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Sun C, Sang M, Li S, Sun X, Yang C, Xi Y, Wang L, Zhang F, Bi Y, Fu Y, Li D. Hsa-miR-139-5p inhibits proliferation and causes apoptosis associated with down-regulation of c-Met. Oncotarget 2015; 6:39756-92. [PMID: 26497851 PMCID: PMC4741860 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Hsa-miRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) has recently been discovered having anticancer efficacy in different organs. However, the role of miR-139-5p on lung cancer is still ambiguous. In this study, we investigated the role of miR-139-5p on development of lung cancer. Results indicated miR-139-5p was significantly down-regulated in primary tumor tissues and very low levels were found in a non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-139-5p in NSCLC cell lines significantly suppressed cell growth through inhibition of cyclin D1 and up-regulation of p57(Kip2). In addition, miR-139-5p induced apoptosis, as indicated by up-regulation of key apoptosis gene cleaved caspase-3, and down-regulation of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl2. Moreover, miR-139-5p inhibited cellular metastasis through inhibition of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-7 and MMP-9. Further, oncogene c-Met was revealed to be a putative target of miR-139-5p, which was inversely correlated with miR-139-5p expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that miR-139-5p plays a pivotal role in lung cancer through inhibiting cell proliferation, metastasis, and promoting apoptosis by targeting oncogenic c-Met.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcao Sun
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
- Institute of Global Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Ming Sang
- Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital in Xiangyang, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, P. R. China
| | - Shujun Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
- Wuhan Hospital for the Prevention and Treatment of Occupational Diseases, 430071 Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Central Laboratory of the Fourth Affiliated Hospital in Xiangyang, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei Key Laboratory of Wudang Local Chinese Medicine Research, Hubei University of Medicine, 442000 Shiyan, P. R. China
| | - Cuili Yang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
| | - Yongyong Xi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
| | - Yongyi Bi
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
| | - Yunfeng Fu
- The Third Xiang-ya Hospital of Central South University, 410013 Changsha, P. R. China
| | - Dejia Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, 430071 Wuhan, P.R.China
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Silencing the double-stranded RNA binding protein DGCR8 inhibits ovarian cancer cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Pharm Res 2015; 32:769-78. [PMID: 25823356 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1219-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of DiGeorge Critical Region 8 (DGCR8), a key component of miRNA biogenesis pathway in ovarian cancer. METHODS The expression of DGCR8 in ovarian cancer was detected by immunostaining and DGCR8 knockdown in ovarian cancer cells was achieved using lentiviral shRNA. Differential expression of miRNAs was determined using Nanostring miRNA arrays and validated by real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS DGCR8 was highly expressed in ovarian cancer. Knockdown of DGCR8 expression inhibits cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as sensitizes cells to apoptosis induced by the chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin. Cellular survival pathways including ERK1/2 mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT were attenuated in DGCR8 knockdown cells. DGCR8 knockdown results in dysregulated miRNA gene expression. miR-27b was identified as the most highly down-regulated miRNA in DGCR8 knockdown cells and promoted cell proliferation in ovarian cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS DGCR8 functions as an oncogene in ovarian cancer, which is in part mediated by miR-27b.
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Hung CL, Yen CS, Tsai HW, Su YC, Yen CJ. Upregulation of MicroRNA-19b predicts good prognosis in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma presenting with vascular invasion or multifocal disease. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:665. [PMID: 26453548 PMCID: PMC4600317 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1671-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background After surgical resection of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), recurrence is common, especially in patients presenting with vascular invasion or multifocal disease after curative surgery. Consequently, we examined the expression pattern and prognostic value of miR-19b in samples from these patients. Methods We performed a miRNA microarray to detect differential expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) in 5 paired samples of HCC and non-tumoral adjacent liver tissue and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to validate the results in 81 paired samples of HCC and adjacent non-tumoral liver tissues. We examined the associations of miR-19b expression with clinicopathological parameters and survival. MiR-19b was knocked down in Hep3B and an mRNA microarray was performed to detect the affected genes. Results In both the miRNA microarray and real-time PCR, miR-19b was significantly overexpressed in the HCC tumor compared with adjacent non-tumor liver tissues (P < 0.001). The expression of miR-19b was significantly higher in patients who were disease-free 2 years after surgery (P < 0.001). High miR-19b expression levels were associated with higher α-fetoprotein levels (P = 0.017). In the log-rank test, high miR-19b was associated with better disease-free survival (median survival 37.107 vs. 11.357; P = 0.022). In Cox multivariate analysis, high miR-19b predicted better disease-free survival and overall survival (hazards ratio [HR] = 0.453, 95 % confidence interval [CI] = 0.245–0.845, P = 0.013; HR = 0.318, CI = 0.120–0.846, P = 0.022, respectively). N-myc downstream regulated 1 (NDRG1) was downregulated, while epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EPCAM), hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF1A), high-mobility group protein B2 (HMGB2), and mitogen activated protein kinase 14 (MAPK14) were upregulated when miR-19b was knocked down in Hep3B. Conclusions The overexpression of miR-19b was significantly correlated with better disease-free and overall survival in patients with HCC presenting with vascular invasion or multifocal disease after curative surgery. MiR-19b may influence the expression of NDRG1, EPCAM, HMGB2, HIF1A, and MAPK14. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1671-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Lin Hung
- Division of Oncology and Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi General Hospital, Chiayi, 600, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Shen Yen
- Division of General Surgery, Department of Surgery, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Hung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Pathology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Chieh Su
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Buddhist Dalin Tzu Chi Hospital, Taiwan, ROC. .,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Chia-Jui Yen
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, 138 Sheng-Li Road, Tainan, 704, Taiwan.
