51
|
ten Cate-Hoek AJ, Weitz JI, Gailani D, Meijer K, Philippou H, Bouman AC, Whitney Cheung Y, van Mens TE, Govers-Riemslag JW, Vries M, Bleker S, Biedermann JS, Stoof SCM, Buller HR. Theme 3: Non-invasive management of (recurrent) venous thromboembolism (VTE) and post thrombotic syndrome (PTS). Thromb Res 2016; 136 Suppl 1:S13-8. [PMID: 26387731 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arina J ten Cate-Hoek
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Netherlands; Thrombosis Center, USA.
| | - Jeffrey I Weitz
- McMaster University and Thrombosis and Atherosclerosis Research Institute, Canada
| | - David Gailani
- Vanderbilt University, Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Nashville, USA
| | - Karina Meijer
- University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Department of Hematology, Netherlands
| | - Helen Philippou
- University of Leeds, Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, The LIGHT Labs, Leeds, UK
| | - Annemieke C Bouman
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Netherlands; Thrombosis Center, USA
| | - Y Whitney Cheung
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Netherlands
| | - Thijs E van Mens
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Netherlands
| | - Jose W Govers-Riemslag
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Netherlands
| | - Minka Vries
- Maastricht University Medical Center, Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Hemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Bleker
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Netherlands
| | - Jossi S Biedermann
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Department of Hematology, Netherlands
| | - S Carina M Stoof
- Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Department of Hematology, Netherlands
| | - Harry R Buller
- University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Department of Vascular Medicine, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
The susceptibility of plasma coagulation factor XI to nitration and peroxynitrite action. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 91:589-97. [PMID: 27268383 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Coagulation factor XI is present in blood plasma as the zymogen, like other serine proteases of hemostatic system, but as the only coagulation factor forms 140-160kDa homodimers. Its activation is induced by thrombin, and a positive feedback increases the generation of the extra thrombin. Experimental and clinical observations confirm protective roles of factor XI deficiencies in certain types of thromboembolic disorders. Thromboembolism still causes serious problems for modern civilization. Diseases associated with the blood coagulation system are often associated with inflammation and oxidative stress. Peroxynitrite is produced from nitric oxide and superoxide in inflammatory diseases. The aim of the current study is to evaluate effects of nitrative stress triggered by peroxynitrite on coagulation factor XI in human plasma employing biochemical and bioinformatic methods. The amidolytic assay shows increase in factor XI activity triggered by peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite interferes factor XI by nitration and fragmentation, which is demonstrated by immunoprecipitation followed by western blotting. Nitrated factor XI is even present in control blood plasma. The results suggest possible modifications of factor XI on the molecular level. Computer simulations show tyrosine residues as targets of peroxynitrite action. The modifications induced by peroxynitrite in factor XI might be important in thrombotic disorders.
Collapse
|
53
|
Vieira ML, Naudin C, Mörgelin M, Romero EC, Nascimento ALTO, Herwald H. Modulation of Hemostatic and Inflammatory Responses by Leptospira Spp. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004713. [PMID: 27167223 PMCID: PMC4864083 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a worldwide spread zoonotic and neglected infectious disease of human and veterinary concern that is caused by pathogenic Leptospira species. In severe infections, hemostatic impairments such as coagulation/fibrinolysis dysfunction are frequently observed. These complications often occur when the host response is controlled and/or modulated by the bacterial pathogen. In the present investigation, we aimed to analyze the modulation of the hemostatic and inflammatory host responses by the bacterial pathogen Leptospira. The effects of leptospires and their secreted products on stimulation of human intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation were investigated by means of altered clotting times, assembly and activation of contact system and induction of tissue factor. We show that both extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation cascades are modulated in response to Leptospira or leptospiral secreted proteins. We further find that the pro-inflammatory mediator bradykinin is released following contact activation at the bacterial surface and that pro-coagulant microvesicles are shed from monocytes in response to infection. Also, we show that human leptospirosis patients present higher levels of circulating pro-coagulant microvesicles than healthy individuals. Here we show that both pathways of the coagulation system are modulated by leptospires, possibly leading to altered hemostatic and inflammatory responses during the disease. Our results contribute to the understanding of the leptospirosis pathophysiological mechanisms and may open new routes for the discovery of novel treatments for the severe manifestations of the disease. Leptospirosis is one of the most relevant and spread zoonotic and neglected infectious diseases affecting humans and other mammals, and is caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. During infectious diseases, when bacterial pathogens control and/or modulate the host response, impaired hemostasis and inflammation are frequently observed. Here we studied the effects of leptospires and their secreted products on stimulation of human intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of coagulation, showing that both coagulation cascades are modulated in response to Leptospira or leptospiral secreted proteins. We further find that activation of the coagulation cascades culminates in the release of the pro-inflammatory mediator bradykinin and noted an induction of pro-coagulant microvesicles. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the local and systemic hemostastic complications during leptospirosis. Collectively, our results show how leptospires can affect host responses, possibly leading to altered host responses during the disease and giving rise to the leptospirosis symptomatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mônica L. Vieira
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail: ; (MLV); (HH)
| | - Clément Naudin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Mörgelin
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eliete C. Romero
- Centro de Bacteriologia, Instituto Adolfo Lutz, Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Heiko Herwald
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund, Division of Infection Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: ; (MLV); (HH)
