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Eschle S, Hartmann K, Rieger A, Fischer S, Klima A, Bergmann M. Canine vaccination in Germany: A survey of owner attitudes and compliance. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238371. [PMID: 32853287 PMCID: PMC7451643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is the most important preventive measure for protection against infectious diseases in humans and companion animals. Nevertheless, scepticism about the safety and importance of vaccines is increasing in human and in veterinary medicine. Although owner attitudes towards vaccination have been investigated in cats, there are no similar studies in dogs. The goals of this study were therefore to investigate the vaccination status of dogs in Germany, to determine owner compliance with vaccination and to identify factors that play a role in owners' decisions to have their dogs vaccinated. METHODS Data were collected from August 2018 to February 2019 using an online survey targeting dog owners in Germany. A total of 3,881 questionnaires were evaluated, and factors associated with the vaccination status of dogs were determined by a linear logistic regression model using Akaike information criterion. Cohen's kappa statistic was used to evaluate agreement between questionnaire and 340 vaccination passports submitted voluntarily by owners. RESULTS A total of 46.8% (n = 1,818/3,881) of dogs were vaccinated with core vaccines according to current guidelines with the lowest vaccination rate for leptospirosis (50.1%; n = 1,941/3,874). Dog's age (16 weeks to 15 months) (odds ratio (OR): 3.08; 95% CI: 2.05-4.68), type (working dog) (OR: 2.06; 95% CI: 1.22-3.53) and travelling abroad within previous 36 months (OR: 1.82; 95% CI: 1.12-2.96) had the strongest 'positive' association with the vaccination status. Recommendation from a veterinarian not to vaccinate against leptospirosis had the strongest 'negative' association (OR: 0.08; 95% CI: 0.04-0.18). CONCLUSION The study revealed a need for improvement in vaccination compliance because of inadequate vaccination coverage, especially for leptospirosis, in dogs. Factors influencing owner compliance were numerous. Vaccination recommendations made by the veterinarian had a strong association with the vaccination status and should be used to increase canine vaccination rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Eschle
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Katrin Hartmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Anna Rieger
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fischer
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - André Klima
- Department of Statistics, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
| | - Michèle Bergmann
- Clinic of Small Animal Medicine, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Bavaria, Germany
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Tekemen D, Franz M, Bier NS, Richter M, Nöckler K, Luge E, Mayer-Scholl A. Survival time of Leptospira kirschneri on strawberries. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237466. [PMID: 32790762 PMCID: PMC7425971 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, two leptospirosis outbreaks occurred among strawberry harvesters in Germany, with 13, and 45 reported cases respectively. In both outbreaks, common voles (Microtus arvalis) infected with Leptospira kischneri serovar Grippotyphosa were identified as the most likely outbreak source. In an univariate analysis, eating unwashed strawberries was identified as one of the risk factors associated with Leptospira infection. The aim of this study was to evaluate the survival time of L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa on strawberries under varying conditions. Strawberries were spiked with 5x109 of both a laboratory reference strain (strain Moskva V) and an outbreak field strain (94-6/2007) of L. kirschneri serovar Grippotyphosa sequence type 110. Survival times were investigated in a fully crossed design with three incubation times (2h, 4h, 6h and 8h) and three temperatures (15°C, 21°C and 25°C) with three replicated for each condition. A wash protocol was developed and recovered Leptospira were determined by qPCR, dark field microscopy and culturing. Viable L. kirschneri of both the reference strain and the field strain were identified in all samples at 25°C and an incubation time of 2h, but only 1/9 (11%) and 4/9 (44%) of the samples incubated at 15°C were positive, respectively. Both reference and field strain were viable only in 2/9 (22%) at 25° after 6h. After an 8h incubation, viable Leptospira could not be identified on the surface of the strawberries or within the fruit for any of the tested conditions. Based on these results, the exposure risk of consumers to viable Leptospira spp. through the consumption of strawberries bought at the retail level is most likely very low. However, there is a potential risk of Leptospira infection by consumption of strawberries on pick-your-own farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duygu Tekemen
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mathias Franz
- Department Exposure, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nadja S. Bier
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Richter
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karsten Nöckler
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enno Luge
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Mayer-Scholl
- Department of Biological Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Blessington T, Schenck AP, Levine JF. Frequency of Animal Leptospirosis in the Southern United States and the Implications for Human Health. South Med J 2020; 113:240-249. [PMID: 32358619 DOI: 10.14423/smj.0000000000001093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic disease with symptoms in humans and animals, ranging from subclinical to serious and fatal. The disease occurs worldwide, but there is limited recognition of the public and animal health risks it poses in the southern United States. A systematic review of the frequency of animal leptospirosis in 17 states and jurisdictions covering the southern continental United States was performed to advance our understanding of the pathogen's distribution and identify transmission patterns that could be targeted for prevention efforts. Fifty-two articles, spanning >100 years, met the analysis criteria. A wide range of techniques were used to measure seroprevalence and isolate the bacteria. The assessment identified exposure to Leptospira spp and Leptospira spp infection among a diverse range of species, spanning 22 animal families within 14 states, suggesting that the pathogen is distributed throughout the southern region. Disease frequency trends were assessed among animals in various habitats (all habitats, nonwild habitats, and wild habitats). The frequency of Leptospira spp detection in animals in wild habitats increased slightly over time (<0.2%/year). We identified reports of 11 human leptospirosis illness clusters and outbreaks in the southern United States. Exposure to potentially contaminated surface waters were documented for at least seven of the events, and interactions with infected or likely infected animals were documented for at least six of the events. This analysis highlights the need for stronger partnerships across the public and animal health fields to enhance diagnostics, surveillance, and reporting. The early identification of leptospirosis in animals may serve as an indicator of environmental contamination and trigger prevention measures, such as vaccinating companion animals and livestock, use of potable water, and the wearing of waterproof protective clothing near water that may be contaminated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyann Blessington
- From the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Anna P Schenck
- From the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
| | - Jay F Levine
- From the Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, and the Department of Marine, Earth, and Atmospheric Sciences, College of Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh
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Detection of Coxiella burnetii and equine herpesvirus 1, but not Leptospira spp. or Toxoplasma gondii, in cases of equine abortion in Australia - a 25 year retrospective study. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233100. [PMID: 32453753 PMCID: PMC7250447 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Equine abortion is a cause of severe economic loss to the equine industry. Equine herpesvirus 1 is considered a primary cause of infectious abortion in horses, however other infectious agents can also cause abortion. Abortions due to zoonotic pathogens have implications for both human and animal health. We determined the prevalence of Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii in 600 aborted equine foetal tissues that were submitted to our diagnostic laboratories at the University of Melbourne from 1994 to 2019. Using qPCR we found that the prevalence of C. burnetii was 4%. The highest annual incidence of C. burnetii was observed between 1997-2003 and 2016-2018. The prevalence of C. burnetii in Victoria and New South Wales was 3% and 6% respectively. All the samples tested negative for Leptospira spp. and Toxoplasma gondii DNA. Equine herpesvirus 1 DNA was detected at a prevalence of 3%. This study has provided evidence for the presence of C. burnetii in equine aborted foetal tissues in Australia, but the role of C. burnetii as potential cause of abortion in Australia requires further investigation. C. burnetii is a zoonotic disease agent that causes the disease 'Q fever' in humans. We recommend that appropriate protective measures should be considered when handling material associated with equine abortions to reduce the risk of becoming infected with C. burnetii.
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Seroprevalence of Leptospirosis among High-Risk Individuals in Morocco. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2020; 2020:5236045. [PMID: 32565788 PMCID: PMC7256772 DOI: 10.1155/2020/5236045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Leptospirosis is an anthropozoonotic reemerging neglected infectious disease underreported in most developing countries. A cross-sectional study was performed between 17 and 23 February 2014 to estimate the seroprevalence of leptospirosis among high-risk populations in Casablanca (Morocco). Methods A total of 490 human serum samples (97.6% males) were collected in 3 high-risk occupational sites including the biggest meat slaughterhouse (n = 208), a poultry market (n = 121), and the fish market (n = 161). A total of 125 human blood samples were also collected from the general population and used in this study as a control group. To detect the presence of anti-Leptospira, sera were screened with in-house IgG and IgM enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Positive samples were tested by Microscopic Agglutination Technique (MAT) using a panel of 24 serovar cultures and cut point of 1 : 25. Results Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among the control group was 10.4% (13/125). A high seropositivity among the overall seroprevalence of 24.1% (118/490) was observed in the high-risk groups of which 7.3% (36/490), 13.7% (67/490), and 3.1% (15/490) were for anti-Leptospira IgM, IgG, and both IgG and IgM antibodies, respectively. Most of the positive individuals were occupationally involved in poultry (37.2%), followed by the market fish (26.1%) and the meat slaughterhouse (14.9%) workers. Among all ELISA-positive serum samples, 20.3% (n = 24) had positive MAT responses, of which the Icterohaemorrhagiae (n = 7) is the most common infecting serogroup followed by Javanica (4), Australis (2), and Sejroe, Mini, and Panama (one in each). In the remaining 8 MAT-positive sera, MAT showed equal titers against more than one serogroup. Conclusion Individuals engaged in risk activities are often exposed to leptospiral infection. Therefore, control and prevention policies toward these populations are necessary.
