51
|
McNamee C, Noci F, Cronin D, Lyng J, Morgan D, Scannell A. PEF based hurdle strategy to control Pichia fermentans, Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli k12 in orange juice. Int J Food Microbiol 2010; 138:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 11/25/2009] [Accepted: 12/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
52
|
Ortega-Rivas E. Critical Issues Pertaining to Application of Pulsed Electric Fields in Microbial Control and Quality of Processed Fruit Juices. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-009-0231-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
53
|
Coster HGL. Discovery of “punch-through” or membrane electrical breakdown and electroporation. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2009; 39:185-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-009-0447-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 03/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
54
|
Electroporation in Biological Cell and Tissue: An Overview. ELECTROTECHNOLOGIES FOR EXTRACTION FROM FOOD PLANTS AND BIOMATERIALS 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-79374-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
55
|
The temperature effect during pulse application on cell membrane fluidity and permeabilization. Bioelectrochemistry 2008; 74:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
56
|
Mosqueda-Melgar J, Elez-Martínez P, Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Martín-Belloso O. Effects of Pulsed Electric Fields on Pathogenic Microorganisms of Major Concern in Fluid Foods: A Review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2008; 48:747-59. [DOI: 10.1080/10408390701691000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
57
|
Non-thermal pasteurization of fruit juices by combining high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2007.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
58
|
Effects of cell orientation and electric field frequency on the transmembrane potential induced in ellipsoidal cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2008; 74:130-41. [PMID: 18621589 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2008.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2007] [Revised: 05/22/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane potential (Deltaphi) induced by external electric fields is important both in biotech applications and in new medical therapies. We analyzed the effects of AC field frequency and cell orientation for cells of a general ellipsoidal shape. Simplified equations were derived for the membrane surface points where the maximum Deltaphi is induced. The theoretical results were confirmed in experiments with three-axial chicken red blood cells (a:b:c=6.66 microm:4.17 microm:1.43 microm). Propidium iodide (PI) staining and cell lysis were detected after an AC electropermeabilization (EP) pulse. The critical field strength for both effects increased when the shorter axis of a cell was parallel to the field, as well as at higher field frequency and for shorter pulse durations. Nevertheless, data analysis based on our theoretical description revealed that the Deltaphi required is lower for the shorter axis, i.e. for smaller membrane curvatures. The critical Deltaphi was independent of the field frequency for a given axis, i.e. the field strength had to be increased with frequency to compensate for the membrane dispersion effect. Comparison of the critical field strengths of PI staining in a linear field aligned along semi-axis a (142 kV m(-1)) and a field rotating in the a-b plane (115 kV m(-1)) revealed the higher EP efficiency of rotating fields.
Collapse
|
59
|
Mosqueda-Melgar J, Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Martín-Belloso O. Combination of high-intensity pulsed electric fields with natural antimicrobials to inactivate pathogenic microorganisms and extend the shelf-life of melon and watermelon juices. Food Microbiol 2008; 25:479-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2008.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2007] [Revised: 01/09/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
60
|
Mosqueda-Melgar J, Raybaudi-Massilia RM, Martín-Belloso O. Influence of treatment time and pulse frequency on Salmonella Enteritidis, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes populations inoculated in melon and watermelon juices treated by pulsed electric fields. Int J Food Microbiol 2007; 117:192-200. [PMID: 17512997 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2006] [Revised: 03/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of unpasteurized melon and watermelon juices has caused several disease outbreaks by pathogenic microorganisms worldwide. Pulsed electric field (PEF) has been recognized as a technology that may inactivate those bacteria present in fluid food products at low temperatures. Hence, PEF treatment at 35 kV/cm, 4 mus pulse duration in bipolar mode and square shape were applied on Salmonella Enteritidis, E. coli and L. monocytogenes populations inoculated in melon and watermelon juices without exceeding 40 degrees C outlet temperatures. Different levels of treatment time and pulse frequency were applied to evaluate their effects on these microorganisms. Treatment time was more influential than pulse frequency (P</=0.05) on the PEF microbial reduction levels for both melon and watermelon juices. Populations of S. Enteritidis, E. coli and L. monocytogenes were experimentally reduced and validated in a single process up to 3.71+/-0.17, 3.7+/-0.3 and 3.56+/-0.26 log(10) units, respectively, in melon juice when 1440 micros and 217 Hz were used; whereas reductions up to 3.56+/-0.12, 3.6+/-0.4 and 3.41+/-0.13 log(10) units of those microorganisms, respectively, were reached in watermelon juice treated for 1727 micros at 188 Hz. Although PEF treatment reduced the populations of the three microorganisms, L. monocytogenes was more resistant to PEF than S. Enteritidis and E. coli in both juices when treated at the same processing conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Mosqueda-Melgar
- Department of Food Technology, University of Lleida, UTPV-CeRTA, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure, 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
61
|