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Acunzo M, Croce CM. MicroRNA in Cancer and Cachexia--A Mini-Review. J Infect Dis 2015; 212 Suppl 1:S74-7. [PMID: 26116737 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiv197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs with a length of approximately 22 nucleotides that are involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. miRNAs cover an important role in all biological processes, and aberrant miRNA expression is commonly associated with cancer. Recent discoveries have associated the involvement of miRNA in an increasingly large number of biological processes, including cachexia. The cachexia syndrome is a debilitating state of cancer that is, at least in part, associated with apoptosis. The mechanism through which tumors promote the characteristic distal loss of muscle and fat mass during the cachectic process is still not deeply investigated. In this review, we briefly describe the role of miRNAs in cancer development and cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Acunzo
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus
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MicroRNA-19 triggers epithelial-mesenchymal transition of lung cancer cells accompanied by growth inhibition. J Transl Med 2015; 95:1056-70. [PMID: 26098000 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2015.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The miR-19 family (miR-19a and miR-19b-1) are key oncogenic components of the miR-17-92 cluster. Overexpression of miR-19 is strongly associated with cancer invasion and metastasis, and poor prognosis of cancer patients. However, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In the present study, we found that enforced expression of miR-19 including miR-19a and miR-19b-1 triggered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of lung cancer cells A549 and HCC827 as shown by mesenchymal-like morphological conversion, downregulation of epithelial proteins (e.g., E-cadherin, ZO-1 (zona occludens 1), and α-catenin), upregulation of mesenchymal proteins (e.g., vimentin, fibronectin 1, N-cadherin, and snail1), formation of stress fibers, and reduced cell adhesion. In addition, enhanced migration and invasion were observed in the cancer cells A549 and HCC827 undergoing EMT. In contrast, silencing of endogenous miR-19 reversed EMT and reduced the migration and invasion abilities of A549 and HCC827 cells. DNA microarray results revealed significant changes of the expression of genes related to EMT, migration, and metastasis of miR-19-expressing A549 cells. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PTEN, a target of miR-19, also resulted in EMT, migration, and invasion of A549 and HCC827 cells, suggesting that PTEN is involved in miR-19-induced EMT, migration and invasion of lung cancer cells. Furthermore, lung cancer cells undergoing EMT induced by miR-19 demonstrated reduced proliferation in vitro and in vivo, and enhanced resistance to apoptosis caused by TNF-α. Taken together, these findings suggest that miR-19 triggers EMT, which has an important role in the invasion and migration of lung cancer cells, accompanied by the reduced proliferation of cells.
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Hsa-miR-19a is associated with lymph metastasis and mediates the TNF-α induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13350. [PMID: 26302825 PMCID: PMC5388049 DOI: 10.1038/srep13350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis is an important factor determining the outcome of colorectal cancer. Although epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), TNF-α and microRNA (miRNA) have been found to play important roles in lymph node metastasis, the underlying molecular mechanism remains unclear. Here we reported that high expression of microRNA-19a (miR-19a) was associated with lymph node metastasis and played an important role in TNF-α-induced EMT in colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. We analyzed miR-19a expression in surgical tissue specimens from 11 CRC patients and 275 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded CRC patients. We found that miR-19a was up-regulated in CRC tissues and high expression of miR-19a was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis. We further analyzed miR-19a lymph node metastasis signature in an external validation cohort of 311 CRC cases of the TCGA. MiR-19a was found to be significantly associated with lymph node metastasis in rectal cancer. In vitro, we showed that overexpression of miR-19a in human CRC cell lines promoted cell invasion and EMT. Furthermore, miR-19a was up-regulated by TNF-α and miR-19a was required for TNF-α-induced EMT and metastasis in CRC cells. Collectively, miR-19a played an important role in mediating EMT and metastatic behavior in CRC. It may serve as a potential marker of lymph node metastasis.
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Wen D, Danquah M, Chaudhary AK, Mahato RI. Small molecules targeting microRNA for cancer therapy: Promises and obstacles. J Control Release 2015; 219:237-247. [PMID: 26256260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant expression of miRNAs is critically implicated in cancer initiation and progression. Therapeutic approaches focused on regulating miRNAs are therefore a promising approach for treating cancer. Antisense oligonucleotides, miRNA sponges, and CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing systems are being investigated as tools for regulating miRNAs. Despite the accruing insights in the use of these tools, delivery concerns have mitigated clinical application of such systems. In contrast, little attention has been given to the potential of small molecules to modulate miRNA expression for cancer therapy. In these years, many researches proved that small molecules targeting cancer-related miRNAs might have greater potential for cancer treatment. Small molecules targeting cancer related miRNAs showed significantly promising results in different cancer models. However, there are still several obstacles hindering the progress and clinical application in this area. This review discusses the development, mechanisms and application of small molecules for modulating oncogenic miRNAs (oncomiRs). Attention has also been given to screening technologies and perspectives aimed to facilitate clinical translation for small molecule-based miRNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Michael Danquah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chicago State University, 9501 South King Drive., Chicago, IL 60628, USA
| | - Amit Kumar Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA
| | - Ram I Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-6025, USA.