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Wang HK, Lee MH, Chen YC, Hsueh PR, Chang SC. Factors associated with severity and mortality in patients with confirmed leptospirosis at a regional hospital in northern Taiwan. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2020; 53:307-314. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2018.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Romero-Sandoval N, Cifuentes L, León G, Lecaro P, Ortiz-Rico C, Cooper P, Martín M. High Rates of Exposures to Waterborne Pathogens in Indigenous Communities in the Amazon Region of Ecuador. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:45-50. [PMID: 31162016 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Waterborne pathogens, associated with poverty and poor sanitary conditions, are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. There are limited data on the epidemiology of waterborne pathogens in indigenous populations living in the Amazon region. We did a cross-sectional survey in two indigenous Shuar communities in the Amazon region of Ecuador in which we documented the presence of pathogens representing different sources of environmental contamination of water. We detected protozoa and soil-transmitted helminths by microscopy of fecal samples and the presence of IgG antibodies to hepatitis A and Leptospira spp. in blood samples from individuals older than 2 years and collected data by questionnaire on sociodemographic factors and knowledge of infectious diseases. Seroprevalence for hepatitis A and Leptospira spp. were 98.1% (95% CI: 97.0-99.8) and 50.0% (95% CI: 43.3-56.6), respectively, whereas 62.6% (95% CI: 55.8-69.4) had enteric parasites in stool samples. In participants older than 6 years, eight of 10 had evidence of infection with or exposure to at least one of the pathogens studied. Although prevalence of pathogens varied by age, it did not vary significantly by gender, temporal migration, illiteracy, perceived morbidity, receipt of conditional cash transfers, water boiling practices, poor housing conditions, and anthropometric status. These findings indicate a high level of contamination of drinking water by human pathogens in these indigenous communities and the need for interventions to improve access to and use of clean drinking water in these marginalized communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Romero-Sandoval
- Grups de Recerca d'Amèrica i Àfrica Llatines - GRAAL, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Lizeth Cifuentes
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Gabriela León
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paola Lecaro
- School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Claudia Ortiz-Rico
- Grupo Salud-Comunid-Universidad de Santander, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Unidad de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Cooper
- Fundación Ecuatoriana para la Investigación en Salud, FEPIS, Quinindé, Ecuador.,St. George's University, London, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Miguel Martín
- Unidad de Bioestadística, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Grups de Recerca d'Amèrica i Àfrica Llatines - GRAAL, Barcelona, Spain.,School of Medicine, Universidad Internacional del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
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Karpagam KB, Ganesh B. Leptospirosis: a neglected tropical zoonotic infection of public health importance-an updated review. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 39:835-846. [PMID: 31898795 DOI: 10.1007/s10096-019-03797-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a zoonotic and waterborne disease worldwide. It is a neglected, reemerging disease of global public health importance with respect to morbidity and mortality both in humans and animals. Due to negligence, rapid, unplanned urbanization, and poor sanitation, leptospirosis emerges as a leading cause of acute febrile illness in many of the developing countries. Every individual has a risk of getting infected as domestic and wild animals carry leptospires; the at-risk population varies from the healthcare professionals, animal caretakers, farmers and agricultural workers, fishermen, rodent catchers, water sports people, National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) personnel, people who volunteer rescue operations in flood-affected areas, sanitary workers, sewage workers, etc. The clinical manifestations of leptospirosis range from flu-like illness to acute kidney failure (AKF), pneumonia, jaundice, pulmonary hemorrhages, etc. But many rare and uncommon clinical manifestations are being reported worldwide. This review will cover all possible updates in leptospirosis from occurrence, transmission, rare clinical manifestations, diagnosis, treatment, and prophylactic measures that are currently available, their advantages and the future perspectives, elaborately. There are less or very few reviews on leptospirosis in recent years. Thus, this work will serve as background knowledge for the current understanding of leptospirosis for researchers. This will provide a detailed analysis of leptospirosis and also help in finding research gaps and areas to focus on regarding future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Baby Karpagam
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India.,University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Balasubramanian Ganesh
- Laboratory Division, ICMR-National Institute of Epidemiology, R-127, 2nd Main Road, TNHB, Ayapakkam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 077, India. .,University of Madras, Chennai, India.
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Lata KS, Vaghasia V, Bhairappanvar S, Patel S, Das J. Vaccine Design Against Leptospirosis Using an Immunoinformatic Approach. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2131:173-184. [PMID: 32162253 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0389-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination is the best way to prevent the spread of emerging or reemerging infectious disease. Current research for vaccine development is mainly focused on recombinant-, subunit-, and peptide-based vaccine. At this point, immunoinformatics has been proven as a powerful method for identification of potential vaccine candidates, by analyzing immunodominat B- and T-cell epitopes. This method can reduce the time and cost of experiment to a great extent, by reducing the number of vaccine candidates for experimental testing for their efficacy. This chapter describes the use of immunoinformatics and molecular docking methods to screen potential vaccine candidates by taking Leptospira as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Snehkant Lata
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Vibhisha Vaghasia
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Shivarudrappa Bhairappanvar
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Saumya Patel
- Department of Botany, Bioinformatics and Climate Change, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre, Department of Science and Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.
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Dhayabaran V, Chidambaram D, Krishnaswamy PR. Identification of compounds for improved growth of Leptospira in culture and isolation. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 96:114923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2019.114923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Vera E, Taddei S, Cavirani S, Schiavi J, Angelone M, Cabassi CS, Schiano E, Quintavalla F. Leptospira Seroprevalence in Bardigiano Horses in Northern Italy. Animals (Basel) 2019; 10:ani10010023. [PMID: 31877658 PMCID: PMC7022626 DOI: 10.3390/ani10010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out in Bardigiano horses in the Province of Parma, Northern Italy, to assess the seroprevalence of Leptospira spp. and to investigate risk factors associated with the infection. A representative sample of 134 horses from 43 farms was selected by stratified systematic randomization. Blood sera were examined by MAT for the presence of antibodies against seven Leptospira serovars. Ninety animals (67.2%; 95% Confidence Interval 63.2-71.1) and 41 farms (95.3%; 95% CI 92.2-98.5%) were found positive to at least one of the serovars. The most frequently detected reactions were against serovar Bratislava (41.8%), followed by Canicola (36.6%), Tarassovi (28.4%), Copenhageni (17.9%), Pomona (10.4%) and Hardjo (2.2%). None of the sera reacted against serovar Grippothyphosa. Forty-eight horses (53.3% of the seropositives) were positive for more than one serovar and 21 (15.7% of the seropositives) had serum titres ≥ 1000. Bratislava was the serovar providing the highest antibody titres. Prevalence was significantly higher between adult horses and in farms lacking rodent control (p = 0.006 and p = 0.025, respectively). No significant gender or housing-related difference in seroprevalence was found. The anamnestic data suggest that the infection in Bardigiano horses is subclinical in most of the cases. The high seroprevalence indicates that Bardigiano horses living in the investigated area are at high risk of exposure and infection by Leptospira spp.
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Ngugi JN, Fèvre EM, Mgode GF, Obonyo M, Mhamphi GG, Otieno CA, Cook EAJ. Seroprevalence and associated risk factors of leptospirosis in slaughter pigs; a neglected public health risk, western Kenya. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:403. [PMID: 31703588 PMCID: PMC6842184 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2159-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is a neglected zoonosis of public health importance transmitted through contact with contaminated soil, water or urine of infected animals. In pigs the disease is characterized by abortion, still births and weak piglets. A cross-sectional study was conducted in May to July 2018 to estimate the sero-prevalence of leptospirosis and factors associated with seropositivity in slaughter pigs. A questionnaire was used to collect information on animal demographics. Serum was tested for anti-leptospiral antibodies using microscopic agglutination test (MAT) with a panel of 8 serovars. Sera were considered positive for sero-reactivity at a MAT titre ≥1:40 against at least one serovar. Chi-square tests were used to measure the strength of association between the MAT test result and exploratory variables. RESULTS A total of 252 pig serum samples from seven slaughterhouses were tested for Leptospira antibodies by MAT. Of the 252 pigs sampled, 88.8% (244/252) were indigenous breeds; 55.6% (140/252) were female and 88.7% (220/252) were reared in extensive production systems. Eighty-three (32.9%; 83/252) sera samples tested positive on MAT against at least one serovar. Of the 8 serovars, the highest prevalence was recorded for serovar Lora 21.4% followed by Kenya 5.2%, Sokoine 3.6% and Grippotyphosa at 3.2%. Risk factors for leptospirosis seropositivity in pigs were: originating from farms with other types of livestock (OR 2.3; 95% CI 1.0-4.5) and mature pigs (OR 1.9; 95% CI 1.1-3.3). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that there is a high prevalence of leptospirosis positive pigs at slaughter in a small-holder livestock keeping region of the Lake Victoria basin. The potential for cross species transmission of pathogenic serovars is highlighted as well as the potential for occupational exposure to slaughterhouse personnel. Improvements in husbandry practices (confinement and rodent control) and public health education among slaughterhouse workers and other high-risk groups is recommended.