Prior P, Roth BJ. Electrostriction of anisotropic tissue. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2007; 75:021903. [PMID: 17358363 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.75.021903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 10/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The electrostrictive effects in anisotropic tissue, such as muscle, are interesting and qualitatively different than in an isotropic material. A striking feature in anisotropic tissue is the presence of a charge distribution, which is absent in isotropic tissue. This charge interacts with the electric field to give rise to body forces that deform the tissue. We develop an electromechanical model to investigate how anisotropic tissue deforms due to an electric field, and find analytical solutions for the pressure and displacement. The distribution of the pressure and displacement are complex and dependent on the boundary conditions. The effects of electrostriction are small, but comparable in size to pressures and displacements in other imaging modalities that utilize similar mechanical effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Prior
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan 48309, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Weber H, Förster W, Jacob HE, Berg H. Microbiological implications of electric field effects III. Stimulation of yeast protoplast fusion by electric field pulses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.19810210709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
63
|
Amiali M, Ngadi MO, Smith JP, Raghavan VGS. Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enteritidis in Liquid Egg White Using Pulsed Electric Field. J Food Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2006.tb15637.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
64
|
Zimmermann U. Electrical breakdown, electropermeabilization and electrofusion. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/bfb0034499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 311] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
65
|
Álvarez I, Condón S, Raso J. Microbial Inactivation by Pulsed Electric Fields. PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS TECHNOLOGY FOR THE FOOD INDUSTRY 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-31122-7_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
66
|
Floury J, Grosset N, Leconte N, Pasco M, Madec MN, Jeantet R. Continuous raw skim milk processing by pulsed electric field at non-lethal temperature: effect on microbial inactivation and functional properties. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1051/lait:2005039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
67
|
Abstract
An overview is given of the fundamental physics underlying the self-assembly, molecular organisation and electrical properties of the membranes that envelop living cells. These ultra thin (∼ 6 nm) membranes act as a diffusion barrier between the cell interior (cytoplasm) and the external medium. They consist basically of a bi-molecular film of lipid molecules in which are embedded functional proteins that perform a variety of functions, including energy transduction, signalling, transport of ions (and othermolecules), etc. Some examples are also presented of the fascinating and socially and commercially important applications of membrane biophysics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H G L Coster
- Department of Biophysics, School of Physics and the Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2051 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Oliver LD, Coster HGL. Electrical breakdown of human erythrocytes: a technique for the study of electro-haemolysis. Bioelectrochemistry 2003; 61:9-19. [PMID: 14642905 DOI: 10.1016/s1567-5394(03)00050-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a technique suitable for investigating the electromechanical breakdown properties of erythrocyte cells. The cells were exposed to square wave electric pulses of precise duration and voltage. The erythrocytes were suspended in normal isotonic saline between two opposing platinum electrodes. A red LED light source and photodiode detector system were positioned orthogonally to the electrodes to record changes in the light transmission that occur immediately after applying an electric pulse. The light transmitted through the electrically treated erythrocyte suspension could be monitored continuously. Experiments were conducted to explore the inter-relationship between the critical voltage and pulse length for haemolysis. Human blood taken from "healthy" donors underwent haemolysis at a critical field strength of 304 kV/m for a 5 micros pulse and 292 kV/m for a 50 micros pulse. The relationship of critical pulse length and critical voltage for the blood samples was found to be inversely linear.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lyn D Oliver
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology and the Department of Biophysics, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Food Processing by Pulsed Electric Fields: Treatment Delivery, Inactivation Level, and Regulatory Aspects. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/fstl.2001.0880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
70
|
Smith K, Mittal G, Griffiths M. Pasteurization of Milk Using Pulsed Electrical Field and Antimicrobials. J Food Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.2002.tb09545.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
71
|
Uemura K, Isobe S. Developing a new apparatus for inactivating Escherichia coli in saline water with high electric field AC. J FOOD ENG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0260-8774(01)00158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
72
|
Abstract
Both the organization and function of protein nanostructures in membranes are related to the substructural properties of the lipid portion of the membrane. Potential differences that are established across the membrane and generate electric fields in these very thin portions are shown to modulate the organizational and functional properties of the protein modules. Many protein modules also have nonisotropic distributions of charged sites, including configurations in which there are regions containing predominantly positive fixed charges, juxtaposed with adjacent regions containing predominantly negative fixed charges. In these double fixed charge regions, very large electric fields can manifest in the ionic depletion layer at the junction of the two fixed charge regions. Consideration is also given to the manner in which the intense electric fields that are established in protein modules, such as proton ATPases, can modulate the chemical reactions that are associated with proton transport and dehydration reactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hans G L Coster
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology and Department of Biophysics, School of Physics, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Sydney, Australia.
