51
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Pourseyed Lazarjani M, Torres S, Hooker T, Fowlie C, Young O, Seyfoddin A. Methods for quantification of cannabinoids: a narrative review. J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:35. [PMID: 33526084 PMCID: PMC7819317 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-020-00040-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Around 144 cannabinoids have been identified in cannabis plant, among them tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are the most prominent ones. Because of the legal restrictions on cannabis in many countries, it is difficult to obtain standards to use in research; nonetheless, it is important to develop a cannabinoid quantification technique with pharmaceutical applications for quality control of future therapeutic cannabinoids. METHOD To find relevant articles for this narrative review paper, a combination of keywords such as medicinal cannabis, analytical, quantification and cannabinoids were searched for in PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library (Wiley) databases. RESULTS The most common cannabinoid quantification techniques include gas chromatography (GC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). GC is often used in conjunction with mass spectrometry (MS) or flame ionization detection (FID). The major advantage of GC is terpenes quantification however, for evaluating acidic cannabinoids it needs to be derivatised. The main advantage of HPLC is the ability to quantify both acidic and neutral forms of cannabinoids without derivatisation which is often with MS or ultraviolet (UV) detectors. CONCLUSION Based on the information presented in this review, the ideal cannabinoid quantification method is HPLC- MS/MS for the cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Pourseyed Lazarjani
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Stephanie Torres
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Chapman University, Orange, California, USA
| | | | | | - Owen Young
- School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ali Seyfoddin
- Drug Delivery Research Group, School of Science, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
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DNA testing of suspected cannabis samples with exceptional morphology using a simple detection kit. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00554-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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53
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McRae G, Melanson JE. Quantitative determination and validation of 17 cannabinoids in cannabis and hemp using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 412:7381-7393. [PMID: 32833075 PMCID: PMC7533253 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-02862-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The increase in production of cannabis for medical and recreational purposes in recent years has led to a corresponding increase in laboratories performing cannabinoid analysis of cannabis and hemp. We have developed and validated a quantitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method that is simple, reliable, specific, and accurate for the analysis of 17 cannabinoids in cannabis and hemp. Liquid-solid sample extraction coupled with dilution into a calibration range from 10 to 10,000 ng/mL and LC-MS/MS analysis provides quantification of samples ranging from 0.002 to 200 mg/g (0.0002 to 20.0%) in matrix. Linearity of calibration curves in methanol was demonstrated with regression r2 ≥ 0.99. Within-batch precision (0.5 to 6.5%) and accuracy (91.4 to 108.0%) and between-batch precision (0.9 to 5.1%) and accuracy (91.5 to 107.5%) were demonstrated for quality control (QC) samples in methanol. Within-batch precision (0.2 to 3.6%) and accuracy (85.4 to 111.6%) and between-batch precision (1.4 to 6.1 %) and accuracy (90.2 to 110.3%) were also evaluated with a candidate cannabis certified reference material (CRM). Repeatability (1.5 to 12.4% RSD) and intermediate precision (2.2 to 12.8% RSD) were demonstrated via analysis of seven cannabis samples with HorRat values ranging from 0.3 to 3.1. The method provides enhanced detection limits coupled with a large quantitative range for 17 cannabinoids in plant material. It is suitable for a wide range of applications including routine analysis for delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (Δ9-THCA), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and cannabinol (CBN) as well as more advanced interrogation of samples for both major and minor cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garnet McRae
- National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Melanson
- National Research Council of Canada, Metrology, 1200 Montreal Road, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
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Nahar L, Onder A, Sarker SD. A review on the recent advances in HPLC, UHPLC and UPLC analyses of naturally occurring cannabinoids (2010-2019). PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2020; 31:413-457. [PMID: 31849137 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Organic molecules that bind to cannabinoid receptors are called cannabinoids, and they have similar pharmacological properties like the plant, Cannabis sativa L. Hyphenated liquid chromatography (LC), incorporating high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC, also known as ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography, UHPLC), usually coupled to an ultraviolet (UV), UV-photodiode array (PDA) or mass spectrometry (MS) detector, has become a popular analytical tool for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids in various matrices. OBJECTIVE To review literature on the use of various LC-based analytical methods for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids published since 2010. METHODOLOGY A comprehensive literature search was performed utilising several databases, like Web of Knowledge, PubMed and Google Scholar, and other relevant published materials including published books. The keywords used, in various combinations, with cannabinoids being present in all combinations, in the search were Cannabis, hemp, cannabinoids, Cannabis sativa, marijuana, analysis, HPLC, UHPLC, UPLC, quantitative, qualitative and quality control. RESULTS Since 2010, several LC methods for the analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids have been reported. While simple HPLC-UV or HPLC-UV-PDA-based methods were common in cannabinoids analysis, HPLC-MS, HPLC-MS/MS, UPLC (or UHPLC)-UV-PDA, UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS and UPLC (or UHPLC)-MS/MS, were also used frequently. Applications of mathematical and computational models for optimisation of different protocols were observed, and pre-analyses included various environmentally friendly extraction protocols. CONCLUSIONS LC-based analysis of naturally occurring cannabinoids has dominated the cannabinoids analysis during the last 10 years, and UPLC and UHPLC methods have been shown to be superior to conventional HPLC methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lutfun Nahar
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR & Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Alev Onder
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Satyajit D Sarker
- Centre for Natural Products Discovery, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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55
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Monitoring of cannabinoids in hemp flours by MicroNIR/Chemometrics. Talanta 2020; 211:120672. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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56
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Impact of Growth Stage and Biomass Fractions on Cannabinoid Content and Yield of Different Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) Genotypes. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10030372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The medicinal use of cannabinoids renewed the interest in industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of growth stage and biomass fractions of seven industrial hemp genotypes. The study focused on biomass yield, content of cannabidiolic acid/cannabidiol (CBDA/CBD), cannabigerolic acid/cannabigerol (CBGA/CBG), and tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). The experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018. The biomass samples were taken at the vegetative (S1), bud (S2), full-flowering (S3) and seed maturity stage (S4). Plants were fractionated into inflorescence, upper and lower leaves. The average inflorescence dry yield of genotypes Futura75, Fédora17, Félina32 and Ferimon ranged between 257.28 g m−2 to 442.00 g m−2, resulting in a maximum yield of CBDA at S4, with 4568.26 mg m−2, 6011.20 mg m−2, 4975.60 mg m−2 and 1929.60 mg m−2, respectively. CBGA was exclusively found in genotype Santhica27, with a maximum CBGA yield of 5721.77 mg m−2 in inflorescence at growth stage S4 and a dry weight yield of 408.99 g m−2. Although these industrial hemp genotypes are mainly cultivated for fibre and seed production, however, cannabinoids offer an additional value. For an optimized harvest result, yield of extractable material and overall yield of cannabinoids must be considered.