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Grants
- BB/L019019/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- BB/P027954/1 Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) One Health Regional Network for the Horn of Africa (HORN) Project, from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
- BB/L019019/1 Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development, the Economic & Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science & Technology Labora
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council, the Department for International Development, the Economic & Social Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the Natural Environment Research Council and the Defence Science & Technology Labora
- Global Challenges Research Fund (GCRF) One Health Regional Network for the Horn of Africa (HORN) Project, from UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) and Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC)
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah N. Ngugi
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 22313, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- County Government of Taita Taveta, P.O. Box 1066-80304, Wundanyi, Kenya
| | - Eric M. Fèvre
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
| | - Georgies F. Mgode
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mark Obonyo
- Field Epidemiology and Laboratory Training Program, Kenyatta National Hospital, P.O. Box 22313, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Fisheries, Directorate of Veterinary Services, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ginethon G. Mhamphi
- Pest Management Centre, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | | | - Elizabeth Anne Jessie Cook
- International Livestock Research Institute, Old Naivasha Road, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, 00100 Kenya
- Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, CH64 7TE UK
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Okusanya PO, Jubril AJ, Ajayi OL, Emikpe BO, Taiwo VO. Histochemical and immunohistochemical detection of pathogenic leptospires serovars in tissues of some captive wildlife from a University zoo in Nigeria. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2019; 40:564-572. [PMID: 31429374 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2019.1655650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection and documentation of pathogenic Leptospira serovars in wild captive and zoological garden animals are scarce in literature from Nigeria. The knowledge of the prevalence of prevalence of pathogenic Leptospira serovars in these animals as a zoonotic risk to workers, zoo visitors and the general public is essential. This investigation was carried out on archival kidney and liver samples of captive and Zoological Garden animals (66) of an institutional facility, submitted for necropsy to the Department of Veterinary Pathology between the periods of 2010-2015. The gross diagnosis reports were obtained from the necropsy records, detection of pathogenic Leptospira serovars was by Warthin Starry silver staining and immunohistochemistry techniques using standard methods. Six samples out of the sixty-six samples were positive for leptospira four samples were positive by silver stain method, while two samples were positive by immunohistochemistry. In this study, serovar Pomona and grippotyphosa were detected in the foxes while serovar Pomona was detected in the horse. This study has revealed the presence of pathogenic leptospires in some captive wild and zoological garden animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Olusola Lawrence Ajayi
- Department of Veterinary pathology, Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta College of Veterinary Medicine , Abeokuta , Nigeria
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Alamuri A, Thirumalesh SRA, Kumari SS, Kumar KV, Roy P, Balamurugan V. Seroprevalence and distribution of serogroup-specific pathogenic Leptospira antibodies in cattle and buffaloes in the state of Andhra Pradesh, India. Vet World 2019; 12:1212-1217. [PMID: 31641299 PMCID: PMC6755396 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2019.1212-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim In this study, the prevalence and the distribution status of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies among cattle and buffaloes in enzootic districts of Andhra Pradesh, a South Indian state was carried out. Materials and Methods A total of 426 serum samples were randomly sampled from various villages from Prakasam, Kurnool, Guntur, Chittoor, Srikakulam, Visakhapatnam, and Godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh between 2016 and 2017. Serum samples from cattle (n=106) and buffaloes (n=320) having a history of pyrexia, and reproductive problems such as agalactia, infertility, abortions, and stillbirth. The serum samples were screened for Leptospira-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test using a reference panel of 18 live cultures of pathogenic Leptospira serovars. Results The overall seropositivity of 68.08% (290/426) was observed with 70.8% (75/106) in cattle and 67.18% (215/320) in buffaloes. The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies in the sampled areas was determined against the employed serovars as follows: Icterohaemorrhagiae - 21.38%, Hebdomadis - 18.97%, Australis - 18.62%, Pomona - 17.24%, Sejroe - 15.86%, Tarassovi - 15.86%, Autumnalis - 15.52%, Panama - 14.83%, Shermani - 12.07%, Javanica - 11.38%, Hurstbridge - 11.03%, and Pyrogenes - 10.69%. Conclusion It was evident that bovines had a role in maintaining several predominant Leptospira serovars with the change in the trend over a period. The results from this study would also help in strategizing and mitigating the disease burden in cattle and buffaloes of the enzootic area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Alamuri
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Sushma R A Thirumalesh
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - S Sowjanya Kumari
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Microbiology, Jain University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Parimal Roy
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - V Balamurugan
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Yelahanka, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Yang B, de Vries SG, Ahmed A, Visser BJ, Nagel IM, Spijker R, Grobusch MP, Hartskeerl RA, Goris MGA, Leeflang MMG. Nucleic acid and antigen detection tests for leptospirosis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2019; 8:CD011871. [PMID: 31425612 PMCID: PMC6699653 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd011871.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early diagnosis of leptospirosis may contribute to the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy and early outbreak recognition. Nucleic acid and antigen detection tests have the potential for early diagnosis of leptospirosis. With this systematic review, we assessed the sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid and antigen detection tests. OBJECTIVES To determine the diagnostic test accuracy of nucleic acid and antigen detection tests for the diagnosis of human symptomatic leptospirosis. SEARCH METHODS We searched electronic databases including MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and regional databases from inception to 6 July 2018. We did not apply restrictions to language or time of publication. SELECTION CRITERIA We included diagnostic cross-sectional studies and case-control studies of tests that made use of nucleic acid and antigen detection methods in people suspected of systemic leptospirosis. As reference standards, we considered the microscopic agglutination test alone (which detects antibodies against leptospirosis) or in a composite reference standard with culturing or other serological tests. Studies were excluded when the controls were healthy individuals or when there were insufficient data to calculate sensitivity and specificity. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS At least two review authors independently extracted data from each study. We used the revised Quality Assessment of Diagnostic Accuracy Studies tool (QUADAS-2) to assess risk of bias. We calculated study-specific values for sensitivity and specificity with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and pooled the results in a meta-analysis when appropriate. We used the bivariate model for index tests with one positivity threshold, and we used the hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model for index tests with multiple positivity thresholds. As possible sources of heterogeneity, we explored: timing of index test, disease prevalence, blood sample type, primers or target genes, and the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) visualisation method. These were added as covariates to the meta-regression models. MAIN RESULTS We included 41 studies evaluating nine index tests (conventional PCR (in short: PCR), real-time PCR, nested PCR, PCR performed twice, loop-mediated isothermal amplification, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dot-ELISA, immunochromatography-based lateral flow assay, and dipstick assay) with 5981 participants (1834 with and 4147 without leptospirosis). Methodological quality criteria were often not reported, and the risk of bias of the reference standard was generally considered high. The applicability of findings was limited by the frequent use of frozen samples. We conducted meta-analyses for the PCR and the real-time PCR on blood products.The pooled sensitivity of the PCR was 70% (95% CI 37% to 90%) and the pooled specificity was 95% (95% CI 75% to 99%). When studies with a high risk of bias in the reference standard domain were excluded, the pooled sensitivity was 87% (95% CI 44% to 98%) and the pooled specificity was 97% (95% CI 60% to 100%). For the real-time PCR, we estimated a summary receiver operating characteristic curve. To illustrate, a point on the curve with 85% specificity had a sensitivity of 49% (95% CI 30% to 68%). Likewise, at 90% specificity, sensitivity was 40% (95% CI 24% to 59%) and at 95% specificity, sensitivity was 29% (95% CI 15% to 49%). The median specificity of real-time PCR on blood products was 92%. We did not formally compare the diagnostic test accuracy of PCR and real-time PCR, as direct comparison studies were lacking. Three of 15 studies analysing PCR on blood products reported the timing of sample collection in the studies included in the meta-analyses (range 1 to 7 days postonset of symptoms), and nine out of 16 studies analysing real-time PCR on blood products (range 1 to 19 days postonset of symptoms). In PCR studies, specificity was lower in settings with high leptospirosis prevalence. Other investigations of heterogeneity did not identify statistically significant associations. Two studies suggested that PCR and real-time PCR may be more sensitive on blood samples collected early in the disease stage. Results of other index tests were described narratively. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS The validity of review findings are limited and should be interpreted with caution. There is a substantial between-study variability in the accuracy of PCR and real-time PCR, as well as a substantial variability in the prevalence of leptospirosis. Consequently, the position of PCR and real-time PCR in the clinical pathway depends on regional considerations such as disease prevalence, factors that are likely to influence accuracy, and downstream consequences of test results. There is insufficient evidence to conclude which of the nucleic acid and antigen detection tests is the most accurate. There is preliminary evidence that PCR and real-time PCR are more sensitive on blood samples collected early in the disease stage, but this needs to be confirmed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bada Yang
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Sophia G de Vries
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Ahmed Ahmed
- Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of AmsterdamMedical Microbiology, OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Benjamin J Visser
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Ingeborg M Nagel
- Amsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMedical LibraryMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - René Spijker
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht UniversityCochrane NetherlandsRoom Str. 6.127P.O. Box 85500UtrechtNetherlands3508 GA
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Public HealthMedical LibraryMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNetherlands
| | - Martin P Grobusch
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location AMC, University of AmsterdamCenter of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Division of Internal MedicineMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Rudy A Hartskeerl
- OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Marga GA Goris
- Academic Medical Centre (AMC), University of AmsterdamMedical Microbiology, OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on LeptospirosisMeibergdreef 39AmsterdamNetherlands1105 AZ
| | - Mariska MG Leeflang
- Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of AmsterdamDepartment of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and BioinformaticsMeibergdreef 9AmsterdamNoord‐HollandNetherlands1105 AZ
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Nagraik R, Kaushal A, Gupta S, Dhar P, Sethi S, Kumar D. Optimized DNA-based bioassay for Leptospira interrogans detection: a novel platform for leptospirosis diagnosis. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:284. [PMID: 31245248 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1815-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
An optimized DNA-based bioassay for Leptospira interrogans detection has been developed. Electrochemical studies of the developed biosensor were done using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Surface characterization of the biosensor was done using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The biosensor showed specificity to L. interrogans as determined by specificity studies. The sensitivity of the biosensor was 264.5 µA/cm2/ng and lower limit of detection (LOD) was 0.015 ng/6 µl using CV. The biosensor was also validated with serum samples spiked with single-stranded leptospiral DNA. The developed biosensor also showed good stability for a period of 6 months at 4 °C as shown by the DPV analysis.