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Cserhalmi Z, Vidács I, Beczner J, Czukor B. Inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Bacillus cereus by pulsed electric fields technology. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(01)00052-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
74
|
Influence of pH, water activity and temperature on the inactivation of Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pulsed electric fields. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(01)00030-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
75
|
Dutreux N, Notermans S, Góngora-Nieto MM, Barbosa-Cánovas GV, Swanson BG. Effects of combined exposure of micrococcus luteus to nisin and pulsed electric fields. Int J Food Microbiol 2000; 60:147-52. [PMID: 11016604 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-1605(00)00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Death and injury following exposure of Micrococcus luteus to nisin and pulsed electric field (PEF) treatment were investigated in phosphate buffer (pH 6.8, sigma = 4.8 ms/cm at 20 degrees C). Four types of experiment were carried out, a single treatment with nisin (100 IU/ml at 20 degrees C for 2 h), a single PEF treatment, a PEF treatment followed by incubation with nisin (as before) and addition of nisin to the bacterial suspension prior to the PEF treatment. The application of nisin clearly enhanced the lethal effect of PEF treatment. The bactericidal effect of nisin reduced viable counts by 1.4 log10 units. Treatment with PEF (50 pulses at 33 kV/cm) resulted in a reduction of 2.4 log10 units. PEF treatment followed by nisin caused a reduction of 5.2 log10 units in comparison with a 4.9 log10 units reduction obtained with nisin followed by PEF. Injury of surviving cells was investigated using media with different concentrations of salt. Sublethally damaged cells of M. luteus could not be detected by this means, following PEF treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Dutreux
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, AJ Zeist, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Effect of pH, ethanol addition and high hydrostatic pressure on the inactivation of Bacillus subtilis by pulsed electric fields. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s1466-8564(00)00013-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
77
|
Persson BRR. Applications and Control of High Voltage Pulse Delivery for Tumor Therapy and Gene Therapy in vivo. ADVANCES IN ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN LIVING SYSTEMS 2000. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4203-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
78
|
Gowrishankar TR, Pliquett U, Lee RC. Dynamics of membrane sealing in transient electropermeabilization of skeletal muscle membranes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1999; 888:195-210. [PMID: 10842634 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb07957.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Large supraphysiologic transmembrane electrical potentials are known to alter the molecular organization of the bilayer lipid component of cell membranes, leading to ionic permeabilization or "electroporation". Typically, membrane electroporation is followed by several orders of magnitude increases in electrical conductance and diffusive permeability to low-molecular-weight solutes. Electroporation may be transient or stable depending on whether the membrane eventually seals or remains permeabilized. Factors that control sealing have not been well characterized. This paper describes the kinetics of membrane sealing following electroporation by pulses over a range of supraphysiologic potentials. The increase in membrane conductance is highly nonlinear during a -440-mV, 4-ms pulse and reaches two orders of magnitude greater than baseline. Electroporation and relaxation sealing kinetics are quite different, reflecting a significant hysteresis effect. Thus, it appears that the magnitude and duration of the field pulse are important factors in sealing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T R Gowrishankar
- Harvard-MIT Health Science and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
MARTÍN-BELLOSO O, VEGA-MERCADO H, QIN BL, CHANG FJ, BARBOSA-CANOVAS GV, SWANSON BC. INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI SUSPENDED IN LIQUID EGG USING PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1997.tb00776.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
80
|
LIU XIA, YOUSEF AHMEDE, CHISM GRADYW. INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI O157:H7 BY THE COMBINATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD. J Food Saf 1997. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4565.1997.tb00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
81
|
VEGA-MERCADO HUMBERTO, MARTÍN-BELLOSO OLGA, CHANG FUJUNG, BARBOSA-CcANOVAS GUSTAVOV, SWANSON BARRYG. INACTIVATION OF ESCHERICHIA COLI AND BACILLUS SUBTILIS SUSPENDED IN PEA SOUP USING PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 1996. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1996.tb00762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
