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Suppa A, Huang YZ, Funke K, Ridding M, Cheeran B, Di Lazzaro V, Ziemann U, Rothwell J. Ten Years of Theta Burst Stimulation in Humans: Established Knowledge, Unknowns and Prospects. Brain Stimul 2016; 9:323-335. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Chung SW, Hill AT, Rogasch NC, Hoy KE, Fitzgerald PB. Use of theta-burst stimulation in changing excitability of motor cortex: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 63:43-64. [PMID: 26850210 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive brain stimulation has been demonstrated to modulate cortical activity in humans. In particular, theta burst stimulation (TBS) has gained notable attention due to its ability to induce lasting physiological changes after short stimulation durations. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive meta-analytic review of the efficacy of two TBS paradigms; intermittent (iTBS) and continuous (cTBS), on corticospinal excitability in healthy individuals. Literature searches yielded a total of 87 studies adhering to the inclusion criteria. iTBS yielded moderately large MEP increases lasting up to 30 min with a pooled SMD of 0.71 (p<0.00001). cTBS produced a reduction in MEP amplitudes lasting up to 60 min, with the largest effect size seen at 5 min post stimulation (SMD=-0.9, P<0.00001). The collected studies were of heterogeneous nature, and a series of tests conducted indicated a degree of publication bias. No significant change in SICI and ICF was observed, with exception to decrease in SICI with cTBS at the early time point (SMD=0.42, P=0.00036). The results also highlight several factors contributing to TBS efficacy, including the number of pulses, frequency of stimulation and BDNF polymorphisms. Further research investigating optimal TBS stimulation parameters, particularly for iTBS, is needed in order for these paradigms to be successfully translated into clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Wook Chung
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Aron T Hill
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Nigel C Rogasch
- Brain and Mental Health Laboratory, School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Biomedical Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate E Hoy
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul B Fitzgerald
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Central Clinical School, The Alfred and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Bologna M, Suppa A, Conte A, Latorre A, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A. Are studies of motor cortex plasticity relevant in human patients with Parkinson’s disease? Clin Neurophysiol 2016; 127:50-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Conte A, Li Voti P, Pontecorvo S, Quartuccio ME, Baione V, Rocchi L, Cortese A, Bologna M, Francia A, Berardelli A. Attention-related changes in short-term cortical plasticity help to explain fatigue in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 22:1359-66. [PMID: 26672995 DOI: 10.1177/1352458515619780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In multiple sclerosis (MS), pathophysiology of fatigue is only partially known. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether the attention-induced modulation on short- and long-term cortical plasticity mechanisms in primary motor area (M1) is abnormal in patients with MS-related fatigue. METHODS All participants underwent 5-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), reflecting short-term plasticity, and paired associative stimulation (PAS), reflecting long-term plasticity, and were asked to focus their attention on the hand contralateral to the M1 stimulated. A group of age-matched healthy subjects acted as control. RESULTS In patients with MS, 5-Hz rTMS and PAS failed to induce the normal increase in motor-evoked potential (MEP). During the attention-demanding condition, 5-Hz rTMS- and PAS-induced responses differed in patients with MS with and without fatigue. Whereas in patients with fatigue neither technique induced the attention-induced MEP increase, in patients without fatigue they both increased the MEP response, although they did so less efficiently than in healthy subjects. Attention-induced changes in short-term cortical plasticity inversely correlated with fatigue severity. CONCLUSION Short-term and long-term plasticity mechanisms are abnormal in MS possibly owing to widespread changes in ion-channel expression. Fatigue in MS reflects disrupted cortical attentional networks related to movement control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Conte
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, ItalyDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Viola Baione
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Cortese
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ada Francia
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute, Pozzilli, ItalyDepartment of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Klöppel S, Lauer E, Peter J, Minkova L, Nissen C, Normann C, Reis J, Mainberger F, Bach M, Lahr J. LTP-like plasticity in the visual system and in the motor system appear related in young and healthy subjects. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:506. [PMID: 26441603 PMCID: PMC4585301 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
LTP-like plasticity measured by visual evoked potentials (VEP) can be induced in the intact human brain by presenting checkerboard reversals. Also associated with LTP-like plasticity, around two third of participants respond to transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) with a paired-associate stimulation (PAS) protocol with a potentiation of their motor evoked potentials. LTP-like processes are also required for verbal and motor learning tasks. We compared effect sizes, responder rates and intercorrelations as well as the potential influence of attention between these four assessments in a group of 37 young and healthy volunteers. We observed a potentiation effect of the N75 and P100 VEP component which positively correlated with plasticity induced by PAS. Subjects with a better subjective alertness were more likely to show PAS and VEP potentiation. No correlation was found between the other assessments. Effect sizes and responder rates of VEP potentiation were higher compared to PAS. Our results indicate a high variability of LTP-like effects and no evidence for a system-specific nature. As a consequence, studies wishing to assess individual levels of LTP-like plasticity should employ a combination of multiple assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Klöppel
- Center of Geriatrics and Gerontology Freiburg, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Neurology, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Eliza Lauer
- Department of Neurology, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jessica Peter
- Department of Neurology, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lora Minkova
- Department of Neurology, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Laboratory for Biological and Personality Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Nissen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claus Normann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Janine Reis
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Florian Mainberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Pediatrics, Kinderzentrum München gGmbH, Technical University Munich Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Bach
- Eye Center, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jacob Lahr
- Department of Neurology, Freiburg Brain Imaging, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Freiburg Freiburg, Germany
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López-Alonso V, Cheeran B, Fernández-del-Olmo M. Relationship Between Non-invasive Brain Stimulation-induced Plasticity and Capacity for Motor Learning. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:1209-19. [PMID: 26319358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cortical plasticity plays a key role in motor learning (ML). Non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) paradigms have been used to modulate plasticity in the human motor cortex in order to facilitate ML. However, little is known about the relationship between NIBS-induced plasticity over M1 and ML capacity. HYPOTHESIS NIBS-induced MEP changes are related to ML capacity. METHODS 56 subjects participated in three NIBS (paired associative stimulation, anodal transcranial direct current stimulation and intermittent theta-burst stimulation), and in three lab-based ML task (serial reaction time, visuomotor adaptation and sequential visual isometric pinch task) sessions. ANALYSIS After clustering the patterns of response to the different NIBS protocols, we compared the ML variables between the different patterns found. We used regression analysis to explore further the relationship between ML capacity and summary measures of the MEPs change. We ran correlations with the "responders" group only. RESULTS We found no differences in ML variables between clusters. Greater response to NIBS protocols may be predictive of poor performance within certain blocks of the VAT. "Responders" to AtDCS and to iTBS showed significantly faster reaction times than "non-responders." However, the physiological significance of these results is uncertain. CONCLUSION MEP changes induced in M1 by PAS, AtDCS and iTBS appear to have little, if any, association with the ML capacity tested with the SRTT, the VAT and the SVIPT. However, cortical excitability changes induced in M1 by AtDCS and iTBS may be related to reaction time and retention of newly acquired skills in certain motor learning tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia López-Alonso
- Faculty of Sciences of Sport and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Binith Cheeran
- Department of Neurology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, UK; Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miguel Fernández-del-Olmo
- Faculty of Sciences of Sport and Physical Education, Department of Physical Education, University of A Coruña, A Coruña, Spain.
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Hwang JM, Kim YH, Yoon KJ, Uhm KE, Chang WH. Different responses to facilitatory rTMS according to BDNF genotype. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1348-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Further insights into the effect of BDNF genotype on non-invasive brain stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:1281-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Introduction to Nonconvulsive Brain Stimulation: Focus on Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation. Brain Stimul 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118568323.ch9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Differential effects of BDNF val(66)met in repetitive associative learning paradigms. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2015; 123:11-7. [PMID: 25933507 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In healthy young subjects, the brain derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) val(66)met polymorphism negatively affects behavioural outcome in short-term motor cortex or hippocampus-based learning paradigms. In repetitive training paradigms over several days this effect can be overcome, in tests involving other brain areas even positive effects were found. To further specify the role of this polymorphism in cognitive processes, we used an associative vocabulary learning paradigm over four consecutive days and tested 38 young healthy subjects and 29 healthy elderly subjects. As a control paradigm, we designed a nonverbal haptic Braille letter-learning paradigm based on the same principles. Behavioural outcome was then associated with the BDNF-genotype. In the vocabulary learning task, met carrier (met/val and met/met) benefitted more from the repetitive training than val/val subjects. This was paralleled by a higher reduction of delayed answers during the course of the study, an effect that was also present in the haptic paradigm. However, in a group of healthy elderly subjects, no similar tendency was found. We conclude that the BDNF val(66)met polymorphism alters highly circumscribed answer behaviours in young healthy subjects. This might partly explain the high variability of previously published results.
