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Rudolph J, Zimmer-Gembeck MJ. Reviewing the Focus: A Summary and Critique of Child-Focused Sexual Abuse Prevention. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2018; 19:543-554. [PMID: 27789611 DOI: 10.1177/1524838016675478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high incidence, and widespread detrimental health consequences, of child sexual abuse (CSA), effective prevention remains at the forefront of public and mental health research, prevention and intervention agendas. To date much of the focus of prevention has been on school-based education programs designed to teach children skills to evade adult sexual advances, and disclose past or ongoing abuse. Evaluation of sexual abuse prevention programs demonstrate their effectiveness in increasing children's knowledge of CSA concepts and protection skills, but little is known about their effects on children's capacity to prevent abuse. Moreover, concerns persist about the unintended side-effects for young children such as anxiety, worry and wariness of touch. This paper summarizes the recent history of CSA prevention and the critique of child-focused protection programs in order to demonstrate the need to compliment or replace these programs by focusing more on protectors in the children's ecology, specifically parents, in order to create safer environments in which abuse is less likely to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Rudolph
- 1 School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- 2 Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Melanie J Zimmer-Gembeck
- 1 School of Applied Psychology, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
- 2 Menzies Health Institute of Queensland, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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52
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Uddin M, Ratanatharathorn A, Armstrong D, Kuan PF, Aiello AE, Bromet EJ, Galea S, Koenen KC, Luft B, Ressler KJ, Wildman DE, Nievergelt CM, Smith A. Epigenetic meta-analysis across three civilian cohorts identifies NRG1 and HGS as blood-based biomarkers for post-traumatic stress disorder. Epigenomics 2018; 10:1585-1601. [PMID: 30456986 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2018-0049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Trauma exposure is a necessary, but not deterministic, contributor to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Epigenetic factors may distinguish between trauma-exposed individuals with versus without PTSD. MATERIALS & METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis of PTSD epigenome-wide association studies in trauma-exposed cohorts drawn from civilian contexts. Whole blood-derived DNA methylation levels were analyzed in 545 study participants, drawn from the three civilian cohorts participating in the PTSD working group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. RESULTS Two CpG sites significantly associated with current PTSD in NRG1 (cg23637605) and in HGS (cg19577098). CONCLUSION PTSD is associated with differential methylation, measured in blood, within HGS and NRG1 across three civilian cohorts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Uddin
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, 603 East Daniel St, Champaign, IL 61820, USA
| | - Andrew Ratanatharathorn
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, NY 10032, USA
| | - Don Armstrong
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Pei-Fen Kuan
- Department of Applied Mathematics & Statistics, Stony Brook University, John S Toll Drive, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Allison E Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, 135 Dauer Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Evelyn J Bromet
- Department of Psychiatry, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Sandro Galea
- Boston University School of Public Health, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karestan C Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard TH Chan School of Public Health, 677 Huntington Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.,Psychiatic & Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit & Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA.,Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Benjamin Luft
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University School of Medicine, 101 Nicolls Road, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Kerry J Ressler
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Derek E Wildman
- Carl R Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1206 West Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 407 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Caroline M Nievergelt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.,VA Center of Excellence for Stress & Mental Health, VA San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Alicia Smith
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences & Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Emory University School of Medicine, 100 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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53
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McMahon K, Hoertel N, Olfson M, Wall M, Wang S, Blanco C. Childhood maltreatment and impulsivity as predictors of interpersonal violence, self-injury and suicide attempts: A national study. Psychiatry Res 2018; 269:386-393. [PMID: 30173045 PMCID: PMC6212291 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.08.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Prior research indicates that childhood maltreatment and impulsivity increase the risk for different types of violence, including violent behaviors directed toward the self and others. However, it is not known whether childhood maltreatment and impulsivity have independent effects on different violent behaviors. Therefore, this study examined the differential effects of childhood maltreatment and impulsivity on interpersonal violence, suicide attempts, and self-injury. Data were drawn from a nationally representative survey of 34,653 US adults, the 2004-2005 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Structural equation modeling was used to simultaneously examine the shared and specific effects of five types of childhood maltreatment and impulsivity on the risk of different violent behaviors (i.e. interpersonal violence, suicide attempts, and self-injury). Analyses were stratified by gender and adjusted for age and ethnicity. Impulsivity and childhood maltreatment independently increased the risk of suicide attempt, self-injury, and interpersonal violence. Childhood maltreatment had stronger effects on violence directed towards the self than on interpersonal violence in both genders, while impulsivity had a stronger effect on self-injury than on suicide attempt or interpersonal violence in men. These findings indicate that childhood maltreatment and impulsivity relate differently to the risk of different types of violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibby McMahon
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Duke University, 2213 Elba Street, Durham, NC 27710, USA..
| | - Nicolas Hoertel
- Department of Psychiatry, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Corentin-Celton, Issy-les-Moulineaux, France.,INSERM UMR 894, Psychiatry and Neurosciences Center, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Pôles de recherche et d’enseignement supérieur Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Mark Olfson
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute / Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute / Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Shuai Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, New York State Psychiatric Institute / Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Carlos Blanco
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, Bethesda, Maryland
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54
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Olsen JM. Integrative Review of Pregnancy Health Risks and Outcomes Associated With Adverse Childhood Experiences. J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs 2018; 47:783-794. [PMID: 30308147 DOI: 10.1016/j.jogn.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify pregnancy risk factors and outcomes associated with a woman's history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and summarize what is known about routine screening for ACEs as part of prenatal care. DATA SOURCES The Academic Search Premier, Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, Health Source: Nursing Academic Edition, MEDLINE, PsychINFO, and PubMed databases were searched. The terms adverse childhood experiences or ACEs, trauma informed care, and childhood trauma were each paired individually with the terms pregnancy or pregnant or prenatal or antenatal or perinatal or maternal; obstetrics; and maternal-child health. STUDY SELECTION Database and reference list searches resulted in 1,626 articles with 230 retained for full review and 17 included in the final sample. Studies were included if results were reported specific to pregnancy and ACEs as operationally defined in the ACE Study. DATA EXTRACTION Studies were evaluated for methodologic quality using Joanna Briggs Institute appraisal tools. Data were extracted with the matrix method. Tabular synthesis was used to cluster and compare findings and identify themes. DATA SYNTHESIS Five categories of pregnancy health risks and outcomes related to ACEs were identified: physiologic risk, psychologic risk, social risk, behavioral risk, and negative pregnancy outcomes. Limited research was found on routine screening for ACEs as part of prenatal care, but findings indicated women's support for ACE screening during prenatal appointments. CONCLUSION Routine prenatal ACE screening may be accepted by women and may help identify significant pregnancy health risks. This could provide opportunities for interventions that improve pregnancy outcomes. More research is needed to determine the most effective and efficient methods to screen pregnant women for ACEs and intervene for those with high screening scores. To optimally advance science in this area, conceptual and operational clarity in ACE research is important. Nurses should be at the forefront of these research and practice translation efforts.