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Kiselak TD, Koerber R, Verbeck GF. Synthetic route sourcing of illicit at home cannabidiol (CBD) isomerization to psychoactive cannabinoids using ion mobility-coupled-LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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58
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Pesticide analysis in cannabis products. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1612:460656. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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59
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Borges GR, Birk L, Scheid C, Morés L, Carasek E, Kitamura ROS, Roveri FL, Eller S, de Oliveira Merib J, de Oliveira TF. Simple and straightforward analysis of cannabinoids in medicinal products by fast-GC–FID. Forensic Toxicol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-020-00522-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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60
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Survivability of Probiotic Bacteria in Model Systems of Non-Fermented and Fermented Coconut and Hemp Milks. SUSTAINABILITY 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/su11216093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed at determining the survivability of probiotic bacteria cultures in model non-dairy beverages subjected or not to the fermentation and storage processes, representing milk substitutes. The experimental material included milks produced from desiccated coconut and non-dehulled seeds of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.). The plant milks were subjected to chemical and microbiological evaluation immediately after preparation as well as on day 7, 14, and 21 of their cold storage. Study results proved that the produced and modified plant non-dairy beverages could be the matrix for probiotic bacteria. The fermentation process contributed to increased survivability of Lactobacillus casei subsp. rhamnosus in both coconut and hemp milk. During 21-day storage of inoculated milk substitutes, the best survivability of Lactobacillus casei was determined in the fermented coconut milk. On day 21 of cold storage, the number of viable Lactobacillus casei cells in the fermented coconut and hemp milks ensured meeting the therapeutic criterion. Due to their nutritional composition and cell count of bacteria having a beneficial effect on the human body, the analyzed groceries—offering an alternative to milk—represent a category of novel food products and their manufacture will contribute to the sustainable development of food production and to food security assurance.
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Comeau ZJ, Boileau NT, Lee T, Melville OA, Rice NA, Troung Y, Harris CS, Lessard BH, Shuhendler AJ. On-the-Spot Detection and Speciation of Cannabinoids Using Organic Thin-Film Transistors. ACS Sens 2019; 4:2706-2715. [PMID: 31453690 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Quality control is imperative for Cannabis since the primary cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD), elicit very different pharmacological effects. THC/CBD ratios are currently determined by techniques not readily accessible by consumers or dispensaries and which are impractical for use in the field by law-enforcement agencies. CuPc- and F16-CuPc-based organic thin-film transistors have been combined with a cannabinoid-sensitive chromophore for the detection and differentiation of THC and CBD. The combined use of these well-characterized and inexpensive p- and n-type materials afforded the determination of the CBD/THC ratio from rapid plant extracts, with results indistinguishable from high-pressure liquid chromatography. Analysis of the prepyrolyzed sample accurately predicted postpyrolysis THC/CBD, which ultimately influences the psychotropic and medicinal effects of the specific plant. The devices were also capable of vapor-phase sensing, producing a unique electrical output for THC and CBD relative to other potentially interfering vaporized organic products. The analysis of complex medicinal plant extracts and vapors, normally reserved for advanced analytical infrastructure, can be achieved with ease, at low cost, and on the spot, using organic thin-film transistors.
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Delgado-Povedano MM, Sánchez-Carnerero Callado C, Priego-Capote F, Ferreiro-Vera C. Untargeted characterization of extracts from Cannabis sativa L. cultivars by gas and liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry in high resolution mode. Talanta 2019; 208:120384. [PMID: 31816756 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.120384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Elucidation of Cannabis composition is required to evaluate the potential of this plant for pharmacological uses, but also for implementation in breeding programs with agronomical purposes. The aim of the present study was to develop a method for untargeted analysis of polar and non-polar Cannabis extracts. For this purpose, extracts from 17 cultivars of Cannabis sativa L. were analyzed by gas chromatography-time-of-flight/mass spectrometry (GC-TOF/MS) and liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF MS/MS) in high resolution mode. One hundred sixty-nine compounds were identified in the extracts by searching MS and MS/MS information. Among identified families, there were mainly cannabinoids, terpenoids, lipids and flavonoids, but also some interesting compounds such as amino and organic acids, among others. Relative contents of terpenoids and cannabinoids in the same cultivars grown in greenhouse and field were compared. Compositional differences in the profile of terpenoids and cannabinoids between both types of grown conditions were found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Delgado-Povedano
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CeiA3 Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - F Priego-Capote
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Annex Marie Curie Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Nanochemistry University Institute (IUNAN), Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; CeiA3 Agroalimentary Excellence Campus, University of Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain; Maimónides Institute of Biomedical Research (IMIBIC), Reina Sofía University Hospital, Córdoba, Spain; CIBER Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - C Ferreiro-Vera
- Phytoplant Research S.L., The Science and Technology Park of Córdoba, Rabanales 21, Córdoba, Spain.
