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Proudfoot M, Gutowski NJ, Edbauer D, Hilton DA, Stephens M, Rankin J, Mackenzie IRA. Early dipeptide repeat pathology in a frontotemporal dementia kindred with C9ORF72 mutation and intellectual disability. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:451-8. [PMID: 24445903 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1245-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Familial cases of frontotemporal dementia (FTD) provide an opportunity to study the pathophysiology of this clinically diverse condition. The C9ORF72 mutation is the most common cause of familial FTD, recent pathological descriptions challenge existing TDP-43 based hypotheses of sporadic FTD pathogenesis. Non-ATG dependent translation of the hexanucleotide expansion into aggregating dipeptide repeat (DPR) proteins may represent a novel pathomechanism. We report detection of the DPR aggregates very early in C9ORF72 FTD development and also describe childhood intellectual disability as a clinical feature preceding dementia. The index case presented with psychiatric symptoms, progressing into typical FTD. Autopsy revealed extensive neuronal DPR aggregates but only minimal TDP-43 pathology. Her intellectually disabled elder son, also carrying the C9ORF72 mutation, died aged 26 years and at autopsy only DPR aggregates without TDP-43 were found. A second son also has intellectual disability, his C9ORF72 status is unknown, but chromosomal microarray revealed no other cause of disability. These cases both extend the existing phenotype of C9ORF72 mutation and highlight the potential significance of DPR translation early in disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malcolm Proudfoot
- Department of Neurology, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK,
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Woollacott IOC, Mead S. The C9ORF72 expansion mutation: gene structure, phenotypic and diagnostic issues. Acta Neuropathol 2014; 127:319-32. [PMID: 24515836 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-014-1253-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the C9ORF72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion in 2011 and the immediate realisation of a remarkably high prevalence in both familial and sporadic frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) triggered an explosion of interest in studies aiming to define the associated clinical and investigation phenotypes and attempts to develop technologies to measure more accurately the size of the repeat region. This article reviews progress in these areas over the subsequent 2 years, focussing on issues directly relevant to the practising physician. First, we summarise findings from studies regarding the global prevalence of the expansion, not only in FTLD and ALS cases, but also in other neurological diseases and its concurrence with other genetic mutations associated with FTLD and ALS. Second, we discuss the variability in normal repeat number in cases and controls and the theories regarding the relevance of intermediate and pathological repeat number for disease risk and clinical phenotype. Third, we discuss the usefulness of various features within the FTLD and ALS clinical phenotype in aiding differentiation between cases with and without the C9ORF72 expansion. Fourth, we review clinical investigations used to identify cases with the expansion, including neuroimaging and cerebrospinal fluid markers, and describe the mechanisms and limitations of the various diagnostic laboratory techniques used to quantify repeat number in cases and controls. Finally, we discuss the issues surrounding accurate clinical and technological diagnosis of patients with FTLD and/or ALS associated with the C9ORF72 expansion, and outline areas for future research that might aid better diagnosis and genetic counselling of patients with seemingly sporadic or familial FTLD or ALS and their relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ione O C Woollacott
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
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Karve SJ, Teng E, Tassniyom K, Mendez MF. Hippocampal and mesial temporal sclerosis in early-onset frontotemporal lobar degeneration versus Alzheimer's disease. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen 2014; 29:45-9. [PMID: 24085254 PMCID: PMC3947801 DOI: 10.1177/1533317513505134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) may occur with frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) as well as with normal aging. Prior studies suggest that HS/MTS may be more closely associated with FTLD but have not directly compared the prevalence and clinical characteristics of HS/MTS between neuropathologically confirmed early-onset (age ≤ 65) cohorts of FTLD and AD. We identified patients with early-onset FTLD (n = 136) and AD (n = 267) from National Alzheimer's Center Consortium databases and compared neuropathological and clinical data between these 2 groups. The FTLD group had a significantly higher prevalence of HS/MTS than that of the AD group. However, HS/MTS was associated with increasing age and memory impairment in the AD group but not in the FTLD group. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that HS/MTS in FTLD occurs as part of the primary pathological process, rather than as a secondary, nonspecific effect of aging on memory and hippocampal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simantini J. Karve
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Edmond Teng
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- V. A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kanida Tassniyom
- Department of Psychiatry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Mario F. Mendez