82
|
Qin BL, Pothakamury UR, Barbosa-Cánovas GV, Swanson BG. Nonthermal pasteurization of liquid foods using high-intensity pulsed electric fields. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 1996; 36:603-27. [PMID: 8841733 DOI: 10.1080/10408399609527741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Processing foods with high-intensity pulsed electric fields (PEF) is a new technology to inactivate microorganisms and enzymes with only a small increase in food temperature. The appearance and quality of fresh foods are not altered by the application of PEF, while microbial inactivation is caused by irreversible pore formation and destruction of the semipermeable barrier of the cell membrane. High-intensity PEF provides an excellent alternative to conventional thermal methods, where the inactivation of the microorganisms implies the loss of valuable nutrients and sensory attributes. This article presents recent advances in the PEF technology, including microbial and enzyme inactivation, generation of pulsed high voltage, processing chambers, and batch and continuous systems, as well as the theory and its application to food pasteurization. PEF technology has the potential to improve economical and efficient use of energy, as well as provide consumers with minimally processed, microbiologically safe, nutritious and freshlike food products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B L Qin
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman 99164-6120, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Vega-Mercado H, Pothakamury UR, Chang FJ, Barbosa-Cánovas GV, Swanson BG. Inactivation of Escherichia coli by combining pH, ionic strength and pulsed electric fields hurdles. Food Res Int 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0963-9969(96)00015-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
84
|
Abstract
The study of the electroporation on biomembranes has become one of the most exciting topics in the biophysical and biotechnological areas. Researchers all over the world have been focused on four major areas: measurements of transmembrane potential (TMP); dynamics of electroporation such as time sequence, properties of electropores such as size, structure, and population; membrane permeabilization and breakdown theory; and the effects of secondary factors such as ions type and cell growth stage on electroporation. This article reviews some of the recent discoveries and theories on this subject. Studies on TMP and pore dynamics remain a difficult task. Since the area of electroporation on a biomembrane is small (less than 0.1% of total surface area) and the time sequence of electropores is in the submicrosecond range measuring devices with subtle detection and time resolution are required. While more and more studies have shown the formation sequence of electropore(s) at specific locations on various biomembranes, the pore(s) widening process and the subsequent membrane breakdown mechanisms remain controversial. The influence of electromechanical stress or transmembrane potential on membrane discharge and rupture seems to be a function of various factors such as membrane properties, external medium, and the protocols of electroporators.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Y Ho
- School of Engineering, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Prausnitz MR, Corbett JD, Gimm JA, Golan DE, Langer R, Weaver JC. Millisecond measurement of transport during and after an electroporation pulse. Biophys J 1995; 68:1864-70. [PMID: 7612828 PMCID: PMC1282089 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(95)80363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation involves the application of an electric field pulse that creates transient aqueous pathways in lipid bilayer membranes. Transport through these pathways can occur by different mechanisms during and after a pulse. To determine the time scale of transport and the mechanism(s) by which it occurs, efflux of a fluorescent molecule, calcein, across erythrocyte ghost membranes was measured with a fluorescence microscope photometer with millisecond time resolution during and after electroporation pulses several milliseconds in duration. One of four outcomes was typically observed. Ghosts were: (1) partially emptied of calcein, involving efflux primarily after the pulse; (2) completely emptied of calcein, involving efflux primarily after the pulse; (3) completely emptied of calcein, involving efflux both during and after the pulse; or (4) completely emptied of calcein, involving efflux primarily during the pulse. Partial emptying, involving significant efflux during the pulse, was generally not observed. We conclude that under some conditions transport caused by electroporation occurs predominantly by electrophoresis and/or electroosmosis during a pulse, although under other conditions transport occurs in part or almost completely by diffusion within milliseconds to seconds after a pulse.