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Strube W, Nitsche MA, Wobrock T, Bunse T, Rein B, Herrmann M, Schmitt A, Nieratschker V, Witt SH, Rietschel M, Falkai P, Hasan A. BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism impact on cortical plasticity in schizophrenia patients: a proof-of-concept study. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu040. [PMID: 25612896 PMCID: PMC4360229 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been shown to be a moderator of neuroplasticity. A frequent BDNF-polymorphism (Val66Met) is associated with impairments of cortical plasticity. In patients with schizophrenia, reduced neuroplastic responses following non-invasive brain stimulation have been reported consistently. Various studies have indicated a relationship between the BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism and motor-cortical plasticity in healthy individuals, but schizophrenia patients have yet to be investigated. The aim of this proof-of-concept study was, therefore, to test the impact of the BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism on inhibitory and facilitatory cortical plasticity in schizophrenia patients. METHODS Cortical plasticity was investigated in 22 schizophrenia patients and 35 healthy controls using anodal and cathodal transcranial direct-current stimulation (tDCS) applied to the left primary motor cortex. Animal and human research indicates that excitability shifts following anodal and cathodal tDCS are related to molecular long-term potentiation and long-term depression. To test motor-cortical excitability before and after tDCS, well-established single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation protocols were applied. RESULTS Our analysis revealed increased glutamate-mediated intracortical facilitation in met-heterozygotes compared to val-homozygotes at baseline. Following cathodal tDCS, schizophrenia met-heterozygotes had reduced gamma-amino-butyric-acid-mediated short-interval intracortical inhibition, whereas healthy met-heterozygotes displayed the opposite effect. The BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism did not influence single-pulse motor-evoked potential amplitudes after tDCS. CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings support the notion of an association of the BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism with observable alterations in plasticity following cathodal tDCS in schizophrenia patients. This indicates a complex interaction between inhibitory intracortical interneuron-networks, cortical plasticity, and the BDNF-Val66Met-polymorphism. Further replication and validation need to be dedicated to this question to confirm this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Strube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig Maximilian University, Munich, Germany (Dr Strube, Bunse, Schmitt, Falkai, and Hasan); Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (Dr Nitsche); Centre of Mental Health, Darmstadt-Dieburg Clinics, Groß-Umstadt, Germany (Dr Wobrock); Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany (Drs Wobrock, Rein, and Herrmann); Laboratory of Neuroscience (LIM27), Institute of Psychiatry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (Dr Schmitt); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health Mannheim Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany and Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany (Dr Nieratschker); Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany (Drs Witt and Rietschel).
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Bologna M, Rocchi L, Paparella G, Nardella A, Li Voti P, Conte A, Kojovic M, Rothwell JC, Berardelli A. Reversal of Practice-related Effects on Corticospinal Excitability has no Immediate Effect on Behavioral Outcome. Brain Stimul 2015; 8:603-12. [PMID: 25697591 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2015.01.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Motor training usually increases the excitability of corticospinal outputs to the trained muscles. However, it is uncertain to what extent the change in excitability is a critical component of behavioral learning or whether it is a non-specific side effect. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We used a depotentiation protocol to abolish the training-induced increase of corticospinal excitability and tested whether this had any immediate effect on the improved motor performance. METHODS We used an index finger abduction task in which behavioral improvement is known to be associated with M1 excitability changes as monitored by the amplitude of motor-evoked potentials produced by single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). These effects could be reversed by a depotentiation protocol using a short form of continuous theta-burst stimulation (cTBS150). Participants underwent three experimental interventions: 'motor training', 'motor training plus cTBS150' and 'cTBS150'. M1 excitability and TMS-evoked finger movements were assessed before the experimental interventions and 5 min, 15 min, and 30 min thereafter. Motor retention was tested 45 min after the experimental interventions. RESULTS During training, acceleration of the practiced movement improved. At the end of training, M1 excitability and the acceleration of TMS-evoked index finger movements in the direction of training had increased and the enhanced performance was retained when tested 45 min later. The depotentiation protocol, delivered immediately after the end of training, reversed the excitability changes in M1 but did not affect the acceleration of the TMS-evoked finger movement nor the retention of performance. The depotentiation protocol alone did not modify M1 excitability. CONCLUSIONS The present study indicates that in the short term, increases in corticospinal excitability are not related to immediate changes in behavioral motor outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Paparella
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Maja Kojovic
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Neurology, University of Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John C Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- Neuromed Institute (IRCCS), Pozzilli, Isernia, Italy; Department of Neurology and Psychiatry, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Pirotta S, Kidgell DJ, Daly RM. Effects of vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity in older adults: a double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial. Osteoporos Int 2015; 26:131-40. [PMID: 25138265 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-014-2855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Vitamin D can improve muscle function and reduce falls, but whether it can strengthen neural connections within the brain and nervous system is not known. This 10-week randomised controlled trial indicates that treatment with 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 does not significantly alter neuroplasticity relative to placebo in older adults. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of vitamin D supplementation on neuroplasticity, serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and muscle strength and function in older adults. METHODS This was a 10-week double-blinded, placebo-controlled randomised trial in which 26 older adults with 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25OHD] concentrations 25-60 nmol/L were randomised to 2,000 IU/day vitamin D3 or matched placebo. Single- and paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation applied over the motor cortex was used to assess changes in motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), as measures of corticospinal excitability and inhibition respectively, by recording electromyography (EMG) responses to stimulation from the wrist extensors. Changes in muscle strength, stair climbing power, gait (timed-up-and-go), dynamic balance (four square step test), serum 25(OH)D and BDNF concentrations were also measured. RESULTS After 10 weeks, mean 25(OH)D levels increased from 46 to 81 nmol/L in the vitamin D group with no change in the placebo group. The vitamin D group experienced a significant 8-11% increase in muscle strength and a reduction in cortical excitability (MEP amplitude) and SICI relative to baseline (all P < 0.05), but these changes were not significantly different from placebo. There was no effect of vitamin D on muscle power, function or BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Daily supplementation with 2,000 IU vitamin D3 for 10 weeks had no significant effect on neuroplasticity compared to placebo, but the finding that vitamin D treatment alone was associated with a decrease in corticospinal excitability and intracortical inhibition warrants further investigation as this suggests that it may improve the efficacy of neural transmission within the corticospinal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pirotta
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, VIC, 3125, Australia
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Lamb YN, McKay NS, Thompson CS, Hamm JP, Waldie KE, Kirk IJ. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism, human memory, and synaptic neuroplasticity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2014; 6:97-108. [PMID: 26263066 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Some people have much better memory than others, and there is compelling evidence that a considerable proportion of this variation in memory ability is genetically inherited. A form of synaptic plasticity known as long-term potentiation (LTP) is the principal candidate mechanism underlying memory formation in neural circuits, and it might be expected, therefore, that a genetic influence on the degree of LTP might in turn influence memory abilities. Of the genetic variations thought to significantly influence mnemonic ability in humans, the most likely to have its effect via LTP is a single nucleotide polymorphism affecting brain-derived neurotrophic factor [BDNF (Val66Met)]. However, although it is likely that BDNF influences memory via a modulation of acute plasticity (i.e., LTP), BDNF also has considerable influence on structural development of neural systems. Thus, the influence of BDNF (Val66Met) on mnemonic performance via influences of brain structure as well as function must also be considered. In this brief review, we will describe the phenomenon of LTP and its study in non-human animals. We will discuss the relatively recent attempts to translate this work to studies in humans. We will describe how this has enabled investigation of the effect of the BDNF polymorphism on LTP, on brain structure, and on memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette N Lamb