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Long AT, Kenne E, Jung R, Fuchs TA, Renné T. Contact system revisited: an interface between inflammation, coagulation, and innate immunity. J Thromb Haemost 2016; 14:427-37. [PMID: 26707513 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The contact system is a plasma protease cascade initiated by factor XII (FXII) that activates the proinflammatory kallikrein-kinin system and the procoagulant intrinsic coagulation pathway. Anionic surfaces induce FXII zymogen activation to form proteolytically active FXIIa. Bacterial surfaces also have the ability to activate contact system proteins, indicating an important role for host defense using the cooperation of the inflammatory and coagulation pathways. Recent research has shown that inorganic polyphosphate found in platelets activates FXII in vivo and can induce coagulation in pathological thrombus formation. Experimental studies have shown that interference with FXII provides thromboprotection without a therapy-associated increase in bleeding, renewing interest in the FXIIa-driven intrinsic pathway of coagulation as a therapeutic target. This review summarizes how the contact system acts as the cross-road of inflammation, coagulation, and innate immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A T Long
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - E Kenne
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Jung
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - T A Fuchs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - T Renné
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Synthesis, evaluation and structure-activity relationship of new 3-carboxamide coumarins as FXIIa inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 110:181-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
56
|
Worm M, Köhler EC, Panda R, Long A, Butler LM, Stavrou EX, Nickel KF, Fuchs TA, Renné T. The factor XIIa blocking antibody 3F7: a safe anticoagulant with anti-inflammatory activities. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:247. [PMID: 26605293 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.09.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The plasma protein factor XII (FXII) is the initiating protease of the procoagulant and proinflammatory contact system. FXII activates both the bradykinin (BK) producing kallikrein-kinin system and the intrinsic pathway of coagulation. Contact with negatively charged surfaces induces auto-activation of zymogen FXII that results in activated FXII (FXIIa). Various in vivo activators of FXII have been identified including heparin, misfolded protein aggregates, nucleic acids and polyphosphate. Murine models have established a central role of FXII in arterial and venous thromboembolic diseases. Despite the central function of FXII in pathologic thrombosis, its deficiency does not impair hemostasis in animals or humans. The selective role of FXIIa in thrombosis, but not hemostasis, offers an exciting novel strategy for safe anticoagulation based on interference with FXIIa. We have generated the recombinant fully human FXIIa-blocking antibody 3F7, which abolished FXIIa enzymatic activity and prevented thrombosis in a cardiopulmonary bypass system in large animals, in the absence of increased therapy-associated bleeding. Furthermore, 3F7 also interfered with BK-driven edema in the severe swelling disorder hereditary angioedema (HAE) type III. Taken together, targeting FXIIa with 3F7 appears to be a promising approach to treat edema disorders and thrombosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Worm
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elodie C Köhler
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Rachita Panda
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Andy Long
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lynn M Butler
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Evi X Stavrou
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Katrin F Nickel
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Tobias A Fuchs
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Renné
- 1 Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany ; 2 Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center of Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden ; 3 Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA ; 4 Department of Medicine, Louis Stokes Veterans Administration Hospital, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Streptococcus pyogenes triggers activation of the human contact system by streptokinase. Infect Immun 2015; 83:3035-42. [PMID: 25987706 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00180-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe invasive infectious diseases remain a major and life-threatening health problem. In serious cases, a systemic activation of the coagulation cascade is a critical complication that is associated with high mortality rates. We report here that streptokinase, a group A streptococcal plasminogen activator, triggers the activation of the human contact system. Activation of contact system factors at the surface of the Streptococcus pyogenes serotype M49 is dependent on streptokinase and plasminogen. Our results also show that secreted streptokinase is an efficient contact system activator, independent from a contact surface. This results in the processing of high-molecular-weight kininogen and the release of bradykinin, a potent vascular mediator. We further investigated whether the ability of 50 different clinical S. pyogenes isolates to activate the contact system is associated with an invasive phenotype. The data reveal that isolates from invasive infections trigger an activation of the contact system more potently than strains isolated from noninvasive infections. The present study gives new insights into the mechanisms by which S. pyogenes triggers the human contact system and stresses the function of soluble and surface located plasmin exploited as a group A streptococcal virulence factor through the action of streptokinase.
Collapse
|
58
|
Uszyński M, Kuczyński J, Żekanowska E, Uszyński W. The Contact Activation System (CAS) in cord blood: Measurement of CAS components and comparison with mother's blood. A pilot study. Thromb Res 2015; 136:1018-21. [PMID: 26384441 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Classical reference data concerning the coagulation system and fibrinolysis in fetuses and newborns date back to the 1990 s. Since that time a number of methodological or other improvements have been implemented, which may cast some doubt on timeliness of the data. The study objective was to measure the levels of Contact Activation System (CAS) components by antigen, i.e. factors XII and XI (FXII, FXI), prekallikrein (PK) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) in cord blood and maternal blood. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study group consisted of 35 healthy parturient women with an uneventful pregnancy and birth. The samples of cord blood and maternal blood were obtained immediately after delivery, before clumping the umbilical cord. The CAS components were measured by immunoenzymatic method (ELISA). RESULTS The median concentrations of CAS components in cord blood plasma and mother's plasma were as follow: FXII: 1.02 (0.60- 2.58) ng/mg protein vs. 0.94 (0.66-1.86) ng/mg protein (p>0.05); FXI: 2.71(0.03-8.0) ng/mg protein vs. 0.92 (0.03-10.44) ng/mg protein (p>0.05); PK: 168.78 (104.28-261.16) pg/mg protein vs. 113.44 (79.94-146.70) pg/mg protein (p>0.05); HMWK: 2169.45 (1530.64- 2539.83) ng/mg protein vs. 2857.96 (2541.52-3161.04) ng/mg protein (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS 1. The antigen levels of the three contact factors, i.e. FXII, FXI and PK in the cord blood of full-term and healthy fetuses were similar to those observed in mother's blood immediately after delivery. Only high molecular weight kininogen was found to be lower (accounting for 84% of the values noted in mothers). 2. Based on our measurements, we claim that the cited reference data concerning the contact factors in full-term and healthy newborns are underestimated; hence, new reference values need to be determined for each antigen and activity contact factor level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mieczysław Uszyński
- Department of Propedeutics of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland.