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55
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Hoppen TH, Chalder T. Childhood adversity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for affective disorders in adulthood: A systematic review focusing on biopsychosocial moderating and mediating variables. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 65:81-151. [PMID: 30189342 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Trudie Chalder
- Academic Department of Psychological Medicine, King's College London, UK
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56
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McCabe SE, West BT, Strobbe S, Boyd CJ. Persistence/recurrence of and remission from DSM-5 substance use disorders in the United States: Substance-specific and substance-aggregated correlates. J Subst Abuse Treat 2018; 93:38-48. [PMID: 30126540 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2018.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
This study examined demographic and psychosocial correlates associated with persistence/recurrence of and remission from at least one of ten DSM-5 substance use disorders (SUDs) and three substance-specific SUDs (i.e., alcohol, cannabis, and prescription opioids). Data were collected from structured diagnostic interviews and national prevalence estimates were derived from the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. An estimated 25.4% of the U.S. population had at least one prior-to-past-year (prior) SUD. Among individuals with any prior SUDs, the prevalence of past-year substance use and DSM-5 symptomology was as follows: abstinence (14.2%), asymptomatic use (36.9%), symptomatic use (10.9%), and persistent/recurrent SUD (38.1%). Among individuals with prior SUDs, design-based multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that young adulthood, higher educational attainment, higher personal income, never having been married, being divorced/separated/widowed, lack of lifetime substance use treatment, and stressful life events predicted significantly greater odds of past-year persistent/recurrent SUDs, relative to abstinence. In addition, remission from a prior tobacco use disorder decreased the probability of past-year persistent/recurrent SUD, relative to abstinence. Stressful life events were the only common correlates across the aggregation of all SUDs and each substance-specific SUD, but differences were found for specific stressful life events between drug classes. Nearly half (49%) of adults with prior DSM-5 SUDs continued to report past-year symptomatic substance use, while only one in seven individuals were abstinent. The findings suggest the value of examining remission associated with both substance-specific SUDs and aggregation of SUDs based on the shared and unique correlates of persistent/recurrent SUDs; this is especially true for stressful life events, which could be useful targets for enhancing clinical care and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Esteban McCabe
- University of Michigan, Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, and Institute for Research on Women and Gender, 426 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
| | - Brady T West
- University of Michigan, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, P.O. Box 1248, Ann Arbor, MI 48106, USA
| | - Stephen Strobbe
- University of Michigan, Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, and Department of Psychiatry, 426 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carol J Boyd
- University of Michigan, Center for the Study of Drugs, Alcohol, Smoking and Health, School of Nursing, Department of Psychiatry, and Institute for Research on Women and Gender, 426 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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57
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Meyers JL, Sartor CE, Werner KB, Koenen KC, Grant BF, Hasin D. Childhood interpersonal violence and adult alcohol, cannabis, and tobacco use disorders: variation by race/ethnicity? Psychol Med 2018; 48:1540-1550. [PMID: 29310741 PMCID: PMC6545193 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291717003208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to child maltreatment has been shown to increase lifetime risk for substance use disorders (SUD). However, this has not been systematically examined among race/ethnic groups, for whom rates of exposure to assaultive violence and SUD differ. This study examined variation by race/ethnicity and gender in associations of alcohol (AUD), cannabis (CUD), and tobacco (TUD) use disorders with three types of childhood interpersonal violence (cIPV): physical abuse, sexual abuse, and witnessing parental violence. METHOD Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol-Related Conditions-III (N: 36 309), a US nationally representative sample, was utilized to examine associations of DSM-5 AUD, CUD and TUD with cIPV among men and women of five racial/ethnic groups. Models were adjusted for additional risk factors (e.g. parental substance use problems, participant's co-occurring SUD). RESULTS Independent contributions of childhood physical and sexual abuse to AUD, CUD, and TUD, and of witnessing parental violence to AUD and TUD were observed. Associations of cIPV and SUD were relatively similar across race/ethnicity and gender [Odds Ratios (ORs) ranged from 1.1 to 1.9], although associations of physical abuse with AUD and TUD were greater among males, associations of parental violence and AUD were greater among females, and associations of parental violence with AUD were greater among Hispanic women and American Indian men. CONCLUSIONS Given the paucity of research in this area, and the potential identification of modifiable risk factors to reduce the impact of childhood interpersonal violence on SUDs, further research and consideration of tailoring prevention and intervention efforts to different populations are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carolyn E. Sartor
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Alcohol Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Kimberly B. Werner
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Karestan C. Koenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bridget F. Grant
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Deborah Hasin
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
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58
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Poole JC, Dobson KS, Pusch D. Do adverse childhood experiences predict adult interpersonal difficulties? The role of emotion dysregulation. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 80:123-133. [PMID: 29604503 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are risk factors for interpersonal difficulties in adulthood, however the mechanism that underlies this association is unknown. The current study investigated the association of a wide range of ACEs with interpersonal difficulties in adulthood, and tested whether emotion dysregulation mediated the relationship between ACEs and interpersonal difficulties. Patients over the age of 18 were recruited from primary care clinics (N = 4006). Participants completed self-report questionnaires that assessed ACEs, emotion dysregulation, and interpersonal difficulties. Results indicated that, after controlling for a range of demographic variables, each type of ACE significantly predicted increased interpersonal difficulties and that cumulative ACEs predicted increased interpersonal difficulties, F(8, 3137) = 39.68, p < .001, R2 = 0.09. Further, emotion dysregulation mediated the association between ACEs and interpersonal difficulties, B = 0.79, SE = 0.09, 95% CI [0.64, 0.97]. These findings emphasize the role of childhood adversity on interpersonal functioning in adulthood, and highlight emotion dysregulation as a mechanism by which this association occurs. Results have the potential to inform preventative and treatment efforts to improve adaptive outcomes among individuals with a history of childhood adversity.
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59
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Pflugradt DM, Allen BP, Zintsmaster AJ. Adverse Childhood Experiences of Violent Female Offenders: A Comparison of Homicide and Sexual Perpetrators. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2018; 62:2312-2328. [PMID: 28587574 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x17712966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with a multitude of health and social problems. In addition to an increased risk of poor health, mental disorders, and substance abuse, childhood maltreatment is also significantly related to adult violent offending. Although gender-specific analyses suggest that early childhood maltreatment precedes later violence for males across offense categories, it is unknown whether this association also applies to different types of female offenders. This study explores the types and quantity of adverse childhood experiences for two groups of violent female offenders: perpetrators of intentional homicide ( N = 28) and perpetrators of sexual offenses ( N = 47). A nonparametric analysis using odds ratios (OR) indicated that female homicide perpetrators experienced significantly more adverse childhood experiences (as measured by the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire) than female sex offenders. Implications for future research are discussed.