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M R Prausnitz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Mahaworasilpa TL, Coster HG, George EP. Forces on biological cells due to applied alternating (AC) electric fields. I. Dielectrophoresis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1193:118-26. [PMID: 8038181 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(94)90340-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Measurements are presented of dielectrophoretic forces for SP2 (mouse) and K562 (human) cells in external alternating electric fields over a frequency range of 10 kHz to 2 MHz. Using a spherical shell model of the cell, the dielectrophoretic force is derived from the interaction between the induced electric dipole moment in the cell and the external electric field. The frequency dependence of the force has its origin in the dispersion with frequency of the impedances of the cell membrane, the cytoplasm and the external medium (a Maxwell-Wagner dispersion). The predicted tri-phasic form of the variation of the dielectrophoretic force is in good agreement with the experimental results presented. Using the theoretical model, the experimental measurements also provided an estimation of 0.18 +/- 0.03 S m-1 and 0.12 +/- 0.04 S m-1 for the conductivities of the cytoplasm of cells of SP2 and K562, respectively, and 6.0 +/- 2.0 mF m-2 and 2.0 +/- 1.0 mF m-2 for the capacitances of the plasma membrane of these cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T L Mahaworasilpa
- UNESCO Centre for Membrane Science and Technology, Department of Biophysics, University of New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
87
|
Abidor IG, Barbul AI, Zhelev DV, Doinov P, Bandrina IN, Osipova EM, Sukharev SI. Electrical properties of cell pellets and cell electrofusion in a centrifuge. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1993; 1152:207-18. [PMID: 8218321 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(93)90251-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new approach is proposed for studying cell deformability by centrifugal force, electrical properties of cell membranes in a high electric field, and for performing efficient cell electrofusion. Suspensions of cells (L929 and four other cell types examined) are centrifuged in special chambers, thus forming compact cell pellets in the gap between the electrodes. The setup allows measurement of the pellet resistance and also the high-voltage pulse application during centrifugation. The pellet resistance increases sharply with the centripetal acceleration, which correlates with reduction of the cell pellet porosity due to cell compression and deformation. Experiments with cells pretreated with cytochalasin B or colcemid showed that cell deformability depends significantly on the state of cytoskeleton. When the voltage applied to the cell pellet exceeds a 'critical' value, electrical breakdown (poration) of cell membranes occurs. This is seen as a deflection in the I(V) curve for the cell pellet. The electropores formed during the breakdown reseal in several stages: the fastest takes 0.5-1 ms while the whole process completes in minutes. A novel effect of colloid-osmotic compression of cell pellets after electric cell permeabilization is described. Supercritical pulse application to the cell pellet during intensive centrifugation leads to massive cell fusion. The fusion index grows with the increase of centripetal acceleration, and drops drastically when the pulse is applied after the centrifuge is stopped. The colloid-osmotic pellet compression enhances the fusion efficiency. No fusion occurs when cells are brought in contact after the pulse treatment. The data suggest that tight intermembrane contact formed prior to pulse application is a prerequisite condition for efficient cell electrofusion. The capacities of the technique proposed and the mechanism of membrane electrofusion are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I G Abidor
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
CASTRO ARMANDOJ, BARBOSA-CÁNOVAS GUSTAVOV, SWANSON BARRYG. MICROBIAL INACTIVATION of FOODS BY PULSED ELECTRIC FIELDS. J FOOD PROCESS PRES 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00225.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
89
|
Affiliation(s)
- G A Neil
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City 52242
| | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Abstract