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Phosphatase and Tensin Homologue: Novel Regulation by Developmental Signaling. JOURNAL OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION 2015; 2015:282567. [PMID: 26339505 PMCID: PMC4539077 DOI: 10.1155/2015/282567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) is a critical cell endogenous inhibitor of phosphoinositide signaling in mammalian cells. PTEN dephosphorylates phosphoinositide trisphosphate (PIP3), and by so doing PTEN has the function of negative regulation of Akt, thereby inhibiting this key intracellular signal transduction pathway. In numerous cell types, PTEN loss-of-function mutations result in unopposed Akt signaling, producing numerous effects on cells. Numerous reports exist regarding mutations in PTEN leading to unregulated Akt and human disease, most notably cancer. However, less is commonly known about nonmutational regulation of PTEN. This review focuses on an emerging literature on the regulation of PTEN at the transcriptional, posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational levels. Specifically, a focus is placed on the role developmental signaling pathways play in PTEN regulation; this includes insulin-like growth factor, NOTCH, transforming growth factor, bone morphogenetic protein, wnt, and hedgehog signaling. The regulation of PTEN by developmental mediators affects critical biological processes including neuronal and organ development, stem cell maintenance, cell cycle regulation, inflammation, response to hypoxia, repair and recovery, and cell death and survival. Perturbations of PTEN regulation consequently lead to human diseases such as cancer, chronic inflammatory syndromes, developmental abnormalities, diabetes, and neurodegeneration.
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Matsumura T, Sugimachi K, Iinuma H, Takahashi Y, Kurashige J, Sawada G, Ueda M, Uchi R, Ueo H, Takano Y, Shinden Y, Eguchi H, Yamamoto H, Doki Y, Mori M, Ochiya T, Mimori K. Exosomal microRNA in serum is a novel biomarker of recurrence in human colorectal cancer. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:275-81. [PMID: 26057451 PMCID: PMC4506387 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Functional microRNAs (miRNAs) in exosomes have been recognised as potential stable biomarkers in cancers. The aim of this study is to identify specific miRNAs in exosome as serum biomarkers for the early detection of recurrence in human colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods: Serum samples were sequentially obtained from six patients with and without recurrent CRC. The miRNAs were purified from exosomes, and miRNA microarray analysis was performed. The miRNA expression profiles and copy number aberrations were explored using microarray and array CGH analyses in 124 CRC tissues. Then, we validated exosomal miRNAs in 2 serum sample sets (90 and 209 CRC patients) by quantitative real-time RT–PCR. Results: Exosomal miR-17-92a cluster expression level in serum was correlated with the recurrence of CRC. Exosomal miR-19a expression levels in serum were significantly increased in patients with CRC as compared with healthy individuals with gene amplification. The CRC patients with high exosomal miR-19a expression showed poorer prognoses than the low expression group (P<0.001). Conclusions: Abundant expression of exosomal miR-19a in serum was identified as a prognostic biomarker for recurrence in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Matsumura
- 1] Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan [2] Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - K Sugimachi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - H Iinuma
- Department of Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 173-0003, Japan
| | - Y Takahashi
- 1] Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan [2] Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - J Kurashige
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - G Sawada
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - M Ueda
- 1] Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan [2] Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - R Uchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - H Ueo
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - Y Takano
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - Y Shinden
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - H Eguchi
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
| | - H Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Y Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - M Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita City, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - T Ochiya
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - K Mimori
- Department of Surgery, Kyushu University Beppu Hospital, 4546 Tsurumihara, Beppu 874-0838, Japan
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miR-218 targets survivin and regulates resistance to chemotherapeutics in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2015; 151:269-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s10549-015-3372-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Zhang HD, Jiang LH, Sun DW, Li J, Tang JH. MiR-139-5p: promising biomarker for cancer. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:1355-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3199-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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miR-19b regulates hTERT mRNA expression through targeting PITX1 mRNA in melanoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:8201. [PMID: 25643913 PMCID: PMC4314654 DOI: 10.1038/srep08201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) plays a crucial role in cancer development. We previously identified paired-like homeodomain1 (PITX1) as an hTERT suppressor gene. However, the underlying mechanisms that are involved in the regulation of PITX1 remain unknown. Here, we report that the microRNA-19b (miR-19b) regulates hTERT expression and cell proliferation through inhibition of PITX1. Compared with normal melanocyte cells, miR-19b expression was higher in most melanoma cells and was accompanied by downregulation of PITX1. Moreover, overexpression of miR-19b inhibited PITX1 mRNA translation through a miR-19b binding site within the 3'UTR of the PITX1 mRNA. Our combined findings indicate the participation of miR-19b as a novel upstream effector of hTERT transcription via direct targeting of PITX1.
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Manipulating miRNA Expression: A Novel Approach for Colon Cancer Prevention and Chemotherapy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:141-153. [PMID: 26029495 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-015-0020-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Small non-coding RNA has been implicated in the control of various cellular processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. About 50% of the miRNA genes are positioned in cancer-associated genomic regions. Several studies have shown that miRNA expression is deregulated in cancer and modulating their expression has reversed the cancer phenotype. Therefore, mechanisms to modulate microRNA (miRNA) activity have provided a novel opportunity for cancer prevention and therapy. In addition, a common cause for development of colorectal cancers is environmental and lifestyle factors. One such factor, diet has been shown to modulate miRNA expression in colorectal cancer patients. In this chapter, we will summarize the work demonstrating that miRNAs are novel promising drug targets for cancer chemoprevention and therapy. Improved delivery, increased stability and enhanced regulation of off-target effects will overcome the current challenges of this exciting approach in the field of cancer prevention and therapy.