| | | | - Ewa Żekanowska
- Department of Pathophysiology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland
| | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Gailani D, Bane CE, Gruber A. Factor XI and contact activation as targets for antithrombotic therapy. J Thromb Haemost 2015; 13:1383-95. [PMID: 25976012 PMCID: PMC4516614 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The most commonly used anticoagulants produce therapeutic antithrombotic effects either by inhibiting thrombin or factor Xa (FXa) or by lowering the plasma levels of the precursors of these key enzymes, prothrombin and FX. These drugs do not distinguish between thrombin generation contributing to thrombosis from thrombin generation required for hemostasis. Thus, anticoagulants increase bleeding risk, and many patients who would benefit from therapy go untreated because of comorbidities that place them at unacceptable risk for hemorrhage. Studies in animals demonstrate that components of the plasma contact activation system contribute to experimentally induced thrombosis, despite playing little or no role in hemostasis. Attention has focused on FXII, the zymogen of a protease (FXIIa) that initiates contact activation when blood is exposed to foreign surfaces, and FXI, the zymogen of the protease FXIa, which links contact activation to the thrombin generation mechanism. In the case of FXI, epidemiologic data indicate this protein contributes to stroke and venous thromboembolism, and perhaps myocardial infarction, in humans. A phase 2 trial showing that reduction of FXI may be more effective than low molecular weight heparin at preventing venous thrombosis during knee replacement surgery provides proof of concept for the premise that an antithrombotic effect can be uncoupled from an anticoagulant effect in humans by targeting components of contact activation. Here, we review data on the role of FXI and FXII in thrombosis and results of preclinical and human trials for therapies targeting these proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gailani
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Charles E. Bane
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Andras Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Han Y, Zhu T, Jiao L, Hua B, Cai H, Zhao Y. Normal range and genetic analysis of coagulation factor XII in the general Chinese population. Thromb Res 2015; 136:440-4. [PMID: 26105808 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been reported that the average activity of coagulation factor XII depends on the ethnicity of the population under study but little information is available on Chinese. We here provide an analysis of the range of activities and antigenic levels of factor XII in healthy Han Chinese and correlate the measurements with polymorphisms and mutations in the corresponding gene. METHODS Plasma samples were obtained from 549 healthy Chinese adults (264 men, 285 women; age 16-79years) undergoing routine check-ups. The samples were subjected to an activated partial thromboplastin time-based factor XII activity assay as well as an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Partial gene sequence analyses were performed in subjects with low factor XII activity and in normal controls. RESULTS Ninety-five percent of the subjects had factor XII activities between 47% and 160.25%, with no evidence for an influence of sex or age. Among 15 subjects with activity levels ≤47%, we found one novel nonsense and two missense mutations that may lead to dysfunctional proteins. No mutations were found in a selection of subjects with activities above 47%. Interestingly, however, the particular sequence at a known C/T polymorphism at position 46 just upstream of the translational start codon was correlated with factor XII activity. Subjects homozygous for the T allele, which has an allelic frequency of 0.69, showed significantly lower factor XII activities compared to subjects homozygous for the C allele or those heterozygous for C/T. CONCLUSIONS The survey determined the normal range of factor XII activities in healthy Chinese and identified mutations as well as a biased representation of a polymorphic nucleotide in subjects with abnormally low activities. The results provide an essential basis for the diagnosis of FXII deficiencies in Chinese.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Han
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Tienan Zhu
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Li Jiao
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Baolai Hua
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Huacong Cai
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yongqiang Zhao
- Department of Hematology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Smith SA, Morrissey JH. 2013 scientific sessions Sol Sherry distinguished lecture in thrombosis: polyphosphate: a novel modulator of hemostasis and thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 35:1298-305. [PMID: 25908762 PMCID: PMC4441552 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.301927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphate is a highly anionic, linear polymer of inorganic phosphates that is found throughout biology, including in many infectious microorganisms. Recently, polyphosphate was discovered to be stored in a subset of the secretory granules of human platelets and mast cells, and to be secreted on activation of these cells. Work from our laboratory and others has now shown that polyphosphate is a novel, potent modulator of the blood clotting and complement systems that likely plays roles in hemostasis, thrombosis, inflammation, and host responses to pathogens. Therapeutics targeting polyphosphate may have the potential to limit thrombosis with fewer hemorrhagic complications than conventional anticoagulant drugs that target essential proteases of the blood clotting cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Smith
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - James H Morrissey
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Uszyński W, Żekanowska E, Uszyński M, Kieszkowski P. Activation contact system (ACS) and tissue factor (TF) in human amniotic fluid: Measurements of ACS components and TF, and some implications on the pathophysiology of amniotic fluid embolism. Thromb Res 2015; 135:699-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
63
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Polyphosphate (polyP) is an inorganic polymer that has recently been shown to be secreted by activated platelets. It is a potent modulator of the blood clotting and complement systems in hemostasis, thrombosis, and inflammation. RECENT FINDINGS This review focuses on what is currently known about which blood cells secrete polyP, and the roles that polyP plays in modulating the blood clotting and complement systems in health and disease. SUMMARY PolyP is a novel player in normal hemostasis and likely plays roles in thrombotic diseases and also in host responses to pathogens. It is also potentially a drug target, as its contributions to hemostasis appear to be to accelerate blood clotting but are not required for blood clotting to happen.
Collapse
|
64
|
Rossi TM, Smith SA, McMichael MA, Wilkins PA. Evaluation of contact activation of citrated equine whole blood during storage and effects of contact activation on results of recalcification-initiated thromboelastometry. Am J Vet Res 2015; 76:122-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.76.2.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
65
|
Labberton L, Kenne E, Renné T. New agents for thromboprotection. A role for factor XII and XIIa inhibition. Hamostaseologie 2015; 35:338-50. [PMID: 25609114 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-14-11-0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation is essential for hemostasis, however excessive coagulation can lead to thrombosis. Factor XII starts the intrinsic coagulation pathway and contact-induced factor XII activation provides the mechanistic basis for the diagnostic aPTT clotting assay. Despite its function for fibrin formation in test tubes, patients and animals lacking factor XII have a completely normal hemostasis. The lack of a bleeding tendency observed in factor XII deficiency states is in sharp contrast to deficiencies of other components of the coagulation cascade and factor XII has been considered to have no function for coagulation in vivo. Recently, experimental animal models showed that factor XII is activated by an inorganic polymer, polyphosphate, which is released from procoagulant platelets and that polyphosphate-driven factor XII activation has an essential role in pathologic thrombus formation. Cumulatively, the data suggest to target polyphosphate, factor XII, or its activated form factor XIIa for anticoagulation. As the factor XII pathway specifically contributes to thrombosis but not to hemostasis, interference with this pathway provides a unique opportunity for safe anticoagulation that is not associated with excess bleeding. The review summarizes current knowledge on factor XII functions, activators and inhibitors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - T Renné