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicole S McKay
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Jeffrey P Hamm
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Karen E Waldie
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ian J Kirk
- School of Psychology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Lee NJ, Ahn HJ, Jung KI, Ohn SH, Hong J, Kim YJ, Yoo WK. Reduction of Continuous Theta Burst Stimulation-Induced Motor Plasticity in Healthy Elderly With COMT Val158Met Polymorphism. Ann Rehabil Med 2014; 38:658-64. [PMID: 25379495 PMCID: PMC4221394 DOI: 10.5535/arm.2014.38.5.658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective To delineate whether cortical plasticity induced by continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) differed according to catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene polymorphism in healthy older adults. Methods Eighteen healthy older volunteers (mean age 73.78±5.04; 12 females and 6 males) were recruited. Volunteers randomly assigned in either a sham-first or real cTBS first group participated in two separate TMS visits with at least a 2-day wash-out period. Genotyping was carried out at baseline by a separate researcher who was blinded. cTBS was delivered in a hot spot over M1 at an active motor threshold of 80%. Motor evoked potentials (MEPs) were obtained at 120% of the resting motor threshold before and after sham/cTBS. Results The relative MEP to baseline was significantly decreased 0 and 10 minutes post-stimulation and increased 40 minutes post-stimulation, as compared with the sham condition. Immediately after cTBS, the Val/Val group had a significantly reduced relative MEP value, as compared with the MET carrier group. Conclusion In healthy older persons, cTBS-induced motor plasticity was reduced in the COMT Val/Val group as compared with the 158Met carrier group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nam Jae Lee
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Ahn
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Kwang-Ik Jung
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Suk Hoon Ohn
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea
| | - Jeonghoon Hong
- ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea
| | - Yun Joong Kim
- Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea. ; ILSONG Institute of Life Science, Hallym University, Anyang, Korea. ; Department of Neurology, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Hallym University College of Medicine, Chooncheon, Korea. ; Hallym Institute of Translational Genomics & Bioinformatics, Hallym University Sacred Heart Hospital, Anyang, Korea
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Berretta A, Tzeng YC, Clarkson AN. Post-stroke recovery: the role of activity-dependent release of brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Expert Rev Neurother 2014; 14:1335-44. [DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.969242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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67
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Young-Bernier M, Tanguay AN, Davidson PSR, Tremblay F. Short-latency afferent inhibition is a poor predictor of individual susceptibility to rTMS-induced plasticity in the motor cortex of young and older adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2014; 6:182. [PMID: 25147523 PMCID: PMC4124866 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical plasticity, including long-term potentiation (LTP)-like plasticity, can be assessed non-invasively with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols. In this study, we examined age differences in responses to intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) in a group of 20 young and 18 healthy older adults. Because the cholinergic system plays a role in the neural processes underlying learning and memory, including LTP, we also investigated whether short latency afferent inhibition (SAI), a neurophysiological marker of central cholinergic activity, would be associated with age-related differences in LTP-like plasticity induced by iTBS. Methods: SAI was first assessed by examining the modulation of motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in response to median nerve conditioning 20 ms prior to TMS. Participants then underwent iTBS (3 pulses at 50 Hz every 200 ms for 2 s with 8 s between trains, repeated 20 times). MEP responses (120% resting motor threshold (RMT)) were assessed immediately after iTBS and 5, 10, and 20 min post-application. Results: Responses to iTBS were quite variable in both age groups, with only approximately 60% of the participants (n = 13 young and 10 older adults) showing the expected facilitation of MEP responses. There were no significant age group differences in MEP facilitation following iTBS. Although older adults exhibited reduced SAI, individual variations were not associated with susceptibility to express LTP-like induced plasticity after iTBS. Conclusion: Overall, these results are consistent with reports of high inter-individual variability in responses to iTBS. Although SAI was reduced in older adults, consistent with a deterioration of the cholinergic system with age, SAI levels were not associated with LTP-like plasticity as assessed with iTBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marielle Young-Bernier
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Annick N Tanguay
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Patrick S R Davidson
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Canadian Partnership for Stroke Recovery, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - François Tremblay
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada ; School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa Ottawa, ON, Canada
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68
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Butts RJ, Kolar MB, Newman-Norlund RD. Enhanced motor skill acquisition in the non-dominant upper extremity using intermittent theta burst stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:451. [PMID: 25002842 PMCID: PMC4066858 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals suffering from motor impairments often require physical therapy (PT) to help improve their level of function. Previous investigations suggest that both intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) and bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may increase the speed and extent of motor learning/relearning. The purpose of the current study was to explore the feasibility and effectiveness of a novel, non-invasive brain stimulation approach that combined an iTBS primer, and bihemispheric stimulation coupled with motor training. We hypothesized that individuals exposed to this novel treatment would make greater functional improvements than individuals undergoing sham stimulation when tested immediately following, 24-h, and 7-days post-training. A total of 26 right-handed, healthy young adults were randomly assigned to either a treatment (n = 15) or control group (n = 12). iTBS (20 trains of 10 pulse triplets each delivered at 80% active motor threshold (AMT) / 50 Hz over 191.84 s) and bihemispheric tDCS (1.0 ma for 20 min) were used as a primer to, and in conjunction with, 20 min of motor training, respectively. Our primary outcome measure was performance on the Jebsen-Taylor Hand Function (JTHF) test. Participants tolerated the combined iTBS/bihemispheric stimulation treatment without complaint. While performance gains in the sham and stimulation group were not significant immediately after training, they were nearly significant 24-h post training (p = 0.055), and were significant at 7-days post training (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the combined iTBS/bihemispheric stimulation protocol is both feasible and effective. Future research should examine the mechanistic explanation of this approach as well as the potential of using this approach in clinical populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond J Butts
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Melissa B Kolar
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Roger D Newman-Norlund
- Department of Exercise Science, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
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69
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Singh AM, Duncan RE, Neva JL, Staines WR. Aerobic exercise modulates intracortical inhibition and facilitation in a nonexercised upper limb muscle. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2014; 6:23. [PMID: 25031838 PMCID: PMC4100033 DOI: 10.1186/2052-1847-6-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Despite growing interest in the relationship between exercise and short-term neural plasticity, the effects of exercise on motor cortical (M1) excitability are not well studied. Acute, lower-limb aerobic exercise may potentially modulate M1 excitability in working muscles, but the effects on muscles not involved in the exercise are unknown. Here we examined the excitability changes in an upper limb muscle representation following a single session of lower body aerobic exercise. Investigating the response to exercise in a non-exercised muscle may help to determine the clinical usefulness of lower-body exercise interventions for upper limb neurorehabilitation. Methods In this study, transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to assess input–output curves, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) and intracortical facilitation (ICF) in the extensor carpi radialis muscle in twelve healthy individuals following a single session of moderate stationary biking. Additionally, we examined whether the presence of a common polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene would affect the response of these measures to exercise. Results We observed significant increases in ICF and decreases in SICI following exercise. No changes in LICI were detected, and no differences were observed in input–output curves following exercise, or between BDNF groups. Conclusions The current results demonstrate that the modulation of intracortical excitability following aerobic exercise is not limited to those muscles involved in the exercise, and that while exercise does not directly modulate the excitability of motor neurons, it may facilitate the induction of experience-dependent plasticity via a decrease in intracortical inhibition and increase in intracortical facilitation. These findings indicate that exercise may create favourable conditions for adaptive plasticity in M1 and may be an effective adjunct to traditional training or rehabilitation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya M Singh
