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Martin GJO, Hill DRA, Olmstead ILD, Bergamin A, Shears MJ, Dias DA, Kentish SE, Scales PJ, Botté CY, Callahan DL. Lipid profile remodeling in response to nitrogen deprivation in the microalgae Chlorella sp. (Trebouxiophyceae) and Nannochloropsis sp. (Eustigmatophyceae). PLoS One 2014; 9:e103389. [PMID: 25171084 PMCID: PMC4149361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many species of microalgae produce greatly enhanced amounts of triacylglycerides (TAGs), the key product for biodiesel production, in response to specific environmental stresses. Improvement of TAG production by microalgae through optimization of growth regimes is of great interest. This relies on understanding microalgal lipid metabolism in relation to stress response in particular the deprivation of nutrients that can induce enhanced TAG synthesis. In this study, a detailed investigation of changes in lipid composition in Chlorella sp. and Nannochloropsis sp. in response to nitrogen deprivation (N-deprivation) was performed to provide novel mechanistic insights into the lipidome during stress. As expected, an increase in TAGs and an overall decrease in polar lipids were observed. However, while most membrane lipid classes (phosphoglycerolipids and glycolipids) were found to decrease, the non-nitrogen containing phosphatidylglycerol levels increased considerably in both algae from initially low levels. Of particular significance, it was observed that the acyl composition of TAGs in Nannochloropsis sp. remain relatively constant, whereas Chlorella sp. showed greater variability following N-deprivation. In both algae the overall fatty acid profiles of the polar lipid classes were largely unaffected by N-deprivation, suggesting a specific FA profile for each compartment is maintained to enable continued function despite considerable reductions in the amount of these lipids. The changes observed in the overall fatty acid profile were due primarily to the decrease in proportion of polar lipids to TAGs. This study provides the most detailed lipidomic information on two different microalgae with utility in biodiesel production and nutraceutical industries and proposes the mechanisms for this rearrangement. This research also highlights the usefulness of the latest MS-based approaches for microalgae lipid research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J. O. Martin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - David R. A. Hill
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian L. D. Olmstead
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amanda Bergamin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Melanie J. Shears
- Metabolomics Australia, The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Apicolipid Group, Laboratoire Adaption et Pathogenie des Microorganismes UMR5163, CNRS, University of Grenoble I, La Tronche, France
| | - Daniel A. Dias
- Metabolomics Australia, The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sandra E. Kentish
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J. Scales
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cyrille Y. Botté
- Apicolipid Group, Laboratoire Adaption et Pathogenie des Microorganismes UMR5163, CNRS, University of Grenoble I, La Tronche, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Damien L. Callahan
- Metabolomics Australia, The School of Botany, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Burwood, Victoria, Australia
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52
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Triglyceride quantification by catalytic saturation and LC–MS/MS reveals an evolutionary divergence in regioisometry among green microalgae. ALGAL RES 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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53
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Rezanka T, Nedbalová L, Procházková L, Sigler K. Lipidomic profiling of snow algae by ESI-MS and silver-LC/APCI-MS. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2014; 100:34-42. [PMID: 24548555 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The main analytical benefit of this study is the development of methods enabling a rapid determination of total lipids of algae by lipidomic analysis and detailed identification and quantification of a complex mixture of natural TAGs by silver-LC/APCI-MS and NARP-LC/APCI-MS. Both types of chromatography can readily identify, both qualitatively and semiquantitatively, triacylglycerols containing 16:3 and 16:4 acids in the molecule. We conclude that the genus Chloromonas is a major producer of C16 PUFAs mostly contained in TAGs. Since more detailed studies in this field have been stymied by the shortage of 16:3 and 16:4 FAs, we decided to study the alga Chloromonas as a potential biotechnological source of C16 PUFAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Linda Nedbalová
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Procházková
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Ecology, Viničná 7, 128 44 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Sigler
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic
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54
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Knittelfelder OL, Weberhofer BP, Eichmann TO, Kohlwein SD, Rechberger GN. A versatile ultra-high performance LC-MS method for lipid profiling. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 951-952:119-28. [PMID: 24548922 PMCID: PMC3946075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new UPLC-based untargeted lipidomic approach using a qTOF hybrid mass spectrometer is introduced. The applied binary gradient enables separations of lipid species including constitutional isomeric compounds and low abundant lipid classes such as phosphatidic acid (PA). Addition of phosphoric acid to the solvents improves peak shapes for acidic phospholipids. MS(E) scans allow simultaneous acquisition of full scan data and collision induced fragmentation to improve identification of lipid classes and to obtain structural information. The method was used to investigate the lipidome of yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oskar L Knittelfelder
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd P Weberhofer
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Sepp D Kohlwein
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald N Rechberger
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Humboldtstraße 50/II, 8010 Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, Austria.