- Thomas Renné, M.D. Ph.D., Clinical Chemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna (L2:05), 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel. +46/8/51 77 33 90, +49/(0)40/741 05 89 84, Fax +46/31 03 76, +49/(0)40/741 05 75 76, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
van Montfoort ML, Meijers JCM. Recent insights into the role of the contact pathway in thrombo-inflammatory disorders. HEMATOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY OF HEMATOLOGY. EDUCATION PROGRAM 2014; 2014:60-5. [PMID: 25696835 DOI: 10.1182/asheducation-2014.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The contact pathway of coagulation consists of the proteins factor XI, factor XII, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. Activation of the contact system leads to procoagulant and proinflammatory reactions. The contact system is essential for surface-initiated coagulation, as exemplified by aPTT, but there is probably no role for the contact system in initiating physiologic in vivo coagulation. However, over the last few years, there has been renewed interest, especially because of experimental evidence suggesting that the contact system contributes to thrombosis. Knockout mice deficient in one of the contact proteins were protected against artificially induced thrombosis. Furthermore, inhibiting agents such as monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecules were found to prevent thrombosis in rodents and primates in both venous and arterial vascular beds. Although it remains to be established whether targeting the contact system will be effective in humans and which of the contact factors is the best target for anticoagulation, it would constitute a promising approach for future effective and safe antithrombotic therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurits L van Montfoort
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- Department of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Abstract
Abstract
The contact pathway of coagulation consists of the proteins factor XI, factor XII, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. Activation of the contact system leads to procoagulant and proinflammatory reactions. The contact system is essential for surface-initiated coagulation, as exemplified by aPTT, but there is probably no role for the contact system in initiating physiologic in vivo coagulation. However, over the last few years, there has been renewed interest, especially because of experimental evidence suggesting that the contact system contributes to thrombosis. Knockout mice deficient in one of the contact proteins were protected against artificially induced thrombosis. Furthermore, inhibiting agents such as monoclonal antibodies, antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecules were found to prevent thrombosis in rodents and primates in both venous and arterial vascular beds. Although it remains to be established whether targeting the contact system will be effective in humans and which of the contact factors is the best target for anticoagulation, it would constitute a promising approach for future effective and safe antithrombotic therapy.
Collapse
|
68
|
The adaptor protein Swiprosin-1/EFhd2 is dispensable for platelet function in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107139. [PMID: 25243606 PMCID: PMC4170979 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Platelets are anuclear cell fragments derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes that safeguard vascular integrity, but may also cause pathological vessel occlusion. Reorganizations of the platelet cytoskeleton and agonist-induced intracellular Ca2+-mobilization are crucial for platelet hemostatic function. EF-hand domain containing 2 (EFhd2, Swiprosin-1) is a Ca2+-binding cytoskeletal adaptor protein involved in actin remodeling in different cell types, but its function in platelets is unknown. Objective Based on the described functions of EFhd2 in immune cells, we tested the hypothesis that EFhd2 is a crucial adaptor protein for platelet function acting as a regulator of Ca2+-mobilization and cytoskeletal rearrangements. Methods and Results We generated EFhd2-deficient mice and analyzed their platelets in vitro and in vivo. Efhd2-/- mice displayed normal platelet count and size, exhibited an unaltered in vivo life span and showed normal Ca2+-mobilization and activation/aggregation responses to classic agonists. Interestingly, upon stimulation of the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-coupled receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI, Efhd2-/- platelets showed a slightly increased coagulant activity. Furthermore, absence of EFhd2 had no significant impact on integrin-mediated clot retraction, actomyosin rearrangements and spreading of activated platelets on fibrinogen. In vivo EFhd2-deficiency resulted in unaltered hemostatic function and unaffected arterial thrombus formation. Conclusion These results show that EFhd2 is not essential for platelet function in mice indicating that other cytoskeletal adaptors may functionally compensate its loss.
Collapse
|
69
|
Loof TG, Deicke C, Medina E. The role of coagulation/fibrinolysis during Streptococcus pyogenes infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:128. [PMID: 25309880 PMCID: PMC4161043 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hemostatic system comprises platelet aggregation, coagulation and fibrinolysis and is a host defense mechanism that protects the integrity of the vascular system after tissue injury. During bacterial infections, the coagulation system cooperates with the inflammatory system to eliminate the invading pathogens. However, pathogenic bacteria have frequently evolved mechanisms to exploit the hemostatic system components for their own benefit. Streptococcus pyogenes, also known as Group A Streptococcus, provides a remarkable example of the extraordinary capacity of pathogens to exploit the host hemostatic system to support microbial survival and dissemination. The coagulation cascade comprises the contact system (also known as the intrinsic pathway) and the tissue factor pathway (also known as the extrinsic pathway), both leading to fibrin formation. During the early phase of S. pyogenes infection, the activation of the contact system eventually leads to bacterial entrapment within a fibrin clot, where S. pyogenes is immobilized and killed. However, entrapped S. pyogenes can circumvent the antimicrobial effect of the clot by sequestering host plasminogen on the bacterial cell surface that, after conversion into its active proteolytic form, plasmin, degrades the fibrin network and facilitates the liberation of S. pyogenes from the clot. Furthermore, the surface-localized fibrinolytic activity also cleaves a variety of extracellular matrix proteins, thereby enabling S. pyogenes to migrate across barriers and disseminate within the host. This review summarizes the knowledge gained during the last two decades on the role of coagulation/fibrinolysis in host defense against S. pyogenes as well as the strategies developed by this pathogen to evade and exploit these host mechanisms for its own benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Torsten G Loof
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Christin Deicke
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Eva Medina
- Infection Immunology Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research Braunschweig, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Albert-Weissenberger C, Mencl S, Schuhmann MK, Salur I, Göb E, Langhauser F, Hopp S, Hennig N, Meuth SG, Nolte MW, Sirén AL, Kleinschnitz C. C1-Inhibitor protects from focal brain trauma in a cortical cryolesion mice model by reducing thrombo-inflammation. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:269. [PMID: 25249935 PMCID: PMC4158993 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a strong inflammatory response which includes blood-brain barrier damage, edema formation and infiltration of different immune cell subsets. More recently, microvascular thrombosis has been identified as another pathophysiological feature of TBI. The contact-kinin system represents an interface between inflammatory and thrombotic circuits and is activated in different neurological diseases. C1-Inhibitor counteracts activation of the contact-kinin system at multiple levels. We investigated the therapeutic potential of C1-Inhibitor in a model of TBI. Male and female C57BL/6 mice were subjected to cortical cryolesion and treated with C1-Inhibitor after 1 h. Lesion volumes were assessed between day 1 and day 5 and blood-brain barrier damage, thrombus formation as well as the local inflammatory response were determined post TBI. Treatment of male mice with 15.0 IU C1-Inhibitor, but not 7.5 IU, 1 h after cryolesion reduced lesion volumes by ~75% on day 1. This protective effect was preserved in female mice and at later stages of trauma. Mechanistically, C1-Inhibitor stabilized the blood-brain barrier and decreased the invasion of immune cells into the brain parenchyma. Moreover, C1-Inhibitor had strong antithrombotic effects. C1-Inhibitor represents a multifaceted anti-inflammatory and antithrombotic compound that prevents traumatic neurodegeneration in clinically meaningful settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stine Mencl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Irmak Salur