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Bertelloni F, Cilia G, Turchi B, Pinzauti P, Cerri D, Fratini F. Epidemiology of leptospirosis in North-Central Italy: Fifteen years of serological data (2002-2016). Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2019; 65:14-22. [PMID: 31300104 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a re-emerging bacterial zoonosis. North-Central Italy is characterized by a geographic area that promote Leptospira circulation. Data on sero-epidemiological survey carried out from 2002 to 2016 in North-Central Italy were reported and discussed. Overall, 709 out of the 8488 (8.35%) tested sera were positive for Leptospira at the cut-off titer (1:100) and 218 (2.57%) at higher titer (≥1:400). The highest percentages of positivity was recorded for coypus (22.86%), swine (19.74%) and bovine (13.03%). Pomona and Australis resulted the serogroup more often detected, followed by Sejroe and Icterohaemorrhagiae; while, a low number of positive sera was detected for serogroups Ballum, Canicola and Tarassovi. Percentage of positive sera for each year slightly decreased from 2002 to 2008 and rose from 2009. High percentages of positive reactions were recorded in 2014 (17.23%), 2015 (19.61%) and 2016 (38.05%). In conclusion, the results of this investigation reported an increase of leptospirosis in North-Central Italy. Furthermore, several animals resulted infected as accidental hosts by unusual Leptospira serovars. These data could suggest a change in host range for some serovars, that may promote the adaptation to new hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Cilia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy
| | - Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinzauti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy
| | - Domenico Cerri
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale delle Piagge 2, 20159 Pisa, Italy
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Chin VK, Basir R, Nordin SA, Abdullah M, Sekawi Z. Pathology and Host Immune Evasion During Human Leptospirosis: a Review. Int Microbiol 2019; 23:127-136. [DOI: 10.1007/s10123-019-00067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Cordonin C, Turpin M, Bascands JL, Dellagi K, Mavingui P, Tortosa P, Roche M. Three Leptospira Strains From Western Indian Ocean Wildlife Show Highly Distinct Virulence Phenotypes Through Hamster Experimental Infection. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:382. [PMID: 30915044 PMCID: PMC6421516 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most widespread zoonoses worldwide, with highest incidence reported on tropical islands. Recent investigations carried out in a One-Health framework have revealed a wide diversity of pathogenic Leptospira lineages on the different islands of Western Indian Ocean carried out by a large diversity of mammal reservoirs, including domestic and wild fauna. Using golden Syrian hamsters as a model of acute infection, we studied the virulence of Leptospira interrogans, L. mayottensis, and L. borgpetersenii isolates obtained from rats, tenrecs, and bats, respectively. Hamsters were inoculated with 2.108 bacterial cells and monitored for 1 month. The L. interrogans isolate proved to be the most pathogenic while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates induced no clinical symptoms in the infected hamsters. High leptospiral DNA amounts were also detected in the urine and organs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate while L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates mostly failed to disseminate into the organism. In addition, histological damage was more pronounced in the kidneys and lungs of hamsters infected with the L. interrogans isolate. Altogether, these data support that Leptospira strains shed by mammals endemic to this insular ecosystem (L. mayottensis and L. borgpetersenii isolates) are less pathogenic than the L. interrogans rat-borne isolate. These results may provide a relevant framework for understanding the contrasting epidemiology of human leptospirosis observed among Western Indian Ocean islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colette Cordonin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Magali Turpin
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Jean-Loup Bascands
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Diabète Athérothrombose Thérapie Réunion-Océan Indien (UMR DéTROI), Université de La Réunion, INSERM U1188, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Koussay Dellagi
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Patrick Mavingui
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Pablo Tortosa
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
| | - Marjolaine Roche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Processus Infectieux en Milieu Insulaire Tropical (UMR PIMIT), Université de La Réunion, INSERM 1187, CNRS 9192, IRD 249, Plateforme de Recherche CYROI, Sainte-Clotilde, Reunion, France
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El Hasbani G, Farooqui SR, Kofahi A, Saeed Y, Tayeh O, Abu-Hishmeh M, Moran H, Troya-Maldonado M, Khanna R, Assaker JP, Assaker R. Unusual presentation of urban leptospirosis complicated by a septic shock. IDCases 2019; 17:e00574. [PMID: 31293892 PMCID: PMC6595092 DOI: 10.1016/j.idcr.2019.e00574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Georges El Hasbani
- American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Corresponding author.
| | | | - Ahmad Kofahi
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Yasir Saeed
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Omar Tayeh
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Herbeth Moran
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Rajan Khanna
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | - Richard Assaker
- Lincoln Medical and Mental Health Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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Role of Plasmapheresis and Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in the Treatment of Leptospirosis Complicated with Pulmonary Hemorrhages. J Trop Med 2018; 2018:4520185. [PMID: 30631369 PMCID: PMC6304550 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4520185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leptospirosis is an emerging infectious disease associated with multiorgan involvement and significant morbidity and mortality. Although pulmonary hemorrhage due to leptospirosis has a high fatality, specific treatment options are limited and their efficacy is not adequately proven. We opted to find out the current evidence on plasmapheresis and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in pulmonary hemorrhages due to leptospirosis. Methods The first search was conducted in PubMed, OVID, Google Scholar, and Cochrane clinical trial registry using keywords "leptospirosis" OR "Leptospira" OR "Weil's disease" AND "plasmapheresis" OR "plasma exchange" AND "pulmonary hemorrhage" OR "alveolar hemorrhage" OR "lung hemorrhage" and the second search was done using keyword "leptospirosis" OR "Leptospira" OR "Weil's disease" AND "ECMO" OR "Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation." The searches were not limited by study design or the date of publication. Only articles written in English were reviewed. Although we intended to include only clinical trials, it was decided later to include other information such as case reports and case series which addressed these treatment modalities. Two authors selected articles independently in a blinded manner using a set of inclusion and exclusion criteria and discrepancies were solved after discussions. Results The information found was very limited. This included one clinical trial which showed a significant survival benefit with plasmapheresis but the study design had many limitations. Two case reports described the benefit of plasmapheresis in severe leptospirosis with pulmonary hemorrhages. There were eight case reports where ECMO was performed and out of all only one patient has died. One retrospective study on patients with severe leptospirosis mentioned that four out of five patients with pulmonary hemorrhages survived after being treated with ECMO. Conclusions Current evidence is insufficient to recommend the routine use of plasmapheresis or ECMO for patients presenting with pulmonary hemorrhages due to leptospirosis. ECMO may be a promising mode of treatment in acute respiratory failure in leptospirosis related pulmonary hemorrhages. These treatment modalities, however, can be applied based on the availability of resources and expertise at the discretion of the clinician in charge, considering patient related factors such as cardiovascular stability and derangement of coagulation profile. Clinical trials conducted adhering to standard procedures are urgently required to establish the efficacy of these treatment modalities.
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Baquero OS, Machado G. Spatiotemporal dynamics and risk factors for human Leptospirosis in Brazil. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15170. [PMID: 30310115 PMCID: PMC6181921 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33381-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an emerging neglected tropical disease with a worldwide significant global health burden. Between 2000 and 2016, there were 63,302 cases of human leptospirosis and 6,064 deaths reported in Brazil. We modeled the spatiotemporal risk dynamics of human leptospirosis morbidity and lethality, and attributed an easily interpretable risk-based priority index (PI) for all Brazilian federative units to suggest improvements to the national surveillance system. We also developed a conceptual framework of causality and estimated the effects of environmental and socioeconomic determinants of morbidity and lethality. Spatiotemporal risk patterns of morbidity and lethality differed. For morbidity, the pattern was mainly spatial, whereas lethality was mainly explained by the spatiotemporal interaction. The hypothesized causal model explained a relevant fraction of the heterogeneity in the spatial and spatiotemporal interaction patterns. The increase in soil moisture, precipitation, poverty, and the decrease in the proportion of urban households, acted as risk factors. The increase in the proportion of households in which waste is directly collected and in temperature were preventive factors. The structured temporal trend was increasing for morbidity and decreasing for lethality. In terms of morbidity, it was clear that the prioritization should be focused in a couple of states, mainly Acre. In terms of lethality, the allocation of resources need not be as asymmetric, but there was nonetheless a prioritization order. The proposed approach can be used to characterize spatiotemporal dynamics of other diseases and to inform decision makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oswaldo Santos Baquero
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, SP, CEP: 05508-270, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, 1060 William Moore Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27607, USA.
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The Spiraling Case of a Yellow Chef: Isolated Hyperbilirubinemia. Case Reports Hepatol 2018; 2018:5876718. [PMID: 30210882 PMCID: PMC6126086 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5876718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a common bacterial disease in tropical regions of the world due to greater exposure to rodents and domestic animals; however, this condition can also occur in US urban areas, though it often goes unrecognized. Gastrointestinal symptoms are very commonly seen, and icteric leptospirosis is often confused for other conditions resulting in delayed diagnosis and worse outcomes. As mortality increases with more extensive hepatic involvement, gastroenterologists should be aware of the constellation of gastrointestinal symptoms related to leptospirosis, as it can occur in the absence of classic exposure history.
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Cárdenas NC, Infante GP, Pacheco DAR, Diaz JPD, Wagner DCM, Dias RA, Neto JSF, Amaku M, Vargas-Pinto P, Polo L, Grisi-Filho JHH. Seroprevalence of Leptospira spp infection and its risk factors among domestic dogs in Bogotá, Colombia. Vet Anim Sci 2018; 6:64-68. [PMID: 32734054 PMCID: PMC7386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Different analytical tools were used to determine the seroprevalence of and risk factors associated with Leptospira spp infection in 192 domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) in Bogotá, Colombia. Using the microscopic agglutination test (MAT), a battery of 16 Leptospira serovars were tested. The seroprevalence of Leptospira spp was calculated as 36.46% (95% CI 0.30-0.43). A questionnaire was applied to the dogs' owners at the time of sampling and the variables "Water sources near home" and "Dog hunting rodents" were identified as risk factors for leptospirosis occurrence in the urban area of Bogotá. Geographical coordinates relating to the dogs' households were obtained in order to map out the spatial distribution of reactive and unreactive dogs. Additionally, we found that the mean annual precipitation was higher at geographical locations with reactive animals than at those with unreactive dogs (p < 0.05). Preventing exposure of dogs to rodents and waste-water bodies that could be contaminated with Leptospira might effectively reduce occurrences of leptospirosis. Moreover, promoting preventive programs and vaccination of dogs against leptospirosis in areas of higher precipitation and prior to rainy months could be an effective strategy for leptospirosis prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Amaku
- Universidade de São Paulo, 05508 Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Luis Polo
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
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75
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Ghizzo Filho J, Nazário NO, Freitas PF, Pinto GDA, Schlindwein AD. Temporal analysis of the relationship between leptospirosis, rainfall levels and seasonality, Santa Catarina, Brazil, 2005-2015. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2018; 60:e39. [PMID: 30066807 PMCID: PMC6069269 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-9946201860039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study is to analyze the temporal trend of leptospirosis
incidence, according to rainfall levels in Santa Catarina, according to
seasonality, from 2005 to 2015. This is an ecological study of time series, with
date of leptospirosis, rainfall levels and population. The incidence rates of
leptospirosis, relative excess of incidence, Pearson's correlation coefficient
(r) and an angular coefficient (β) were analyzed from the linear regression
adjustment, with a 5% significance level. Distribution of leptospirosis cases,
rainfall levels and cases reason/rainfall levels, stratified by month of
occurrence were presented. There were 5,274 cases of leptospirosis, with the
monthly average being 439 cases, ranging from 211 in September to 770 in
January. The mean rate of leptospirosis was 7.03 per 100,000 habitants. The
average rainfall level was 158.68 mm, with the lowest levels occurring in
August, average of 124.9 mm, and the highest in January average of 213.20 mm.