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55
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Li S, Xu J, Chen J, Chen J, Zhou C, Yan X. Structural elucidation of co-eluted triglycerides in the marine diatom model organism Thalassiosira pseudonana by ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:245-255. [PMID: 24375875 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The precise identification of fatty acids at the sn-2 position of triacylglycerols (TAGs), especially for positional regioisomers (AAB/ABA), needs to be established during mass spectrometry analysis. The detailed structural information about TAGs is significant not only for the assessment of biofuel quality, but also for the tracing of biosynthetic precursors. METHODS Total lipid was extracted from T. pseudonana by a modified Bligh and Dyer method. The qualitative analysis of TAGs in T. pseudonana was carried out using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI-Q-TOF-MS). The raw LC/MS data were analyzed using MassLynx software (version 4.1, Waters). RESULTS The acyl group at the sn-2 position of the TAGs has been identified unequivocally by [M + Li-R1/3COOH-R2CH=CHCOOH](+) and the abundance of [M + Li-R1/3COOH-R2CH=CHCOOH](+) can be used to confirm whether the TAG isomers are co-eluted. In total, twelve TAGs were identified in T. pseudonana based on the fragmentation patterns discussed above. The data indicated that only C16 fatty acids were located at the sn-2 position, which was important to trace the biosynthetic precursors of TAGs. CONCLUSIONS We put forward a hypothesis that TAGs in T. pseudonana are only derived from lipids in chloroplasts through prokaryotic biosynthesis pathway based on the precise information of sn-2 fatty acids, which is significant not only for the assessment of biofuel quality, but also for the tracing of biosynthetic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biotechnology, Ningbo University, Chinese Ministry of Education, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P.R. China; School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang, 315211, P.R. China
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56
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Li M, Baughman E, Roth MR, Han X, Welti R, Wang X. Quantitative profiling and pattern analysis of triacylglycerol species in Arabidopsis seeds by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:160-72. [PMID: 24164626 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 09/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant triacylglycerols (TAGs), or vegetable oils, provide approximately 25% of dietary calories to humans and are becoming an increasingly important source of renewable bioenergy and industrial feedstocks. TAGs are assembled by multiple enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum from building blocks that include an invariable glycerol backbone and variable fatty acyl chains. It remains a challenge to elucidate the mechanism of synthesis of hundreds of different TAG species in planta. One reason is the lack of an efficient analytical approach quantifying individual molecular species. Here we report a rapid and quantitative TAG profiling approach for Arabidopsis seeds based on electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry with direct infusion and multiple neutral loss scans. The levels of 93 TAG molecular species, identified by their acyl components, were determined in Arabidopsis seeds. Quantitative TAG pattern analyses revealed that the TAG assembly machinery preferentially produces TAGs with one elongated fatty acid. The importance of the selectivity in oil synthesis was consistent with an observation that an Arabidopsis mutant overexpressing a patatin-like phospholipase had enhanced seed oil content with elongated fatty acids. This quantitative TAG profiling approach should facilitate investigations aimed at understanding the biochemical mechanisms of TAG metabolism in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoyin Li
- Department of Biology, University of Missouri, St. Louis, MO, 63121, USA; Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO, 63132, USA
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57
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Bogen C, Al-Dilaimi A, Albersmeier A, Wichmann J, Grundmann M, Rupp O, Lauersen KJ, Blifernez-Klassen O, Kalinowski J, Goesmann A, Mussgnug JH, Kruse O. Reconstruction of the lipid metabolism for the microalga Monoraphidium neglectum from its genome sequence reveals characteristics suitable for biofuel production. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:926. [PMID: 24373495 PMCID: PMC3890519 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are gaining importance as sustainable production hosts in the fields of biotechnology and bioenergy. A robust biomass accumulating strain of the genus Monoraphidium (SAG 48.87) was investigated in this work as a potential feedstock for biofuel production. The genome was sequenced, annotated, and key enzymes for triacylglycerol formation were elucidated. RESULTS Monoraphidium neglectum was identified as an oleaginous species with favourable growth characteristics as well as a high potential for crude oil production, based on neutral lipid contents of approximately 21% (dry weight) under nitrogen starvation, composed of predominantly C18:1 and C16:0 fatty acids. Further characterization revealed growth in a relatively wide pH range and salt concentrations of up to 1.0% NaCl, in which the cells exhibited larger structures. This first full genome sequencing of a member of the Selenastraceae revealed a diploid, approximately 68 Mbp genome with a G + C content of 64.7%. The circular chloroplast genome was assembled to a 135,362 bp single contig, containing 67 protein-coding genes. The assembly of the mitochondrial genome resulted in two contigs with an approximate total size of 94 kb, the largest known mitochondrial genome within algae. 