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva Göb
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Sarah Hopp
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nelli Hennig
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sven G Meuth
- Department of Neurology, University of Münster Münster, Germany ; Institute of Physiology I - Neuropathophysiology, University of Münster Münster, Germany
| | | | - Anna-Leena Sirén
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Mair KH, Sedlak C, Käser T, Pasternak A, Levast B, Gerner W, Saalmüller A, Summerfield A, Gerdts V, Wilson HL, Meurens F. The porcine innate immune system: an update. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 45:321-43. [PMID: 24709051 PMCID: PMC7103209 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 03/30/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Over the last few years, we have seen an increasing interest and demand for pigs in biomedical research. Domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) are closely related to humans in terms of their anatomy, genetics, and physiology, and often are the model of choice for the assessment of novel vaccines and therapeutics in a preclinical stage. However, the pig as a model has much more to offer, and can serve as a model for many biomedical applications including aging research, medical imaging, and pharmaceutical studies to name a few. In this review, we will provide an overview of the innate immune system in pigs, describe its anatomical and physiological key features, and discuss the key players involved. In particular, we compare the porcine innate immune system to that of humans, and emphasize on the importance of the pig as model for human disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K H Mair
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - C Sedlak
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - T Käser
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - A Pasternak
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - B Levast
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - W Gerner
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Saalmüller
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Pathobiology, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria
| | - A Summerfield
- Institute of Virology and Immunoprophylaxis (IVI), Sensemattstrasse 293, 3147 Mittelhäusern, Switzerland
| | - V Gerdts
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - H L Wilson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - F Meurens
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization-International Vaccine Centre (VIDO-InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Park JE, Park JW, Lee W, Lee JS. Pleiotropic effects of a vibrio extracellular protease on the activation of contact system. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 450:1099-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 06/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
73
|
Chyung Y, Vince B, Iarrobino R, Sexton D, Kenniston J, Faucette R, TenHoor C, Stolz LE, Stevens C, Biedenkapp J, Adelman B. A phase 1 study investigating DX-2930 in healthy subjects. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:460-6.e2. [PMID: 24980392 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DX-2930 is a human monoclonal antibody inhibitor of plasma kallikrein under investigation for long-term prophylaxis of hereditary angioedema. OBJECTIVE To assess the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of DX-2930 in healthy subjects. METHODS A single-center, double-blinded study was performed in 32 healthy subjects randomized 3:1 to receive a single subcutaneous administration of DX-2930 or placebo within 1 of 4 sequential, ascending dose cohorts (n = 8 each): 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, or 3.0 mg/kg. RESULTS No dose-limiting toxicity was observed. Headache was the most commonly reported treatment emergent adverse event (AE), occurring at a rate of 25% in the DX-2930- and placebo-treated groups; none were severe and all resolved. There were no serious AEs, discontinuations owing to an AE, or deaths. Two subjects had a severe AE reported as related to treatment by the blinded investigator; the 2 AEs were asymptomatic creatinine phosphokinase elevations of 902 U/L in 1 subject receiving 0.1 mg/kg DX-2930 and 1,967 U/L in 1 subject receiving placebo. For the 0.1-, 0.3-, 1.0-, and 3.0-mg/kg dose groups, respectively, mean maximum plasma concentrations were 0.6, 1.4, 5.6, and 14.5 μg/mL and mean elimination half-lives were 20.6, 16.8, 17.6, and 21.2 days. Exploratory biomarker assays, involving ex vivo activation of the kallikrein pathway, showed dose- and time-dependent inhibition of plasma kallikrein, with evidence of sustained bioactivity consistent with the pharmacokinetics profile. CONCLUSION A single administration of DX-2930 in healthy subjects up to doses of 3.0 mg/kg was well tolerated without dose-limiting toxicity. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data provide evidence for a long-acting biological effect relevant to long-term prophylaxis for hereditary angioedema with C1-inhibitor deficiency. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01923207.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bradley Vince
- Vince & Associates Clinical Research, Overland Park, Kansas
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
van Montfoort ML, Kuijpers MJE, Knaup VL, Bhanot S, Monia BP, Roelofs JJTH, Heemskerk JWM, Meijers JCM. Factor XI regulates pathological thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:1668-73. [PMID: 24947525 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Coagulation factor XI is proposed as therapeutic target for anticoagulation. However, it is still unclear whether the antithrombotic properties of factor XI inhibitors influence atherosclerotic disease and atherothrombosis. Our aim is to investigate whether factor XI antisense oligonucleotides could prevent thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques. APPROACH AND RESULTS Atherosclerotic plaques in the carotid arteries of Apoe(-/-) mice were acutely ruptured using ultrasound. The subsequent thrombus formation was visualized and quantified by intravital microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Mice were pretreated with either factor XI antisense or nonsense oligonucleotides (50 mg/kg) to lower factor XI plasma levels. A tail bleeding assay was used to determine the safety. On plaque rupture, initial platelet adhesion and platelet plug formation were not impaired in animals treated with factor XI antisense oligonucleotides. However, the ensuing thrombus formation and fibrin deposition were significantly lower after 5 to 10 minutes (P<0.05) in factor XI antisense oligonucleotide-treated animals without inducing a bleeding tendency. Furthermore, thrombi from antisense-treated animals were less stable than thrombi from placebo-treated animals. Moreover, macrophage infiltration and collagen deposition were lower in the carotid arteries of factor XI antisense-treated animals. No neutrophils were present. CONCLUSIONS Factor XI antisense oligonucleotides safely prevent thrombus formation on acutely ruptured atherosclerotic plaques in mice. Furthermore, perturbed carotid arteries from factor XI antisense-treated animals show a less severe inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurits L van Montfoort
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Marijke J E Kuijpers
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Véronique L Knaup
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Sanjay Bhanot
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Brett P Monia
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Joris J T H Roelofs
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Johan W M Heemskerk
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.)
| | - Joost C M Meijers
- From the Departments of Experimental Vascular Medicine (M.L.v.M., V.L.K., J.C.M.M.) and Pathology (J.J.T.H.R.), Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Biochemistry, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands (M.J.E.K., J.W.M.H.); Department of Antisense Drug Discovery, Isis Pharmaceuticals Inc, Carlsbad, CA (S.B., B.P.M.); and Department of Plasma Proteins, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (J.C.M.M.).