The positive correlation between leptospirosis rates and rainfall levels, during
the period from January to December (r = 0.68, p = 0.023), indicates a positive
temporal association between the amount of rainfall and the cases of the
disease. The disease occurred all year round and presented a distinct
seasonality from October to March.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Ghizzo Filho
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil.,Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Nazaré Otília Nazário
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Fontoura Freitas
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Curso de Medicina, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | | | - Aline Daiane Schlindwein
- Universidade do Sul de Santa Catarina, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Palhoça, Santa Catarina, Brazil
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76
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David C, Michon A, Passeron A, Arlet JB, Pouchot J, Maisonobe T, Ranque B, Audemard-Verger A. [Acute myositis in a 53 year-old man]. Rev Med Interne 2018; 39:824-826. [PMID: 29907441 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2018.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C David
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - A Michon
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - A Passeron
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - J-B Arlet
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - J Pouchot
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France
| | - T Maisonobe
- Service de pathologie neuromusculaire, hôpital Pitié-Salpétrière, 4-83, boulevard de l'hôpital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - B Ranque
- Service de médecine interne, hôpital européen Georges-Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015, Paris, France.
| | - A Audemard-Verger
- Service de médecine interne, CHU de Caen, avenue de la Côte de Nacre CS3001, 14033 Caen cedex 9, France
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77
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Vimal Raj R, Vinod Kumar K, Lall C, Vedhagiri K, Sugunan AP, Sunish IP, Sharma S, Vijayachari P. Changing trend in the seroprevalence and risk factors of human leptospirosis in the South Andaman Island, India. Zoonoses Public Health 2018; 65:683-689. [PMID: 29873192 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Seroprevalence of leptospirosis among a healthy population of the South Andaman Island was assessed through random sampling. Previous studies have high seroprevalences of up to 55% in general population and 65% in agricultural labourers. The study subjects (1,181 in total, 781 rural and 400 urban) were interviewed and tested for antibodies against Leptospira. Multivariate models were developed to determine the risk factors in the rural and the urban population. The overall seroprevalence was 10.9%, with rural (12.9%) being higher than the urban subjects (7.0%). The commonest infecting serogroup was Icterohaemorrhagiae (53.5%), followed by Grippotyphosa (13.2%). Compared to the earlier observation, seroprevalence was lower and an apparent shift in the infecting serogroup was found. This shift was in concordance with the changing trend in animal population. Significant difference in risk factors, both in rural and urban areas, was also observed. Similar trends in seroprevalence are being observed around the world. Therefore, time to time prevalence studies are needed for the development of effective control measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratchagadasse Vimal Raj
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Kirubakaran Vinod Kumar
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Chandan Lall
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | | | - Attayur Purushothaman Sugunan
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Ittoop Pulikkottil Sunish
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Sameer Sharma
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Paluru Vijayachari
- Regional Medical Research Centre (ICMR), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
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78
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Serological survey on Leptospira infection in slaughtered swine in North-Central Italy. Epidemiol Infect 2018; 146:1275-1280. [PMID: 29843827 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268818001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Swine can act as asymptomatic carriers of some Leptospira serovars. In this study, 1194 sera from 61 farms located in five different Regions of North-West Italy were collected from slaughtered healthy pigs. Presence of antibody against four Leptospira serovars was evaluated. Overall, 52.5% of analysed farms presented at least one positive animal and 34.4% presented at least one positive swine with titre ⩾1:400. A percentage of 16.6% sera was positive and 5.9% samples presented a positive titre ⩾1:400. Tuscany and Lombardy showed the highest percentage of positive farms (64.3% and 54.6%, respectively) and sera (28.5% and 13.3%, respectively), probably due to environmental conditions and potential risk factors, which promote maintenance and spreading of Leptospira in these areas. The main represented serogroups were Australis (21.3% positive farms, 8.2% positive sera) and Pomona (18.0% positive farms, 8.1% positive sera). In swine, these serogroups are the most detected worldwide; however, our results seem to highlight a reemerging of serogroup Pomona in pigs in investigated areas. A low percentage of sera (0.6%) scored positive to Canicola, leaving an open question on the role of pigs in the epidemiology of this serovar. Higher antibody titres were detected for serogroups Australis and Pomona. Swine leptospirosis is probably underestimated in Italy and could represent a potential risk for animal and human health.
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79
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Lata KS, Kumar S, Vaghasia V, Sharma P, Bhairappanvar SB, Soni S, Das J. Exploring Leptospiral proteomes to identify potential candidates for vaccine design against Leptospirosis using an immunoinformatics approach. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6935. [PMID: 29720698 PMCID: PMC5932004 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25281-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is the most widespread zoonotic disease, estimated to cause severe infection in more than one million people each year, particularly in developing countries of tropical areas. Several factors such as variable and nonspecific clinical manifestation, existence of large number of serovars and asymptomatic hosts spreading infection, poor sanitation and lack of an effective vaccine make prophylaxis difficult. Consequently, there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine to halt its spread all over the world. In this study, an immunoinformatics approach was employed to identify the most vital and effective immunogenic protein from the proteome of Leptospira interrogans serovar Copenhageni strain L1-130 that may be suitable to stimulate a significant immune response aiding in the development of peptide vaccine against leptospirosis. Both B-cell and T-cell (Helper T-lymphocyte (HTL) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL)) epitopes were predicted for the conserved and most immunogenic outer membrane lipoprotein. Further, the binding interaction of CTL epitopes with Major Histocompatibility Complex class I (MHC-I) was evaluated using docking techniques. A Molecular Dynamics Simulation study was also performed to evaluate the stability of the resulting epitope-MHC-I complexes. Overall, this study provides novel vaccine candidates and may prompt further development of vaccines against leptospirosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Snehkant Lata
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Swapnil Kumar
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Vibhisha Vaghasia
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Priyanka Sharma
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Shivarudrappa B Bhairappanvar
- Gujarat Institute of Bioinformatics, Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Subhash Soni
- Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India
| | - Jayashankar Das
- Gujarat State Biotechnology Mission, Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India. .,Gujarat Biotechnology Research Centre (GBRC), Department of Science & Technology, Government of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, 382011, India.
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80
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Kurucz K, Madai M, Bali D, Hederics D, Horváth G, Kemenesi G, Jakab F. Parallel Survey of Two Widespread Renal Syndrome-Causing Zoonoses:Leptospiraspp. andHantavirusin Urban Environment, Hungary. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2018; 18:200-205. [DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2017.2204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kornélia Kurucz
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mónika Madai
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dominika Bali
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Dávid Hederics
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Győző Horváth
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Gábor Kemenesi
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Jakab
- Virological Research Group, Szentágothai Research Centre, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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81
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Chávez Á, Somarriba BF, Soto A, Sheleby-Elías J, Duttmann C, Jiménez E, Pérez E, Mora B, Jirón W. [Detection of Leptospire spp. in animals and in environmental samples from peridomestic areas in NicaraguaDetecção de Leptospira spp. em animais e em amostras ambientais de áreas peridomiciliares na Nicarágua]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2018; 42:e26. [PMID: 31093055 PMCID: PMC6385810 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2018.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Objetivo El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer las características epidemiológicas de la leptospirosis en animales domésticos y en los casos de leptospirosis humana en áreas peridomésticas en Nicaragua entre 2014 y 2016. Métodos Las muestras se extrajeron en áreas donde se confirmaron casos en humanos utilizando un muestreo no probabilístico en 10 de los 17 departamentos del país. Se incluyeron 112 muestras de orina de animales domésticos, 129 muestras de agua y 69 de tierra para aislar leptospiras en medio Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH). Además, se aplicó la prueba de microaglutinación (MAT) en 263 muestras de suero de animales y 88 aislados se analizaron mediante PCR. Resultados En 32,6% (101/310) de las muestras se aislaron espiroquetas, 23,2% (26/112) se aislaron en la orina de animales domésticos, 47,3% (61/129), en las muestras de agua y 20,3 % (14/69), en las de tierra. El análisis de aislamiento mostró diferencias significativas (P < 0,05) entre los departamentos para los diferentes tipos de muestras, y el aislamiento fue más frecuente en agua que en tierra (OR = 3,49; IC95%: 1,56-7,80). El 14,1% (37/263) de los animales fueron reactores en la prueba de microaglutinación. El serogrupo más frecuente fue Icterohaemorrhagiae (40%). En el análisis con la PCR para identificar leptospiras de las especies patógenas 10,2% (9/88) de los aislamientos fueron positivos. Conclusiones Esta investigación demuestra que los animales domésticos y el ambiente desempeñan un papel importante en la aparición de brotes de la leptospirosis y confirma el comportamiento endémico de la enfermedad en Nicaragua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Chávez
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Byron Flores Somarriba
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Aida Soto
- Organización Panamericana de la Salud, Managua, Nicaragua
| | - Jessica Sheleby-Elías
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Christiane Duttmann
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | | | - Eveling Pérez
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - Brenda Mora
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
| | - William Jirón
- Centro Veterinario de Diagnóstico e Investigación (CEVEDI), Escuela de Ciencias Agrarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua
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82
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Prevalence of Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies in cattle associated with reproductive problems in endemic states of India. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:1131-1138. [PMID: 29445929 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-018-1540-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the seroprevalence and distribution of Leptospira in dairy cattle in endemic states of India were investigated in association with reproductive problems of the cattle. A total of 373 cattle serum samples from 45 farms in Maharashtra, Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Chhattisgarh, Sikkim and Uttarakhand states were collected from animals with a history of reproductive disorders like abortion, repeat breeding, anoestrus and endometritis, and also from apparently healthy animals. These samples were screened for Leptospira serogroup-specific antibodies by microscopic agglutination test (MAT) using a panel of 18 live reference serovar antigens. The seropositivity of 70.51% (263/373, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.75) was associated with reproductive problems (χ2 = 55.71, p < 0.01) and sampled states (χ2 = 32.99, p < 0.01) and independent of apparently healthy animals (χ2 = 15.6, p > 0.10) and age groups of cattle (χ2 = 0.91, p > 0.10). Further, the odds (risk-relation) of reproductive disorders was 5.29 compared to apparently healthy animals (0.25 odds). The frequency distribution of predominant serogroup-specific Leptospira antibodies were determined against the serovars: Hardjo (27.76%), Pyrogenes (18.63%), Canicola and Javanica (17.49%), Hebdomadis (17.11%), Shermani and Panama (16.73%), Djasiman (16.35%), Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa and Pomona (15.97%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (15.59%), Copenhageni (14.83%), Australis (13.69%), Kaup and Hurstbridge (10.65%), Bankinang (10.27%) and Bataviae (9.51%). In conclusion, dairy cattle have a role in maintaining important several serovars besides well-known Hardjo serovar in endemic states of India and warrant mitigating measures to reduce the incidence of cattle leptospirosis including need for an intensive surveillance programme, preventive vaccination and control strategies.