16,761 protein-coding genes were assigned to the nuclear genome. Comparison of gene sets with respect to functional categories revealed a higher gene number assigned to the category "carbohydrate metabolic process" and in "fatty acid biosynthetic process" in M. neglectum when compared to Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis gaditana, indicating a higher metabolic diversity for applications in carbohydrate conversions of biotechnological relevance. CONCLUSIONS The genome of M. neglectum, as well as the metabolic reconstruction of crucial lipid pathways, provides new insights into the diversity of the lipid metabolism in microalgae. The results of this work provide a platform to encourage the development of this strain for biotechnological applications and production concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Bogen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Arwa Al-Dilaimi
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Andreas Albersmeier
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Julian Wichmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Michael Grundmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Oliver Rupp
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Kyle J Lauersen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Olga Blifernez-Klassen
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | | | - Alexander Goesmann
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Jan H Mussgnug
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Department of Biology/Center for Biotechnology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstrasse 27, Bielefeld 33615, Germany
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58
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Li M, Yang L, Bai Y, Liu H. Analytical Methods in Lipidomics and Their Applications. Anal Chem 2013; 86:161-75. [DOI: 10.1021/ac403554h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Li Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry
of Education, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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59
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Liu B, Vieler A, Li C, Daniel Jones A, Benning C. Triacylglycerol profiling of microalgae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 146:310-316. [PMID: 23948268 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.07.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Triacylglycerols (TAGs) from microalgae can serve as feedstock for the production of biofuels. To gain a comprehensive understanding of TAG metabolism in algae through genetic and molecular approaches, and to improve algal biofuel production, efficient and quantitative phenotyping methods focusing on TAGs are required. Towards this end, a facile ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry protocol was developed for TAG profiling, achieving identification and quantification of intact TAG molecular species in two algae. TAG profiling was performed in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and Nannochloropsis oceanica grown in nitrogen (N)-replete or N-depleted medium. For the quantification of algal TAGs and fatty acids, two sets of internal standards were developed by taking advantage of the presence of pheophytin and specific fatty acids in algal samples. Comparison of algal TAG levels was simplified by using these internal standards for TAG analysis, paving the way for high-throughput mutant screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bensheng Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Astrid Vieler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - A Daniel Jones
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA; Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, MI 48824, USA.
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60
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High‐Throughput Analysis of Algal Crude Oils Using High Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Lipids 2013; 48:297-305. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-013-3757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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61
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Holguin FO, Schaub T. Characterization of microalgal lipid feedstock by direct-infusion FT-ICR mass spectrometry. ALGAL RES 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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62
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Molnár I, Lopez D, Wisecaver JH, Devarenne TP, Weiss TL, Pellegrini M, Hackett JD. Bio-crude transcriptomics: gene discovery and metabolic network reconstruction for the biosynthesis of the terpenome of the hydrocarbon oil-producing green alga, Botryococcus braunii race B (Showa). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:576. [PMID: 23110428 PMCID: PMC3533583 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Microalgae hold promise for yielding a biofuel feedstock that is sustainable, carbon-neutral, distributed, and only minimally disruptive for the production of food and feed by traditional agriculture. Amongst oleaginous eukaryotic algae, the B race of Botryococcus braunii is unique in that it produces large amounts of liquid hydrocarbons of terpenoid origin. These are comparable to fossil crude oil, and are sequestered outside the cells in a communal extracellular polymeric matrix material. Biosynthetic engineering of terpenoid bio-crude production requires identification of genes and reconstruction of metabolic pathways responsible for production of both hydrocarbons and other metabolites of the alga that compete for photosynthetic carbon and energy. Results A de novo assembly of 1,334,609 next-generation pyrosequencing reads form the Showa strain of the B race of B. braunii yielded a transcriptomic database of 