Electric pulses of intensity in kilovolts per centimeter and of duration in microseconds to milliseconds cause a temporary loss of the semipermeability of cell membranes, thus leading to ion leakage, escape of metabolites, and increased uptake by cells of drugs, molecular probes, and DNA. A generally accepted term describing this phenomenon is "electroporation." Other effects of a high-intensity electric field on cell membranes include membrane fusions, bleb formation, cell lysis... etc. Electroporation and its related phenomena reflect the basic bioelectrochemistry of cell membranes and are thus important for the study of membrane structure and function. These phenomena also occur in such events as electric injury, electrocution, and cardiac procedures involving electric shocks. Electroporation has found applications in: (a) introduction of plasmids or foreign DNA into living cells for gene transfections, (b) fusion of cells to prepare heterokaryons, hybridoma, hybrid embryos... etc., (c) insertion of proteins into cell membranes, (d) improving drug delivery and hence effectiveness in chemotherapy of cancerous cells, (e) constructing animal model by fusing human cells with animal tissues, (f) activation of membrane transporters and enzymes, and (g) alteration of genetic expression in living cells. A brief review of mechanistic studies of electroporation is given.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Tsong
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Minnesota, St. Paul 55108
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Hibino M, Shigemori M, Itoh H, Nagayama K, Kinosita K. Membrane conductance of an electroporated cell analyzed by submicrosecond imaging of transmembrane potential. Biophys J 1991; 59:209-20. [PMID: 2015385 PMCID: PMC1281132 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(91)82212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Transmembrane potential was induced in a sea urchin egg by applying a microsecond electric pulse across the cell. The potential was imaged at a submicrosecond time resolution by staining the cell membrane with the voltage-sensitive fluorescent dye RH292. Under moderate electric fields, the spatial distribution of the induced potential as well as its time dependence were in accord with the theoretical prediction in which the cell membrane was regarded as an insulator. At higher field intensities, however, the potential apparently did not fully develop and tended to saturate above a certain level. The saturation is ascribed to the introduction of a large electrical conductance, in the form of aqueous openings, in the membrane by the action of the induced potential (electroporation). Comparison of the experimental and theoretical potential profiles indicates that the two regions of the membrane that opposed the electrodes acquired a high membrane conductance of the order of 1 S/cm2 within 2 microseconds from the onset of the external field. The conductance was similar in the two regions, although permeability in the two regions of the membrane long after the pulse treatment appeared quite different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hibino
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology Keio University, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Mehrle W, Naton B, Hampp R. Determination of physical membrane properties of plant cell protoplasts via the electrofusion technique: prediction of optimal fusion yields and protoplast viability. PLANT CELL REPORTS 1990; 8:687-691. [PMID: 24232787 DOI: 10.1007/bf00269994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/1989] [Revised: 01/12/1990] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
By variation of physical parameters (field strength, pulse duration) which result in electrofusion and electroporation, properties of the plasma membrane of different types of plant cell protoplasts were analyzed. The lower threshold for that field pulse intensity at which membrane breakdown occurred (recorded as fusion event) depended on pulse duration, protoplast size, and protoplast type (tobacco, oat; vacuolated, evacuolated). This fusion characteristic of plant protoplasts can also be taken as a measure of the charging process of the membrane and allows thus a non-invasive determination of the time constant and the specific membrane capacitance. Although the fusion yield was comparable at pulse duration/field strength couples of, e.g., 10 μs/1.5 kV*cm(-1) and 200 μs/0.5 kV*cm(-1), hybrid viability was not. Rates of cell wall regeneration and cell division of tobacco mesophyll protoplasts were not affected but may have been increased at short pulse duration/high field strength. Plating efficiency, in contrast, was significantly decreased with longer pulse duration at low field strengths.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Mehrle
- Biologie I, Universität Tübingen, D-7400, Tübingen, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Hama-Inaba H, Sato K, Nishimoto T, Ohtsubo M, Kasai M. Establishment and application of a standard method of electroporation for introduction of plasmid and cosmid DNAs to mammalian cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0302-4598(89)85013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
94
|
Hama-Inaba H, Sato K, Nishimoto T, Ohtsubo M, Kasai M. Establishment and application of a standard method of electroporation for introduction of plasmid and cosmid DNAs to mammalian cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 1989. [DOI: 10.1016/0022-0728(89)87235-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
95
|
|
96
|