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- V. A. Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Ferrari R, Kero M, Mok K, Paetau A, Tienari PJ, Tynninen O, Hardy J, Momeni P, Verkkoniemi-Ahola A, Myllykangas L. A familial frontotemporal dementia associated with C9orf72 repeat expansion and dysplastic gangliocytoma. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 35:444.e11-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 08/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Recent progress in the genetics of motor neuron disease. Eur J Med Genet 2014; 57:103-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Caillet-Boudin ML, Fernandez-Gomez FJ, Tran H, Dhaenens CM, Buee L, Sergeant N. Brain pathology in myotonic dystrophy: when tauopathy meets spliceopathy and RNAopathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 6:57. [PMID: 24409116 PMCID: PMC3885824 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Myotonic dystrophy (DM) of type 1 and 2 (DM1 and DM2) are inherited autosomal dominant diseases caused by dynamic and unstable expanded microsatellite sequences (CTG and CCTG, respectively) in the non-coding regions of the genes DMPK and ZNF9, respectively. These mutations result in the intranuclear accumulation of mutated transcripts and the mis-splicing of numerous transcripts. This so-called RNA gain of toxic function is the main feature of an emerging group of pathologies known as RNAopathies. Interestingly, in addition to these RNA inclusions, called foci, the presence of neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) in patient brains also distinguishes DM as a tauopathy. Tauopathies are a group of nearly 30 neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by intraneuronal protein aggregates of the microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT) in patient brains. Furthermore, a number of neurodegenerative diseases involve the dysregulation of splicing regulating factors and have been characterized as spliceopathies. Thus, myotonic dystrophies are pathologies resulting from the interplay among RNAopathy, spliceopathy, and tauopathy. This review will describe how these processes contribute to neurodegeneration. We will first focus on the tauopathy associated with DM1, including clinical symptoms, brain histology, and molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the features of DM1 that are shared by other tauopathies and, consequently, might participate in the development of a tauopathy. Moreover, we will discuss the determinants common to both RNAopathies and spliceopathies that could interfere with tau-related neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Laure Caillet-Boudin
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Francisco-Jose Fernandez-Gomez
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Hélène Tran
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Claire-Marie Dhaenens
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Luc Buee
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
| | - Nicolas Sergeant
- Alzheimer and Tauopathies, Faculty of Medicine, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Centre, Institute of Predictive Medicine and Therapeutic Research, Inserm, UMR 837 Lille, France ; University of Lille Nord de France, UDSL Lille, France
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Non-protein amino acids and neurodegeneration: the enemy within. Exp Neurol 2013; 253:192-6. [PMID: 24374297 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animals, in common with plants and microorganisms, synthesise proteins from a pool of 20 protein amino acids (plus selenocysteine and pyrolysine) (Hendrickson et al., 2004). This represents a small proportion (~2%) of the total number of amino acids known to exist in nature (Bell, 2003). Many 'non-protein' amino acids are synthesised by plants, and in some cases constitute part of their chemical armoury against pathogens, predators or other species competing for the same resources (Fowden et al., 1967). Microorganisms can also use selectively toxic amino acids to gain advantage over competing organisms (Nunn et al., 2010). Since non-protein amino acids (and imino acids) are present in legumes, fruits, seeds and nuts, they are ubiquitous in the diets of human populations around the world. Toxicity to humans is unlikely to have been the selective force for their evolution, but they have the clear potential to adversely affect human health. In this review we explore the links between exposure to non-protein amino acids and neurodegenerative disorders in humans. Environmental factors play a major role in these complex disorders which are predominantly sporadic (Coppede et al., 2006). The discovery of new genes associated with neurodegenerative diseases, many of which code for aggregation-prone proteins, continues at a spectacular pace but little progress is being made in identifying the environmental factors that impact on these disorders. We make the case that insidious entry of non-protein amino acids into the human food chain and their incorporation into protein might be contributing significantly to neurodegenerative damage.
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The clinical and pathological phenotypes of frontotemporal dementia with C9ORF72 mutations. J Neurol Sci 2013; 335:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2013.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Sumoylation of critical proteins in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: emerging pathways of pathogenesis. Neuromolecular Med 2013; 15:760-70. [PMID: 24062161 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-013-8262-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Emerging lines of evidence suggest a relationship between amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and protein sumoylation. Multiple studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins involved in the pathogenesis of ALS, including superoxide dismutase 1, fused in liposarcoma, and TAR DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43), are substrates for sumoylation. Additionally, recent studies in cellular and animal models of ALS revealed that sumoylation of these proteins impact their localization, longevity, and how they functionally perform in disease, providing novel areas for mechanistic investigations and therapeutics. In this article, we summarize the current literature examining the impact of sumoylation of critical proteins involved in ALS and discuss the potential impact for the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, we report and discuss the implications of new evidence demonstrating that sumoylation of a fragment derived from the proteolytic cleavage of the astroglial glutamate transporter, EAAT2, plays a direct role in downregulating the expression levels of full-length EAAT2 by binding to a regulatory region of its promoter.