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Tedeschi A, Kolkhir P, Asero R, Pogorelov D, Olisova O, Kochergin N, Cugno M. Chronic urticaria and coagulation: pathophysiological and clinical aspects. Allergy 2014; 69:683-91. [PMID: 24673528 DOI: 10.1111/all.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Chronic urticaria (CU) is a widespread skin disease, characterized by the recurrence of transient wheals and itch for more than 6 weeks. Besides autoimmune mechanisms, coagulation factors, in particular tissue factor and thrombin, might also participate in the disease pathophysiology. Tissue factor expressed by eosinophils can induce activation of blood coagulation generating thrombin which in turn can increase vascular permeability both directly, acting on endothelial cells, and indirectly, inducing degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine, as demonstrated in experimental models. D-dimer, a fibrin degradation product, generated following activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis, has been found to be increased during urticaria exacerbations; moreover, it has been proposed as a biomarker of severity and resistance to H1-antihistamines in CU patients. The possible role of coagulation in CU is also supported by case reports, case series and a small controlled study showing the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in this disease. The purpose of this review was to summarize the available data on the possible contribution of coagulation to the pathophysiology of CU focusing on clinical aspects and possible future therapeutic developments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A. Tedeschi
- U.O. Allergologia e Immunologia Clinica; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda; Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milano Italy
| | - P. Kolkhir
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - R. Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia; Clinica San Carlo; Paderno Dugnano (MI)
| | - D. Pogorelov
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - O. Olisova
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - N. Kochergin
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology; I. M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University; Moscow Russia
| | - M. Cugno
- Medicina Interna; Dipartimento di Fisiopatologia Medico-Chirurgica e dei Trapianti; Università degli Studi di Milano; Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda; Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico; Milano Italy
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Dütting S, Vögtle T, Morowski M, Schiessl S, Schäfer CM, Watson SK, Hughes CE, Ackermann JA, Radtke D, Hermanns HM, Watson SP, Nitschke L, Nieswandt B. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 contributes to (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif-mediated signaling in platelets. Circ Res 2013; 114:444-453. [PMID: 24265393 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Platelets are anuclear cell fragments derived from bone marrow megakaryocytes (MKs) that safeguard vascular integrity but may also cause pathological vessel occlusion. One major pathway of platelet activation is triggered by 2 receptors that signal through an (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM), the activating collagen receptor glycoprotein (GP) VI and the C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC-2). Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (Grb2) is a ubiquitously expressed adapter molecule involved in signaling processes of numerous receptors in different cell types, but its function in platelets and MKs is unknown. OBJECTIVE We tested the hypothesis that Grb2 is a crucial adapter protein in (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling in platelets. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that genetic ablation of Grb2 in MKs and platelets did not interfere with MK differentiation or platelet production. However, Grb2-deficiency severely impaired glycoprotein VI-mediated platelet activation because of defective stabilization of the linker of activated T-cell (LAT) signalosome and activation of downstream signaling proteins that resulted in reduced adhesion, aggregation, and coagulant activity on collagen in vitro. Similarly, CLEC-2-mediated signaling was impaired in Grb2-deficient platelets, whereas the cells responded normally to stimulation of G protein-coupled receptors. In vivo, this selective (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling defect resulted in prolonged bleeding times but affected arterial thrombus formation only after concomitant treatment with acetylsalicylic acid, indicating that defective glycoprotein VI signaling in the absence of Grb2 can be compensated through thromboxane A2-induced G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS These results reveal an important contribution of Grb2 in (hem)immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif signaling in platelets in hemostasis and thrombosis by stabilizing the LAT signalosome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Dütting
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Timo Vögtle
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Martina Morowski
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Sarah Schiessl
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Carmen M Schäfer
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Stephanie K Watson
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Craig E Hughes
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Jochen A Ackermann
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Daniel Radtke
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Heike M Hermanns
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Steve P Watson
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Lars Nitschke
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| | - Bernhard Nieswandt
- Department of Experimental Biomedicine, University Hospital Würzburg (S.D., T.V., M.M., S.S., B.N.) and Rudolf Virchow Center for Experimental Biomedicine (S.D., T.V., C.M.S., H.M.H., B.N.), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, Institute for Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom (S.K.W., C.E.H., S.P.W.); and Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany (J.A.A., D.R., L.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Reglinski M, Sriskandan S. The contribution of group A streptococcal virulence determinants to the pathogenesis of sepsis. Virulence 2013; 5:127-36. [PMID: 24157731 PMCID: PMC3916366 DOI: 10.4161/viru.26400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus, GAS) is responsible for a wide range of pathologies ranging from mild pharyngitis and impetigo to severe invasive soft tissue infections. Despite the continuing susceptibility of the bacterium to β-lactam antibiotics there has been an unexplained resurgence in the prevalence of invasive GAS infection over the past 30 years. Of particular importance was the emergence of a GAS-associated sepsis syndrome that is analogous to the systemic toxicosis associated with TSST-1 producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. Despite being recognized for over 20 years, the etiology of GAS associated sepsis and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome remains poorly understood. Here we review the virulence factors that contribute to the etiology of GAS associated sepsis with a particular focus on coagulation system interactions and the role of the superantigens in the development of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Reglinski