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robin E Duncan
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Jason L Neva
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - W Richard Staines
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON N2L 3G1, Canada
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70
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Cárdenas-Morales L, Grön G, Sim EJ, Stingl JC, Kammer T. Neural activation in humans during a simple motor task differs between BDNF polymorphisms. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96722. [PMID: 24828051 PMCID: PMC4020821 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The BDNF Val66Met polymorphism has been linked to decreased synaptic plasticity involved in motor learning tasks. We investigated whether individual differences in this polymorphism may promote differences in neural activity during a two-alternative forced-choice motor performance. In two separate sessions, the BOLD signal from 22 right-handed healthy men was measured during button presses with the left and right index finger upon visual presentation of an arrow. 11 men were Val66Val carriers (ValVal group), the other 11 men carried either the Val66Met or the Met66Met polymorphism (Non-ValVal group). Reaction times, resting and active motor thresholds did not differ between ValVal and Non-ValVal groups. Compared to the ValVal group the Non-ValVal group showed significantly higher BOLD signals in the right SMA and motor cingulate cortex during motor performance. This difference was highly consistent for both hands and across all four sessions. Our finding suggests that this BDNF polymorphism may not only influence complex performance during motor learning but is already associated with activation differences during rather simple motor tasks. The higher BOLD signal observed in Non-ValVal subjects suggests the presence of cumulative effects of the polymorphism on the motor system, and may reflect compensatory functional activation mediating equal behavioral performance between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizbeth Cárdenas-Morales
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Neurological Research, Cologne, Germany
- Neurological Department, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Georg Grön
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Eun-Jin Sim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Julia C. Stingl
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Research Department, Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Kammer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail:
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71
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Late cortical plasticity in motor and auditory cortex: role of met-allele in BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:705-13. [PMID: 24405657 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713001636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) Val66Met polymorphism has been associated with abnormalities of synaptic plasticity in animal models, and abnormalities in motor cortical plasticity have also been described in humans using transcranial direct current stimulation. No study has yet been done on plasticity in non-motor regions, and the effect of two Met alleles (i.e. 'Met dose') is not well understood. We studied the effect of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on the after-effects of transcranial direct current stimulation and tetanic auditory stimulation in 65 subjects (23; Val66Val, 22; Val66Met and 20; Met66Met genotypes). In the first session, motor evoked potentials (MEP) were recorded under stereotaxic guidance for 90 min after 9 min of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS). In the second session, auditory-evoked potentials (AEP) were recorded before and after 2 min of auditory 13 Hz tetanic stimulation. There was a difference in MEP facilitation post-TDCS comparing Met carriers with non-Met carriers, with Met carriers having a modest late facilitation at 30-90 min. There was no difference in responses between Val66Met genotype and Met66Met genotype subjects. Tetanic auditory stimulation also produced late facilitation of N1-P2 AEP at 25 min, but there was no apparent effect of genetic status. This study indicates that Met66Met carriers behave like Val66Met carriers for TDCS-induced plasticity, and produce a late facilitation of MEPs. Auditory cortical plasticity was not affected by the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. This study sheds light on the differences between auditory and motor cortical plasticity and the role of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism.
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72
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Soltész F, Suckling J, Lawrence P, Tait R, Ooi C, Bentley G, Dodds CM, Miller SR, Wille DR, Byrne M, McHugh SM, Bellgrove MA, Croft RJ, Lu B, Bullmore ET, Nathan PJ. Identification of BDNF sensitive electrophysiological markers of synaptic activity and their structural correlates in healthy subjects using a genetic approach utilizing the functional BDNF Val66Met polymorphism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95558. [PMID: 24760076 PMCID: PMC3997566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic dysfunction is a core pathophysiological hallmark of neurodegenerative disorders. Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) is key synaptogenic molecule and targeting synaptic repair through modulation of BDNF signalling has been suggested as a potential drug discovery strategy. The development of such "synaptogenic" therapies depend on the availability of BDNF sensitive markers of synaptic function that could be utilized as biomarkers for examining target engagement or drug efficacy in humans. Here we have utilized the BDNF Val66Met genetic polymorphism to examine the effect of the polymorphism and genetic load (i.e. Met allele load) on electrophysiological (EEG) markers of synaptic activity and their structural (MRI) correlates. Sixty healthy adults were prospectively recruited into the three genetic groups (Val/Val, Val/Met, Met/Met). Subjects also underwent fMRI, tDCS/TMS, and cognitive assessments as part of a larger study. Overall, some of the EEG markers of synaptic activity and brain structure measured with MRI were the most sensitive markers of the polymorphism. Met carriers showed decreased oscillatory activity and synchrony in the neural network subserving error-processing, as measured during a flanker task (ERN); and showed increased slow-wave activity during resting. There was no evidence for a Met load effect on the EEG measures and the polymorphism had no effects on MMN and P300. Met carriers also showed reduced grey matter volume in the anterior cingulate and in the (left) prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, anterior cingulate grey matter volume, and oscillatory EEG power during the flanker task predicted subsequent behavioural adaptation, indicating a BDNF dependent link between brain structure, function and behaviour associated with error processing and monitoring. These findings suggest that EEG markers such as ERN and resting EEG could be used as BDNF sensitive functional markers in early clinical development to examine target engagement or drug related efficacy of synaptic repair therapies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fruzsina Soltész
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - John Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Phil Lawrence
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Tait
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cinly Ooi
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Bentley
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Chris M. Dodds
- Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Sam R. Miller
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - David R. Wille
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Misha Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simon M. McHugh
- Clinical Unit Cambridge, GlaxoSmithKline, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Bellgrove
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rodney J. Croft
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia
| | - Bai Lu
- Tsinghua University Medical School, Beijing, China
| | - Edward T. Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Pradeep J. Nathan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
- New Medicines, UCB Pharma, Brussels, Belgium
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73
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Comparing the efficacy of excitatory transcranial stimulation methods measuring motor evoked potentials. Neural Plast 2014; 2014:837141. [PMID: 24804104 PMCID: PMC3997131 DOI: 10.1155/2014/837141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The common aim of transcranial stimulation methods is the induction or alterations of cortical excitability in a controlled way. Significant effects of each individual stimulation method have been published; however, conclusive direct comparisons of many of these methods are rare. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of three widely applied stimulation methods inducing excitability enhancement in the motor cortex: 1 mA anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (atDCS), intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS), and 1 mA transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS) within one subject group. The effect of each stimulation condition was quantified by evaluating motor-evoked-potential amplitudes (MEPs) in a fixed time sequence after stimulation. The analyses confirmed a significant enhancement of the M1 excitability caused by all three types of active stimulations compared to sham stimulation. There was no significant difference between the types of active stimulations, although the time course of the excitatory effects slightly differed. Among the stimulation methods, tRNS resulted in the strongest and atDCS significantly longest MEP increase compared to sham. Different time courses of the applied stimulation methods suggest different underlying mechanisms of action. Better understanding may be useful for better targeting of different transcranial stimulation techniques.