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61
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van Blitterswijk M, Baker MC, DeJesus-Hernandez M, Ghidoni R, Benussi L, Finger E, Hsiung GYR, Kelley BJ, Murray ME, Rutherford NJ, Brown PE, Ravenscroft T, Mullen B, Ash PEA, Bieniek KF, Hatanpaa KJ, Karydas A, Wood EM, Coppola G, Bigio EH, Lippa C, Strong MJ, Beach TG, Knopman DS, Huey ED, Mesulam M, Bird T, White CL, Kertesz A, Geschwind DH, Van Deerlin VM, Petersen RC, Binetti G, Miller BL, Petrucelli L, Wszolek ZK, Boylan KB, Graff-Radford NR, Mackenzie IR, Boeve BF, Dickson DW, Rademakers R. C9ORF72 repeat expansions in cases with previously identified pathogenic mutations. Neurology 2013; 81:1332-41. [PMID: 24027057 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182a8250c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify potential genetic modifiers contributing to the phenotypic variability that is detected in patients with repeat expansions in chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), we investigated the frequency of these expansions in a cohort of 334 subjects previously found to carry mutations in genes known to be associated with a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS A 2-step protocol, with a fluorescent PCR and a repeat-primed PCR, was used to determine the presence of hexanucleotide expansions in C9ORF72. For one double mutant, we performed Southern blots to assess expansion sizes, and immunohistochemistry to characterize neuropathology. RESULTS We detected C9ORF72 repeat expansions in 4 of 334 subjects (1.2% [or 1.8% of 217 families]). All these subjects had behavioral phenotypes and also harbored well-known pathogenic mutations in either progranulin (GRN: p.C466LfsX46, p.R493X, p.C31LfsX35) or microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT: p.P301L). Southern blotting of one double mutant with a p.C466LfsX46 GRN mutation demonstrated a long repeat expansion in brain (>3,000 repeats), and immunohistochemistry showed mixed neuropathology with characteristics of both C9ORF72 expansions and GRN mutations. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that co-occurrence of 2 evidently pathogenic mutations could contribute to the pleiotropy that is detected in patients with C9ORF72 repeat expansions. These findings suggest that patients with known mutations should not be excluded from further studies, and that genetic counselors should be aware of this phenomenon when advising patients and their family members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marka van Blitterswijk
- From the Departments of Neuroscience (M.v.B., M.C.B., M.D.-H., M.E.M., N.J.R., P.E.B., T.R., B.M., P.E.A.A., K.F.B., L.P., D.W.D., R.R.) and Neurology (Z.K.W., K.B.B., N.R.G.-R.), Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL; Proteomics Unit and NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic (R.G., L.B., G.B.), IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio-Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Clinical Neurological Sciences (E.F., M.J.S.), Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Canada; Division of Neurology (G.-Y.R.H.), and Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (I.R.M.), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Neurology (B.J.K., D.S.K., R.C.P., B.F.B.), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Pathology and Alzheimer's Disease Center (K.J.H., C.L.W.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas; Department of Neurology (A.K., B.L.M.), University of California, San Francisco; Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research (E.M.W., V.M.V.D.), Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia; Department of Neurology (G.C., D.H.G.), The David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California, Los Angeles; Cognitive Neurology & Alzheimer Disease Center (E.H.B., M.M.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; Department of Neurology (C.L.), Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA; Molecular Brain Research Group (M.J.S.), Robarts Research Institute, London, Canada; Banner Sun Health Research Institute (T.G.B.), Sun City, AZ; Cognitive Neuroscience Section (E.D.H.), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD; Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology (E.D.H.), Columbia University, New York; and Department of Neurology (T.B.), University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle
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C9ORF72 mutations in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:386-98. [PMID: 23934648 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8528-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Recent works have demonstrated an expansion of the GGGGCC hexanucleotide repeat in the first intron of chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (C9ORF72), encoding an unknown C9ORF72 protein, which was responsible for an unprecedented large proportion of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) cases of European ancestry. C9ORF72 is expressed in most tissues including the brain. Emerging evidence has demonstrated that C9ORF72 mutations could reduce the level of C9ORF72 variant 1, which may influence protein expression and the formation of nuclear RNA foci. The spectrum of mutations is broad and provides new insight into neurological diseases. Clinical manifestations of diseases related with C9ORF72 mutations can vary from FTD, ALS, primary lateral sclerosis (PLS), progressive muscular atrophy (PMA), Huntington disease-like syndrome (HDL syndrome), to Alzheimer's disease. In this article, we will review the brief characterizations of the C9ORF72 gene, the expansion mutations, the related disorders, and their features, followed by a discussion of the deficiency knowledge of C9ORF72 mutations. Based on the possible pathological mechanisms of C9ORF72 mutations in ALS and FTD, we can find new targets for the treatment of C9ORF72 mutation-related diseases. Future studies into the mechanisms, taking into consideration the discovery of those disorders, will significantly accelerate new discoveries in this field, including targeting identification of new therapy.
