID: 26867080 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The John Henryism hypothesis proposes that high-effort, active coping in impoverished, low-resource environments is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, but a lower risk of disease in a high-resource environment. To test this hypothesis, we examined the association of John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) with objectively measured neighborhood disadvantages and the relationship to hypertension (including systolic [SBP] and diastolic [DBP] blood pressure) and elevated body mass index (BMI). METHODS The study included 3105 participants- 39.93% non-Hispanic blacks, 31.66% non-Hispanic whites, and 25.83% Hispanic and 2.58% non-Hispanic other. All participants aged 18 to 92 years were surveyed and underwent a baseline clinical examination as part of the Chicago Community Adult Health Study, from 2001 to 2003. Coping was measured using four items from the JHAC scale, and neighborhood disadvantage was assessed using rater assessments and the US Census data. RESULTS In multilevel regression models clustered by neighborhood, neither JHAC nor neighborhood disadvantage was significantly associated with hypertension (SBP and DBP) or BMI. However, significant interaction effects of neighborhood disadvantage and JHAC on hypertension (odds ratio [standard error {SE}] = 0.66 [0.11], p = .018), SBP (B [SE] = -2.63 [1.33], p = .048), DBP (B [SE] = -2.08 [0.87], p = .017), and BMI (B [SE] = -1.86 [0.46], p < .001) were found, such that JHAC was related to increases in disadvantaged neighborhoods and decreases in advantaged neighborhoods. CONCLUSIONS In a large study that modeled objective measures of neighborhood disadvantage, JHAC was associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease among individuals living in highly disadvantaged neighborhoods which lack resources and opportunities for upward social mobility. This is consistent with the John Henryism hypothesis.
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95
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Hudson DL, Neighbors HW, Geronimus AT, Jackson JS. Racial Discrimination, John Henryism, and Depression Among African Americans. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 42:221-243. [PMID: 27529626 DOI: 10.1177/0095798414567757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence from previous studies indicates that racial discrimination is significantly associated with depression and that African Americans with higher levels of socioeconomic status (SES) report greater exposure to racial discrimination compared to those with lower SES levels. Coping strategies could alter the relationship between racial discrimination and depression among African Americans. This study first examined whether greater levels of SES were associated with increased reports of racial discrimination and ratings of John Henryism, a measure of high-effort coping, among African Americans. Second, we examined whether high-effort coping moderated the relationship between racial discrimination and depression. Data were drawn from the National Survey of American Life Reinterview (n = 2,137). Analyses indicated that greater levels of education were positively associated with racial discrimination (p < .001) and increased levels of racial discrimination were positively related to depression (p < .001), controlling for all sociodemographic factors. Greater levels of John Henryism were associated with increased odds of depression but there was no evidence to suggest that the relationship between discrimination and depression was altered by the effects of John Henryism.
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96
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Gilbert KL, Ray R. Why Police Kill Black Males with Impunity: Applying Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to Address the Determinants of Policing Behaviors and "Justifiable" Homicides in the USA. J Urban Health 2016; 93 Suppl 1:122-40. [PMID: 26661386 PMCID: PMC4824696 DOI: 10.1007/s11524-015-0005-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Widespread awareness of the recent deaths of several black males at the hands of police has revealed an unaddressed public health challenge-determining the root causes of excessive use of force by police applied to black males that may result in "justifiable homicides." The criminalization of black males has a long history in the USA, which has resulted in an increase in policing behaviors by legal authorities and created inequitable life chances for black males. Currently, the discipline of public health has not applied an intersectional approach that investigates the intersection of race and gender to understanding police behaviors that lead to "justifiable homicides" for black males. This article applies the core tenets and processes of Public Health Critical Race Praxis (PHCRP) to develop a framework that can improve research and interventions to address the disparities observed in recent trend analyses of "justifiable homicides." Accordingly, we use PHCRP to offer an alternative framework on the social, legal, and health implications of violence-related incidents. We aim to move the literature in this area forward to help scholars, policymakers, and activists build the capacity of communities to address the excessive use of force by police to reduce mortality rates from "justifiable homicides."
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Affiliation(s)
- Keon L Gilbert
- College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Salus Center, 3545 Lafayette Avenue, St. Louis, MO, 63104, USA.
| | - Rashawn Ray
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Stevens-Watkins D, Knighton JS, Allen K, Fisher S, Crowell C, Mahaffey C, Leukefeld C, Oser C. John Henryism Active Coping as a Cultural Correlate of Substance Abuse Treatment Participation Among African American Women. J Subst Abuse Treat 2016; 63:54-60. [PMID: 26899801 PMCID: PMC4793159 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The rates of illicit drug use among African American women are increasing, yet African American women are least likely to participate in treatment for substance use disorders when compared to women of other racial groups. The current study examined family history of substance use, perceived family support, and John Henryism Active Coping (JHAC) as correlates to seeking treatment for substance abuse. The underlying theoretical frame of JHAC (James et al., 1983) suggests that despite limited resources and psychosocial stressors, African Americans believe that hard work and self-determination are necessary to cope with adversities. The current study is a secondary data analyses of 206 drug-using African American women (N=104 urban community women with no criminal justice involvement and N=102 women living in the community on supervised probation) from urban cities in a southern state. It was expected that African American women with a family history of substance abuse, higher levels of perceived family support, and more active coping skills would be more likely to have participated in substance abuse treatment. Step-wise logistic regression results reveal that women on probation, had children, and had a family history of substance abuse were significantly more likely to report participating in substance abuse treatment. Perceived family support and active coping were significant negative correlates of participating in treatment. Implication of results suggests coping with psychosocial stressors using a self-determined and persistent coping strategy may be problematic for drug-using women with limited resources.