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60
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Westermair AL, Stoll AM, Greggersen W, Kahl KG, Hüppe M, Schweiger U. All Unhappy Childhoods Are Unhappy in Their Own Way-Differential Impact of Dimensions of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Adult Mental Health and Health Behavior. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:198. [PMID: 29875707 PMCID: PMC5974933 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences have consistently been linked with poor mental and somatic health in adulthood. However, due to methodological restraints of the main lines of research using cumulative or selective models, little is known about the differential impact of different dimensions of adverse childhood experiences. Therefore, we gathered data from 396 psychiatric in-patients on the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire, extracted dimensions using factor analysis and compared this dimensional model of adverse childhood experiences to cumulative and selective models. Household Dysfunction (violence against the mother, parental divorce, substance abuse or incarceration of a household member) was associated with poor health behaviors (smoking, alcohol dependency and obesity as proxy marker for an imbalance between energy intake and physical activity) and with poorer socio-economic achievement (lower education and income) in adulthood. The previously reported associations of maltreatment and sexual abuse with these outcome criteria could not be corroborated. Both Maltreatment (emotional and physical neglect and abuse) and Sexual Abuse predicted BPD, PTSD and suicidal behavior. However, the two ACE dimensions showed sufficiently divergent validity to warrant separate consideration in future studies: Maltreatment was associated with affective and anxiety disorders such as social phobia, panic disorder and major depressive disorder, whereas Sexual Abuse was associated with dysregulation of bodily sensations such as pain intensity and hunger/satiation. Also, we found both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the superiority of the dimensional approach to exploring the consequences of adverse childhood experiences in comparison to the cumulative and selective approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Westermair
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Anne M. Stoll
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Wiebke Greggersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Kai G. Kahl
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Hüppe
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schweiger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of LübeckLübeck, Germany
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61
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Ross J, Waterhouse-Bradley B, Contractor AA, Armour C. Typologies of adverse childhood experiences and their relationship to incarceration in U.S. military veterans. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2018; 79:74-84. [PMID: 29426037 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have reported that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with negative psychosocial outcomes in adulthood, but no study has examined the different typologies of ACEs and the relationship of these with adult incarceration in military veterans. The current study used latent class analysis to examine the existence of different childhood maltreatment and household dysfunction typologies in a sample of U.S. military veterans identified through the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III ((NESARC-III)). A total of 60.73% of veterans reported one or more ACEs. Four latent classes were identified and were named Low adversities, Moderate maltreatment with high household substance use, Severe maltreatment with moderate household dysfunction and Severe multi-type adversities. Relative to the Low adversities class, the three maltreatment/dysfunction classes had significantly elevated odds ratios (1.72-2.29) for adult incarceration, when controlling for sociodemographic characteristics and alcohol and drug use. The results point to the importance of examining childhood risk factors for incarceration and suggest that a certain sub-group of military personnel who are about to transition into the civilian life may need additional support to adjust and live successful lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ross
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | | | | | - Cherie Armour
- Psychology Research Institute, Ulster University, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
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62
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Matthews AK, Cho YI, Hughes TL, Wilsnack SC, Aranda F, Johnson T. The Effects of Sexual Orientation on the Relationship Between Victimization Experiences and Smoking Status Among US Women. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 20:332-339. [PMID: 28339840 PMCID: PMC5896486 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction This study examined the relationships between experiences of childhood and adulthood victimization and current smoking among heterosexual and sexual minority women. The main hypothesis was that victimization experiences would predict current smoking status. Further, we hypothesized that the effect of childhood victimization on self-reported smoker status would be mediated by adult victimization. Methods Data are from two studies conducted in the United States that used similar methods and questionnaires in order to conduct a comparative analysis of women based on sexual orientation. Data from Wave 1 (2000-2001) of the Chicago Health and Life Experiences of Women (CHLEW) study and from Wave 5 (2001) of the National Study of Health and Life Experiences of Women (NSHLEW) study were used in these analyses. Results Twenty-eight percent of the sample reported current smoking. Victimization experiences were common, with 63.4% of participants reporting at least one type of victimization in childhood and 40.2% reporting at least one type in adulthood. Women who identified as heterosexual were less likely to be victimized during childhood than were women who identified as lesbian or bisexual. Adult victimization had a significant effect on current smoker status, and the effect of childhood victimization on smoker status was mediated by adult victimization. When examined by sexual orientation, this indirect relationship remained significant only among bisexual women in the sample. Conclusions Study findings make a valuable contribution to the literature on victimization and health risk behaviors such as smoking. Given the negative and long-term impact of victimization on women, strategies are needed that reduce the likelihood of victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors such as smoking. Implications The study findings make a valuable contribution to the literature on sexual minority women's health on the influence of victimization on health risk behaviors. With the goal of reducing the likelihood of adult victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors, programs and policies aimed at preventing victimization of women are warranted. Providers and community health agencies should assess and target physically and sexually abused sexual minority youth for mental health intervention with the goal of interrupting the progression from childhood victimization to adult victimization and subsequent engagement in health risk behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia K Matthews
- Department of Health Systems Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Young Ik Cho
- Department of community and behavioral health promotion, University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Zilber School of Public Health, Community and Behavioral Health Promotion, Milwaukee, WI
| | - Tonda L Hughes
- Department of Health Systems Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Sharon C Wilsnack
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, University of North Dakota School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND
| | - Frances Aranda
- Rush University Medical Center, Department of Behavioral Studies, Chicago, IL
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Department of Behavioral Studies, Survey Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
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63
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Hauff NJ, Fry-McComish J, Chiodo LM. Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predict post-traumatic stress disorder in postpartum African-American women. J Clin Nurs 2017; 26:2372-2383. [PMID: 27271531 DOI: 10.1111/jocn.13421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM AND OBJECTIVE To describe relationships between cumulative trauma, partner conflict and post-traumatic stress in African-American postpartum women. BACKGROUND Cumulative trauma exposure estimates for women in the USA range from 51-69%. During pregnancy, most trauma research has focused on physical injury to the mother. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with trauma and more prevalent in African-American women than women of other groups. Knowledge about both the rate and impact of cumulative trauma on pregnancy may contribute to our understanding of women seeking prenatal care, and disparities in infant morbidity and mortality. DESIGN This retrospective, correlational, cross-sectional study took place on postpartum units of two Detroit hospitals. Participants were 150 African-American women aged between 18-45 who had given birth. METHODS Mothers completed the Cumulative Trauma Scale, Conflict Tactics Scale, Clinician Administered Post-traumatic Stress Scale, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale and a Demographic Data form. Descriptive statistics, correlations and multiple regressions were used for data analysis. RESULTS All participants reported at least one traumatic event in their lifetime. Cumulative trauma and partner conflict predicted PTSD, with the trauma of a life-threatening event for a loved one reported by 60% of the sample. Nearly, one-fourth of the women screened were at risk for PTSD. Increased cumulative trauma, increased partner conflict and lower level of education were related to higher rates of PTSD symptoms. CONCLUSION Both cumulative trauma and partner conflict in the past year predict PTSD. Reasoning was used most often for partner conflict resolution. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE The results of this study offer additional knowledge regarding relationships between cumulative trauma, partner conflict and PTSD in African-American women. Healthcare providers need to be sensitive to patient life-threatening events, personal failures, abuse and other types of trauma. Current evidence supports the need to assess for post-traumatic stress symptoms during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy J Hauff
- Family, Community, and Mental Health, College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Judith Fry-McComish
- Family, Community, and Mental Health, College of Nursing, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Lisa M Chiodo
- College of Nursing, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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Anxiety among adults with a history of childhood adversity: Psychological resilience moderates the indirect effect of emotion dysregulation. J Affect Disord 2017; 217:144-152. [PMID: 28410477 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been widely identified as risk factors for increased symptoms of anxiety across the lifespan. Little is known, however, about the processes by which ACEs set the stage for increased symptoms of anxiety in adulthood. The current study evaluated whether emotion dysregulation and psychological resilience influence the association between ACEs and symptoms of anxiety. METHODS A sample of adult primary care patients (N=4006) completed self-report measures related to ACEs, symptoms of anxiety, emotion dysregulation, and psychological resilience. RESULTS A moderated mediation analysis showed that emotion dysregulation mediated the association between ACEs and anxiety symptoms, and that the strength of this effect varied as a function of psychological resilience. Specifically, the influence of ACEs on emotional dysregulation was stronger among individuals with low levels of psychological resilience than among those with high levels of psychological resilience. These findings remained significant when controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables in the model. LIMITATIONS Cross-sectional designs preclude inferences about causality and self-report data may be susceptible to reporting biases. Other psychological variables that may be relevant to the current results, such as protective factors in childhood, were not assessed. CONCLUSIONS These results have implications for the conceptualization of ACEs, emotion dysregulation, and psychological resilience in etiological models of anxiety. They also highlight the relevance of ACEs, emotion dysregulation, and psychological resilience to the detection, treatment, and prevention of anxiety disorders.
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65
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Merrick MT, Ports KA, Ford DC, Afifi TO, Gershoff ET, Grogan-Kaylor A. Unpacking the impact of adverse childhood experiences on adult mental health. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:10-19. [PMID: 28419887 PMCID: PMC6007802 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to childhood adversity has an impact on adult mental health, increasing the risk for depression and suicide. Associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and several adult mental and behavioral health outcomes are well documented in the literature, establishing the need for prevention. The current study analyzes the relationship between an expanded ACE score that includes being spanked as a child and adult mental health outcomes by examining each ACE separately to determine the contribution of each ACE. Data were drawn from Wave II of the CDC-Kaiser ACE Study, consisting of 7465 adult members of Kaiser Permanente in southern California. Dichotomous variables corresponding to each of the 11 ACE categories were created, with ACE score ranging from 0 to 11 corresponding to the total number of ACEs experienced. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to examine the relationship between ACEs and adult mental health outcomes adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Results indicated a graded dose-response relationship between the expanded ACE score and the likelihood of moderate to heavy drinking, drug use, depressed affect, and suicide attempts in adulthood. In the adjusted models, being spanked as a child was significantly associated with all self-reported mental health outcomes. Over 80% of the sample reported exposure to at least one ACE, signifying the potential to capture experiences not previously considered by traditional ACE indices. The findings highlight the importance of examining both cumulative ACE scores and individual ACEs on adult health outcomes to better understand key risk and protective factors for future prevention efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa T Merrick
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Katie A Ports
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Derek C Ford
- Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Tracie O Afifi
- Departments of Community Health Sciences and Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Elizabeth T Gershoff
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, United States.