Matsuoka H, Matsumoto S, Kinoshita M, Yamada S. Effective stage in the cell cycle for control of the budding direction of cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using electric stimulus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1988; 971:255-65. [PMID: 3048417 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4889(88)90140-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cell division cycle (cdc) mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were used to determine the most effective stage for the directional control of cell budding using an electric stimulus. The selected mutants were cdc 35 and cdc 28, which could be reversibly arrested before spindle pole body satellite formation (SPBSF) and spindle pole body duplication (SPBD), respectively. The budding direction (theta) was defined so that the direction parallel to that of the electric field was 0 degree. Considering the symmetry of the experimental conditions, the range of theta was defined as 0-90 degrees. The electric stimulus applied in the present study was alternating pulses (pulse height, +/- 15 V; pulse width at half pulse height, 5 microseconds; frequency; 10 kHz). The peak height of the cross membrane potential was estimated as 472 mV, which was sufficient to induce considerable strain in the cell membrane. In the case of cdc 35, the 95% confidence interval (95% CI) of the budding direction was 7-25 degrees when subjected to electric stimulus, while the 95% CI of the budding direction without electric stimulus was 35-57 degrees. In the case of cdc 28, 95% CI values of the budding direction with and without electric stimulus were 1229 degrees and 23-56 degrees, respectively. These results demonstrate that the stage after SPBD is effective for the directional control of yeast cell budding using an electric stimulus. Simultaneously, an electric stimulus reduced the cell budding time of both the cdc mutants used. Therefore, the electric stimulus was also effective in promoting cell cycle progression under the present conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Matsuoka
- Department of Industrial Chemistry, Faculty of Technology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Matsuoka H, Matsumoto S, Kinoshita M, Yamada S. Effective stage in the cell cycle for control of the budding direction of cdc mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using electric stimulus. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2728(88)80039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
98
|
Ohkawa TA, Tsutsui I. Electrical tolerance (breakdown) of theChara corallina plasmalemma: I. Necessity of Ca2+. J Membr Biol 1988. [DOI: 10.1007/bf01993987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
99
|
Stopper H, Jones H, Zimmermann U. Large scale transfection of mouse L-cells by electropermeabilization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1987; 900:38-44. [PMID: 3297145 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(87)90275-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Mouse L-cells were transfected by electropermeabilization using the selectable plasmid pSV2-neo which confers resistance to G-418 (Geneticin). The DNA concentration used was 1 microgram/ml, the field strength was 10 kV/cm, the duration of the pulse was 5 microseconds. Transfection yield was optimal at a temperature of 4 degrees C when using a time in between consecutive pulses of 1 minute compared to shorter (of the order of seconds) or longer (3 minutes) time intervals. A more detailed study of the relationship between the number of pulses applied (up to 10) and transfection yield showed it to be almost linear in this range at 4 degrees C. The yield of transfectants in response to 10 pulses was up to 1000 per 10(6) cells (using 3.3 pg DNA per cell). The influence of the growth phase of the cells on the transfection yield and/or the subpopulation of the mouse L-cell line used was shown. Furthermore the clone yield depended on the DNA per cell ratio within a very small range.
Collapse
|
100
|
Gneno R, Azzar G, Got R, Roux B. Temperature and external electric field influence in membrane permeability of Babesia infected erythrocytes. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 19:1069-73. [PMID: 3428479 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(87)90308-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
1. Modification of erythrocyte membrane properties infected by Babesia canis was studied using the effect of electric pulses of short duration. 2. This process induces the formation of pores in the membrane and the releasing of hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic proteins into the external medium. 3. The rate of molecular permeation across the electrically perforated membranes depends on several factors: electric-field strength, pulse number, pulse duration, temperature and cellular concentration. 4. Even for low parasitemia, differences in the effect of these parameters were observed between infected and non-infected erythrocytes. 5. Here we describe an influence of electric field intensity and temperatures on the opening pores.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Gneno
- Laboratoire de Biochimie des Membranes et LBTM CNRS UM 380024, Villeubanne, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|