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98
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Albanese E, Matthews KA, Zhang J, Jacobs DR, Whitmer RA, Wadley VG, Yaffe K, Sidney S, Launer LJ. Hostile attitudes and effortful coping in young adulthood predict cognition 25 years later. Neurology 2016; 86:1227-34. [PMID: 26935891 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied the relation of early-life (mean age 25 years) and mid-life (mean age 50 years) cognitive function to early measures of hostile attitudes and effortful coping. METHODS In 3,126 black and white men and women (born in 1955-1968) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study (CARDIA), we used linear regression to examine the association of hostile attitudes (Cook-Medley questionnaire) and effortful coping assessed at baseline (1985-1986) to cognitive ability measured in 1987 and to a composite cognitive Z score of tests of verbal memory, psychomotor speed, and executive function ascertained in midlife (2010-2011). RESULTS Baseline hostility and effortful coping were prospectively associated with lower cognitive function 25 years later, controlling for age, sex, race, education, long-term exposure to depression, discrimination, negative life events, and baseline cognitive ability. Compared to the lowest quartile, those in the highest quartile of hostility performed 0.21 SD units lower (95% confidence interval [CI] -0.39, -0.02). Those in the highest quartile of effortful coping performed 0.30 SD units lower (95% CI -0.48, -0.12) compared to those in the lowest quartile. Further adjustment for cumulative exposure to cardiovascular risk factors attenuated the association with the cognitive composite Z score for hostility. CONCLUSIONS Worse cognition in midlife was independently associated with 2 psychological characteristics measured in young adulthood. This suggests that interventions that promote positive social interactions may have a role in reducing risk of late-age cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliano Albanese
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Karen A Matthews
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Julia Zhang
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - David R Jacobs
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Rachel A Whitmer
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Virginia G Wadley
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Kristine Yaffe
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Stephen Sidney
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco
| | - Lenore J Launer
- From the Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences (E.A., J.Z., L.J.L.), National Institute on Aging, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Department of Psychiatry (E.A.), University of Geneva, School of Medicine, Switzerland; Department of Psychiatry and Psychology (K.A.M.), University of Pittsburgh, PA; Division of Epidemiology School of Public Health (D.R.J.), University of Minnesota, Minneapolis; Kaiser Permanente (R.A.W., S.S.), Division of Research, Oakland, CA; Department of Medicine (V.G.W.), University of Alabama at Birmingham; and Department of Psychiatry, Neurology, and Epidemiology and Biostatistics (K.Y.), University of California, San Francisco.
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Capistrant BD. Caregiving for Older Adults and the Caregivers’ Health: an Epidemiologic Review. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40471-016-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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100
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Oser CB, Bunting AM, Pullen E, Stevens-Watkins D. African American Female Offender's Use of Alternative and Traditional Health Services After Re-Entry: Examining the Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations. J Health Care Poor Underserved 2016; 27:120-48. [PMID: 27133515 PMCID: PMC4855295 DOI: 10.1353/hpu.2016.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This is the first known study to use the Gelberg-Andersen Behavioral Model for Vulnerable Populations to predict African American women's use of three types of health services (alternative, hospitalization, and ambulatory) in the 18 months after release from prison. In the multivariate models, the most robust predictors of all three types of service utilization were in the vulnerable theoretical domains. Alternative health services were predicted by ethnic community membership, higher religiosity, and HIV/HCV. Hospitalizations were predicted by the lack of barriers to health care and disability. Ambulatory office visits were predicted by more experiences of gendered racism, a greater number of physical health problems, and HIV/HCV. Findings highlight the importance of cultural factors and HIV/HCV in obtaining both alternative and formal health care during community re-entry. Clinicians and policymakers should consider the salient role that the vulnerable domain plays in offender's accessing health services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B. Oser
- 1531 Patterson Office Tower, Department of Sociology, Center on Drug & Alcohol Research, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506. Phone: 859-257-6890. Fax: 859-323-0272
| | - Amanda M. Bunting
- 1505 Patterson Office Tower, Department of Sociology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506. Phone: 859-257-6896. Fax: 859-323-0272
| | - Erin Pullen
- Indiana University Network Science Institute, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405. Phone: 231-878-8494. Fax: 812-855-0781
| | - Danelle Stevens-Watkins
- 245 Dickey Hall, Department of Educational, Counseling, and School Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, 40506. Phone: 859-257-7889. Fax: 859-257-5662
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