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83
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Rood EJJ, Goris MGA, Pijnacker R, Bakker MI, Hartskeerl RA. Environmental risk of leptospirosis infections in the Netherlands: Spatial modelling of environmental risk factors of leptospirosis in the Netherlands. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0186987. [PMID: 29065186 PMCID: PMC5655435 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a globally emerging zoonotic disease, associated with various climatic, biotic and abiotic factors. Mapping and quantifying geographical variations in the occurrence of leptospirosis and the surrounding environment offer innovative methods to study disease transmission and to identify associations between the disease and the environment. This study aims to investigate geographic variations in leptospirosis incidence in the Netherlands and to identify associations with environmental factors driving the emergence of the disease. Individual case data derived over the period 1995–2012 in the Netherlands were geocoded and aggregated by municipality. Environmental covariate data were extracted for each municipality and stored in a spatial database. Spatial clusters were identified using kernel density estimations and quantified using local autocorrelation statistics. Associations between the incidence of leptospirosis and the local environment were determined using Simultaneous Autoregressive Models (SAR) explicitly modelling spatial dependence of the model residuals. Leptospirosis incidence rates were found to be spatially clustered, showing a marked spatial pattern. Fitting a spatial autoregressive model significantly improved model fit and revealed significant association between leptospirosis and the coverage of arable land, built up area, grassland and sabulous clay soils. The incidence of leptospirosis in the Netherlands could effectively be modelled using a combination of soil and land-use variables accounting for spatial dependence of incidence rates per municipality. The resulting spatially explicit risk predictions provide an important source of information which will benefit clinical awareness on potential leptospirosis infections in endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ente J. J. Rood
- KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Health dept., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Marga G. A. Goris
- WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roan Pijnacker
- KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Health dept., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam I. Bakker
- KIT Royal Tropical Institute, Health dept., Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rudy A. Hartskeerl
- WHO/FAO/OIE and National Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Leptospirosis, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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84
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Hurd J, Berke O, Poljak Z, Runge M. Spatial analysis of Leptospira infection in muskrats in Lower Saxony, Germany, and the association with human leptospirosis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:351-354. [PMID: 28668503 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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85
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Mišić-Majerus L, Habuš J, Štritof Z, Bujić N, Mađarić V, Kolaric-Sviben G, Vince S, Peršić Z, Turk N. Epidemiological and clinical features of leptospirosis in a highly endemic area over three time periods. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:1405-1413. [PMID: 28857412 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To present the features of human leptospirosis over three time periods (1970-1975; 2000-2005; 2010-2015), to compare the collected data and to determine whether the incidence, seasonal and spatial distribution, prevalence of presumptive infective serogroups and clinical features have changed over the last 50 years. METHODS Epidemiological and clinical data obtained from patients hospitalised and treated in a well-known endemic focus of leptospirosis, Koprivnica-Križevci County in Croatia, were analysed. RESULTS We observed a steady decline in the overall incidence of leptospirosis and a change in the patient age distribution, with the age ratio changing in favour of middle-aged and older patients. Although leptospirosis was most frequently diagnosed in August in all time periods, the number of cases increased in autumn. The most prevalent serogroup during the first and the second time period was Icterohaemorrhagiae, while in the third time period, the serogroup Australis prevailed. We also noted an increase in the number of severe clinical manifestations. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective research demonstrates a continuous decline in the incidence of human leptospirosis in Croatia. The pattern of disease has changed from predominantly mild clinical forms observed in children to more severe clinical forms observed in middle-aged to older patients, especially those working in agriculture. Additional epidemiological changes included an increase in the number of cases during the autumn months and changes in prevailing serogroups. Statistical analysis revealed a significant relationship between the severity of the clinical picture, patient age and presumed sources of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljiljana Mišić-Majerus
- Division of Infectious Diseases Dr. Tomislav Bardek General Hospital, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Josipa Habuš
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Štritof
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nevenka Bujić
- Division of Infectious Diseases Dr. Tomislav Bardek General Hospital, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Vesna Mađarić
- Division of Infectious Diseases Dr. Tomislav Bardek General Hospital, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Gordana Kolaric-Sviben
- Division of Infectious Diseases Dr. Tomislav Bardek General Hospital, Koprivnica, Croatia
| | - Silvijo Vince
- Reproduction and Obstetric Clinic, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zdenka Peršić
- Croatian National Reference Laboratory for Human Leptospirosis, Croatian Institute of Public Health, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nenad Turk
- National Reference Laboratory for Leptospirosis, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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86
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Rajeev M, Mutinda M, Ezenwa VO. Pathogen Exposure in Cattle at the Livestock-Wildlife Interface. ECOHEALTH 2017; 14:542-551. [PMID: 28470362 DOI: 10.1007/s10393-017-1242-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land use is an important driver of variation in human infectious disease risk, but less is known about how land use affects disease risk in livestock. To understand how land use is associated with disease risk in livestock, we examined patterns of pathogen exposure in cattle across two livestock ranching systems in rural Kenya: private ranches with low- to medium-intensity cattle production and high wildlife densities, and group ranches with high-intensity cattle production and low wildlife densities. We surveyed cattle from six ranches for three pathogens: Brucella spp., bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and Leptospira serovar Hardjo. We found that exposure risk for Leptospira was higher on private ranches than on group ranches, but there was no difference in exposure by ranch type for Brucella or BVDV. We hypothesize that variation in livestock and wildlife contact patterns between ranch types may be driving the pattern observed for Leptospira exposure and that the different relationships we found between exposure risk and ranch type by pathogen may be explained by differences in transmission mode. Overall, our results suggest that wildlife-livestock contact patterns may play a key role in shaping pathogen transmission to livestock and that the magnitude of such effects likely depend on characteristics of the pathogen in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malavika Rajeev
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA
| | | | - Vanessa O Ezenwa
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-2202, USA.