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Yahya SMM, Elsayed GH. A summary for molecular regulations of miRNAs in breast cancer. Clin Biochem 2014; 48:388-96. [PMID: 25541018 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2014.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 12/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer and the leading cause of cancer-related death among women worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are naturally-occurring, non-coding small RNA molecules that can modulate protein coding-genes, which makes it contributing to nearly all the physiological and pathological processes. Progression of breast cancer and resistance to endocrine therapies have been attributed to the possibility of hormone-responsive miRNAs involved in the regulation of certain signaling pathways. METHODOLOGY This review introduces better understanding of miRNAs to provide promising advances for treatment. miRNAs have multiple targets, and they were found to regulate different signaling pathways; consequently it is important to characterize their mechanisms of action and their cellular targets in order to introduce miRNAs as novel and promising therapies. RESULTS This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in TGF-beta signaling, apoptosis, metastasis, cell cycle, ER-signaling, and drug resistance. CONCLUSION Finally, miRNAs will be introduced as promising molecules to be used in the fight against breast cancer and its developed drug resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaymaa M M Yahya
- Hormones Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ghada H Elsayed
- Hormones Department, Medical Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt.
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Yu C, Xue J, Zhu W, Jiao Y, Zhang S, Cao J. Warburg meets non-coding RNAs: the emerging role of ncRNA in regulating the glucose metabolism of cancer cells. Tumour Biol 2014; 36:81-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2875-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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66
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Zaleska K. miRNA - Therapeutic tool in breast cancer? Where are we now? Rep Pract Oncol Radiother 2014; 20:79-86. [PMID: 25859396 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpor.2014.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to review the current knowledge about involvement of microRNAs in breast cancer, and their potential in the clinic, published in scientific journals searched in Pubmed/Medline database until March 2014. RESULTS MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a family of 21-25 nucleotide small RNAs molecules. Currently, it is well known that miRNA plays a key role in all cellular processes of the organism including tumour initiation and progression. Many studies have shown that circulating miRNAs are attractive, easily detectable tumour biomarkers. Breast cancer is one of the most common cancers in the world. It is clinically established that different subtypes may respond differently to therapies, give metastases and present drug resistance. MicroRNAs have a potential as diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic tools in breast cancer. CONCLUSION Molecular knowledge is crucial for choosing the most effective therapy for individual patients. MicroRNAs holds a great potential in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Zaleska
- Radiobiology Laboratory in the Medical Physics Department, Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan, Poland
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MicroRNA-20b promotes cell growth of breast cancer cells partly via targeting phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN). Cell Biosci 2014; 4:62. [PMID: 25364498 PMCID: PMC4216355 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3701-4-62] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenous, small non-coding RNAs that play important roles in multiple biological processes. MiR-20b has been reported to participate in breast cancer tumorigenic progression, however, the functional roles are still unclear and under debating. The aim of this study is to explicit the molecular mechanism of miR-20b underlying breast cancer tumorigenesis. Results In the present study, we showed that miR-20b was overexpressed in human breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared with paired adjacent normal tissues and normal cell lines, respectively. We identified PTEN, a well-known tumor suppressor, as the functional downstream target of miR-20b. Luciferase assays confirmed that miR-20b could directly bind to the 3′ untranslated region(UTR) of PTEN and suppress translation. Alteration of miR-20b expression changed PTEN protein level but not mRNA expression in ZR-75-30 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells, suggesting miR-20b regulates PTEN gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Furthermore, upregulation of miR-20b significantly promoted the proliferation, colony formation and DNA synthesis of ZR-75-30 and MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Conversely, knockdown of miR-20b expression inhibited the growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion Dysregulation of miR-20b plays critical roles in the breast cancer tumorigenesis, at least in part via targeting the tumor suppressor PTEN. This microRNA may serve as a potential diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for breast cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/2045-3701-4-62) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs with a length of ∼22 nucleotides, involved in posttranscriptional regulation of gene expression. Until now, over 2588 miRNAs have been identified in humans and the list is growing. MicroRNAs have an important role in all biological processes and aberrant miRNA expression is associated with many diseases including cancer. In the year 2002 the first connection between cancer and miRNA deregulation was discovered. Since then, a lot of information about the key role which miRNAs play in cancer development and drug resistance has been gained. However, there is still a long way to go to fully understand the miRNA world. In this review, we briefly describe miRNA biogenesis and discuss the role of miRNAs in cancer development and drug resistance. Finally we explain how miRNAs can be used as biomarkers and as a novel therapeutic approach in cancer.
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69
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Qin S, Ma F, Chen L. Gene regulatory networks by transcription factors and microRNAs in breast cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 31:76-83. [PMID: 25189779 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btu597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
MOTIVATION Gene regulatory networks (GRNs) affect numerous cellular processes and every process of life, and abnormalities of GRN lead to breast cancer. Transcription factors (TFs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) are two of the best-studied gene regulatory mechanisms. However, the architecture and feature of GRNs by TFs and miRNAs in breast cancer and its subtypes were unknown. In this study, we investigated the GRNs by TFs and miRNAs with emphasis on breast cancer classifier genes at system level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Qin
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University Nanjing 210096, China and Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University Nanjing 210096, China and Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Fei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University Nanjing 210096, China and Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Liming Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Ministry of Education, Institute of Life Science, Southeast University Nanjing 210096, China and Laboratory for Comparative Genomics and Bioinformatics & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210046, China