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66
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Choi NG, DiNitto DM, Marti CN, Segal SP. Adverse childhood experiences and suicide attempts among those with mental and substance use disorders. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 69:252-262. [PMID: 28500922 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions data, we examined the associations of ten types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) with (1) lifetime suicide attempts and (2) number and age of attempts among U.S. adults aged 18+. In a case-control design, suicide attempters (5.14% of the full sample) were matched with never attempters (matched sample N=3912) on nine mental and substance use disorders. ACE rates were higher among attempters (3.30 [SE=0.07]) than their matched controls (2.19 [SE=0.06]). Results from multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that sexual abuse and parental/other family member's mental illness were associated with increased odds of having attempted suicide among both genders, and emotional neglect was also a factor for men. Population attributable risk fractions for sexual abuse were 25.75% for women and 8.56% for men. Sexual abuse and a higher number of ACEs were also related to repeated suicide attempts. A higher number of ACEs was associated with a younger first attempt age. Gay/bisexual orientation in men and the lack of college education in both genders were significant covariates. In conclusion, this study underscores that ACEs are significantly associated with lifetime suicide attempts even when mental and substance use disorders are controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Namkee G Choi
- University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States.
| | - Diana M DiNitto
- University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - C Nathan Marti
- University of Texas at Austin School of Social Work, 1925 San Jacinto Blvd, Austin, TX 78712, United States
| | - Steven P Segal
- Univeristy of California at Berkeley School of Social Welfare, 120 Haviland Hall #7400, Berkeley, CA 94720-7400, United States
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67
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López S, Faro C, Lopetegui L, Pujol-Ribera E, Monteagudo M, Cobo J, Fernández MI. Impacto del abuso sexual durante la infancia-adolescencia en las relaciones sexuales y afectivas de mujeres adultas. GACETA SANITARIA 2017; 31:210-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gaceta.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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68
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Xu W, Zheng L, Zheng Y. Prevalence of non-contact and contact childhood sexual abuse: An Internet-based sample of men who have sex with men in China. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175444. [PMID: 28394934 PMCID: PMC5386252 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (CSA) is high among Western men who have sex with men (MSM), and CSA is associated with certain socio-demographic variables and with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status. Little is known about CSA among Chinese MSM; therefore, we explored the prevalence and frequency of non-contact (e.g., sexual invitations, exhibitionism) and contact (e.g., intercourse, genital contact) forms of CSA in an Internet-based sample of MSM in China. We also examined the associations between the participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and HIV status, and their histories of CSA. Methods We surveyed MSM from 30 Chinese provinces in 2014–2015; 1,030 (mean age = 25.15 years, SD = 6.32) and 1,020 (mean age = 25.05 years, SD = 5.95) respondents were eligible for inclusion in the non-contact and contact CSA groups, respectively. Results Prevalence of non-contact and contact CSA was 36.2% and 29.8%, respectively; 20.4% and 15.0% had experienced non-contact and contact CSA ≥ 3 times, respectively. Most respondents were young adults, well educated, single, had never “come out,” and self-identified as gay or bisexual men. Univariate analyses showed that respondents who had experienced contact CSA were more likely to be HIV-positive than those who had never experienced contact CSA. Multivariate analyses showed that non-contact CSA was associated with less education, being in a relationship with a woman or a man, and having “come out.” Contact CSA was associated with less education, higher income, and being in a relationship with a man. Respondents who had experienced non-contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated, “out,” and to be in a relationship with a woman or a man. Respondents who had experienced contact CSA ≥ 3 times were more likely to be less educated and to be in a relationship with a man. Conclusions It is necessary to pay closer attention to CSA among MSM and other sexual minorities in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lijun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (MOE), Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
- * E-mail:
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69
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Dube SR, Rishi S. Utilizing the salutogenic paradigm to investigate well-being among adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse and other adversities. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 66:130-141. [PMID: 28249732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The long-term negative consequences of adverse childhood experiences are well documented. However, less is known about salutogenesis (well-being) among adult survivors of childhood adversity. The 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were analyzed to assess the contribution of four health promoting factors (physical activity, smoking abstinence, educational level, social-emotional support) with positive health-related quality of life (HRQoL), among adults who retrospectively reported childhood abuse or exposure to other childhood toxic stressors (n=12,032) and separately for adults who reported childhood sexual abuse (CSA). Outcomes examined included positive self-rated health (good/very good/excellent); mentally unhealthy days (MUDS) and physically unhealthy days (PUDS) in the past 30 days. After controlling for demographic characteristics and existing health conditions, physical activity (p<.05), smoking abstinence (p<.05), education of high school or greater (p<.05), and social-emotional support (p<.05) were associated with positive HRQoL outcomes among adult survivors of childhood adversity and adult survivors of CSA. Each unit increase of the health promoting factor score (0-4) resulted in adjusted odds ratio of 2.1 (95% CI: 1.3-2.4) for self-rated health and 1.6 (95%CI: 1.1-2.6) for <14 PUDs among male CSA survivors; among female survivors the adjusted odds ratios were 2.4 (95% CI: 1.8-3.2) for self-rated health, 2.3 (95% CI: 1.7-3.1) for <14 MUDs, and 2.2 (95% CI: 1.6-3.0) for <14 PUDs. The study validates that a large proportion of adults survive childhood adversities and underscores the importance of the salutogenic paradigm to identify strategies that may contribute to well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanta R Dube
- Associate Professor, Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Georgia State University; Affiliated Faculty, Center for the Study on Stress, Trauma, and Resilience, Department of Counseling & Psychological Services, Georgia State University.
| | - Shobhana Rishi
- Education Program Consultant, California Department of Education, Sacramento, CA, USA; Research Associate, Omkar Mission Research Institute, Pune, India
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70
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López S, Faro C, Lopetegui L, Pujol-Ribera E, Monteagudo M, Avecilla-Palau À, Martínez C, Cobo J, Fernández MI. Child and Adolescent Sexual Abuse in Women Seeking Help for Sexual and Reproductive Mental Health Problems: Prevalence, Characteristics, and Disclosure. JOURNAL OF CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE 2017; 26:246-269. [PMID: 28471339 DOI: 10.1080/10538712.2017.1288186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is a multicentric, descriptive, cross-sectional study of child and adolescent sexual abuse in women over 18 years in 24 primary care sexual and reproductive health centers in Catalonia. A total of 1,013 women were recruited; 345 (37.6%, 95% CI: 34.6-40.9) reported exposure to child sexual abuse: 32.4% disclosed being touched in a sexual way, and 9.6% reported completed sexual intercourse. Abuse occured before the age of 13 in 63.4% of respondents. The perpetrator was a relative or an acquaintance in almost 80% of cases. The risk was higher among women of Central or South American origin (OR: 2.86; 95% CI: 1.33-6.12). Only 31.9% of women disclosed the abuse and 17.3% were blamed. Abuse that involved attempted or completed sexual intercourse was significantly associated with recurrence, physical violence, and revictimization in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sílvia López
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Concepció Faro
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Lourdes Lopetegui
- b Mental Health Department , Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Enriqueta Pujol-Ribera
- c Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Mònica Monteagudo
- c Institut Universitari d'Investigació en Atenció Primària Jordi Gol (IDIAP Jordi Gol) , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Àngels Avecilla-Palau
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Cristina Martínez
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
| | - Jesús Cobo
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
- d Mental Health Department , Corporació Sanitària Parc Tauli , Barcelona , Spain
- e Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine Department , Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona , Barcelona , Spain
| | - María-Isabel Fernández
- a Programmes for Sexual and Reproductive Care of Catalonia , Catalan Health Institute , Barcelona , Spain
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71
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Jeremiah RD, Quinn CR, Alexis JM. Exposing the culture of silence: Inhibiting factors in the prevention, treatment, and mitigation of sexual abuse in the Eastern Caribbean. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 66:53-63. [PMID: 28242101 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This article features a study that explored the presence of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including childhood sexual abuse and neglect, among women associated with Partnership for Peace (PfP), the first and only culturally adapted domestic violence diversion program for men in the Eastern Caribbean. Within a multiyear evaluative study that assessed the impact of the PfP intervention in reducing domestic violence in Grenada in the West Indies, life-history interviews were collected from a subsample of women (N=9) associated with men enrolled in the PfP program between 2009 and 2011. We found that the exposure to sexual abuse and neglect during childhood was evident in the histories of the women. Most perpetrators were trusted family or community members who suffered from a common set of behavioral patterns, most prominently alcohol use. Our findings reflect an evidence-based connection, as one causative factor, of a culture of silence that is related to child sexual abuse and its management. The apparent lasting effects of these traumatic childhood exposures reflect cycles of abuse in the life histories collected during the domestic violence evaluation study. Our study identified three key structural deficiencies (insufficient research, ineffective policy, and lack of public-health interventions) and one embedded cultural norm (the culture of silence) that together "inhibit current attempts to address ACEs as a means of curbing domestic violence in the Caribbean."