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunity; Imperial College London; London, UK
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Infectious Disease and Immunity; Imperial College London; London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Alvarenga PH, Xu X, Oliveira F, Chagas AC, Nascimento CR, Francischetti IMB, Juliano MA, Juliano L, Scharfstein J, Valenzuela JG, Ribeiro JMC, Andersen JF. Novel family of insect salivary inhibitors blocks contact pathway activation by binding to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2759-70. [PMID: 24092749 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.302482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Polyphosphate and heparin are anionic polymers released by activated mast cells and platelets that are known to stimulate the contact pathway of coagulation. These polymers promote both the autoactivation of factor XII and the assembly of complexes containing factor XI, prekallikrein, and high-molecular-weight kininogen. We are searching for salivary proteins from blood-feeding insects that counteract the effect of procoagulant and proinflammatory factors in the host, including elements of the contact pathway. APPROACH AND RESULTS Here, we evaluate the ability of the sand fly salivary proteins, PdSP15a and PdSP15b, to inhibit the contact pathway by disrupting binding of its components to anionic polymers. We attempt to demonstrate binding of the proteins to polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate. We also evaluate the effect of this binding on contact pathway reactions. We also set out to determine the x-ray crystal structure of PdSP15b and examine the determinants of relevant molecular interactions. Both proteins bind polyphosphate, heparin, and dextran sulfate with high affinity. Through this mechanism they inhibit the autoactivation of factor XII and factor XI, the reciprocal activation of factor XII and prekallikrein, the activation of factor XI by thrombin and factor XIIa, the cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen in plasma, and plasma extravasation induced by polyphosphate. The crystal structure of PdSP15b contains an amphipathic helix studded with basic side chains that forms the likely interaction surface. CONCLUSIONS The results of these studies indicate that the binding of anionic polymers by salivary proteins is used by blood feeders as an antihemostatic/anti-inflammatory mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia H Alvarenga
- From the Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD (P.H.A., X.X., F.O., A.C.C., I.M.B.F., J.G.V., J.M.C.R., J.F.A.); Laboratório de Bioquímica de Resposta ao Estresse, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (P.H.A.); Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (P.H.A.); Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (C.R.N., J.S.); and Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil (M.A.J., L.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Kashuba E, Eagle GL, Bailey J, Evans P, Welham KJ, Allsup D, Cawkwell L. Proteomic analysis of B-cell receptor signaling in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia reveals a possible role for kininogen. J Proteomics 2013; 91:478-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
80
|
Björkqvist J, Jämsä A, Renné T. Plasma kallikrein: the bradykinin-producing enzyme. Thromb Haemost 2013; 110:399-407. [PMID: 23846131 DOI: 10.1160/th13-03-0258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Plasma prekallikrein is the liver-derived precursor of the trypsin-like serine protease plasma kallikrein (PK) and circulates in plasma bound to high molecular weight kininogen. The zymogen is converted to PK by activated factor XII. PK drives multiple proteolytic reaction cascades in the cardiovascular system such as the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, the kallikrein-kinin system, the fibrinolytic system, the renin-angiotensin system and the alternative complement pathway. Here, we review the biochemistry and cell biology of PK and focus on recent in vivo studies that have established important functions of the protease in procoagulant and proinflammatory disease states. Targeting PK offers novel strategies not previously appreciated to interfere with thrombosis and vascular inflammation in a broad variety of diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Björkqvist
- Thomas Renné, MD, PhD, Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna (L1:00), SE-171 76 Stockholm, Sweden, Tel.: +46 8 517 73390, Fax: +46 310376, E-mail:
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Lattuada M, Bergquist M, Maripuu E, Hedenstierna G. Mechanical ventilation worsens abdominal edema and inflammation in porcine endotoxemia. Crit Care 2013; 17:R126. [PMID: 23799965 PMCID: PMC4056092 DOI: 10.1186/cc12801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We hypothesized that mechanical ventilation per se increases abdominal edema and inflammation in sepsis and tested this in experimental endotoxemia. METHODS Thirty anesthetized piglets were allocated to one of five groups: healthy control pigs breathing spontaneously with continuous positive pressure of 5 cm H2O or mechanically ventilated with positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 cm H2O, and endotoxemic piglets during mechanical ventilation for 2.5 hours and then continued on mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure of either 5 or 15 cm H2O or switched to spontaneous breathing with continuous positive pressure of 5 cm H2O for another 2.5 hours. Abdominal edema formation was estimated by isotope technique, and inflammatory markers were measured in liver, intestine, lung, and plasma. RESULTS Healthy controls: 5 hours of spontaneous breathing did not increase abdominal fluid, whereas mechanical ventilation did (Normalized Index increased from 1.0 to 1.6; 1 to 3.3 (median and range, P<0.05)). Endotoxemic animals: Normalized Index increased almost sixfold after 5 hours of mechanical ventilation (5.9; 4.9 to 6.9; P<0.05) with twofold increase from 2.5 to 5 hours whether positive end-expiratory pressure was 5 or 15, but only by 40% with spontaneous breathing (P<0.05 versus positive end-expiratory pressure of 5 or 15 cm H2O). Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in intestine and liver were 2 to 3 times higher with mechanical ventilation than during spontaneous breathing (P<0.05) but similar in plasma and lung. Abdominal edema formation and TNF-α in intestine correlated inversely with abdominal perfusion pressure. CONCLUSIONS Mechanical ventilation with positive end-expiratory pressure increases abdominal edema and inflammation in intestine and liver in experimental endotoxemia by increasing systemic capillary leakage and impeding abdominal lymph drainage.