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63
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Welling MT, Liu L, Hazekamp A, Dowell A, King GJ. Developing Robust Standardised Analytical Procedures for Cannabinoid Quantification: Laying the Foundations for an Emerging Cannabis-Based Pharmaceutical Industry. Med Cannabis Cannabinoids 2019; 2:1-13. [PMID: 34676328 PMCID: PMC8489335 DOI: 10.1159/000496868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The plant genus Cannabis is a prolific producer of unique pharmaceutically relevant metabolites, commonly referred to as cannabinoids. Robust and standardised methods for the quantification of cannabinoids within botanical and drug forms is a critical step forward for an emerging Cannabis-based pharmaceutical industry, which is poised for rapid expansion. Despite a growing body of analytical methods for the quantification of cannabinoids, few have been validated using internationally accredited guidelines. Moreover, standardised methods have yet to be developed for application at various stages of manufacture as well as for different levels of processing and refinement. Validation parameters for establishing robust standardised methods for cannabinoid quantification within Cannabis-based drug forms are critically discussed. Determining an appropriate level of specificity (discrimination) among heterogeneous botanical matrices as well as evaluating accuracy (recovery) and inter-laboratory precision (reproducibility) within strict and volatile regulatory environments are potential obstacles to the establishment of robust analytical procedures. We argue that while some of these challenges remain unique to Cannabis, others are common to botanical-based drug development and manufacture. In order to address potential barriers to analytical method standardisation, a collaborative research initiative inclusive of academic and commercial stakeholders is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew T. Welling
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Arno Hazekamp
- Hazekamp Herbal Consulting BV, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ashley Dowell
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Graham J. King
- Southern Cross Plant Science, Southern Cross University, Lismore, New South Wales, Australia
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Shah I, Al-Dabbagh B, Salem AE, Hamid SAA, Muhammad N, Naughton DP. A review of bioanalytical techniques for evaluation of cannabis (Marijuana, weed, Hashish) in human hair. BMC Chem 2019; 13:106. [PMID: 31428743 PMCID: PMC6694587 DOI: 10.1186/s13065-019-0627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis products (marijuana, weed, hashish) are among the most widely abused psychoactive drugs in the world, due to their euphorigenic and anxiolytic properties. Recently, hair analysis is of great interest in analytical, clinical, and forensic sciences due to its non-invasiveness, negligible risk of infection and tampering, facile storage, and a wider window of detection. Hair analysis is now widely accepted as evidence in courts around the world. Hair analysis is very feasible to complement saliva, blood tests, and urinalysis. In this review, we have focused on state of the art in hair analysis of cannabis with particular attention to hair sample preparation for cannabis analysis involving pulverization, extraction and screening techniques followed by confirmatory tests (e.g., GC–MS and LC–MS/MS). We have reviewed the literature for the past 10 years’ period with special emphasis on cannabis quantification using mass spectrometry. The pros and cons of all the published methods have also been discussed along with the prospective future of cannabis analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iltaf Shah
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Bayan Al-Dabbagh
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alaa Eldin Salem
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Saber A A Hamid
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Neak Muhammad
- 1Department of Chemistry, College of Science, UAEU, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Declan P Naughton
- 2School of Life Sciences, Pharmacy and Chemistry, Kingston University, Surrey, UK
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65
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A simplified approach for isocratic HPLC analysis of cannabinoids by fine tuning chromatographic selectivity. Eur Food Res Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-019-03344-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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66
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Liu X, Jiang W, Su M, Sun Y, Liu H, Nie L, Zang H. Quality evaluation of traditional Chinese medicines based on fingerprinting. J Sep Sci 2019; 43:6-17. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201900365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Jiang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
| | - Mei Su
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
| | - Hongming Liu
- Zibo Institute for Food and Drug Control Zibo P. R. China
| | - Lei Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
| | - Hengchang Zang
- School of Pharmaceutical SciencesShandong University Jinan P. R. China
- National Glycoengineering Research Center Jinan P. R. China
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Rodziewicz P, Loroch S, Marczak Ł, Sickmann A, Kayser O. Cannabinoid synthases and osmoprotective metabolites accumulate in the exudates of Cannabis sativa L. glandular trichomes. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 284:108-116. [PMID: 31084863 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoids are terpenophenolic compounds produced by Cannabis sativa L., which accumulate in storage cavities of glandular trichomes as a part of the exudates. We investigated if tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase and cannabidiolic acid synthase, which are involved in the last step of cannabinoid biosynthesis, are also secreted into Cannabis trichome exudates. The exudates were collected by microsuction from storage cavities of Cannabis glandular trichomes and were subjected for proteomic and metabolomic analyses. The catalytic activity of the exudates was documented by cannabigerolic acid biotransformation studies under hydrophobic conditions. Electrophoretic separations revealed protein bands at ˜65 kDa, which were further identified as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid synthase and cannabidiolic acid synthase. The accumulation of the enzymes in trichome exudates increased substantially during the flowering period in the drug-type Cannabis plants. The content of cannabinoids increased significantly after incubating hexane-diluted trichome exudates with cannabigerolic acid. In this study, we showed that Cannabis glandular trichomes secrete and accumulate cannabinoid synthases in storage cavities, and the enzymes able to convert cannabigerolic acid under hydrophobic trichome-mimicking conditions. Metabolite profiling of the exudates revealed compounds with hydrophilic, osmoprotective and amphiphilic properties, which may play a role in providing a necessary aqueous microenvironment, which enables enzyme solubility and biocatalysis under hydrophobic conditions of glandular trichomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Rodziewicz
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Stefan Loroch
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- European Centre for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry PAS, Piotrowo 2, 60-965 Poznan, Poland
| | - Albert Sickmann
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., Bunsen-Kirchhoff-Str. 11, 44139 Dortmund, Germany; Medizinische Fakultät, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; Department of Chemistry, College of Physical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, United Kingdom
| | - Oliver Kayser
- Department of Technical Biochemistry, Technical University Dortmund, Emil-Figge-Str. 66, 44227 Dortmund, Germany.
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68
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Meffert BN, Morabito DM, Mosich MK, Loflin MJ, Sottile J, Heinz AJ. Navigating Blind in the Green Rush: Clinical Considerations and Harm Reduction Practices for Cannabis. Curr Drug Res Rev 2019; 11:3-11. [PMID: 30793115 DOI: 10.2174/2589977511666181109153958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background The United States has recently experienced extensive changes in state policy regarding the use of cannabis for recreational and medicinal purposes. Despite its rapidly increasing accessibility and social acceptance, there is a striking dearth of research on cannabis as a treatment for medical and psychological conditions. Research on cannabis is difficult to conduct as it is classified as a schedule I drug with high potential for abuse and currently no accepted medical use in treatment. As a result, no standard dosing procedures exist and the lack of conclusive scientific evidence has left clinical providers without evidence-based guidelines about if, when, and how to guide clients on using cannabis safely. Objective To (1) provide critical psychoeducational information about cannabis and cannabis problems to guide client-provider conversations about cannabis use and (2) describe common clinical concerns around cannabis use, highlight special considerations for vulnerable populations, and review harm reduction techniques and practical resources that may help clinicians and their clients navigate safer cannabis use. Conclusion The removal of regulatory barriers would enable researchers to address key public health questions about the potential therapeutic and adverse effects of cannabis use. Additionally, funds for research, clinician education, and public health education initiatives are necessary to reduce risk around cannabis use in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brienna N Meffert
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Danielle M Morabito
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, USA
| | - Michelle K Mosich
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto, USA
| | | | - James Sottile
- Department of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto, USA
| | - Adrienne J Heinz
- National Center for PTSD, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, USA.,Center for Innovation to Implementation, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Menlo Park, USA
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Van Elsué N, Yegles M. Influence of cosmetic hair treatments on cannabinoids in hair: Bleaching, perming and permanent coloring. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:270-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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70
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Marchetti L, Brighenti V, Rossi MC, Sperlea J, Pellati F, Bertelli D. Use of 13C-qNMR Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids in Fibre-Type Cannabis sativa L. (Hemp). Molecules 2019; 24:E1138. [PMID: 30909372 PMCID: PMC6470610 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24061138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is a dioecious plant belonging to the Cannabaceae family. The discovery of the presence of many biologically-active metabolites (cannabinoids) in fibre-type Cannabis (hemp) has recently given rise to the valorisation of this variety. In this context, the present study was aimed at the multi-component analysis and determination of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabidiolic acid, cannabigerol and cannabigerolic acid) in female inflorescences of different hemp varieties by means of 13C quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (qNMR). The method proposed here for the first time for the determination of cannabinoids provided reliable results in a competitive time with respect to the more consolidated HPLC technique. In fact, it gave sufficiently precise and sensitive results, with LOQ values lower than 750 μg/mL, which is easily achievable with concentrated extracts, without affecting the quality of 13C-qNMR spectra. In conclusion, this method can be considered as a promising and appropriate tool for the comprehensive chemical analysis of bioactive cannabinoids in hemp and other derived products in order to ensure their quality, efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Marchetti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CEM), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Maria Cecilia Rossi
- Centro Interdipartimentale Grandi Strumenti, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 213/A, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Johanna Sperlea
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestrasse 58, 35390 Giessen, Germany.