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohan D Jeremiah
- Division of Community Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health, United States.
| | - Camille R Quinn
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jicinta M Alexis
- Division of Gender and Family Affairs, Ministry of Social Development and Housing, Grenada
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Turner S, Taillieu T, Cheung K, Afifi TO. The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and mental health outcomes among males: Results from a nationally representative United States sample. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 66:64-72. [PMID: 28185670 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies have examined the associations between childhood sexual abuse (CSA), co-occurrence with other types of maltreatment and adult mental health outcomes, specifically among males. The objectives of this study were to: 1) determine the prevalence of males who have experienced a) childhood maltreatment without CSA; b) CSA without other forms of childhood maltreatment; and c) CSA along with other forms of childhood maltreatment; and 2) determine the relationship between CSA among males and mood, anxiety, substance and personality disorders and suicide attempts. METHODS Data were drawn from the 2004-2005 National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) and limited to males age 20 years old and older (n=14,564). Child maltreatment included harsh physical punishment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, emotional neglect, physical neglect and exposure to intimate partner violence (IPV). RESULTS Emotional abuse, physical abuse, and exposure to IPV were the most common forms of maltreatment that co-occurred with CSA among males. A history of CSA only, and CSA co-occurring with other types of child maltreatment, resulted in higher odds for many mental disorders and suicide attempts compared to a history of child maltreatment without CSA. CONCLUSIONS Child maltreatment is associated with increased odds of mental disorders among males. Larger effects were noted for many mental disorders and suicide attempts for males who experienced CSA with or without other child maltreatment types compared to those who did not experience CSA. These results are important for understanding the significant long-term effects of CSA among males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Turner
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | - Tamara Taillieu
- Applied Health Sciences Program, University of Manitoba, Canada.
| | | | - Tracie O Afifi
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Canada.
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Adverse Childhood Experiences and Disordered Gambling: Assessing the Mediating Role of Emotion Dysregulation. J Gambl Stud 2017; 33:1187-1200. [DOI: 10.1007/s10899-017-9680-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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74
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Association of adverse childhood experiences with lifetime mental and substance use disorders among men and women aged 50+ years. Int Psychogeriatr 2017; 29:359-372. [PMID: 27780491 DOI: 10.1017/s1041610216001800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Given growing numbers of older adults with mental and substance use disorders (MSUDs), this study examined the association between ten types of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and lifetime MSUDs among those aged 50+. METHODS Data (N = 14,738 for the 50+ age group) came from the 2012 to 2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. Using multivariable binary logistic regression analyses, we examined relationships between ten ACEs and six lifetime MSUDs (major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety, post-traumatic stress, alcohol use, drug use, and nicotine use disorders). Gender differences were examined using tests of interaction effects and gender-separate logistic regression models. RESULTS Of the sample, 53.2% of women and 50.0% of men reported at least one ACE. For both genders, parental/other adult's substance abuse was the most prevalent (22.6%), followed by physical abuse, and emotional neglect. Child abuse and neglect and parental/other adult's mental illness and substance abuse had small but consistently significant associations with MSUDs (e.g., odds ratio = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12-1.46 for parental/other adult's substance misuse and MDD). Although the relationship between total number of ACEs and MSUDs was cumulative for both men and women, the associations of physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and parental separation/divorce with MSUDs were stronger among men. CONCLUSIONS This study underscores the significant yet modest association between ACEs and lifetime MSUDs in late life. More research is needed to investigate why ACEs seem to have greater effects on older men and to discern the sources of gender differences in ACEs' effects.
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Elfgen C, Hagenbuch N, Görres G, Block E, Leeners B. Breastfeeding in Women Having Experienced Childhood Sexual Abuse. J Hum Lact 2017; 33:119-127. [PMID: 28079443 DOI: 10.1177/0890334416680789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) can have a serious effect on general and obstetric health. Breastfeeding includes several triggers for memories of abuse experiences, which will likely influence decisions about breastfeeding and its implementation in daily life. This is important since breastfeeding improves maternal well-being and bonding with the child. Research aim: As breastfeeding strongly influences the long-term health of children, we investigated experiences with breastfeeding in women with a history of CSA. METHODS Data on breastfeeding were collected within a research project designed to compare labor and delivery experiences in women with a history of CSA to women without such antecedents. Data from 85 women having experienced CSA and 170 controls pair-matched for maternal age, children's age, and nationality were evaluated. The clinical record of pregnancy and a self-administered questionnaire were used to collect data. RESULTS Although the prevalence of breastfeeding was similar in women with and without CSA experiences (96.5% vs. 90.6%), women exposed to CSA more often described complications associated with breastfeeding (77.7% vs. 67.1%, p = .08). Mastitis (49.4% vs. 27.6%, p < .01) and pain (29.4% vs. 18.8%, p = .15) were reported significantly more often by women after CSA. For 20% of women after CSA, breastfeeding was a trigger for memories of CSA. Furthermore, 58% of women with CSA reported dissociation when breastfeeding. CONCLUSION In addition to the growing list of potential health consequences of CSA experience, this experience seems to be associated with an increased number of problems when breastfeeding. However, most women with a history of CSA intend to breastfeed despite particular challenges related to CSA. A support protocol tailored to the specific needs of these women during pregnancy and the lactation period may help to improve breastfeeding and the early mother-child relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constanze Elfgen
- 1 Breast Centre, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Niels Hagenbuch
- 2 Department of Biostatistics, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Brigitte Leeners
- 5 Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Poole JC, Dobson KS, Pusch D. Childhood adversity and adult depression: The protective role of psychological resilience. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2017; 64:89-100. [PMID: 28056359 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), such as childhood abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction, have been identified as salient risk factors for adult depression. However, not all individuals who experience ACEs go on to develop depression. The extent to which resilience- or the ability to demonstrate stable levels of functioning despite adversity- may act as a buffer against depression among individuals with a history of ACEs has not been adequately examined. To address the associations between ACEs, depression, and resilience, 4006 adult participants were recruited from primary care clinics. Participants completed self-report questionnaires including: the Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire, a retrospective measure of childhood adversity; the Patient Health Questionnaire-9, a measure of the presence and severity of the major symptoms of depression; and the Connor Davidson Resilience Scale, a measure of psychological resilience. Results from regression analyses indicated that, while controlling for a range of demographic variables, both ACEs and resilience independently predicted symptoms of depression, F(9, 3040)=184.81, R2=0.354. Further, resilience moderated the association between ACEs and depression, F(10, 3039)=174.36, p<0.001, R2=0.365. Specifically, the association between ACEs and depression was stronger among individuals with low resilience relative to those with high resilience. This research provides important information regarding the relationships among ACEs, resilience, and depression. Results have the potential to inform the development of treatments aimed to reduce symptoms of depression among primary care patients with a history of childhood adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia C Poole
- Depression Research Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Keith S Dobson
- Depression Research Laboratory, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
| | - Dennis Pusch
- Alberta Health Services, Suite 1150, 10201 Southport Road SW, Calgary, Alberta T2W 4X9, Canada.