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Nelson PT, Smith CD, Abner EL, Wilfred BJ, Wang WX, Neltner JH, Baker M, Fardo DW, Kryscio RJ, Scheff SW, Jicha GA, Jellinger KA, Van Eldik LJ, Schmitt FA. Hippocampal sclerosis of aging, a prevalent and high-morbidity brain disease. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:161-77. [PMID: 23864344 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1154-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a causative factor in a large proportion of elderly dementia cases. The current definition of HS-Aging rests on pathologic criteria: neuronal loss and gliosis in the hippocampal formation that is out of proportion to AD-type pathology. HS-Aging is also strongly associated with TDP-43 pathology. HS-Aging pathology appears to be most prevalent in the oldest-old: autopsy series indicate that 5-30 % of nonagenarians have HS-Aging pathology. Among prior studies, differences in study design have contributed to the study-to-study variability in reported disease prevalence. The presence of HS-Aging pathology correlates with significant cognitive impairment which is often misdiagnosed as AD clinically. The antemortem diagnosis is further confounded by other diseases linked to hippocampal atrophy including frontotemporal lobar degeneration and cerebrovascular pathologies. Recent advances characterizing the neurocognitive profile of HS-Aging patients have begun to provide clues that may help identify living individuals with HS-Aging pathology. Structural brain imaging studies of research subjects followed to autopsy reveal hippocampal atrophy that is substantially greater in people with eventual HS-Aging pathology, compared to those with AD pathology alone. Data are presented from individuals who were followed with neurocognitive and neuroradiologic measurements, followed by neuropathologic evaluation at the University of Kentucky. Finally, we discuss factors that are hypothesized to cause or modify the disease. We conclude that the published literature on HS-Aging provides strong evidence of an important and under-appreciated brain disease of aging. Unfortunately, there is no therapy or preventive strategy currently available.
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Clippinger AK, D’Alton S, Lin WL, Gendron TF, Howard J, Borchelt DR, Cannon A, Carlomagno Y, Chakrabarty P, Cook C, Golde TE, Levites Y, Ranum L, Schultheis PJ, Xu G, Petrucelli L, Sahara N, Dickson DW, Giasson B, Lewis J. Robust cytoplasmic accumulation of phosphorylated TDP-43 in transgenic models of tauopathy. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:39-50. [PMID: 23666556 PMCID: PMC3690181 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1123-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) has been subdivided based on the main pathology found in the brains of affected individuals. When the primary pathology is aggregated, hyperphosphorylated tau, the pathological diagnosis is FTLD-tau. When the primary pathology is cytoplasmic and/or nuclear aggregates of phosphorylated TAR-DNA-binding protein (TDP-43), the pathological diagnosis is FTLD-TDP. Notably, TDP-43 pathology can also occur in conjunction with a number of neurodegenerative disorders; however, unknown environmental and genetic factors may regulate this TDP-43 pathology. Using transgenic mouse models of several diseases of the central nervous system, we explored whether a primary proteinopathy might secondarily drive TDP-43 proteinopathy. We found abnormal, cytoplasmic accumulation of phosphorylated TDP-43 specifically in two tau transgenic models, but TDP-43 pathology was absent in mouse models of Aβ deposition, α-synucleinopathy or Huntington’s disease. Though tau pathology showed considerable overlap with cytoplasmic, phosphorylated TDP-43, tau pathology generally preceded TDP-43 pathology. Biochemical analysis confirmed the presence of TDP-43 abnormalities in the tau mice, which showed increased levels of high molecular weight, soluble TDP-43 and insoluble full-length and ~35 kD TDP-43. These data demonstrate that the neurodegenerative cascade associated with a primary tauopathy in tau transgenic mice can also promote TDP-43 abnormalities. These findings provide the first in vivo models to understand how TDP-43 pathology may arise as a secondary consequence of a primary proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy K. Clippinger
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099 USA
| | - Simon D’Alton
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - Wen-Lang Lin
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Tania F. Gendron
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - John Howard
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - David R. Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