Collapse
|
82
|
Kashuba E, Bailey J, Allsup D, Cawkwell L. The kinin-kallikrein system: physiological roles, pathophysiology and its relationship to cancer biomarkers. Biomarkers 2013; 18:279-96. [PMID: 23672534 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2013.787544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The kinin-kallikrein system (KKS) is an endogenous multiprotein cascade, the activation of which leads to triggering of the intrinsic coagulation pathway and enzymatic hydrolysis of kininogens with the consequent release of bradykinin-related peptides. This system plays a crucial role in inflammation, vasodilation, smooth muscle contraction, cardioprotection, vascular permeability, blood pressure control, coagulation and pain. In this review, we will outline the physiology and pathophysiology of the KKS and also highlight the association of this system with carcinogenesis and cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kashuba
- Postgraduate Medical Institute, University of Hull, Hull, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia N J Moreno
- Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
de Araújo CA, Noseda MD, Cipriani TR, Gonçalves AG, Duarte MER, Ducatti DR. Selective sulfation of carrageenans and the influence of sulfate regiochemistry on anticoagulant properties. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 91:483-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
85
|
Dütting S, Bender M, Nieswandt B. Platelet GPVI: a target for antithrombotic therapy?! Trends Pharmacol Sci 2012; 33:583-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
86
|
Gardiner EE, Andrews RK. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and infection-related vascular dysfunction. Blood Rev 2012; 26:255-9. [PMID: 23021640 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The innate immune system orchestrated by leukocytes primarily neutrophils, serves to remove dead and dying host cells and to provide protection against invasion by pathogens. Failure of this system results in the onset of sepsis leading to grave consequences for the host. Together with mechanical methods to physically isolate and remove the pathogen, neutrophils also release an important set of proinflammatory biological modulators that mediate recruitment of additional cells to a site of infection and amplify the innate protective response. Additionally, neutrophils release highly charged mixtures of DNA and nuclear proteins named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). These electrostatically-charged adhesive networks trigger intrinsic coagulation, limit dispersion and entrap the pathogens. NETs also contain the neutrophil secretary granule-derived serine proteases, neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G, known to regulate the reactivity of both neutrophils and platelets. Since the characterization of NETs in 2004, new studies of their functional effect in vivo continue to expand upon unexpected extracellular roles for DNA, and in doing so renew attention to the haemostatic role of the leukocyte. This review will provide a basic description of NETs and examine current knowledge of this important system of defense, including recent work illustrating a role for NETs in activation of thrombosis.
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
Coagulation factor XII (FXII, Hageman factor, EC = 3.4.21.38) is the zymogen of the serine protease, factor XIIa (FXIIa). FXII is converted to FXIIa through autoactivation induced by "contact" to charged surfaces. FXIIa is of crucial importance for fibrin formation in vitro, but deficiency in the protease is not associated with excessive bleeding. For decades, FXII was considered to have no function for coagulation in vivo. Our laboratory developed the first murine knockout model of FXII. Consistent with their human counterparts, FXII(-/-) mice have a normal hemostatic capacity. However, thrombus formation in FXII(-/-) mice is largely defective, and the animals are protected from experimental cerebral ischemia and pulmonary embolism. This murine model has created new interest in FXII because it raises the possibility for safe anticoagulation, which targets thrombosis without influence on hemostasis. We recently have identified platelet polyphosphate (an inorganic polymer) and mast cell heparin as in vivo FXII activators with implications on the initiation of thrombosis and edema during hypersensitivity reactions. Independent of its protease activity, FXII exerts mitogenic activity with implications for angiogenesis. The goal of this review is to summarize the in vivo functions of FXII, with special focus to its functions in thrombosis and vascular biology.
Collapse
|
88
|
Moreno-Sanchez D, Hernandez-Ruiz L, Ruiz FA, Docampo R. Polyphosphate is a novel pro-inflammatory regulator of mast cells and is located in acidocalcisomes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:28435-44. [PMID: 22761438 PMCID: PMC3436523 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.385823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 06/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyphosphate (polyP) is a pro-inflammatory agent and a potent modulator of the human blood-clotting system. The presence of polyP of 60 phosphate units was identified in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-2H3) mast cells using specific enzymatic assays, urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of cell extracts, and staining of cells with 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI), and the polyP-binding domain of Escherichia coli exopolyphosphatase. PolyP co-localizes with serotonin- but not with histamine-containing granules. PolyP levels greatly decreased in mast cells stimulated to degranulate by IgE. Mast cell granules were isolated and found to be acidic and decrease their polyP content upon alkalinization. In agreement with these results, when RBL-2H3 mast cells were loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester to measure their intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), they were shown to possess a significant amount of Ca(2+) stored in an acidic compartment different from lysosomes. PolyP derived from RBL-2H3 mast cells stimulated bradykinin formation, and it was also detected in human basophils. All of these characteristics of mast cell granules, together with their known elemental composition, and high density, are similar to those of acidocalcisomes. The results suggest that mast cells polyP could be an important mediator of their pro-inflammatory and pro-coagulant activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Moreno-Sanchez
- From the Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain and
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Laura Hernandez-Ruiz
- From the Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain and
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | - Felix A. Ruiz
- From the Unidad de Investigación, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cádiz, 11009 Cádiz, Spain and
| | - Roberto Docampo
- the Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases and Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Shishido SN, Varahan S, Yuan K, Li X, Fleming SD. Humoral innate immune response and disease. Clin Immunol 2012; 144:142-58. [PMID: 22771788 PMCID: PMC3576926 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The humoral innate immune response consists of multiple components, including the naturally occurring antibodies (NAb), pentraxins and the complement and contact cascades. As soluble, plasma components, these innate proteins provide key elements in the prevention and control of disease. However, pathogens and cells with altered self proteins utilize multiple humoral components to evade destruction and promote pathogy. Many studies have examined the relationship between humoral immunity and autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the interactions between the humoral components and their role in promoting the pathogenesis of bacterial and viral infections and chronic diseases such as atherosclerosis and cancer. Understanding the beneficial and detrimental aspects of the individual components and the interactions between proteins which regulate the innate and adaptive response will provide therapeutic targets for subsequent studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie N Shishido
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Renné T, Gruber A. Plasma kallikrein: novel functions for an old protease. Thromb Haemost 2012; 107:1012-3. [PMID: 22552331 DOI: 10.1160/th12-04-0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
91
|
|
92
|
Shannon O, Herwald H, Oehmcke S. Modulation of the coagulation system during severe streptococcal disease. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2012; 368:189-205. [PMID: 23224709 DOI: 10.1007/82_2012_283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Haemostasis is maintained by a tightly regulated coagulation system that comprises platelets, procoagulant proteins, and anticoagulant proteins. During the local and systemic response to bacterial infection, the coagulation system becomes activated, and contributes to the pathophysiological response to infection. The significant human pathogen, Streptococcus pyogenes has multiple strategies to modulate coagulation. This can range from systemic activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of coagulation to local stimulation of fibrinolysis. Such diverse effects on this host system imply a finely tuned host-bacteria interaction. The molecular mechanisms that underlie this modulation of the coagulation system are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oonagh Shannon
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Biomedical Centre, B14, Lund University, Sweden.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|