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Li Q, Liu M, Ma F, Luo Y, Cai R, Wang L, Xu N, Xu B. Circulating miR-19a and miR-205 in serum may predict the sensitivity of luminal A subtype of breast cancer patients to neoadjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin plus paclitaxel. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104870. [PMID: 25137071 PMCID: PMC4138038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The luminal A subtype of breast cancer has a good prognosis and is sensitive to endocrine therapy but is less sensitive to chemotherapy. It is necessary to identify biomarkers to predict chemosensitivity and avoid over-treatment. We hypothesized that miRNAs in the serum might be associated with chemosensitivity. Methods Sixty-eight breast cancer patients received neoadjuvant chemotherapy with epirubicin plus paclitaxel. The serum of the patients was collected before chemotherapy and stored at −80°C. The samples were classified into two groups in term of the chemosensitivity. We identified the differential expression patterns of miRNAs between the chemotherapy sensitive and resistant groups using microRNA profiling. Four miRNAs that were differentially expressed between the two groups were further validated in another 56 samples. We created a model fitting formula and a receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve using logistic regression analysis to evaluate the prediction potency. Results We identified 8 miRNAs differentially expressed between the two groups: 6 miRNAs were up-regulated, and 2 miRNAs were down-regulated in the resistant group compared with the sensitive group. The expression of miR-19a and miR-205 were determined to have significant differences between the two groups (P<0.05). A predictive model of these two miRNAs was created by the logistic regression analysis. The probability of this model was 89.71%. Based on the ROC curve, the specificity was 75.00%, and the sensitivity was 81.25%. Conclusions The combination of miR-19a and miR-205 in the serum may predict the chemosensitivity of luminal A subtype of breast cancer to epirubicin plus paclitaxel neoadjuvant chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- Department of Tumor Chemotherapy and Radiation Sickness in Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Yang Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ruigang Cai
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Liming Wang
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology & State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Binghe Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Institute and Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Robertson NM, Yigit MV. The role of microRNA in resistance to breast cancer therapy. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-RNA 2014; 5:823-33. [DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mehmet V. Yigit
- Department of Chemistry and RNA Institute; University at Albany, SUNY; Albany NY USA
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miR-let-7f-1 regulates SPARC mediated cisplatin resistance in medulloblastoma cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2193-201. [PMID: 25014664 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies indicate that Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine (SPARC) expression suppressed medulloblastoma tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. Here we sought to determine the effect of SPARC expression in medulloblastoma cells to chemotherapeutic agents. In this study, we show that SPARC expression induces cisplatin resistance in medulloblastoma cells. We also demonstrate that the autophagy was involved in SPARC expression mediated resistance to cisplatin. Suppression of autophagy by either autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenosine (3MA) or Atg5 siRNA enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in SPARC expressed cells. Further, SPARC expression suppressed miR-let-7f-1 expression which resulted in disrupted repression of High Mobility Group Box 1 (HMGB1), a critical regulator of autophagy. We also show that HMGB1 is a direct target of miR-let-7f-1 and forced expression of HMGB1 cDNA enhanced cisplatin sensitivity in SPARC expressed cells. In summary, our results suggest that SPARC modulates cisplatin resistance by modulating the Let-7f-1 miRNA/HMGB1 axis in medulloblastoma cells.
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MicroRNAs: novel players in cancer diagnosis and therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:959461. [PMID: 25101302 PMCID: PMC4101974 DOI: 10.1155/2014/959461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
First discovered in 1993, microRNAs (miRNAs) have been one of the hottest research areas over the past two decades. Oftentimes, miRNAs levels are found to be dysregulated in cancer patients. The potential use of miRNAs in cancer therapies is an emerging and promising field, with research finding miRNAs to play a role in cancer initiation, tumor growth, and metastasis. Therefore, miRNAs could become an integral part from cancer diagnosis to treatment in future. This review aims to examine current novel research work on the potential roles of miRNAs in cancer therapies, while also discussing several current challenges and needed future research.
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74
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New Medical/Biologic Paradigms in the Treatment of Bone Tumors. CURRENT SURGERY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40137-014-0055-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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75
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Donzelli S, Mori F, Biagioni F, Bellissimo T, Pulito C, Muti P, Strano S, Blandino G. MicroRNAs: short non-coding players in cancer chemoresistance. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:16. [PMID: 26056584 PMCID: PMC4451970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the main problems in the therapy of cancer. There are a number of different molecular mechanisms through which a cancer cell acquires resistance to a specific treatment, such as alterations in drug uptake, drug metabolism and drug targets. There are several lines of evidence showing that miRNAs are involved in drug sensitivity of cancer cells in different tumor types and by different treatments. In this review, we provide an overview of the more recent and significant findings on the role of miRNAs in cancer cell drug resistance. In particular, we focus on specific miRNA mechanisms of action that in various steps lead from drug cell sensitivity to drug cell resistance. We also provide evidence on how miRNA profiling may unveil relevant predictive biomarkers for therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Donzelli
- />Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mori
- />Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- />Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Bellissimo
- />Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pulito
- />Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Muti
- />Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center-McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Sabrina Strano
- />Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Rome, Italy
- />Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center-McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- />Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute ‘Regina Elena’, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
- />College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Unisa, Florida campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Donzelli S, Mori F, Biagioni F, Bellissimo T, Pulito C, Muti P, Strano S, Blandino G. MicroRNAs: short non-coding players in cancer chemoresistance. MOLECULAR AND CELLULAR THERAPIES 2014; 2:16. [PMID: 26056584 PMCID: PMC4451970 DOI: 10.1186/2052-8426-2-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemoresistance is one of the main problems in the therapy of cancer. There are a number of different molecular mechanisms through which a cancer cell acquires resistance to a specific treatment, such as alterations in drug uptake, drug metabolism and drug targets. There are several lines of evidence showing that miRNAs are involved in drug sensitivity of cancer cells in different tumor types and by different treatments. In this review, we provide an overview of the more recent and significant findings on the role of miRNAs in cancer cell drug resistance. In particular, we focus on specific miRNA mechanisms of action that in various steps lead from drug cell sensitivity to drug cell resistance. We also provide evidence on how miRNA profiling may unveil relevant predictive biomarkers for therapy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Donzelli
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Mori
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Bellissimo
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Pulito
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Muti
- Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center-McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Sabrina Strano