- SantaFe HealthCare Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Gainesville, FL USA
| | - Ashley Cannon
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Yari Carlomagno
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Paramita Chakrabarty
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - Casey Cook
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224 USA
| | - Todd E. Golde
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - Yona Levites
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - Laura Ranum
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Center for NeuroGenetics, College of Medicine, Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610 USA
| | - Patrick J. Schultheis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Kentucky University, Highland Heights, KY 41099 USA
| | - Guilian Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | | | - Naruhiko Sahara
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | | | - Benoit Giasson
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
| | - Jada Lewis
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, 1275 Center Drive, BMS Building J-483, PO Box 100159, Gainesville, FL 32610-0244 USA
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Blokhuis AM, Groen EJN, Koppers M, van den Berg LH, Pasterkamp RJ. Protein aggregation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 125:777-94. [PMID: 23673820 PMCID: PMC3661910 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by the aggregation of ubiquitinated proteins in affected motor neurons. Recent studies have identified several new molecular constituents of ALS-linked cellular aggregates, including FUS, TDP-43, OPTN, UBQLN2 and the translational product of intronic repeats in the gene C9ORF72. Mutations in the genes encoding these proteins are found in a subgroup of ALS patients and segregate with disease in familial cases, indicating a causal relationship with disease pathogenesis. Furthermore, these proteins are often detected in aggregates of non-mutation carriers and those observed in other neurodegenerative disorders, supporting a widespread role in neuronal degeneration. The molecular characteristics and distribution of different types of protein aggregates in ALS can be linked to specific genetic alterations and shows a remarkable overlap hinting at a convergence of underlying cellular processes and pathological effects. Thus far, self-aggregating properties of prion-like domains, altered RNA granule formation and dysfunction of the protein quality control system have been suggested to contribute to protein aggregation in ALS. The precise pathological effects of protein aggregation remain largely unknown, but experimental evidence hints at both gain- and loss-of-function mechanisms. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the molecular make-up, formation, and mechanism-of-action of protein aggregates in ALS. Further insight into protein aggregation will not only deepen our understanding of ALS pathogenesis but also may provide novel avenues for therapeutic intervention.
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Ling H, Kara E, Bandopadhyay R, Hardy J, Holton J, Xiromerisiou G, Lees A, Houlden H, Revesz T. TDP-43 pathology in a patient carrying G2019S LRRK2 mutation and a novel p.Q124E MAPT. Neurobiol Aging 2013; 34:2889.e5-9. [PMID: 23664753 PMCID: PMC3906605 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation is the most common cause of genetic-related parkinsonism and is usually associated with Lewy body pathology; however, tau, α-synuclein, and ubiquitin pathologies have also been reported. We report the case of a patient carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation and a novel heterozygous variant c.370C>G, p.Q124E in exon 4 of the microtubule-associated protein tau (MAPT). The patient developed parkinsonism with good levodopa response in her 70s. Neuropathological analysis revealed nigral degeneration and Alzheimer-type tau pathology without Lewy bodies. Immunohistochemical staining using phospho-TDP-43 antibodies identified occasional TDP-43 pathology in the hippocampus, temporal neocortex, striatum, and substantia nigra. However, TDP-43 pathology was not identified in another 4 archival LRRK2 G2019S cases with Lewy body pathology available in the Queen Square Brain Bank. Among other published cases of patients carrying LRRK2 G2019S mutation, only 3 were reportedly evaluated for TDP-43 pathology, and the results were negative. The role of the MAPT variant in the clinical and pathological manifestation in LRRK2 cases remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Ling
- Reta Lila Weston Institute of Neurological Studies and Queen Square Brain Bank for Neurological Disorders, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
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