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74
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Morin-Moncet O, Beaumont V, de Beaumont L, Lepage JF, Théoret H. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism is associated with abnormal interhemispheric transfer of a newly acquired motor skill. J Neurophysiol 2014; 111:2094-102. [PMID: 24572097 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00388.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent data suggest that the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene can alter cortical plasticity within the motor cortex of carriers, which exhibits abnormally low rates of cortical reorganization after repetitive motor tasks. To verify whether long-term retention of a motor skill is also modulated by the presence of the polymorphism, 20 participants (10 Val66Val, 10 Val66Met) were tested twice at a 1-wk interval. During each visit, excitability of the motor cortex was measured by transcranial magnetic stimulations (TMS) before and after performance of a procedural motor learning task (serial reaction time task) designed to study sequence-specific learning of the right hand and sequence-specific transfer from the right to the left hand. Behavioral results showed a motor learning effect that persisted for at least a week and task-related increases in corticospinal excitability identical for both sessions and without distinction for genetic group. Sequence-specific transfer of the motor skill from the right hand to the left hand was greater in session 2 than in session 1 only in the Val66Met genetic group. Further analysis revealed that the sequence-specific transfer occurred equally at both sessions in the Val66Val genotype group. In the Val66Met genotype group, sequence-specific transfer did not occur at session 1 but did at session 2. These data suggest a limited impact of Val66Met polymorphism on the learning and retention of a complex motor skill and its associated changes in corticospinal excitability over time, and a possible modulation of the interhemispheric transfer of procedural learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis de Beaumont
- Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | | | - Hugo Théoret
- Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Hôpital Sainte-Justine Research Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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75
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Chaieb L, Antal A, Ambrus GG, Paulus W. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor: its impact upon neuroplasticity and neuroplasticity inducing transcranial brain stimulation protocols. Neurogenetics 2014; 15:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-014-0393-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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76
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Wang CP, Tsai PY, Yang TF, Yang KY, Wang CC. Differential effect of conditioning sequences in coupling inhibitory/facilitatory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for poststroke motor recovery. CNS Neurosci Ther 2014; 20:355-63. [PMID: 24422912 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While neuromodulation through unihemispheric repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) has shown promise for the motor recovery of stroke patients, the effectiveness of the coupling of different rTMS protocols remains unclear. AIMS We aimed to test the long-term efficacy of this strategy with different applying sequences and to identify the electrophysiological correlates of motor improvements to the paretic hand. RESULTS In our sham-controlled, double-blinded parallel study, 48 stroke patients (2-6 months poststroke) were randomly allocated to three groups. Group A underwent 20-session rTMS conditioning initiated with 10-session 1 Hz rTMS over the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1), followed by 10-session intermittent theta burst stimulation (iTBS) consequently over the ipsilesional M1; Group B underwent the same two paradigms but in reverse; and Group C received sham stimulation that was identical to Group A. We tested cortical excitability and motor assessments at the baseline, postpriming rTMS, postconsequent rTMS, and at 3-months follow-up. Group A manifested greater improvement than Group B in Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function testing (WMFT) score, and muscle strength (P = 0.001-0.02) post the priming rTMS. After the consequent rTMS, Group A continued to present a superior outcome than Group B in FMA (P = 0.015) and WMFT score (P = 0.008) with significant behavior-electrophysiological correlation. CONCLUSIONS Conditioning the contralesional M1 prior to ipsilesional iTBS was found to be optimal for enhancing hand function, and this effect persisted for at least 3 months. Early modulation within 6 months poststroke rebalances interhemispheric competition and appears to be a feasible time window for rTMS intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Pin Wang
- Department of Emergency, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, China
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Missitzi J, Gentner R, Misitzi A, Geladas N, Politis P, Klissouras V, Classen J. Heritability of motor control and motor learning. Physiol Rep 2013; 1:e00188. [PMID: 24744865 PMCID: PMC3970744 DOI: 10.1002/phy2.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to elucidate the relative contribution of genes and environment on individual differences in motor control and acquisition of a force control task, in view of recent association studies showing that several candidate polymorphisms may have an effect on them. Forty‐four healthy female twins performed brisk isometric abductions with their right thumb. Force was recorded by a transducer and fed back to the subject on a computer screen. The task was to place the tracing of the peak force in a force window defined between 30% and 40% of the subject's maximum force, as determined beforehand. The initial level of proficiency was defined as the number of attempts reaching the force window criterion within the first 100 trials. The difference between the number of successful trials within the last and the first 100 trials was taken as a measure of motor learning. For motor control, defined by the initial level of proficiency, the intrapair differences in monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twins were 6.8 ± 7.8 and 13.8 ± 8.4, and the intrapair correlations 0.77 and 0.39, respectively. Heritability was estimated at 0.68. Likewise for motor learning intrapair differences in the increment of the number of successful trials in MZ and DZ twins were 5.4 ± 5.2 and 12.8 ± 7, and the intrapair correlations 0.58 and 0.19. Heritability reached 0.70. The present findings suggest that heredity accounts for a major part of existing differences in motor control and motor learning, but uncertainty remains which gene polymorphisms may be responsible. Individual differences in motor control and learning are attributed to a great extent to genetic predisposition. However, uncertainty remains which gene polymorphism may be responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Missitzi
- Ergophysiology Research Laboratory, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, University of Athens, Athens, Greece ; Human Cortical Physiology and Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Reinhard Gentner
- Human Cortical Physiology and Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Nickos Geladas
- Ergophysiology Research Laboratory, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Politis
- Histology Laboratory, Center of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece (P.P.)
| | - Vassilis Klissouras
- Ergophysiology Research Laboratory, Department of Sport Medicine and Biology of Physical Activity, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Joseph Classen
- Human Cortical Physiology and Motor Control Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Wurzburg, Wurzburg, Germany ; Human Motor Control and Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, D-04103, Germany
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78
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Mang CS, Campbell KL, Ross CJD, Boyd LA. Promoting neuroplasticity for motor rehabilitation after stroke: considering the effects of aerobic exercise and genetic variation on brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Phys Ther 2013; 93:1707-16. [PMID: 23907078 PMCID: PMC3870490 DOI: 10.2522/ptj.20130053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recovery of motor function after stroke involves relearning motor skills and is mediated by neuroplasticity. Recent research has focused on developing rehabilitation strategies that facilitate such neuroplasticity to maximize functional outcome poststroke. Although many molecular signaling pathways are involved, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has emerged as a key facilitator of neuroplasticity involved in motor learning and rehabilitation after stroke. Thus, rehabilitation strategies that optimize BDNF effects on neuroplasticity may be especially effective for improving motor function poststroke. Two potential poststroke rehabilitation strategies that consider the importance of BDNF are the use of aerobic exercise to enhance brain function and the incorporation of genetic information to individualize therapy. Converging evidence demonstrates that aerobic exercise increases BDNF production and consequently enhances learning and memory processes. Nevertheless, a common genetic variant reduces activity-dependent secretion of the BDNF protein. Thus, BDNF gene variation may affect response to motor rehabilitation training and potentially modulate the effects of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity. This perspective article discusses evidence that aerobic exercise promotes neuroplasticity by increasing BDNF production and considers how aerobic exercise may facilitate the acquisition and retention of motor skills for poststroke rehabilitation. Next, the impact of the BDNF gene val66met polymorphism on motor learning and response to rehabilitation is explored. It is concluded that the effects of aerobic exercise on BDNF and motor learning may be better exploited if aerobic exercise is paired more closely in time with motor training. Additionally, information about BDNF genotype could provide insight into the type and magnitude of effects that aerobic exercise may have across individuals and potentially help guide an individualized prescription of aerobic exercise to enhance motor rehabilitation poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron S Mang
- C.S. Mang, BPE, MSc, Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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79
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Mori F, Kusayanagi H, Nicoletti CG, Weiss S, Marciani MG, Centonze D. Cortical plasticity predicts recovery from relapse in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 20:451-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458513512541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Relapsing–remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) is characterized by the occurrence of clinical relapses, followed by remitting phases of a neurological deficit. Clinical remission after a relapse can be complete, with a return to baseline function that was present before, but is sometimes only partial or absent. Remyelination and repair of the neuronal damage do contribute to recovery, but they are usually incomplete. Objective: We tested the hypothesis that synaptic plasticity, namely long-term potentiation (LTP), may represent an additional substrate for compensating the clinical defect that results from the incomplete repair of neuronal damage. Methods: We evaluated the correlation between a measure of LTP, named paired associative stimulation (PAS), at the time of relapse and symptom recovery, in a cohort of 22 newly-diagnosed MS patients. Results: PAS-induced LTP was normal in patients with complete recovery, and reduced in patients showing incomplete or absent recovery, 12 weeks after the relapse onset. A multivariate regression model showed that PAS-induced LTP and age may contribute to predict null, partial or complete symptom recovery after a relapse. Conclusion: Synaptic plasticity may contribute to symptom recovery after a relapse in MS; and PAS, measured during a relapse, may be used as a predictor of recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Mori
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Hajime Kusayanagi
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Carolina Gabri Nicoletti
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Sagit Weiss
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Marciani