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87
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Oliveira MAA, Leal ÉA, Correia MA, Serufo Filho JC, Dias RS, Serufo JC. Human leptospirosis: occurrence of serovars of Leptospira spp. in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, from 2008 to 2012. Braz J Microbiol 2017; 48:483-488. [PMID: 28365095 PMCID: PMC5498453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjm.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an infectious and acute disease caused by Leptospira spp. that have high epidemic potential. This study verified the main Leptospira spp. serovars detected by MAT from serum of patients with suspicion of leptospirosis from 2008 to 2012 in Minas Gerais State. METHODS The laboratory received sera from 4654 patients. All serum were screened by IgM-ELISA according to the manufacturer's instructions. Each sample reactive or indeterminate were tested against twenty-four serovars of Leptospira by MAT. RESULTS In this study, 597 patients were classified as reactive on MAT. Only 301 patients were confirmed by laboratory test. It was not possible confirmation by laboratory diagnosis of 296 patients. Among the samples classified as reactive on MAT, 273 patients exhibited titers bigger than 800 for one or more serovars; seroconversion was detected in 28 cases. Percentage of 85.1% of the samples reactive on MAT corresponded to males, 39.4% corresponded to patients aged between 20 and 39 years old. The most common serovars found were Icterohaemorrhagiae, Andamana, Patoc, Tarassovi, Copenhageni, Hardjo and Australis. Concerning the samples that exhibited titers bigger than 800, serovar Icterohaemorrhagiae was also the most common, followed by Copenhageni, Andamana, Patoc, Tarassovi, Grippotyphosa and Canicola. In this study, 40% of the cases occurred to the metropolitan area, state capital and 34 neighboring towns. CONCLUSION Our results show the possibly spreading serovars in Minas Gerais State and contribute to knowledge of human leptospirosis, aiming at improving the prevention, control of the disease, as well as the treatment of infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - José Carlos Serufo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Faculdade de Medicina, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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88
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Suppiah J, Chan SY, Ng MW, Khaw YS, Ching SM, Mat-Nor LA, Ahmad-Najimudin NA, Chee HY. Clinical predictors of dengue fever co-infected with leptospirosis among patients admitted for dengue fever - a pilot study. J Biomed Sci 2017; 24:40. [PMID: 28659189 PMCID: PMC5488303 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-017-0344-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dengue and leptospirosis infections are currently two major endemics in Malaysia. Owing to the overlapping clinical symptoms between both the diseases, frequent misdiagnosis and confusion of treatment occurs. As a solution, the present work initiated a pilot study to investigate the incidence related to co-infection of leptospirosis among dengue patients. This enables the identification of more parameters to predict the occurrence of co-infection. METHOD Two hundred sixty eight serum specimens collected from patients that were diagnosed for dengue fever were confirmed for dengue virus serotyping by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Clinical, laboratory and demographic data were extracted from the hospital database to identify patients with confirmed leptospirosis infection among the dengue patients. Thus, frequency of co-infection was calculated and association of the dataset with dengue-leptospirosis co-infection was statistically determined. RESULTS The frequency of dengue co-infection with leptospirosis was 4.1%. Male has higher preponderance of developing the co-infection and end result of shock as clinical symptom is more likely present among co-infected cases. It is also noteworthy that, DENV 1 is the common dengue serotype among all cases identified as dengue-leptospirosis co-infection in this study. CONCLUSION The increasing incidence of leptospirosis among dengue infected patients has posed the need to precisely identify the presence of co-infection for the betterment of treatment without mistakenly ruling out either one of them. Thus, anticipating the possible clinical symptoms and laboratory results of dengue-leptospirosis co-infection is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeyanthi Suppiah
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Virology Unit, Infectious Disease Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Shie-Yien Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Min-Wern Ng
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yam-Sim Khaw
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Siew-Mooi Ching
- Department of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.,Malaysian Research Institute on Ageing, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia , Selangor, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Hui-Yee Chee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia.
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Vimal Raj R, Vinod Kumar K, Sugunan AP, Natarajaseenivasan K, Vijayachari P. Homologous microscopic agglutinating antibodies after natural infection with leptospires - results from a long term follow up of a cohort living in an endemic area. Pathog Glob Health 2017. [PMID: 28645237 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1333782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Vimal Raj
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Vinod Kumar
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - A P Sugunan
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
| | - K Natarajaseenivasan
- b Department of Microbiology , Bharathidasan University , Tiruchirappalli , India
| | - P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Centre (Indian Council of Medical Research), WHO Collaborating Centre for Diagnosis, Reference, Research and Training in Leptospirosis , Port Blair , India
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90
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Flores BJ, Pérez-Sánchez T, Fuertes H, Sheleby-Elías J, Múzquiz JL, Jirón W, Duttmann C, Halaihel N. A cross-sectional epidemiological study of domestic animals related to human leptospirosis cases in Nicaragua. Acta Trop 2017; 170:79-84. [PMID: 28254582 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is one of the most extended zoonosis worldwide and humans become infected most commonly through contact with the urine of carrier animals, either directly or via contaminated water or soil. The aim in this study was to analyse the epidemiological behaviour of Leptospira spp., from domestic animals around the sites of human leptospirosis cases in Nicaragua, from 2007 through 2013. We report the results of a cross-sectional epidemiological study with a non-probability sampling of blood (n=3050) and urine (n=299) from Domestic Animals (DA) around the sites of human leptospirosis cases in Nicaragua. We analysed data obtained through Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), in-vitro culture, real time PCR and sequencing of lfb1 locus. Frequencies of 30.31% (95% CI: 28.66-31.95) and 15.38% (95% CI: 11.12-19.64) were obtained from serological test and from in-vitro culture, respectively. Although similar frequencies from serology test (P≥0.05) were found in DA species, in-vitro culture frequencies were significantly higher from bovine, equine and sheep (P<0.05) in comparison with swine and canine species. Ten serogroups of pathogenic Leptospira spp. were encountered, with the highest presence of Icterohaemorrhagiae serogroup 34.65% (95% CI: 29.35-39.94). We identified 7 samples homologous to L. interrogans species Pyrogenes serovar and 3 samples as L. noguchii Louisiana or Panama serovars by analysis of lfb1 sequences. We were able to establish a temporal and spatial correlation from DA and cumulative incidence of human cases. Therefore an effective epidemiological surveillance should be implemented with a specific control program toward DA in order to reduce human leptospirosis incidence.
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91
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Seroprevalence and risk factors for leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing from the State of Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Trop Anim Health Prod 2017; 49:899-907. [PMID: 28357645 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1255-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptospirosis is an endemic disease in Latin America, caused by pathogenic bacteria of the genus Leptospira. It is considered one of the main causes responsible for the negative economic impact on global livestock by causing reproductive problems. The research aimed to determine the prevalence of leptospirosis in cattle, sheep, and goats at consorted rearing in the micro-region of Teresina, Piauí state, northeastern Brazil, as well as to identify prevalent serovars and risk factors associated with seroprevalence. Serum samples were analyzed in 336 sheep, 292 goats, and 253 cattle using microscopic agglutination test (MAT). Overall, 378 samples were positive to MAT, with seroprevalence of 42.9%. The prevalences in cattle, sheep, and goats were 50.5, 40.5, and 34.6%, respectively. All herds presented at least one seropositive animal; the Hardjo/Wolffi serovar association was the most common in cattle and Icterohaemorrhagiae in goats and sheep. Beef production (OR = 4.9), cattle herd over 35 animals (OR = 4.0), feeding on pasture (OR = 6.4), weir and/or stream as water source (OR = 2.1), and no veterinary services (OR = 2.9) were risk factors for cattle infection. For sheep, intensive management system (OR = 5.3), suspended slatted facilities (OR = 2.2), more than 20 sheep in reproductive age (OR = 1.9), and absence of deworming (OR = 3.5) were the risk factors, while for goats, the identified risk factors were sheep herd over 52 animals (OR = 1.9) and no veterinary services (OR = 1.8). We conclude that the infection was spreading in consorted herds in this region. Thus, it would be interesting and important to conduct educative activities to farmers on the economic impacts of this disease and the need of preventive and control strategies mainly focused on sanitary measures and animal handling.
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92
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Obiegala A, Albrecht C, Dafalla M, Drewes S, Oltersdorf C, Turni H, Imholt C, Jacob J, Wagner-Wiening C, Ulrich RG, Pfeffer M. Leptospira spp. in Small Mammals from Areas with Low and High Human Hantavirus Incidences in South-West Germany. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:312-318. [PMID: 28332927 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.2036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is caused by Leptospira spp. and is considered the most widespread zoonotic disease worldwide. It mimics nephropathia epidemica in humans, a disease mainly caused by Puumala hantavirus (PUUV). Small mammals are reservoirs for Leptospira spp. and PUUV. Seewis virus (SWSV) is a shrew-borne hantavirus with unknown pathogenicity. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence for Leptospira spp. and the frequency of Leptospira-hantavirus co-infections in small mammals collected at locations with high and low incidences in humans. MATERIALS AND METHODS In 2012 and 2013, 736 small mammals belonging to seven species (Apodemus flavicollis, Microtus agrestis, Microtus arvalis, Myodes glareolus, Sorex araneus, S. coronatus, and S. minutus) were collected at four high incidence sites (H1-H4) and four low (L1-L4) incidence sites for PUUV infection in humans. Kidney-derived DNA samples were tested for Leptospira spp. by real-time PCR targeting the lipl 32 gene and further analyzed by duplex PCR targeting the flaB and the secY genes. For the detection of Seewis virus, lung-derived DNA was tested via RT-PCR targeting the nucleocapsid gene. RESULTS Altogether, 42 of the 736 small mammals including 27 of 660 bank voles and 11 of 66 shrews, were positive for Leptospira spp., while Sorex spp. (14.7%) showed significantly higher prevalences compared to bank voles (4.1%). Detected Leptospira spp. were pathogenic species other than L. kirschneri. Significantly more Leptospira-positive bank voles were found at H sites than at L sites. Altogether 22.2% of positive bank voles were infected with PUUV. Double infection of PUUV and Leptospira spp. occurrence in bank voles is 1.86 times (OR = 1.86; 95% CI: 0.72-4.73) more likely than infections with each pathogen separately. DISCUSSION Leptospira- positive bank voles are focally positively associated with PUUV infection in bank voles and with human hantavirus cases. It should be considered that shrews may serve as Leptospira spp. reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Obiegala
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Albrecht
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maysaa Dafalla
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Stephan Drewes
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Carolin Oltersdorf
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Christian Imholt
- 4 Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute , Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- 4 Institute for Plant Protection in Horticulture and Forests, Julius Kühn-Institute , Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Vertebrate Research, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Rainer G Ulrich
- 2 Institute for Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health , Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Pfeffer