- Molecular Chemoprevention Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Rome, Italy ; Department of Oncology, Juravinski Cancer Center-McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario Canada
| | - Giovanni Blandino
- Translational Oncogenomics Unit, Italian National Cancer Institute 'Regina Elena', Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144 Rome, Italy ; College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Unisa, Florida campus, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Zhang L, Zhou M, Qin G, Weintraub NL, Tang Y. MiR-92a regulates viability and angiogenesis of endothelial cells under oxidative stress. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:952-8. [PMID: 24650666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress contributes to endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction, which is prevalent in ageing and atherosclerosis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and play a key role in fine-tuning EC functional responses, including apoptosis and angiogenesis. MiR-92a is highly expressed in young endothelial cells in comparison with senescent endothelial cells, which exhibit increased oxidative stress and apoptosis. However, the impact of miR-92a treatment on EC viability and angiogenesis under oxidative stress is unknown. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was used to induce oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC). Pre-miR-92a treatment decreased H2O2-induced apoptosis of HUVEC as determined by TUNEL assay. Pre-miR-92a treatment enhanced capillary tube formation by HUVEC under oxidative stress, which was blocked by LY294002, an inhibitor of Akt phosphorylation. Interestingly, we also observed that inhibition of miR-92a by anti-miR-92a antisense can also enhance angiogenesis in HUVEC with and without oxidative stress exposure. Our results show that perturbation of miR-92a levels outside of its narrow "homeostatic" range may trigger endothelial cell angiogenesis, suggesting that the role of miR-92a in regulating angiogenesis is controversial and may vary depending on the experimental model and method of regulating miR-92a.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Zhang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China; Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Mi Zhou
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Gangjian Qin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Medicine-Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neal L Weintraub
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University, 1459 Laney Walker Blvd, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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78
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AKT kinase pathway: a leading target in cancer research. ScientificWorldJournal 2013; 2013:756134. [PMID: 24327805 PMCID: PMC3845396 DOI: 10.1155/2013/756134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
AKT1, a serine/threonine-protein kinase also known as AKT kinase, is involved in the regulation of various signalling downstream pathways including metabolism, cell proliferation, survival, growth, and angiogenesis. The AKT kinases pathway stands among the most important components of cell proliferation mechanism. Several approaches have been implemented to design an efficient drug molecule to target AKT kinases, although the promising results have not been confirmed. In this paper we have documented the detailed molecular insight of AKT kinase protein and proposed a probable doxorubicin based approach in inhibiting miR-21 based cancer cell proliferation. Moreover, the inhibition of miR-21 activation by raising the FOXO3A concentration seems promising in reducing miR-21 mediated cancer activation in cell. Furthermore, the use of next generation sequencing and computational drug design approaches will greatly assist in designing a potent drug molecule against the associated cancer cases.
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79
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Abstract
miRNAs have emerged, in the last decade, as key players in the carcinogenic process, with many candidates identified as playing important roles in many aspects of tumor development, growth, metastasis, and drug resistance. More recently, polymorphisms in miRNAs themselves or in their binding sites in target genes have been identified to incur increased risk of breast cancer in certain populations. In addition, epigenetic regulation and differential expression of processing enzymes has been shown to contribute to the aberrant expression of miRNAs in breast cancer. This review focuses on the area of miRNA dysregulation in breast cancer through both genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, and the impact of this dysregulation on breast cancer risk and resistance to therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laoighse Mulrane
- Authors' Affiliation: UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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80
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Labrie M, St-Pierre Y. Epigenetic regulation of mmp-9 gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 70:3109-24. [PMID: 23184252 PMCID: PMC11113588 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1214-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2012] [Revised: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) is one of the most studied enzymes in cancer. MMP-9 can cleave proteins of the extracellular matrix and a large number of receptors and growth factors. Accordingly, its expression must be tightly regulated to avoid excessive enzymatic activity, which is associated with disease progression. Although we know that epigenetic mechanisms play a central role in controlling mmp-9 gene expression, predicting how epigenetic drugs could be used to suppress mmp-9 gene expression is not trivial because epigenetic drugs also regulate the expression of key proteins that can tip the balance towards activation or suppression of MMP-9. Here, we review how our understanding of the biology and expression of MMP-9 could be exploited to augment clinical benefits, most notably in terms of the prevention and management of degenerative diseases and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyne Labrie
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7 Canada
| | - Yves St-Pierre
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, 531 Boul. Des Prairies, Laval, QC H7V 1B7 Canada
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MicroRNA-106a induces multidrug resistance in gastric cancer by targeting RUNX3. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3069-75. [PMID: 23932924 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is the main barrier to the success of chemotherapy for gastric cancer (GC). miR-106a, which is highly expressed in GC, influences a variety of aspects of GC. However, the function of miR-106a in MDR of GC still remains unclear. In the present study, we found that miR-106a is elevated in MDR cell lines. miR-106a promotes chemo-resistance of GC cells, accelerates ADR efflux, and suppresses drug-induced apoptosis. Finally, we show that runt-related trans factor 3 (RUNX3) is the functional target of miR-106a. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that miR-106a may promote MDR in GC cells by targeting RUNX3.
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Abstract
Astrocytic gliomas are the most common type of human primary brain tumors with poor prognosis. MicroRNAs(miRs) are frequently deregulated in gliomas and play an oncogenic or tumor suppressor role. In our previous study we found that miR-19a and miR-19b were up-regulated in malignant glioma cell lines by microRNA array. For further validation of this finding, the expression of miR-19a and miR-19b was detected by qRT-PCR and in situ hybridization(ISH) in 8 malignant glioma cell lines, 43 freshly resected glioma samples and 75 archival paraffin embedded glioma specimens with different grades of malignancy in the present study. The results demonstrate that miR-19a and miR-19b are overexpressed in glioma cell lines and astrocytic glioma tissues, and their expression level is positively correlated with tumor grades. Additionally, the tumor suppressor gene PTEN is identified as the target of miR-19a and miR-19b by Luciferase assay. It is speculated that miR-19a and miR-19b may have an oncogenic role in gliomagenesis at least partially via the negative regulation of PTEN and the molecular mechanism of gliomagenesis in which miR 19a and miR-19b involved should be investigated further.