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
| | - Diego Centonze
- Dipartimento di Medicina dei Sistemi, Università Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Centro Europeo per la Ricerca sul Cervello (CERC), Rome, Italy
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80
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Li Voti P, Conte A, Rocchi L, Bologna M, Khan N, Leodori G, Berardelli A. Cerebellar continuous theta-burst stimulation affects motor learning of voluntary arm movements in humans. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 39:124-31. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonella Conte
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute; Pozzilli IS Italy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 30 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 30 00185 Rome Italy
| | | | - Nashaba Khan
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 30 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Leodori
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 30 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Alfredo Berardelli
- IRCCS Neuromed Institute; Pozzilli IS Italy
- Department of Neurology and Psychiatry; “Sapienza” University of Rome; Viale dell'Università, 30 00185 Rome Italy
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81
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Player MJ, Taylor JL, Weickert CS, Alonzo A, Sachdev P, Martin D, Mitchell PB, Loo CK. Neuroplasticity in depressed individuals compared with healthy controls. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2101-8. [PMID: 23676792 PMCID: PMC3773676 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that neuroplasticity is impaired in depression. This study aimed to compare neuroplasticity in 23 subjects with DSM-IV major depressive episode and 23 age- and gender-matched healthy controls, using an objective test that is independent of subject effort and motivation. Neuroplasticity was assessed in the motor cortex using a brain stimulation paradigm known as paired associative stimulation (PAS), which induces transient changes in motor cortical function. Motor cortical excitability was assessed before and after PAS using single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to induce motor evoked potentials (MEPs) in a hand muscle. After PAS, MEP amplitudes significantly increased in healthy controls compared with depressed subjects (P=0.002). The functional significance of motor cortical changes was assessed using a motor learning task-a computerized version of the rotor pursuit task. Healthy controls also performed better on motor learning (P=0.02). BDNF blood levels and genotype were assayed to determine any relationship with motor cortical plasticity. However, PAS results did not correlate with motor learning, nor appear to be related to BDNF measures. The significance of these findings is that it provides one of the first direct demonstrations of reduced neuroplasticity in depressed subjects, using an objective test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Player
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Janet L Taylor
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,The Schizophrenia Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Angelo Alonzo
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder Sachdev
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Donel Martin
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Philip B Mitchell
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Colleen K Loo
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia,St George Hospital, South Eastern Sydney Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia,Black Dog Institute, Hospital Road, Randwick, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia, Tel: +61 2 9382 8319, Fax: +61 2 9382 8208, E-mail:
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82
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Hendy AM, Kidgell DJ. Anodal tDCS Applied during Strength Training Enhances Motor Cortical Plasticity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 45:1721-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31828d2923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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83
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Vernet M, Bashir S, Yoo WK, Oberman L, Mizrahi I, Ifert-Miller F, Beck CJ, Pascual-Leone A. Reproducibility of the effects of theta burst stimulation on motor cortical plasticity in healthy participants. Clin Neurophysiol 2013; 125:320-6. [PMID: 23932365 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Theta-burst stimulation (TBS) is a repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) protocol, capable of enhancing or suppressing the amplitude of contralateral motor-evoked potentials (MEP) for several minutes after stimulation over the primary motor cortex. Continuous TBS (cTBS) produces a long-term depression (LTD)-like reduction of cortical excitability. The purpose of this study was to assess the test-retest reproducibility of the effects of cTBS and to investigate which neurophysiologic markers of cTBS-induced plasticity are most reproducible. METHODS In ten healthy participants we evaluated in two different sessions the effects of cTBS (using AP-PA current direction, opposite to most commercial rTMS stimulators) on MEPs induced by single-pulse suprathreshold TMS (using AP-PA or PA current direction) over left motor cortex in the first dorsal interosseus (FDI) muscle. RESULTS Results demonstrate that the marker of cTBS induced-plasticity with highest within-subject reproducibility is the modulation of corticospinal excitability measured 5min after cTBS. CONCLUSION Overall the effects of cTBS modulation show limited test-retest reproducibility and some measures of the cTBS effects are more reproducible than others. SIGNIFICANCE Studies comparing cTBS effects in healthy subjects and patients need to proceed with care. Further characterization of the effects of TBS and identification of the best metrics warrant future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Vernet
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Shahid Bashir
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Woo-Kyoung Yoo
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Lindsay Oberman
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Ilan Mizrahi
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Frederick Ifert-Miller
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Charles J Beck
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue KS-158, Boston MA 02215, USA; Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació Guttmann, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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84
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Vallence AM, Kurylowicz L, Ridding MC. A comparison of neuroplastic responses to non-invasive brain stimulation protocols and motor learning in healthy adults. Neurosci Lett 2013; 549:151-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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85
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Lamy JC, Boakye M. BDNF Val66Met polymorphism alters spinal DC stimulation-induced plasticity in humans. J Neurophysiol 2013; 110:109-16. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00116.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene (BDNF) is one of many genes thought to influence neuronal survival, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis. A common single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of the BDNF gene due to valine-to-methionine substitution at codon 66 (BDNF Val66Met) in the normal population has been associated with complex neuronal phenotype, including differences in brain morphology, episodic memory, or cortical plasticity following brain stimulation and is believed to influence synaptic changes following motor learning task. However, the effect of this polymorphism on spinal plasticity remains largely unknown. Here, we used anodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS), a novel noninvasive technique that induces plasticity of spinal neuronal circuits in healthy subjects. To investigate whether the susceptibility of tsDCS probes of spinal plasticity is significantly influenced by BDNF polymorphism, we collected stimulus-response curves of the soleus (Sol) H reflex before, during, at current offset, and 15 min after anodal tsDCS delivered at Th11 (2.5 mA, 15 min, 0.071 mA/cm2, and 64 mC/cm2) in 17 healthy, Met allele carriers and 17 Val homozygotes who were matched for age and sex. Anodal tsDCS induced a progressive leftward shift of recruitment curve of the H reflex during the stimulation that persisted for at least 15 min after current offset in Val/Val individuals. In contrast, this shift was not observed in Met allele carriers. Our findings demonstrate for the first time that the BDNF Val66Met genotype impacts spinal plasticity in humans, as assessed by tsDCS, and may be one factor influencing the natural response of the spinal cord to injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Charles Lamy
- Centre de la Sensorimotricité, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique Unité Mixte de Recherche 8194, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Biomédicale, Paris, France
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Laboratory, Center for Advanced Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
| | - Maxwell Boakye
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Laboratory, Center for Advanced Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky; and
- Robley Rex Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Louisville, Kentucky
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86
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Kidgell DJ, Goodwill AM, Frazer AK, Daly RM. Induction of cortical plasticity and improved motor performance following unilateral and bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation of the primary motor cortex. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:64. [PMID: 23815634 PMCID: PMC3701480 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive technique that modulates the excitability of neurons within the primary motor cortex (M1). Research shows that anodal-tDCS applied over the non-dominant M1 (i.e. unilateral stimulation) improves motor function of the non-dominant hand. Similarly, previous studies also show that applying cathodal tDCS over the dominant M1 improves motor function of the non-dominant hand, presumably by reducing interhemispheric inhibition. In the present study, one condition involved anodal-tDCS over the non-dominant M1 (unilateral stimulation) whilst a second condition involved applying cathodal-tDCS over the dominant M1 and anodal-tDCS over non-dominant M1 (bilateral stimulation) to determine if unilateral or bilateral stimulation differentially modulates motor function of the non-dominant hand. Using a randomized, cross-over design, 11 right-handed participants underwent three stimulation conditions: 1) unilateral stimulation, that involved anodal-tDCS applied over the non-dominant M1, 2) bilateral stimulation, whereby anodal-tDCS was applied over the non-dominant M1, and cathodal-tDCS over the dominant M1, and 3) sham stimulation. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) was performed before, immediately after, 30 and 60 minutes after stimulation to elucidate the neural mechanisms underlying any potential after-effects on motor performance. Motor function was evaluated by the Purdue pegboard test. Results There were significant improvements in motor function following unilateral and bilateral stimulation when compared to sham stimulation at all-time points (all P < 0.05); however there was no difference across time points between unilateral and bilateral stimulation. There was also a similar significant increase in corticomotor excitability with both unilateral and bilateral stimulation immediately post, 30 minutes and 60 minutes compared to sham stimulation (all P < 0.05). Unilateral and bilateral stimulation reduced short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI) immediately post and at 30 minutes (all P < 0.05), but returned to baseline in both conditions at 60 minutes. There was no difference between unilateral and bilateral stimulation for SICI (P > 0.05). Furthermore, changes in corticomotor plasticity were not related to changes in motor performance. Conclusion These results indicate that tDCS induced behavioural changes in the non-dominant hand as a consequence of mechanisms associated with use-dependant cortical plasticity that is independent of the electrode arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawson J Kidgell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia.