- 1 Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig , Leipzig, Germany
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93
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Leptospirosis in Tropical Regions of Southeast Mexico: A Clinical Case Series Review. CURRENT TROPICAL MEDICINE REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40475-017-0104-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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94
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Mégraud F, Musso D, Drancourt M, Lehours P. Curved and Spiral Bacilli. Infect Dis (Lond) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-6285-8.00182-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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95
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Mullan S, Panwala TH. Polymerase Chain Reaction: An Important Tool for Early Diagnosis of Leptospirosis Cases. J Clin Diagn Res 2016; 10:DC08-DC11. [PMID: 28208854 PMCID: PMC5296427 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2016/22462.9010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Various diagnostic methods like Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), IgM ELISA, Isolation of Leptospira from the clinical specimen, Rapid leptocheck tests etc., are available for diagnosis of leptospirosis. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) is used for diagnosis of various diseases of infectious origin including leptospirosis but there is paucity of data about comparison of PCR with other available method of diagnosis of leptospirosis. AIM The aim of the study was to detect the leptospiral DNA by PCR method and to compare the results of PCR with other available diagnostic methods used for diagnosis of suspected leptospirosis cases in acute phase of illness. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 207 blood samples were obtained from suspected patients of leptospirosis admitted in New Civil Hospital, a tertiary care hospital in South Gujarat, during the period of July 2008 to November 2008. These blood samples were subjected to Rapid leptocheck, IgM ELISA, MAT test to detect (IgG or IgM) antibody level, Leptospira culture and PCR. RESULTS In early phase of the disease, Rapid leptocheck test gave 44% detection, but along with PCR seropositivity reached upto 71%. Detection rate by IgM ELISA was 59% which increased to 80% with PCR. By MAT seropositivity was 57% but combined seropositivity of MAT with PCR was 78%. Sensitivity and specificity of PCR as compared to MAT (Gold standard) was 52% and 79% respectively. Leptospira was not growing in culture. CONCLUSION In present study, PCR picked up to 50% of cases which were negative by other serological tests so these finding suggest that PCR should be used routinely in acute phase of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summaiya Mullan
- Professor and Head, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College, Surat, Gujarat, India
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96
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Weeratunga PN, Fernando S, Sriharan S, Gunawardena M, Wijenayake S. Determinants of mortality and impact of therapy in patients with leptospirosis admitted for intensive care in a Sri Lankan hospital--a three year retrospective study. Pathog Glob Health 2016; 109:387-94. [PMID: 26924349 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2015.1126032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Leptospirosis is a disease of epidemic proportions in Sri Lanka. There is paucity of data on the determinants of mortality and impact of therapy in patients with leptospirosis admitted to critical care settings in endemic territories. METHODOLOGY This retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients with serologically confirmed leptospirosis admitted to the intensive care unit of the General Hospital, Kalutara from January 2011 to April 2014. Associations between socio-epidemiological, clinical and laboratory parameters and patient mortality were examined. RESULTS Forty-five patients were included. The mean age was 49.11(SD = 16.95) and majority (92%) were male. Percentage mortality was 44.4%. Patient mortality was associated with age > 40 (p = 0.012), symptoms of uremia (p = 0.017), evidence of CNS involvement (p = 0.039), presence of oliguria (p = 0.002) and anuria (p = 0.014), presence of multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) (p < 0.001), CRP > 96 (p = 0.036), platelet count < 20,000 (p = 0.045), Potassium > 5.0 (p = 0.05), metabolic acidosis with pH < 7.2 (p = 0.03), INR > 2 (p = 0.037) and requirement of mechanical ventilation (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis revealed MODS and potassium > 5 to be independently associated with mortality. CONCLUSIONS A high mortality rate is noted. The presence of MODS and serum potassium concentration > 5.0 was independently associated with mortality in this retrospective study of patients with confirmed leptospirosis in a critical care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- P N Weeratunga
- 1 University Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka , Colombo, Sri Lanka
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97
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Effect of temperature, relative humidity and rainfall on dengue fever and leptospirosis infections in Manila, the Philippines. Epidemiol Infect 2016; 145:78-86. [PMID: 27608858 DOI: 10.1017/s095026881600203x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) and leptospirosis are serious public problems in tropical regions, especially in Manila, the Philippines. In attempting to understand the causes of DF and leptospirosis seasonality, meteorological factors have been suspected, but quantitative correlation between seasonality and meteorological factors has not been fully investigated. In this study, we investigated correlation of temporal patterns of reported numbers of laboratory-confirmed cases of both DF and leptospirosis with meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, rainfall) in Manila. We used time-series analysis combined with spectral analysis and the least squares method. A 1-year cycle explained underlying variations of DF, leptospirosis and meteorological data. There was a peak of the 1-year cycle in temperature during May, followed by maxima in rainfall, relative humidity and number of laboratory-confirmed DF and leptospirosis cases. This result suggests that DF and leptospirosis epidemics are correlated not only with rainfall but also relative humidity and temperature in the Philippines. Quantifying the correlation of DF and leptospirosis infections with meteorological conditions may prove useful in predicting DF and leptospirosis epidemics, and health services should plan accordingly.
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98
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Forecasted Impact of Climate Change on Infectious Disease and Health Security in Hawaii by 2050. Disaster Med Public Health Prep 2016; 10:797-804. [PMID: 27515507 DOI: 10.1017/dmp.2016.73] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Climate change is expected to cause extensive shifts in the epidemiology of infectious and vector-borne diseases. Scenarios on the effects of climate change typically attribute altered distribution of communicable diseases to a rise in average temperature and altered incidence of infectious diseases to weather extremes. METHODS Recent evaluations of the effects of climate change on Hawaii have not explored this link. It may be expected that Hawaii's natural geography and robust water, sanitation, and health care infrastructure renders residents less vulnerable to many threats that are the focus on smaller, lesser developed, and more vulnerable Pacific islands. In addition, Hawaii's communicable disease surveillance and response system can act rapidly to counter increases in any disease above baseline and to redirect resources to deal with changes, particularly outbreaks due to exotic pathogens. RESULTS The evidence base examined in this article consistently revealed very low climate sensitivity with respect to infectious and mosquito-borne diseases. CONCLUSIONS A community resilience model is recommended to increase adaptive capacity for all possible climate change impacts rather an approach that focuses specifically on communicable diseases. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:797-804).
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Vijayachari P, Vedhagiri K, Mallilankaraman K, Mathur PP, Sardesai NY, Weiner DB, Ugen KE, Muthumani K. Immunogenicity of a novel enhanced consensus DNA vaccine encoding the leptospiral protein LipL45. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 11:1945-53. [PMID: 26020621 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1047117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease caused by an infection with a spirochete belonging to the genus Leptospira. In animals, leptospirosis displays a wide range of pathologies, including fever, abortion, icterus, and uveitis. Conversely, infection in humans is associated with multi-organ injury, resulting in an increased rate of fatalities. Pathogenic leptospires are able to translocate through cell monolayers at a rate significantly greater than that of non-pathogenic leptospires. Thus, vaccine approaches have been focused on targeting bacterial motility, lipopolysaccharides (LPSs), lipoproteins, outer-membrane proteins (OMPs) and other potential virulence factors. Previous studies have indicated that leptospiral proteins elicit long-lasting immunological memory in infected humans. In the study reported here, the efficacy of a synthetic consensus DNA vaccine developed against the Leptospira membrane lipoprotein LipL45 was tested. After in vivo electroporation (EP) mediated intramuscular immunization with a synthetic LipL45 DNA vaccine (pLipL45) immunized mice developed a significant cellular response along with the development of anti-LipL45-specific antibodies. Specifically, the pLipL45 vaccine induced a significant Th1 type immune response, indicated by the higher production of IL-12 and IFN-γ cytokines. The results presented here are the first demonstration that a LipL45 based DNA immunogen has potential as a anti-Leptospira vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Vijayachari
- a Regional Medical Research Center; Indian Council of Medical Research ; Port Blair , Andaman & Nicobar Islands , India
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Hem S, Ly S, Votsi I, Vogt F, Asgari N, Buchy P, Heng S, Picardeau M, Sok T, Ly S, Huy R, Guillard B, Cauchemez S, Tarantola A. Estimating the Burden of Leptospirosis among Febrile Subjects Aged below 20 Years in Kampong Cham Communities, Cambodia, 2007-2009. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151555. [PMID: 27043016 PMCID: PMC4820258 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptospirosis is an emerging but neglected public health challenge in the Asia/Pacific Region with an annual incidence estimated at 10-100 per 100,000 population. No accurate data, however, are available for at-risk rural Cambodian communities. METHOD We conducted anonymous, unlinked testing for IgM antibodies to Leptospira spp. on paired sera of Cambodian patients <20 years of age between 2007-2009 collected through active, community-based surveillance for febrile illnesses in a convenience sample of 27 rural and semi-rural villages in four districts of Kampong Cham province, Cambodia. Leptospirosis testing was done on paired serological samples negative for Dengue, Japanese encephalitis and Chikungunya viruses after random selection. Convalescent samples found positive while initial samples were negative were considered as proof of acute infection. We then applied a mathematical model to estimate the risk of fever caused by leptospirosis, dengue or other causes in rural Cambodia. RESULTS A total of 630 samples are coming from a randomly selected subset of 2358 samples. IgM positive were found on the convalescent serum sample, among which 100 (15.8%) samples were IgM negative on an earlier sample. Seventeen of these 100 seroconversions were confirmed using a Microagglutination Test. We estimated the probability of having a fever due to leptospirosis at 1. 03% (95% Credible Interval CI: 0. 95%-1. 22%) per semester. In comparison, this probability was 2. 61% (95% CI: 2. 55%, 2. 83%) for dengue and 17. 65% (95% CI: 17. 49%, 18. 08%) for other causes. CONCLUSION Our data from febrile cases aged below 20 years suggest that the burden of leptospirosis is high in rural Cambodian communities. This is especially true during the rainy season, even in the absence of identified epidemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sopheak Hem
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sowath Ly
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Irene Votsi
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Florian Vogt
- Masters of Science in Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nima Asgari
- World Health Organization, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Seiha Heng
- Institut Pasteur in Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Mathieu Picardeau
- Institut Pasteur, National Reference Center and WHO Collaborating Center for Leptospirosis, Paris, France
| | - Touch Sok
- Communicable Diseases Control Department of the Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Sovann Ly
- Communicable Diseases Control Department of the Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Dengue Control Program, National Center for Entomology, Parasitology, and Malaria Control, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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