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Davide Bertelli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, 41125 Modena, Italy.
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71
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Béres T, Černochová L, Ćavar Zeljković S, Benická S, Gucký T, Berčák M, Tarkowski P. Intralaboratory comparison of analytical methods for quantification of major phytocannabinoids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:3069-3079. [PMID: 30895348 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01760-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study compares alternative approaches for analyzing phytocannabinoids in different plant materials. Three chromatographic analytical methods (ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection and gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection) were evaluated regarding selectivity, sensitivity, analytical accuracy, and precision. The performance of the methods was compared and all three methods were demonstrated to be appropriate tools for analyzing phytocannabinoids in cannabis. Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection showed slightly better accuracy in determining phytocannabinoid acids, which are often difficult to quantify owing to their limited stability. Aspects of sample preparation, such as material homogenization and extraction, were also considered. A single ultrasonic-assisted ethanolic extraction of dried and powdered plant samples of cannabis was shown to be exhaustive for extracting the samples prior to analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Béres
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Lucie Černochová
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sandra Benická
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Gucký
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, The Czech Academy of Sciences, Institute of Experimental Botany & Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Berčák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Phytochemistry, Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Šlechtitelů 29, 78371, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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72
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Analytical quality by design: Development and control strategy for a LC method to evaluate the cannabinoids content in cannabis olive oil extracts. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2019; 166:326-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2019.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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73
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Ramirez CL, Fanovich MA, Churio MS. Cannabinoids: Extraction Methods, Analysis, and Physicochemical Characterization. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64183-0.00004-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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74
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Siano F, Moccia S, Picariello G, Russo GL, Sorrentino G, Di Stasio M, La Cara F, Volpe MG. Comparative Study of Chemical, Biochemical Characteristic and ATR-FTIR Analysis of Seeds, Oil and Flour of the Edible Fedora Cultivar Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). Molecules 2018; 24:E83. [PMID: 30591638 PMCID: PMC6337080 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of chemical and biochemical parameters of edible hemp resources (seeds, oil, and flour) from the monoecious EU registered hemp genotype Fedora, was determined, including fatty acid profile, phytosterol composition, total phenolics, antioxidant activity, macro- and micro-elements. The fatty acid ω-3/ω-6 approached the nutritionally optimal 3/1 ratio. β-sitosterol and other phytosterols sterols dominated the unsaponifiable fraction. Hemp seeds, flour, and oil contained 767 ± 41, 744 ± 29, and 21 ± 5 mg GAE kg-1 total polyphenols, respectively. The antioxidant potential of Fedora flour and seeds, evaluated through the DPPH (2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay, was higher than that of oil. K and Mg were the most abundant macro-elements, particularly in flour, while the concentration of trace elements was Fe > Cu > Ni > Mn. The presence of an array of bioactive compound candidate Fedora products as health-promoting food matrices. The ATR-FTIR spectra of hemp-derived products indicated the proximate composition of macro-nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Siano
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Moccia
- Istituto di Biologia Agro-ambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Picariello
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Gian Luigi Russo
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Sorrentino
- Istituto per i Sistemi Agricoli e Forestali del Mediterraneo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Cupa Patacca 85, I-80056 Ercolano (NA), Italy.
| | - Michele Di Stasio
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
| | - Francesco La Cara
- Istituto di Biologia Agro-ambientale e Forestale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Pietro Castellino 111, I-80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Maria Grazia Volpe
- Istituto di Scienze dell'Alimentazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via Roma 64, I-83100 Avellino, Italy.