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83
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Friend or foe: the role of microRNA in chemotherapy resistance. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:870-9. [PMID: 23624759 PMCID: PMC3703710 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy has been widely used in treating cancer patients. Despite the tremendous progress in cancer treatment achieved during the last decades, drug resistance still accounts for most of the tumor relapses in chemotherapy-treated patients. Emerging evidence shows that microRNAs play an important role in regulating the drug sensitivity of tumor cells. However, the mechanism of microRNA-mediated drug resistance is not fully understood. Current data suggest that microRNAs can be categorized as oncogenic or tumor-suppressive based on their functions and targets. In tumor cells undergoing drug treatment, microRNAs can function either by decreasing expression of genes associated with multiple drug resistance or by promoting escape from apoptosis and inducing tumor stem cell development. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of the role of microRNAs in regulating chemotherapy resistance and a discussion of potential therapeutic applications.
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84
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Lin Q, Chen T, Lin Q, Lin G, Lin J, Chen G, Guo L. Serum miR-19a expression correlates with worse prognosis of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Surg Oncol 2013; 107:767-71. [PMID: 23609137 DOI: 10.1002/jso.23312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the expression levels of miR-19a in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue and serum, and to clarify the relationships of serum miR-19a expression with clinical factors and prognosis of NSCLC patients. METHODS Expression levels of miR-19a in 25 paired NSCLC, paracancerous tissues and serum, and sera from 103 controls and 201 NSCLC patients were respectively detected using real-time quantitative PCR. RESULTS Compared with the paracancerous tissue, miR-19a was overexpressed in NSCLC tissue (P = 0.006), and there was a strong correlation between expression levels of miR-19 in 25 paired sera and tissues (P = 0.001). Serum miR-19a expression in NSCLC patients was significantly upregulated compared with those in healthy individuals (P = 0.001). High serum miR-19a expression was significantly correlated with TNM stage and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.004 and 0.017, respectively). Survival analysis revealed that overall survival rate of patients with high serum miR-19a expression was significantly worse than those of patients with low serum miR-19a expression (hazard ratio = 1.438, 95% confidence interval 1.007-2.052, P = 0.046). CONCLUSION High serum miR-19a expression may be an independent poor prognostic factor for survival in NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunying Lin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Putian University, Putian, Fujian, China
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Karere GM, Glenn JP, Birnbaum S, Hafizi S, Rainwater DL, Mahaney MC, VandeBerg JL, Cox LA. Identification of candidate genes encoding an LDL-C QTL in baboons. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1776-85. [PMID: 23596326 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m032649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in developed countries, and dyslipidemia is a major risk factor for CVD. We previously identified a cluster of quantitative trait loci (QTL) on baboon chromosome 11 for multiple, related quantitative traits for serum LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C). Here we report differentially regulated hepatic genes encoding an LDL-C QTL that influences LDL-C levels in baboons. We performed hepatic whole-genome expression profiling for LDL-C-discordant baboons fed a high-cholesterol, high-fat (HCHF) diet for seven weeks. We detected expression of 117 genes within the QTL 2-LOD support interval. Three genes were differentially expressed in low LDL-C responders and 8 in high LDL-C responders in response to a HCHF diet. Seven genes (ACVR1B, CALCOCO1, DGKA, ERBB3, KRT73, MYL6B, TENC1) showed discordant expression between low and high LDL-C responders. To prioritize candidate genes, we integrated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles using network tools and found that four candidates (ACVR1B, DGKA, ERBB3, TENC1) were miRNA targets and that the miRNAs were inversely expressed to the target genes. Candidate gene expression was validated using QRT-PCR and Western blotting. This study reveals candidate genes that influence variation in LDL-C in baboons and potential genetic mechanisms for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genesio M Karere
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute , San Antonio, TX 78227, USA
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86
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Besse A, Sana J, Fadrus P, Slaby O. MicroRNAs involved in chemo- and radioresistance of high-grade gliomas. Tumour Biol 2013; 34:1969-78. [PMID: 23568705 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-0772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are malignant primary brain tumors of glial cell origin. Despite optimal course of treatment, including maximal surgical resection followed by adjuvant chemo- and/or radiotherapy, the prognosis still remains poor. The main reason is the commonly occurring chemo- and radioresistance of these tumors. In recent years, several signaling pathways, especially PI3K/AKT and ATM/CHK2/p53, have been linked to the resistance of gliomas. Moreover, additional studies have shown that these pathways are significantly regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), short endogenous RNA molecules that modulate gene expression and control many biological processes including apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, invasivity, and angiogenesis. MiRNAs are not only highly deregulated in gliomas, their expression signatures have also been shown to predict prognosis and therapy response. Therefore, they present promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets that might overcome the resistance to treatment and improve prognosis of glioma patients. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of the functional role of miRNAs in gliomas resistance to chemo- and radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Besse
- Department of Comprehensive Cancer Care, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, 656 53, Brno, Czech Republic
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87
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Soriano A, Jubierre L, Almazán-Moga A, Molist C, Roma J, de Toledo JS, Gallego S, Segura MF. microRNAs as pharmacological targets in cancer. Pharmacol Res 2013; 75:3-14. [PMID: 23537752 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The survival rate of cancer patients has increased considerably in the last 20 years owing to significant efforts made in prevention, early detection protocols, combined chemotherapy regimens, targeted therapies, refined radiotherapy and cancer vaccines. However, metastasis and acquired resistance to current therapies represent two major challenges for achieving long-term cure. Therefore, new treatment strategies must be developed. One promising alternative is epigenetic-based therapies, of which miRNAs are at the forefront. MicroRNAs are endogenous small non-coding RNAs, often deregulated in cancer, which regulate gene expression by specific binding to the 3'-UTR of target genes. They are excellent candidates for therapy since miRNAs can regulate multiple targets of the same or different pathways, thereby minimizing the risk of resistance development or compensatory mechanisms. In this review, the mechanisms that lead to miRNA deregulation in cancer, their feasibility as therapeutic tools and the different strategies for the pharmacological manipulation of miRNAs in preclinical animal models are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aroa Soriano