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87
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Yan BC, Park JH, Ahn JH, Lee JC, Won MH, Kang IJ. Postsynaptic density protein (PSD)-95 expression is markedly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region after experimental ischemia-reperfusion injury. J Neurol Sci 2013; 330:111-6. [PMID: 23684672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity is important for functional recovery after cerebral ischemic injury. In the present study, we investigated chronological change in the immunoreactivity of PSD-95, a kind of postsynaptic density protein, in the hippocampus proper (CA1-3 regions) after 5 min of transient cerebral ischemia in gerbils. PSD-95 immunoreactivity was observed in MAP-2-immunoreactive dendrites in the CA1-3 regions of the sham group. The PSD-95 immunoreactivity was shown as beaded structure in the MAP-2-immunoreactive dendrites. However, PSD-95 immunoreactivity began to be dramatically decreased in MAP-2-immunoreactive dendrites in the CA1 region, not CA2-3 region, at early time after ischemia-reperfusion. At 5 days after ischemia-reperfusion, MAP-2 immunoreactivity almost disappeared in the ischemic CA1 region, and PSD-95 immunoreactivity was much lower than that in the sham group. In brief, PSD-95 immunoreactivity in the CA1 dendrites was markedly decreased at early time after ischemia-reperfusion. We suggest that decreased PSD-95 immunoreactivity in the ischemic CA1 region may lead to a deficit of postsynaptic plasticity in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Chun Yan
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 200-701, South Korea
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88
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BDNF-based synaptic repair as a disease-modifying strategy for neurodegenerative diseases. Nat Rev Neurosci 2013; 14:401-16. [PMID: 23674053 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 527] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that synaptic dysfunction is a key pathophysiological hallmark in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease. Understanding the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in synaptic plasticity and synaptogenesis, the impact of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism in Alzheimer's disease-relevant endophenotypes - including episodic memory and hippocampal volume - and the technological progress in measuring synaptic changes in humans all pave the way for a 'synaptic repair' therapy for neurodegenerative diseases that targets pathophysiology rather than pathogenesis. This article reviews the key issues in translating BDNF biology into synaptic repair therapies.
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89
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Sung WH, Wang CP, Chou CL, Chen YC, Chang YC, Tsai PY. Efficacy of Coupling Inhibitory and Facilitatory Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Enhance Motor Recovery in Hemiplegic Stroke Patients. Stroke 2013; 44:1375-82. [DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.111.000522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background and Purpose—
Although there has been extensive research on the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to improve patients’ motor performance after experiencing chronic stroke, explicit findings on the coupling of different rTMS protocols are meager. We designed this sham-controlled randomized study to investigate the potential for a consecutive suppressive-facilitatory TMS protocol to improve motor outcomes after chronic stroke.
Methods—
Fifty-four chronic hemiplegic stroke patients were allocated across 4 groups to undergo 20 daily sessions of (1) 1 Hz rTMS over the contralesional primary motor cortex (M1) and then intermittent theta burst stimulation over the ipsilesional M1 (group A); (2) contralesional sham stimulation and then ipsilesional real intermittent theta burst stimulation (group B); (3) contralesional real 1 Hz rTMS and then ipsilesional sham stimulation (group C); or (4) bilateral sham-control procedures (group D). We tested cortical excitability and motor activity assessments at the baseline, postpriming rTMS, and postconsequent rTMS periods.
Results—
At post, group A showed greater muscle strength, Fugl-Meyer Assessment (FMA), Wolf Motor Function test, and reaction time improvement in comparison with group B (
P
<0.001≈0.003) and group C (
P
=0.001≈0.003). Correlation analyses in group A revealed a close relation between contralesional map area decrement and Wolf Motor Function test gain (
P
=0.005;
r
=−0.75), and also revealed ipsilesional map area increment and reaction time decrement (
P
=0.02;
r
=−0.87). We detected no such relations in the other 3 groups.
Conclusions—
Our clinical trials established an extended timeframe during which conditioning could be safely continued and produced more favorable outcomes in facilitating motor performance and ameliorating interhemispheric imbalance than those obtained from single-course rTMS modulation alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsu Sung
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
| | - Chih-Pin Wang
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
| | - Chen-Liang Chou
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
| | - Yi-Cheng Chen
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
| | - Yue-Cune Chang
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
| | - Po-Yi Tsai
- From the Department of Physical Therapy and Assistive Technology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan (W.-H.S.); Department of Radiology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-P.W.); Department of Mathematics, Tamkang University; Taipei, Taiwan (Y.-C. Chang); and Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, National Yang-Ming University, School of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan (C.-L.C., Y.-C. Chen, P.-Y.T.)
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90
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Different current intensities of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation do not differentially modulate motor cortex plasticity. Neural Plast 2013; 2013:603502. [PMID: 23577272 PMCID: PMC3614037 DOI: 10.1155/2013/603502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive technique that modulates the excitability of neurons within the motor cortex (M1). Although the aftereffects of anodal tDCS on modulating cortical excitability have been described, there is limited data describing the outcomes of different tDCS intensities on intracortical circuits. To further elucidate the mechanisms underlying the aftereffects of M1 excitability following anodal tDCS, we used transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) to examine the effect of different intensities on cortical excitability and short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI). Using a randomized, counterbalanced, crossover design, with a one-week wash-out period, 14 participants (6 females and 8 males, 22–45 years) were exposed to 10 minutes of anodal tDCS at 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 mA. TMS was used to measure M1 excitability and SICI of the contralateral wrist extensor muscle at baseline, immediately after and 15 and 30 minutes following cessation of anodal tDCS. Cortical excitability increased, whilst SICI was reduced at all time points following anodal tDCS. Interestingly, there were no differences between the three intensities of anodal tDCS on modulating cortical excitability or SICI. These results suggest that the aftereffect of anodal tDCS on facilitating cortical excitability is due to the modulation of synaptic mechanisms associated with long-term potentiation and is not influenced by different tDCS intensities.
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91
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McDonnell MN, Buckley JD, Opie GM, Ridding MC, Semmler JG. A single bout of aerobic exercise promotes motor cortical neuroplasticity. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1174-82. [PMID: 23493367 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01378.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical activity is associated with enhanced plasticity in the motor cortex, but the effect of a single session of aerobic exercise on neuroplasticity is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare corticospinal excitability and plasticity in the upper limb cortical representation following a single session of lower limb cycling at either low or moderate intensity, or a control condition. We recruited 25 healthy adults to take part in three experimental sessions. Cortical excitability was examined using transcranial magnetic stimulation to elicit motor-evoked potentials in the right first dorsal interosseus muscle. Levels of serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor and cortisol were assessed throughout the experiments. Following baseline testing, participants cycled on a stationary bike at a workload equivalent to 57% (low intensity, 30 min) or 77% age-predicted maximal heart rate (moderate intensity, 15 min), or a seated control condition. Neuroplasticity within the primary motor cortex was then examined using a continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) paradigm. We found that exercise did not alter cortical excitability. Following cTBS, there was a transient inhibition of first dorsal interosseus motor-evoked potentials during control and low-intensity conditions, but this was only significantly different following the low-intensity state. Moderate-intensity exercise alone increased serum cortisol levels, but brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels did not increase across any condition. In summary, low-intensity cycling promoted the neuroplastic response to cTBS within the motor cortex of healthy adults. These findings suggest that light exercise has the potential to enhance the effectiveness of motor learning or recovery following brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle N McDonnell
- International Centre for Allied Health Evidence, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.