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75
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Ebbert JO, Scharf EL, Hurt RT. Medical Cannabis. Mayo Clin Proc 2018; 93:1842-1847. [PMID: 30522595 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Medicolegal realities surrounding "medical marijuana" or "medical cannabis" are rapidly evolving in the United States. Clinicians are increasingly being asked by patients to share information about or certify them for medical cannabis. In order to engage in informed discussions with patients or be comfortable certifying them in states with medical cannabis laws, clinicians may benefit from an understanding of the current state of medical knowledge about medical cannabis. Intended for the generalist and subspecialist, this review provides an overview of the legal status, pharmacology, benefits, risks, and abuse liability of medical cannabis along with a general framework for counseling patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon O Ebbert
- Division of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| | | | - Ryan T Hurt
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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76
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Di Marco Pisciottano I, Guadagnuolo G, Soprano V, De Crescenzo M, Gallo P. A rapid method to determine nine natural cannabinoids in beverages and food derived from Cannabis sativa by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry on a QTRAP 4000. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2018; 32:1728-1736. [PMID: 30030940 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Phytocannabinoids are natural compounds produced by Cannabis spp. Some of these compounds show psychotropic effects on humans and are therefore used as drugs of abuse. These compounds are present in food and beverages containing ingredients from hemp, and thus can reach consumers. The Italian Ministry of Health planned to evaluate the intake of cannabinoids from food containing hemp ingredients. Thus, we were asked to develop and validate a multi-residue test method to determine nine phytocannabinoids in beverages and food. METHODS Nine natural phytocannabinoids, hereafter called cannabinoids, were cleaned up from food by solid-liquid extraction, while beverages were simply diluted prior to analysis. The cannabinoids were separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and on-line determination was carried out by tandem mass spectrometry using a 4000 QTRAP mass spectrometer with a TurboIonSpray source, in multiple-reaction monitoring mode, using both positive and negative ionization. RESULTS Each compound was determined down to 0.25 ng/mL in solvent. In-house validation was carried out; the mean recoveries ranged from 83.4% to 101.2% in food, and from 84.5% to 104.5% in beverages. The limits of quantification were 20 μg/kg for food and 2 μg/L for beverages. CONCLUSIONS A reliable and rapid method for the identification and quantification of the psychotropic Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, its non-psychoactive precursor Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A, and seven other cannabinoids was developed and validated, to monitor the content of these substances in food and beverages produced using hemp seeds, flour and oil as ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Di Marco Pisciottano
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, 80055, Italy
| | - Grazia Guadagnuolo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, 80055, Italy
| | - Vittorio Soprano
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, 80055, Italy
| | - Michele De Crescenzo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, 80055, Italy
| | - Pasquale Gallo
- Department of Chemistry, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, via Salute 2, Portici, NA, 80055, Italy
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77
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Noestheden M, Friedlander G, Anspach J, Krepich S, Hyland KC, Zandberg WF. Chromatographic characterisation of 11 phytocannabinoids: Quantitative and fit-to-purpose performance as a function of extra-column variance. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2018; 29:507-515. [PMID: 29601658 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis) is utilised as a therapeutic and recreational drug. With the legalisation of cannabis in many countries and the anticipated regulation of potency that will accompany legalisation, analytical testing facilities will require a broadly applicable, quantitative, high throughput method to meet increased demand. Current analytical methods for the biologically active components of cannabis (phytocannabinoids) suffer from low throughput and/or an incomplete complement of relevant phytocannabinoids. OBJECTIVE To develop a rapid, quantitative and broadly applicable liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analytical method for 11 phytocannabinoids in cannabis with acidic and neutral character. METHODOLOGY Bulk diffusion coefficients were calculated using the Taylor-Aris open tubular method, with four reference compounds used to validate the experimental set-up. Three columns were quantitatively evaluated using van Deemter plots and fit-to-purpose performance metrics. Low (1.2 μL2 ) and standard (3.6 μL2 ) extra-column variance ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UPLC) configurations were contrasted. Method performance was demonstrated with methanolic cannabis flower extracts. RESULTS Bulk diffusion coefficients and van Deemter plots for 11 phytocannabinoids are reported. The developed chromatographic method includes the challenging Δ8 /Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol isobars and, at 6.5 min, is faster than existing methods targeting similar panels of biologically active phytocannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS The bulk diffusion coefficients and van Deemter curves informed the development of a rapid quantitative method and will facilitate potential expansion to include additional compounds, including synthetic cannabinoids. The developed method can be implemented with low or standard extra-column variance UPLC configurations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Noestheden
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
- Supra Research and Development, Kelowna, BC, Canada
| | | | - Jason Anspach
- Research and Development, Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA
| | - Scott Krepich
- Technical Marketing, Phenomenex, Inc., Torrance, CA, USA
| | - K C Hyland
- Technical Marketing, SCIEX, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Wesley F Zandberg
- Chemistry Department, University of British Columbia Okanagan, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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78
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Ciolino LA, Ranieri TL, Taylor AM. Commercial cannabis consumer products part 2: HPLC-DAD quantitative analysis of cannabis cannabinoids. Forensic Sci Int 2018; 289:438-447. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2018.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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79
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Calvi L, Pentimalli D, Panseri S, Giupponi L, Gelmini F, Beretta G, Vitali D, Bruno M, Zilio E, Pavlovic R, Giorgi A. Comprehensive quality evaluation of medical Cannabis sativa L. inflorescence and macerated oils based on HS-SPME coupled to GC–MS and LC-HRMS (q-exactive orbitrap®) approach. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 150:208-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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80
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Leghissa A, Smuts J, Qiu C, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. Detection of cannabinoids and cannabinoid metabolites using gas chromatography with vacuum ultraviolet spectroscopy. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201700005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Leghissa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Changling Qiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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82
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Masike K, Madala N. Synchronized Survey Scan Approach Allows for Efficient Discrimination of Isomeric and Isobaric Compounds during LC-MS/MS Analyses. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:2046709. [PMID: 29805830 PMCID: PMC5901820 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2046709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry- (LC-MS-) based multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) methods have been used to detect and quantify metabolites for years. These approaches rely on the monitoring of various fragmentation pathways of multiple precursors and the subsequent corresponding product ions. However, MRM methods are incapable of confidently discriminating between isomeric and isobaric molecules and, as such, the development of methods capable of overcoming this challenge has become imperative. Due to increasing scanning rates of recent MS instruments, it is now possible to operate MS instruments both in the static and dynamic modes. One such method is known as synchronized survey scan (SSS), which is capable of acquiring a product ion scan (PIS) during MRM analysis. The current study shows, for the first time, the use of SSS-based PIS approach as a feasible identification feature of MRM. To achieve the above, five positional isomers of dicaffeoylquinic acids (diCQAs) were studied with the aid of SSS-based PIS method. Here, the MRM transitions were automatically optimized using a 3,5-diCQA isomer by monitoring fragmentation transitions common to all five isomers. Using the mixture of these isomers, fragmentation spectra of the five isomers achieved with SSS-based PIS were used to identify each isomer based on previously published hierarchical fragmentation keys. The optimized method was also used to detect and distinguish between diCQA components found in Bidens pilosa and their isobaric counterparts found in Moringa oleifera plants. Thus, the method was shown to distinguish (by differences in fragmentation patterns) between diCQA and their isobars, caffeoylquinic acid (CQA) glycosides. In conclusion, SSS allowed the detection and discrimination of isomeric and isobaric compounds in a single chromatographic run by producing a PIS spectrum, triggered in the automatic MS/MS synchronized survey scan mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keabetswe Masike
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
| | - Ntakadzeni Madala
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, South Africa
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83
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Leghissa A, Hildenbrand ZL, Schug KA. A review of methods for the chemical characterization of cannabis natural products. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:398-415. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201701003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Leghissa
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry; The University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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84
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Leghissa A, Hildenbrand ZL, Foss FW, Schug KA. Determination of cannabinoids from a surrogate hops matrix using multiple reaction monitoring gas chromatography with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:459-468. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Allegra Leghissa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | | | - Frank W. Foss
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
| | - Kevin A. Schug
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Texas at Arlington; Arlington TX USA
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85
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Chang CW, Yen CC, Wu MT, Hsu MC, Wu YT. Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Cannabinoids in Hemp Nut Using Response Surface Methodology: Optimization and Comparative Study. Molecules 2017; 22:E1894. [PMID: 29099795 PMCID: PMC6150297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp nut is commonly incorporated into several food preparations; however, most countries set regulations for hemp products according to their cannabinoid content. In this study, we have developed an efficient microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) method for cannabinoids (i.e., Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol, and cannabinol) in hemp nut. Optimization of the MAE procedure was conducted through single factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). A comparative study was also conducted to determine the differences in the extraction yields and morphology of hemp nut between MAE and reference extraction methods, namely heat reflux extraction (HRE), Soxhlet extraction (SE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE). Among the independent variables in RSM, the temperature was the most significant parameter. The optimal conditions of MAE were as follows: extraction solvent of methanol, microwave power of 375 W, temperature of 109 °C, and extraction time of 30 min. Compared with reference extraction methods, MAE achieved the highest extraction yields of total cannabinoids in hemp nut (6.09 μg/g for MAE; 4.15 μg/g for HRE; 5.81 μg/g for SE; 3.61 μg/g for SFE; 3.73 μg/g for UAE) with the least solvent consumption and shortest time. Morphological observations showed that substantial cell rupturing occurred in the microstructure of hemp nut after MAE, indicating enhanced dissolution of the target compounds during the extraction process. The MAE method is thus a rapid, economic, and environmentally friendly extraction method that is both effective and practical for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Wei Chang
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Chi Yen
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Chinese Medicine Department, Ditmanson Medical Foundation, Chiayi Christian Hospital, Chiayi City 60002, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Chich Hsu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Tse Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan.