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Wyatt GE, Notgrass CM, Newcomb M. Internal and External Mediators of Women's Rape Experiences. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1990.tb00012.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Internal and external factors are examined as mediational processes and/or coping strategies that link four aspects of women's rape experiences to the initial and lasting effects on their post-rape adjustment, attitude toward sex and intimacy, and lifestyle changes to prevent future assaults. Data are from a multiethnic community sample of 55 women who had been victims of rape or attempted rape. A measured or observed variable simultaneous path analysis model was used to test the relationships among the traumatic circumstances, mediators, and outcome variables. More self-blame, high involvement of police or other agencies, a greater number of repeated rapes per incident, and severity of abuse predicted women's negative initial and lasting attitudes toward sex and intimacy. The implications of these findings are discussed as they relate to barriers in disclosing attempted and completed incidents of rape.
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Rhodes JE, Fischer K, Ebert L, Meyers AB. Patterns of Service Utilization Among Pregnant and Parenting African American Adolescents. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016; 17:257-74. [PMID: 12287348 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1993.tb00486.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study explored factors associated with differential patterns of social and health service use among pregnant and parenting African American adolescents. One hundred seventy-seven young women between the ages of 14 and 22 took part in the study. Cluster analysis suggested three groups of users: frequent users, moderate users, and inconsistent users. These groups were distinct in terms of their frequency of service usage, perceptions of barriers to usage, and psychological and social functioning. Moderate users appeared to be healthier than either the frequent or inconsistent users, as indicated by their relatively higher levels of psychological functioning. In contrast, inconsistent users were distinguished by their high rates of sexual victimization, their low use of medical services, and their perceptions of many programmatic and personal barriers to usage. Suggestions for research and interventions that encompass the diverse needs of young African American women are made.
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79
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Jayasinghe YL, Sasongko V, Lim RW, Grover SR, Tabrizi SN, Moore EE, Donath S, Garland SM. The Association Between Unwanted Sexual Experiences and Early-Onset Cervical Cancer and Precancer by Age 25: A Case-Control Study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) 2016; 26:774-787. [PMID: 27854558 DOI: 10.1089/jwh.2016.5742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We examined the association between unwanted sexual experiences and cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3, adenocarcinoma in situ, diagnosed ≤25 years of age. METHODS A case-control study of women ≤55 years who attended gynecological hospitals in Australia between 1983 and 2007. Cases were ≤25 years when diagnosed with disease, control group 1 were "older women" >25 years at diagnosis; control group 2 were "well women" ≤25 years attending preventive health clinics. A self-administered postal survey was utilized. The main outcome measures were prevalence of childhood sexual abuse (<16 years) and unwanted adolescent sexual experiences (between 16 and 18 years) in cases compared to controls. RESULTS Of 400 contactable subjects, 251 participated (62.8%). Prevalence of childhood sexual abuse in cases (26.6% [25/94]) was similar to other groups. Prevalence of childhood genital contact abuse in cases with cervical cancer was 45.5% [5/11], compared to older women (20% [10/50], p = 0.08) and well women (13.8% [8/58], p = 0.01), and was marginally more common compared to well women when adjusted for other lifestyle factors (odds ratio [OR]: 4.7 [1.0-22.6], p = 0.05). Prevalence of unwanted adolescent sexual experiences in cases was 28.9% [33/114]. Prevalence of adolescent penile-genital contact experiences in cervical cancer cases was 46.7% [7/15], compared to older women (9.4%, [6/64], p < 0.001) and well women (13.7%, [10/73], p = 0.003), and was more common compared to well women when adjusted for lifestyle (OR: 5.9 [1.4-24.9], p = 0.02) and sexual health risk factors (OR: 5.6 [1.4-22.1] p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Unwanted sexual experiences with genital contact were a risk factor for invasive cervical cancer ≤25 years, likely due to a complex interplay of biological and environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmin Leela Jayasinghe
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,2 Department of Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Rachel Wenrui Lim
- 4 Department of Internal Medicine, Singapore General Hospital , Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonia Regina Grover
- 2 Department of Gynaecology, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia .,5 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sepehr N Tabrizi
- 5 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,6 Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Elya E Moore
- 6 Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Susan Donath
- 5 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,7 Clinical Epidemiology & Biostatistics Unit, Royal Children's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suzanne Marie Garland
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Australia .,5 Murdoch Childrens Research Institute , Melbourne, Australia .,6 Women's Centre for Infectious Diseases, Royal Women's Hospital , Melbourne, Australia
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80
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Dailey RM, Claus RE. The Relationship between Interviewer Characteristics and Physical and Sexual Abuse Disclosures among Substance Users: A Multilevel Analysis. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/002204260103100404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Data were collected at assessment for substance abuse treatment from 22 interviewers and 8,276 clients to assess the relationship between interviewer characteristics and disclosure of physical and sexual abuse. Characteristics examined were client and interviewer gender, race/ethnicity, and age. Multilevel regressions that adjusted for the clustering of clients within interviewers were compared to unadjusted logistic regressions to determine the effect of response similarity within clusters. Clustering accounted for only 2–5% of the unexplained variance; however, ignoring the clustering effect generated several misleading results. Adjusted models indicated that clients were more likely to disclose physical abuse to Caucasian interviewers than to African American interviewers and more likely to disclose sexual abuse to female interviewers than to male interviewers. Matching clients and interviewers on gender, race, and age did not increase disclosures of either physical or sexual abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald E. Claus
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia. Direct corresondence to Ronald Claus at
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81
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Kimmel MC, Lara-Cinisomo S, Melvin K, Di Florio A, Brandon A, Meltzer-Brody S. Treatment of severe perinatal mood disorders on a specialized perinatal psychiatry inpatient unit. Arch Womens Ment Health 2016; 19:645-53. [PMID: 26802019 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-016-0599-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal patients with bipolar and psychotic mood disorder exacerbations are challenging to treat and often receive suboptimal care. We sought to examine the treatment patterns and outcomes on one of the only US-based Perinatal Psychiatry Inpatient Units (PPIU). Perinatal patients admitted to the PPIU completed self-report measures at admission and before discharge. Retrospective chart reviews extracted history, diagnoses (current and past), and medication treatment. Patients who had discharge diagnoses of bipolar disorder, major depression with psychotic features, or postpartum psychosis were included. Forty-seven met the diagnostic inclusion criteria. Over an average length of stay (ALOS) of 9.96 days, there was significant improvement in depressive and anxiety symptoms and daily functioning (Work and Social Adjustment Scale). Psychiatric comorbidity was common. Polypharmacy was utilized in 87 %. The most common medications prescribed at discharge were antipsychotics, alone or in combination with mood stabilizers or antidepressants. ECT was performed in 10 % of cases. The complexity of patients with severe mood disorders or psychosis admitted to the PPIU supports individualized treatment plans that address both primary diagnosis and psychiatric comorbidities. Our results provide important information that can be disseminated to others to improve clinical outcomes for severe perinatal mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Kimmel
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA.
| | - S Lara-Cinisomo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA.,University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, USA
| | - K Melvin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA.,Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - A Di Florio
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA
| | - A Brandon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA
| | - S Meltzer-Brody
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill, Campus Box #7160, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7160, USA
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82
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Mennen FE. Sexual Abuse in Latina Girls: Their Functioning and a Comparison with White and African American Girls. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/07399863940164006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to help address the lack of research on sexual abuse in Latinas. This study evaluated symptoms of depression, anxiety, and self-concept in a racially mixed sample of sexually abused girls. Latinas had elevated levels of depression and anxiety and lower levels of self-concept than children in standardization samples. Their symptom levels did not differfrom the sexually abused White and African American girls in the study. They were also very similar to the othersubjects in relationship to the identity of the perpetrator, the age when the abuse began, and the kind of abuse. The only racial/ethnic differencefound in the study was in duration of the abuse, with White girls experiencing longer abuse than the Latina orAfrican American subjects. Some possible explanations for thefindings are discusssed.