46,422 contigs with an average length of 756 bp. Contigs were annotated with pathway, ontology, and protein domain identifiers. Manual curation allowed the reconstruction of pathways that produce terpenoid liquid hydrocarbons from primary metabolites, and pathways that divert photosynthetic carbon into tetraterpenoid carotenoids, diterpenoids, and the prenyl chains of meroterpenoid quinones and chlorophyll. Inventories of machine-assembled contigs are also presented for reconstructed pathways for the biosynthesis of competing storage compounds including triacylglycerol and starch. Regeneration of S-adenosylmethionine, and the extracellular localization of the hydrocarbon oils by active transport and possibly autophagy are also investigated. Conclusions The construction of an annotated transcriptomic database, publicly available in a web-based data depository and annotation tool, provides a foundation for metabolic pathway and network reconstruction, and facilitates further omics studies in the absence of a genome sequence for the Showa strain of B. braunii, race B. Further, the transcriptome database empowers future biosynthetic engineering approaches for strain improvement and the transfer of desirable traits to heterologous hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Molnár
- Natural Products Center, School of Natural Resources and the Environment, The University of Arizona, Tucson, 85739, USA.
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63
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Analysis of Triacylglycerols and Free Fatty Acids in Algae Using Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2138-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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64
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Rezanka T, Lukavský J, Nedbalová L, Kolouchová I, Sigler K. Effect of starvation on the distribution of positional isomers and enantiomers of triacylglycerol in the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2012; 80:17-27. [PMID: 22704815 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2012.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 05/17/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was cultivated in a standard medium and under sulfur, silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus starvation and its triacylglycerols (TAGs) were analyzed by RP-HPLC/MS-APCI. Nearly 100 molecular species of polyunsaturated TAGs were identified. RP-HPLC was used to isolate positional isomers of TAGs, which were further separated by chiral HPLC. First eluted were those TAGs that have an eicosapentaenoic acid moiety in the sn-1 position. The ratios of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs in P. tricornutum were affected under sulfur-, nitrogen-, phosphorus- and silica-starvation, i.e. in cultivations involving cells in nutrient stress. The ratios of positional TAGs and also the proportions of enantiomers were changed. The ratios of symmetrical to asymmetrical TAGs in the control and under N- and P-starvation were very close. In the control, the ratio of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-3-eicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol to 1,3-dipalmitoyl-2-eicosapentaenoyl-rac-glycerol was 3:1 and the ratio of 1,2-dieicosapentaenoyl-3-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol to 1,3-dieicosapentaenoyl-2-palmitoyl-rac-glycerol was 9:1. Under N-starvation the ratios were reversed irrespective of the presence or absence of silicate in the medium. A similar pattern was found in P- and S-starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Rezanka
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Vídeňská 1083, 142 0 Prague 4, Czech Republic.
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65
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Boyd AR, Champagne P, McGinn PJ, MacDougall KM, Melanson JE, Jessop PG. Switchable hydrophilicity solvents for lipid extraction from microalgae for biofuel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 118:628-32. [PMID: 22721685 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A switchable hydrophilicity solvent (SHS) was studied for its effectiveness at extracting lipids from freeze-dried samples of Botryococcus braunii microalgae. The SHS N,N-dimethylcyclohexylamine extracted up to 22 wt.% crude lipid relative to the freeze-dried cell weight. The solvent was removed from the extract with water saturated with carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure and recovered from the water upon de-carbonation of the mixture. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) showed that the extracted lipids contained high concentrations of long chain tri-, di- and mono-acylglycerols, no phospholipids, and only 4-8% of residual solvent. Unlike extractions with conventional organic solvents, this new method requires neither distillation nor the use of volatile, flammable or chlorinated organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina R Boyd
- Department of Chemistry, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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66
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Jones J, Manning S, Montoya M, Keller K, Poenie M. Extraction of Algal Lipids and Their Analysis by HPLC and Mass Spectrometry. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-012-2044-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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67
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McNichol J, MacDougall KM, Melanson JE, McGinn PJ. Suitability of Soxhlet Extraction to Quantify Microalgal Fatty Acids as Determined by Comparison with In Situ Transesterification. Lipids 2011; 47:195-207. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3624-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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