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86
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Lewis M, Yang Y, Wasilewski E, Clarke HA, Kotra LP. Chemical Profiling of Medical Cannabis Extracts. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6091-6103. [PMID: 30023762 PMCID: PMC6044620 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b00996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Medical cannabis has been legally available for patients in a number of countries. Licensed producers produce a variety of cannabis strains with different concentrations of phytocannabinoids. Phytocannabinoids in medical cannabis are decarboxylated when subjected to heating for consumption by the patients or when extracted for preparing cannabis derivative products. There is little understanding of the true chemical composition of cannabis extracts, changes occurring during heating of the extracts, and their relevance to pharmacological effects. We investigated the extract from a popular commercial strain of medical cannabis, prior to and after decarboxylation, to understand the chemical profiles. A total of up to 62 compounds could be identified simultaneously in the extract derived from commercial cannabis, including up to 23 phytocannabinoids. Upon heating, several chemical changes take place, including the loss of carboxylic group from the acidic phytocannabinoids. This investigation attempts to reveal the chemical complexity of commercial medical cannabis extracts and the differences in the chemical composition of the native extract and the one subjected to heat. Comprehensive chemical analyses of medical cannabis extracts are needed for standardization, consistency, and, more importantly, an informed employment of this substance for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa
M. Lewis
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Yi Yang
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Ewa Wasilewski
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
| | - Hance A. Clarke
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department
of Anesthesia, Faculty of Medicine, University
of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1E2
| | - Lakshmi P. Kotra
- Centre
for Molecular Design and Preformulations, and Division of
Experimental Therapeutics, Toronto General Research Institute, Department of Anesthesia
and Pain Management, Toronto General Hospital, and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, Toronto
General Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3M2
- E-mail: . Tel. (416) 581-7601. #5-356, PMCRT/MaRS Center,
101 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1L7
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Brighenti V, Pellati F, Steinbach M, Maran D, Benvenuti S. Development of a new extraction technique and HPLC method for the analysis of non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp). J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 143:228-236. [PMID: 28609672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The present work was aimed at the development and validation of a new, efficient and reliable technique for the analysis of the main non-psychoactive cannabinoids in fibre-type Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) inflorescences belonging to different varieties. This study was designed to identify samples with a high content of bioactive compounds, with a view to underscoring the importance of quality control in derived products as well. Different extraction methods, including dynamic maceration (DM), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE) were applied and compared in order to obtain a high yield of the target analytes from hemp. Dynamic maceration for 45min with ethanol (EtOH) at room temperature proved to be the most suitable technique for the extraction of cannabinoids in hemp samples. The analysis of the target analytes in hemp extracts was carried out by developing a new reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with diode array (UV/DAD) and electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) detection, by using an ion trap mass analyser. An Ascentis Express C18 column (150mm×3.0mm I.D., 2.7μm) was selected for the HPLC analysis, with a mobile phase composed of 0.1% formic acid in both water and acetonitrile, under gradient elution. The application of the fused-core technology allowed us to obtain a significant improvement of the HPLC performance compared with that of conventional particulate stationary phases, with a shorter analysis time and a remarkable reduction of solvent usage. The analytical method optimized in this study was fully validated to show compliance with international requirements. Furthermore, it was applied to the characterization of nine hemp samples and six hemp-based pharmaceutical products. As such, it was demonstrated to be a very useful tool for the analysis of cannabinoids in both the plant material and its derivatives for pharmaceutical and nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Brighenti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Federica Pellati
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy.