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83
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Wingood GM, Hunter-Gamble D, DiClemente RJ. A Pilot Study of Sexual Communication and Negotiation among Young African American Women: Implications for HIV Prevention. JOURNAL OF BLACK PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/00957984930192008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent epidemiological studies indicate that African American female adolescents are at a markedly higher riskfor diagnoses with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) than their White female counterparts. Although epidemiologic data are informatve with respect to monitoring the course of the epidemic and quantifying the differential riskfor AIDSIHIV infection among young Afican American women in relation to other populations, they provide less insight into the influence of the diverse cultural, gender, andpsychosocial determinants ofHIV-associated risk behaviors. Afactor ofparticular importance is communication between sexual partners about condom use. Focus groups were conducted with African American women aged 18 to 25, to explore the process ofsexual communication and barriers toward sexual negotiation of condom use. HlVprevention programs tailored to African American women should emphasize training in sexual negotiation, conflict resolution, and refusal skills.
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84
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Arroyo JA, Simpson TL, Aragon AS. Childhood Sexual Abuse among Hispanic and Non-Hispanic White College Women. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/07399863970191004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study is thefirst to describe childhood sexual abuse (CSA) experiences of Hispanic and non-Hispanic White college women. There were no significant ethnic differences in the prevalence of CSA reported by Hispanics (2 7.1%) and non-Hispanic Whites (33.1%). Although the Hispanic women reported CSA that was more serious on almost every dimension (e.g., beginning at a younger age, more physically intrusive), no significant ethnic differences were found on severity nor on numerous other aspects of the CSA. A significantly greater proportion of Hispanic women reported that the perpetrators of their CSA were extended family members, as opposed to nuclear or extrafamilial perpetrators, than did non-Hispanic White women. Non-Hispanic Whites were more likely than Hispanics to indicate that nothing happened as a result of disclosing their CSA.
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85
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Romero GJ, Wyatt GE, Loeb TB, Carmona JV, Solis BM. The Prevalence and Circumstances of Child Sexual Abuse among Latina Women. HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0739986399213009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the prevalence and circumstances of child sexual abuse in a community sample of Latina women, 18 to 50 years of age. Chi-square tests of independence and t -test procedures were used to assess the prevalence, characteristics of the victim, assault, perpetrator, disclosure, and long-term effects. One in three Latina women reported incidents of sexual abuse, regardless of acculturation or citizenship status. More than one third of the women also experienced revictimization, with more than 80% of initial incidents occurring from the age of 7 years. The majority of the experiences occurred in private locations, by young male perpetrators, known to the victim. Four women were forced to marry perpetrators of their abuse. Treatment implications and community-based interventions for Latina survivors of child sexual abuse are discussed.
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86
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Cossins A. A Reply to the NSW Royal Commission Inquiry into Paedophilia: Victim Report Studies and Child Sex Offender Profiles — A Bad Match? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/000486589903200105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This article questions the validity of the fixated/regressed classification scheme of child sex offenders used by the Royal Commission into the New South Wales Police Service. Since the scheme is based on incar-cerated offender profiles, it does not accord with empirical data derived from victim report studies, and is contradicted by a number of other studies on the sexual behaviour of child sex offenders. The article discusses how the classification scheme appears to have been influential in the Royal Commission's decision to focus its inquiry into paedophilia on the activities of homosexual, fixated offenders. As a result of this focus, the Royal Commission engaged in very little analysis of the extent of child sexual abuse within the family and abuse concerning female children in general. The article concludes by questioning some of the Royal Commission's recommendations for the future policing of child sexual abuse within New South Wales.
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87
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Abstract
The mental health effects of victimization of women comprise one of five priority research areas identified by the National Institute of Mental Health. However, little attention has been paid to this issue in counseling research. In this article, we review research on the prevalence and effects of three types of victimization of women: child sexual abuse, sexual assault, and sexual harassment. This research suggests that victimization is quite common among women and has serious detrimental effects on their mental health. We also present data indicating that victimization experiences are common among female counseling center clients. Several recommendations for counselor training in the area of victimization are offered.
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88
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Abstract
Using a more inclusive, culturally responsive measure, this population-based study of women of Japanese descent contrasts two methods of estimating prevalence of domestic violence. Eighty percent of respondents reported experiencing a male partner's violence during their lifetimes—a conventional estimation. A new method took into account the respondent's perceptions about the partner's acts—whether she considered her partner's behavior abusive and placed it within the context of an abusive relationship—and yielded the lifetime prevalence of 61%. Attention to culturally based manifestations of domestic violence and the respondent's perceptions provide additional dimensions of data grounded in women's subjective experiences.
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89
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine (a) the ability of extrafamilial sexual abuse categorization schemes previously derived by qualitative methods to predict characteristics of the abuse in female children and (b) the prognostic ability of the emergent categorization scheme to predict differential risk of abuse based on age of the child. Three hundred sixty incidents of extrafamilial sexual abuse in Diana Russell's (1983) community prevalence study of female child sexual abuse comprised the sample. The findings of this analysis highlight the pervasiveness of the threat of extrafamilial child sexual abuse to female children.
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90
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COKER ANNL, PATEL NILAMJ, KRISHNASWAMI SHANTHI, SCHMIDT WENDY, RICHTER DONNAL. Childhood Forced Sex and Cervical Dysplasia Among Women Prison Inmates. Violence Against Women 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1077801298004005005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study is one of the first to investigate an association between childhood forced sex and cervical dysplasia. Cervical dysplasia can be identified through Pap smear screening and indicates precancerous cervical lesions, which if not treated, could become cervical cancer. Of 123 women confined under medium security in a women's correctional facility and surveyed for this study, 31.7% (n = 39) reported forced sex when less than 17 years old. Almost 6% (7 of 123) had an abnormal Pap smear indicating cervical dysplasia on entering prison. Those reporting forced sex before age 17 were six times more likely to have cervical dysplasia on entry into prison. Earlier age at first being forced to have sex was significantly associated with cervical dysplasia prevalence. This study provides data to suggest that early sexual trauma may be associated with precancerous cervical dysplasia. Further research is needed to clarify this association.
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91
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Abstract
A recent national study found that females offended in 44% of all cases of child sexual abuse reported to child protective services, and that mothers offended in 53% of all cases of parental incest. These findings contradict other data suggesting that the percentage of females and mothers who commit sexual abuse is much lower. The purpose of this article is to explore the historical conceptualization of nonoffending mothers of sexually abused children and the development of child abuse and neglect policies and statutes for the purpose of providing insight into the overidentification of mothers in cases of identified sexual abuse.
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92
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Enns CZ, McNeilly CL, Corkery JM, Gilbert MS. The Debate about Delayed Memories of Child Sexual Abuse. COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGIST 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/0011000095232001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The debate about delayed memories of child sexual abuse has generated strong emotions and has polarized many psychologists and members of the public. At times, individuals have adopted absolute positions without adequate knowledge of the complex issues involved. This article provides information about the current debate regarding the veracity of delayed memories of child sexual abuse, describes the historical context in which this controversy occurs, discusses the growth and development of psychotherapy for trauma survivors, and reviews the theoretical and empirical literature relevant to abuse memories. The article also outlines recommendations about foundations of knowledge and interventions that will help psychologists engage in competent and ethical practices with clients and generates an initial set of recommendations for future research, training, and social change.
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93
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Ward LM, Wyatt GE. The Effects of Childhood Sexual Messages on African-American and White Women's Adolescent Sexual Behavior. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb00450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To clarify the relationship between sexual communication and sexual behavior, multiple components of sexual messages recalled from childhood were examined in a community sample of 248 African-American and White women. Respondents were matched on a predesignated set of demographic variables and were interviewed using the Wyatt Sexual History Questionnaire. We anticipated that women's recollections of messages from parents and television would differ both individually and across ethnicity, and that messages recalled from parents would be multidimensional, varying in tone (positive vs. negative) across time (childhood vs. adolescence) and form (verbal vs. nonverbal). We also expected that the presence and tone of specific types of messages recalled would be associated with risk-related sexual behavior. Results confirmed predictions concerning differential interpretations of messages, and ethnicity emerged as a strong mediating variable. The implications of the specific types of parental messages influencing behavior are discussed.