- Laboratory of Translational Research in Childhood Cancer, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Spain
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88
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Aravalli RN. Development of MicroRNA Therapeutics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diagnostics (Basel) 2013; 3:170-91. [PMID: 26835673 PMCID: PMC4665582 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics3010170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer and is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Treatment options for HCC are very limited, as it is often diagnosed at a late stage. Recent studies have demonstrated that microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of non-coding RNAs, are aberrantly expressed in HCC. Some of these were shown to be functionally involved in carcinogenesis and tumor progression, suggesting that miRNAs can serve as novel molecular targets for HCC therapy. Several promising studies have recently demonstrated the therapeutic potential of miRNAs in animal models and in reducing the viral load in hepatitis C patients. In this review, these advances and strategies for modulating miRNAs for in vivo therapeutic delivery and replacement therapy are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajagopal N Aravalli
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical School, MMC 292 Mayo Memorial Building, 420 Delaware Street S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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89
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of post-transcriptional gene regulators with critical functions in normal cellular processes as well as disease processes. They are small molecules with 18~23 nucleotides in length. Since their early discovery in 1993, a large number of miRNAs have been characterized and analyzed to understand their pivotal role and their impact in a myriad of biological processes. Substantial research on miRNA highlights the involvement of these tiny RNAs in the etiopathogenesis of a variety of human diseases such as cancer, neuro-degenerative disorders, diabetes, cardiac hypertrophy and respiratory diseases. In this review, we update on recent advances of the emerging role of miRNAs in breast cancer and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Singh
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS USA
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90
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Pereira DM, Rodrigues PM, Borralho PM, Rodrigues CMP. Delivering the promise of miRNA cancer therapeutics. Drug Discov Today 2012; 18:282-9. [PMID: 23064097 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2012.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are pivotal post-transcriptional gene expression regulators. These endogenous small non-coding RNAs aberrantly expressed in cancer have significant roles in tumorigenesis and progression. Currently, miRNAs are being pursued as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers, and as therapeutic tools in cancer. miRNA modulation provides the unique ability to fine-tune multiple genes simultaneously, thereby regulating relevant signaling pathways involved in cell differentiation, proliferation and survival. This unique miRNA feature shifts the traditional one drug one target paradigm to a novel one drug multiple targets paradigm. We herein review in vivo strategies of miRNA modulator (mimic and/or inhibitor) delivery in cancer models, a subject that remains the key challenge to the establishment of this novel class of RNA therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane M Pereira
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisbon, Portugal
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91
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Herranz H, Hong X, Hung NT, Voorhoeve PM, Cohen SM. Oncogenic cooperation between SOCS family proteins and EGFR identified using a Drosophila epithelial transformation model. Genes Dev 2012; 26:1602-11. [PMID: 22802531 DOI: 10.1101/gad.192021.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as cooperating factors that promote the activity of oncogenes in tumor formation and disease progression. This poses the challenge of identifying the miRNA targets responsible for these interactions. In this study, we identify the growth regulatory miRNA bantam and its target, Socs36E, as cooperating factors in EGFR-driven tumorigenesis and metastasis in a Drosophila model of epithelial transformation. bantam promotes growth by limiting expression of Socs36E, which functions as a negative growth regulator. Socs36E has only a modest effect on growth on its own, but behaves as a tumor suppressor in combination with EGFR activation. The human ortholog of SOCS36E, SOCS5, behaves as a candidate tumor suppressor in cellular transformation in cooperation with EGFR/RAS pathway activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor Herranz
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
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92
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Tian W, Chen J, He H, Deng Y. MicroRNAs and drug resistance of breast cancer: basic evidence and clinical applications. Clin Transl Oncol 2012; 15:335-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12094-012-0929-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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93
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Fu X, Tian J, Zhang L, Chen Y, Hao Q. Involvement of microRNA-93, a new regulator of PTEN/Akt signaling pathway, in regulation of chemotherapeutic drug cisplatin chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells. FEBS Lett 2012; 586:1279-86. [PMID: 22465665 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2012.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying ovarian cancer cell resistance to cisplatin (CDDP) are not fully understood. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in tumorigenesis and drug resistance. In this paper, we utilized microRNA array and real-time PCR to show that miR-93 is significantly up-regulated in cisplatin-resistant ovarian cancer cells. In vitro assays show that over-expression and knock-down of miR-93 regulate apoptotic activity, and thereby cisplatin chemosensitivity, in ovarian cells. Furthermore, we found that miR-93 can directly target PTEN, and participates in the regulation of the AKT signaling pathway. MiR-93 inversely correlates with PTEN expression in CDDP-resistant and sensitive human ovarian cancer tissues. These results may have implications for therapeutic strategies aiming to overcome ovarian cancer cell resistance to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Fu
- Department of Gynecology Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
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