| | - Marleen Steinbach
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Nutritional Sciences, and Environmental Management, Justus-Liebig University of Giessen, Goethestrasse 58, Giessen 35390, Germany
| | - Davide Maran
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
| | - Stefania Benvenuti
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via G. Campi 103, Modena 41125, Italy
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88
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Borille BT, Marcelo MCA, Ortiz RS, Mariotti KDC, Ferrão MF, Limberger RP. Near infrared spectroscopy combined with chemometrics for growth stage classification of cannabis cultivated in a greenhouse from seized seeds. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:318-323. [PMID: 27673500 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. (cannabis, Cannabaceae), popularly called marijuana, is one of the oldest plants known to man and it is the illicit drug most used worldwide. It also has been the subject of increasing discussions from the scientific and political points of view due to its medicinal properties. In recent years in Brazil, the form of cannabis drug trafficking has been changing and the Brazilian Federal Police has exponentially increased the number of seizures of cannabis seeds sent by the mail. This new form of trafficking encouraged the study of cannabis seeds seized germinated in a greenhouse through NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometrics. The plants were cultivated in a homemade greenhouse under controlled conditions. In three different growth periods (5.5weeks, 7.5weeks and 10weeks), they were harvested, dried, ground and directly analyzed. The iPCA was used to select the best NIR spectral range (4000-4375cm-1) in order to develop unsupervised and supervised methods. The PCA and HCA showed a good separation between the three groups of cannabis samples at different growth stages. The PLS-DA and SVM-DA classified the samples with good results in terms of sensitivity and specificity. The sensitivity and specificity for SVM-DA classification were equal to unity. This separation may be due to the correlation of cannabinoids and volatile compounds concentration during the growth of the cannabis plant. Therefore, the growth stage of cannabis can be predicted by NIR spectroscopy and chemometric tools in the early stages of indoor cannabis cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Tassi Borille
- Laboratory of Analysis and Research in Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | | | - Rafael Scorsatto Ortiz
- Rio Grande do Sul Technical and Scientifical Division, Brazilian Federal Police, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kristiane de Cássia Mariotti
- Laboratory of Analysis and Research in Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Marco Flôres Ferrão
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Laboratory of Analysis and Research in Toxicology, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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89
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Escrivá Ú, Andrés-Costa MJ, Andreu V, Picó Y. Analysis of cannabinoids by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in milk, liver and hemp seed to ensure food safety. Food Chem 2017; 228:177-185. [PMID: 28317711 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2017.01.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A method for determining cannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahidrocannabinol (THC), 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC (THC-COOH) and 11-hidroxy-Δ9-THC (THC-OH) in milk, liver and hemp seeds based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry has been optimized and validated. Analytes were extracted with methanol and the extracts cleaned-up by solid-phase extraction using Oasis HLB (60mg). The developed method was validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) ranged from 3.10-10.5ngg-1 and 3.52-11.5ngg-1, the recoveries were 76-118% and matrix effect ranged from -17.8% to 19.9% in the three matrices studied. The method was applied to food samples obtaining positive results for THC in hemp seeds (average 0.82μgg-1) and three brands of junior formula milk at concentrations from 4.76 to 56.11ngg-1. The developed method was suitable achieving identification and quantification of cannabinoids in food matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Escrivá
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Jesús Andrés-Costa
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Lanscape Chemistry and Environmental Forensics Group, CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Carretera Moncada, Náquera, Km. 4.5, Moncada, 46113 Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Environmental and Food Safety Research Group (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre CIDE (CSIC-UV-GV), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, Av. Vicent Andrés Estellés s/n, Burjassot, 46100 Valencia, Spain
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90
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Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Elezgarai I, Rico-Barrio I, Zarandona I, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A. Targeting the endocannabinoid system: future therapeutic strategies. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:105-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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91
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Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, Mehmedic Z, van Antwerp J, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Quantitative Determination of Cannabinoids in Cannabis and Cannabis Products Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography and Diode Array/Mass Spectrometric Detection. J Forensic Sci 2016; 62:602-611. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2016] [Revised: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Mohamed M. Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; University of Alexandria; Alexandria Egypt
| | - Amira S. Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; Faculty of Pharmacy; Minia University; Minia Egypt
| | - Zlatko Mehmedic
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | | | - Mahmoud A. ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
| | - Ikhlas A. Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Division of Pharmacognosy; Department of BioMolecular Science; School of Pharmacy; University of Mississippi; Oxford MS 38677 USA
- Department of Pharmacognosy; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh Saudi Arabia
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92
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Wang M, Wang YH, Avula B, Radwan MM, Wanas AS, van Antwerp J, Parcher JF, ElSohly MA, Khan IA. Decarboxylation Study of Acidic Cannabinoids: A Novel Approach Using Ultra-High-Performance Supercritical Fluid Chromatography/Photodiode Array-Mass Spectrometry. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2016; 1:262-271. [PMID: 28861498 PMCID: PMC5549281 DOI: 10.1089/can.2016.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Decarboxylation is an important step for efficient production of the major active components in cannabis, for example, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), cannabidiol (CBD), and cannabigerol (CBG). These cannabinoids do not occur in significant concentrations in cannabis but can be formed by decarboxylation of their corresponding acids, the predominant cannabinoids in the plant. Study of the kinetics of decarboxylation is of importance for phytocannabinoid isolation and dosage formulation for medical use. Efficient analytical methods are essential for simultaneous detection of both neutral and acidic cannabinoids. Methods:C. sativa extracts were used for the studies. Decarboxylation conditions were examined at 80°C, 95°C, 110°C, 130°C, and 145°C for different times up to 60 min in a vacuum oven. An ultra-high performance supercritical fluid chromatography/photodiode array-mass spectrometry (UHPSFC/PDA-MS) method was used for the analysis of acidic and neutral cannabinoids before and after decarboxylation. Results: Decarboxylation at different temperatures displayed an exponential relationship between concentration and time indicating a first-order or pseudo-first-order reaction. The rate constants for Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid-A (THCA-A) were twice those of the cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) and cannabigerolic acid (CBGA). Decarboxylation of THCA-A was forthright with no side reactions or by-products. Decarboxylation of CBDA and CBGA was not as straightforward due to the unexplained loss of reactants or products. Conclusion: The reported UHPSFC/PDA-MS method provided consistent and sensitive analysis of phytocannabinoids and their decarboxylation products and degradants. The rate of change of acidic cannabinoid concentrations over time allowed for determination of rate constants. Variations of rate constants with temperature yielded values for reaction energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Yan-Hong Wang
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Bharathi Avula
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mohamed M Radwan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Amira S Wanas
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | | | - Jon F Parcher
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Mahmoud A ElSohly
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Department of Pharmaceutics and Drug Delivery, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi.,Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Science, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi
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93