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92
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Mastroeni C, Bergmann TO, Rizzo V, Ritter C, Klein C, Pohlmann I, Brueggemann N, Quartarone A, Siebner HR. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor--a major player in stimulation-induced homeostatic metaplasticity of human motor cortex? PLoS One 2013; 8:e57957. [PMID: 23469118 PMCID: PMC3585283 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the human motor hand area (M1HAND) can induce lasting changes in corticospinal excitability as indexed by a change in amplitude of the motor-evoked potential. The plasticity-inducing effects of rTMS in M1HAND show substantial inter-individual variability which has been partially attributed to the val66met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Here we used theta burst stimulation (TBS) to examine whether the BDNF val66met genotype can be used to predict the expression of TBS-induced homeostatic metaplasticity in human M1HAND. TBS is a patterned rTMS protocol with intermittent TBS (iTBS) usually inducing a lasting increase and continuous TBS (cTBS) a lasting decrease in corticospinal excitability. In three separate sessions, healthy val66met (n = 12) and val66val (n = 17) carriers received neuronavigated cTBS followed by cTBS (n = 27), cTBS followed by iTBS (n = 29), and iTBS followed by iTBS (n = 28). Participants and examiner were blinded to the genotype at the time of examination. As expected, the first TBS intervention induced a decrease (cTBS) and increase (iTBS) in corticospinal excitability, respectively, at the same time priming the after effects caused by the second TBS intervention in a homeostatic fashion. Critically, val66met carriers and val66val carriers showed very similar response patterns to cTBS and iTBS regardless of the order of TBS interventions. Since none of the observed TBS effects was modulated by the BDNF val66met polymorphism, our results do not support the notion that the BDNF val66met genotype is a major player with regard to TBS-induced plasticity and metaplasticity in the human M1HAND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Mastroeni
- Department of Neurology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
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93
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Belvisi D, Suppa A, Marsili L, Di Stasio F, Parvez AK, Agostino R, Fabbrini G, Berardelli A. Abnormal experimentally- and behaviorally-induced LTP-like plasticity in focal hand dystonia. Exp Neurol 2013; 240:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2012] [Revised: 10/04/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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94
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The BDNF val(66)met polymorphism is not related to motor function or short-term cortical plasticity in elderly subjects. Brain Res 2012; 1495:1-10. [PMID: 23247064 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) val(66)met polymorphism affects function of the motor system in young subjects, but little is known about motor system effects in the elderly. The current study assessed motor system physiology and behavior, plus a measure of short-term motor cortex plasticity using transcranial magnetic stimulation, in 38 elderly subjects, then examined whether findings varied in relation to BDNF genotype. Baseline data were also collected from 14 young subjects. At baseline, elderly subjects had poorer motor performances, larger motor cortex maps, and smaller motor evoked potentials compared to young subjects. Degree of age-related differences in neurophysiology correlated inversely with motor performance, for example, larger map area correlated with weaker pinch grip force (r=-0.42, P=0.01). In elderly subjects, baseline behavior and neurophysiology did not differ in relation to BDNF genotype. In addition, although map area increased significantly (P=0.03) across 30 min of exercise, this change did not vary according to BDNF genotype. Aging is associated with changes in neurophysiology that might represent a compensatory response. The data do not support an association between BDNF genotype and behavior, neurophysiology, or short-term cortical plasticity in the motor system of healthy elderly subjects.
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95
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Freundlieb N, Philipp S, Schneider SA, Brüggemann N, Klein C, Gerloff C, Hummel FC. No association of the BDNF val66met polymorphism with implicit associative vocabulary and motor learning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48327. [PMID: 23152767 PMCID: PMC3496723 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been suggested to play a major role in plasticity, neurogenesis and learning in the adult brain. The BDNF gene contains a common val66met polymorphism associated with decreased activity-dependent excretion of BDNF and a potential influence on behaviour, more specifically, on motor learning. The objective of this study was to determine the influence of the BDNF val66met polymorphism on short-term implicit associative learning and whether its influence is cognitive domain-specific (motor vs. language). A sample of 38 young healthy participants was genotyped, screened for background and neuropsychological differences, and tested with two associative implicit learning paradigms in two different cognitive domains, i.e., motor and vocabulary learning. Subjects performed the serial reaction time task (SRTT) to determine implicit motor learning and a recently established associative vocabulary learning task (AVL) for implicit learning of action and object words. To determine the influence of the BDNF polymorphism on domain-specific implicit learning, behavioural improvements in the two tasks were compared between val/val (n = 22) and met carriers (val/met: n = 15 and met/met: n = 1). There was no evidence for an impact of the BDNF val66met polymorphism on the behavioural outcome in implicit short-term learning paradigms in young healthy subjects. Whether this polymorphism plays a relevant role in long-term training paradigms or in subjects with impaired neuronal plasticity or reduced learning capacity, such as aged individuals, demented patients or patients with brain lesions, has to be determined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Freundlieb
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Philipp
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne A. Schneider
- Schilling Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Norbert Brüggemann
- Schilling Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christine Klein
- Schilling Section of Clinical and Molecular Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, University of Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Christian Gerloff
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Friedhelm C. Hummel
- Brain Imaging and Neurostimulation (BINS) Laboratory, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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96
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Paired associative stimulation increases motor cortex excitability more effectively than theta-burst stimulation. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:2220-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.03.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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97
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Horizons in LTP-like plasticity in human primary motor cortex. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:2111-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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98
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Joundi RA, Lopez-Alonso V, Lago A, Brittain JS, Fernandez-del-Olmo M, Gomez-Garre P, Mir P, Jenkinson N, Cheeran B, Brown P. The effect of BDNF val66met polymorphism on visuomotor adaptation. Exp Brain Res 2012; 223:43-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3239-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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99
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Cirillo J, Hughes J, Ridding M, Thomas PQ, Semmler JG. Differential modulation of motor cortex excitability in BDNF Met allele carriers following experimentally induced and use-dependent plasticity. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 36:2640-9. [PMID: 22694150 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08177.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate how healthy young subjects with one of three variants of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene modulate motor cortex excitability following experimentally induced and use-dependent plasticity interventions. Electromyographic recordings were obtained from the right first dorsal interosseous (FDI) muscle of 12 Val/Val, ten Val/Met and seven Met/Met genotypes (aged 18-39 years). Transcranial magnetic stimulation of the left hemisphere was used to assess changes in FDI motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) following three separate interventions involving paired associative stimulation, a simple ballistic task and complex visuomotor tracking task using the index finger. Val/Val subjects increased FDI MEPs following all interventions (≥ 25%, P < 0.01), whereas the Met allele carriers only showed increased MEPs after the simple motor task (≥ 26%, P < 0.01). In contrast to the simple motor task, there was no significant change in MEPs for the Val/Met subjects (7%, P = 0.50) and a reduction in MEPs for the Met/Met group (-38%, P < 0.01) following the complex motor task. Despite these differences in use-dependent plasticity, the performance of both motor tasks was not different between BDNF genotypes. We conclude that modulation of motor cortex excitability is strongly influenced by the BDNF polymorphism, with the greatest differences observed for the complex motor task. We also found unique motor cortex plasticity in the rarest form of the BDNF polymorphism (Met/Met subjects), which may have implications for functional recovery after disease or injury to the nervous system in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Cirillo
- Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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100
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Chipchase L, Schabrun S, Cohen L, Hodges P, Ridding M, Rothwell J, Taylor J, Ziemann U. A checklist for assessing the methodological quality of studies using transcranial magnetic stimulation to study the motor system: an international consensus study. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:1698-704. [PMID: 22647458 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the last decade transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has been the subject of more than 20,000 original research articles. Despite this popularity, TMS responses are known to be highly variable and this variability can impact on interpretation of research findings. There are no guidelines regarding the factors that should be reported and/or controlled in TMS studies. This study aimed to develop a checklist to be recommended to evaluate the methodology and reporting of studies that use single or paired pulse TMS to study the motor system. A two round international web-based Delphi study was conducted. Panellists rated the importance of a number of subject, methodological and analytical factors to be reported and/or controlled in studies that use single or paired pulse TMS to study the motor system. Twenty-seven items for single pulse studies and 30 items for paired pulse studies were included in the final checklist. Eight items related to subjects (e.g. age, gender), 21 to methodology (e.g. coil type, stimulus intensity) and two to analysis (e.g. size of the unconditioned motor evoked potential). The checklist is recommended for inclusion when submitting manuscripts for publication to ensure transparency of reporting and could also be used to critically appraise previously published work. It is envisaged that factors could be added and deleted from the checklist on the basis of future research. Use of the TMS methodological checklist should improve the quality of data collection and reporting in TMS studies of the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Chipchase
- The University of Queensland, NHMRC Centre of Clinical Research Excellence in Spinal Pain, Injury and Health, Australia.
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