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Kitamura M, Aragane M, Nakamura K, Watanabe K, Sasaki Y. Rapid identification of drug-type strains in Cannabis sativa using loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay. J Nat Med 2016; 71:86-95. [PMID: 27535292 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-016-1031-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In Cannabis sativa L., tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the primary psychoactive compound and exists as the carboxylated form, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA). C. sativa is divided into two strains based on THCA content-THCA-rich (drug-type) strains and THCA-poor (fiber-type) strains. Both strains are prohibited by law in many countries including Japan, whereas the drug-type strains are regulated in Canada and some European countries. As the two strains cannot be discriminated by morphological analysis, a simple method for identifying the drug-type strains is required for quality control in legal cultivation and forensic investigation. We have developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay for identifying the drug-type strains of C. sativa. We designed two selective LAMP primer sets for on-site or laboratory use, which target the drug-type THCA synthase gene. The LAMP assay was accomplished within approximately 40 min. The assay showed high specificity for the drug-type strains and its sensitivity was the same as or higher than that of conventional polymerase chain reaction. We also showed the effectiveness of melting curve analysis that was conducted after the LAMP assay. The melting temperature values of the drug-type strains corresponded to those of the cloned drug-type THCA synthase gene, and were clearly different from those of the cloned fiber-type THCA synthase gene. Moreover, the LAMP assay with simple sample preparation could be accomplished within 1 h from sample treatment to identification without the need for special devices or techniques. Our rapid, sensitive, specific, and simple assay is expected to be applicable to laboratory and on-site detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.,Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q., 1-1 Kuratsuki, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8553, Japan
| | - Masako Aragane
- Medicinal Plant Garden, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 21-1 Nakajima-cho, Kodaira-Shi, Tokyo, 187-0033, Japan
| | - Kou Nakamura
- Medicinal Plant Garden, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health, 21-1 Nakajima-cho, Kodaira-Shi, Tokyo, 187-0033, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Watanabe
- Daiichi University of Pharmacy, 22-1 Tamagawa-cho, Minami-ku, Fukuoka, 815-8511, Japan
| | - Yohei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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94
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Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Zarandona I, Ortiz L, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A. Simultaneous quantification of major cannabinoids and metabolites in human urine and plasma by HPLC-MS/MS and enzyme-alkaline hydrolysis. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:626-633. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
| | - Iratxe Zarandona
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
| | - Laura Ortiz
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
| | - Patricia Navarro
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
| | - Aresatz Usobiaga
- Analytical Chemistry Department; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); Barrio Sarriena s/n 48940 Leioa Basque Country Spain
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95
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Aizpurua-Olaizola O, Soydaner U, Öztürk E, Schibano D, Simsir Y, Navarro P, Etxebarria N, Usobiaga A. Evolution of the Cannabinoid and Terpene Content during the Growth of Cannabis sativa Plants from Different Chemotypes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:324-31. [PMID: 26836472 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b00949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of major cannabinoids and terpenes during the growth of Cannabis sativa plants was studied. In this work, seven different plants were selected: three each from chemotypes I and III and one from chemotype II. Fifty clones of each mother plant were grown indoors under controlled conditions. Every week, three plants from each variety were cut and dried, and the leaves and flowers were analyzed separately. Eight major cannabinoids were analyzed via HPLC-DAD, and 28 terpenes were quantified using GC-FID and verified via GC-MS. The chemotypes of the plants, as defined by the tetrahydrocannabinolic acid/cannabidiolic acid (THCA/CBDA) ratio, were clear from the beginning and stable during growth. The concentrations of the major cannabinoids and terpenes were determined, and different patterns were found among the chemotypes. In particular, the plants from chemotypes II and III needed more time to reach peak production of THCA, CBDA, and monoterpenes. Differences in the cannabigerolic acid development among the different chemotypes and between monoterpene and sesquiterpene evolution patterns were also observed. Plants of different chemotypes were clearly differentiated by their terpene content, and characteristic terpenes of each chemotype were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oier Aizpurua-Olaizola
- Aifame GmbH , Tüfi 450, 9105 Wald-Schönengrund, Switzerland
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Umut Soydaner
- Aifame GmbH , Tüfi 450, 9105 Wald-Schönengrund, Switzerland
| | - Ekin Öztürk
- Aifame GmbH , Tüfi 450, 9105 Wald-Schönengrund, Switzerland
| | | | - Yilmaz Simsir
- Aifame GmbH , Tüfi 450, 9105 Wald-Schönengrund, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Navarro
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Aresatz Usobiaga
- Analytical Chemistry Department, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) , Barrio Sarriena s/n, 48940 Leioa, Spain
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96
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Kitamura M, Aragane M, Nakamura K, Watanabe K, Sasaki Y. Development of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assay for Rapid Detection of Cannabis sativa. Biol Pharm Bull 2016; 39:1144-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Kitamura
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police H.Q
| | - Masako Aragane
- Medicinal Plant Garden, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Kou Nakamura
- Medicinal Plant Garden, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | | | - Yohei Sasaki
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacognosy, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa University
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97
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Bedlack RS, Joyce N, Carter GT, Paganoni S, Karam C. Complementary and Alternative Therapies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Neurol Clin 2015; 33:909-36. [PMID: 26515629 PMCID: PMC4712627 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncl.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the severity of their illness and lack of effective disease-modifying agents, it is not surprising that most patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) consider trying complementary and alternative therapies. Some of the most commonly considered alternative therapies include special diets, nutritional supplements, cannabis, acupuncture, chelation, and energy healing. This article reviews these in detail. The authors also describe 3 models by which physicians may frame discussions about alternative therapies: paternalism, autonomy, and shared decision making. Finally, the authors review a program called ALSUntangled, which uses shared decision making to review alternative therapies for ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S Bedlack
- Department of Neurology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27702, USA.
| | - Nanette Joyce
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, 4860 Y Street Suite 3850, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Gregory T Carter
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, St. Luke's Rehabilitation Institute, 711 South Cowley, Spokane, WA 99202, USA
| | - Sabrina Paganoni
- Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital, Boston VA Health Care System, Harvard Medical School, Massachussets General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Chafic Karam
- Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, 170 Manning Drive, Campus Box 7025, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7025, USA
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98
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Cannabis species and cannabinoid concentration preference among sleep-disturbed medicinal cannabis users. Addict Behav 2015; 50:178-81. [PMID: 26151582 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Individuals report using cannabis for the promotion of sleep, and the effects of cannabis on sleep may vary by cannabis species. Little research has documented preferences for particular cannabis types or cannabinoid concentrations as a function of use for sleep disturbances. METHODS 163 adults purchasing medical cannabis for a physical or mental health condition at a cannabis dispensary were recruited. They provided self-report of (a) whether cannabis use was intended to help with sleep problems (e.g. insomnia, nightmares), (b) sleep quality (PSQI), (c) cannabis use (including preferred type), and (d) symptoms of DSM-5 cannabis dependence. RESULTS 81 participants reported using cannabis for the management of insomnia and 14 participants reported using cannabis to reduce nightmares. Individuals using cannabis to manage nightmares preferred sativa to indica strains (Fisher's exact test (2) = 6.83, p < 0.05), and sativa users were less likely to endorse DSM-5 cannabis dependence compared with those who preferred indica strains (χ(2)(2) = 4.09, p < 0.05). Individuals with current insomnia (t(9) = 3.30, p < 0.01) and greater sleep latency (F(3,6) = 46.7, p < 0.001) were more likely to report using strains of cannabis with significantly higher concentrations of CBD. Individuals who reported at least weekly use of hypnotic medications used cannabis with lower THC concentrations compared to those who used sleep medications less frequently than weekly (t(17) = 2.40, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Associations between sleep characteristics and the type of cannabis used were observed in this convenience sample of individuals using cannabis for the management of sleep disturbances. Controlled prospective studies are needed to better characterize the impact that specific components of cannabis have on sleep.
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