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94
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Wyatt GE, Riederle MH. Reconceptualizing Issues That Affect Women's Sexual Decision-Making And Sexual Functioning. PSYCHOLOGY OF WOMEN QUARTERLY 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1994.tb01050.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This paper addresses five existing societal myths and their underlying faulty assumptions about women's sexuality. The following myths are examined: (a) women possess adequate sexual knowledge to understand their sexual needs, (b) they know how to communicate about sex, (c) they engage in sex because they want to do so, (d) if they are sexually active, they enjoy sex, and (e) they use their knowledge of sex to protect themselves from sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy. These myths need to be considered when conducting research and developing interventions designed to decrease women's sexual risk-taking. Research that assesses women's levels of factual sexual knowledge, comfort and skills discussing sexual information, and literacy is needed. The importance of examining ethnic, cultural, economic, religious, relationship factors, and psychological issues is discussed in order to encourage research relevant to women's sexual decision-making.
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95
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Levenson JS, Socia KM. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Arrest Patterns in a Sample of Sexual Offenders. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2016; 31:1883-911. [PMID: 25711615 DOI: 10.1177/0886260515570751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Developmental psychopathology theories suggest that childhood adversity can contribute to antisocial conduct and delinquent activities. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) on arrest patterns in a sample of sexual offenders (N = 740). Higher ACE scores were associated with a variety of arrest outcomes, indicating that the accumulation of early trauma increased the likelihood of versatility and persistence of criminal behavior. Rapists of adults had higher ACE scores, lower levels of specialization, and higher levels of persistence than sex offenders with minor victims only. Child sexual abuse, emotional neglect, and domestic violence in the childhood home were significant predictors of a higher number of sex crime arrests. For measures of nonsexual arrests and criminal versatility, it was the household dysfunction factors-substance abuse, unmarried parents, and incarceration of a family member-that were predictive, suggesting that family dysfunction and a chaotic home environment contributed significantly to increased risk of general criminal behavior. Sex offenders inspire little sympathy in our society but may be among those most in need of trauma-informed models of treatment that recognize the influence of early adversity on maladaptive schema and self-regulation deficits related to criminal behavior.
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96
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Levenson JS, Willis GM, Prescott DS. Adverse Childhood Experiences in the Lives of Male Sex Offenders: Implications for Trauma-Informed Care. SEXUAL ABUSE : A JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2016; 28:340-59. [PMID: 24872347 DOI: 10.1177/1079063214535819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This study explored the prevalence of childhood trauma in a sample of male sexual offenders (N = 679) using the Adverse Childhood Experience (ACE) scale. Compared with males in the general population, sex offenders had more than 3 times the odds of child sexual abuse (CSA), nearly twice the odds of physical abuse, 13 times the odds of verbal abuse, and more than 4 times the odds of emotional neglect and coming from a broken home. Less than 16% endorsed zero ACEs and nearly half endorsed four or more. Multiple maltreatments often co-occurred with other types of household dysfunction, suggesting that many sex offenders were raised within a disordered social environment. Higher ACE scores were associated with higher risk scores. By enhancing our understanding of the frequency and correlates of early adverse experiences, we can better devise trauma-informed interventions that respond to the clinical needs of sex offender clients.
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97
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Curran E, Adamson G, Stringer M, Rosato M, Leavey G. Severity of mental illness as a result of multiple childhood adversities: US National Epidemiologic Survey. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2016; 51:647-57. [PMID: 26952327 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-016-1198-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To examine patterns of childhood adversity, their long-term consequences and the combined effect of different childhood adversity patterns as predictors of subsequent psychopathology. METHODS Secondary analysis of data from the US National Epidemiologic Survey on alcohol and related conditions. Using latent class analysis to identify childhood adversity profiles; and using multinomial logistic regression to validate and further explore these profiles with a range of associated demographic and household characteristics. Finally, confirmatory factor analysis substantiated initial latent class analysis findings by investigating a range of mental health diagnoses. RESULTS Latent class analysis generated a three-class model of childhood adversity in which 60 % of participants were allocated to a low adversity class; 14 % to a global adversities class (reporting exposures for all the derived latent classes); and 26 % to a domestic emotional and physical abuse class (exposed to a range of childhood adversities). Confirmatory Factor analysis defined an internalising-externalising spectrum to represent lifetime reporting patterns of mental health disorders. Using logistic regression, both adversity groups showed specific gender and race/ethnicity differences, related family discord and increased psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS We identified underlying patterns in the exposure to childhood adversity and associated mental health. These findings are informative in their description of the configuration of adversities, rather than focusing solely on the cumulative aspect of experience. Amelioration of longer-term negative consequences requires early identification of psychopathology risk factors that can inform protective and preventive interventions. This study highlights the utility of screening for childhood adversities when individuals present with symptoms of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Curran
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University, Magee College, Northland Rd, Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Gary Adamson
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Magee College, Northland Rd, Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Maurice Stringer
- School of Psychology, Ulster University, Magee College, Northland Rd, Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Michael Rosato
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University, Magee College, Northland Rd, Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Gerard Leavey
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing, Ulster University, Magee College, Northland Rd, Derry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland, UK
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Leeners B, Görres G, Block E, Hengartner MP. Birth experiences in adult women with a history of childhood sexual abuse. J Psychosom Res 2016; 83:27-32. [PMID: 27020073 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although childhood sexual abuse (CSA) may seriously impair childbirth experiences, few systematic evaluations on associations, mediating influences, risk and protective factors are available. As such information is mandatory to improve obstetric care, the present study aimed to provide such data. METHODS The study compared childbirth experiences from 85 women after CSA and at least one pregnancy resulting in a life birth with those from 170 control women matched for nationality, personal age and children's age. Trained specialists from support centers investigated CSA. Obstetrical data were collected from the official personal clinical record of each pregnancy (Mutterpass) and data on CSA as well as childbirth experiences were examined by questionnaires. RESULTS Childbirth was more often highly frightening (24.7 vs. 5.3%; p<0.01) and a negative experience (40.7 vs. 19.6%, p<0.01) in women with a history of CSA than in controls. Multivariate regression models support the hypothesis that at least part of this association was mediated by covariates (specifically, birth preparation classes, presence of a trusted person, participation in medical decision-making, pain relief, emergency during labor and extreme duration of labor), which represent important resources in improving obstetric care. In 41% of women with CSA, memories of traumatic experiences intruded during childbirth, whereas about 58% experienced dissociation. While dissociation may result in loss of contact with obstetric staff, it was also used to reduce labor pain. CONCLUSION Childbirth following a history of CSA is associated with particular challenges. Creating a trusting environment by evaluating and integrating individual needs could ameliorate birth experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte Leeners
- Clinic for Reproductive Endocrinology, University Hospital Zurich, Switzerland.
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99
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Mills R, Kisely S, Alati R, Strathearn L, Najman J. Self-reported and agency-notified child sexual abuse in a population-based birth cohort. J Psychiatr Res 2016; 74:87-93. [PMID: 26774419 PMCID: PMC4744520 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been associated with many adverse psychiatric outcomes. However, most studies have relied on retrospective self-report of exposure to CSA. We set out to investigate the incidence of CSA in the same birth cohort using both retrospective self-report and prospective government agency notification, and examine the psychological outcomes in young adulthood. The primary outcomes were measures of DSM-IV diagnoses (CIDI-Auto) at age 21. The 21-year retrospective CSA questions were completed by 3739 participants. CSA was self-reported by 19.3% of males and 30.6% of females. After adjustment for potential confounders, both self-reported and agency-notified CSA were associated with increased odds of lifetime major depressive disorder (MDD), anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). For the first time in a birth cohort, this study has shown the disparity between the incidence of CSA when measured by self-report and government agency notification. Despite this discrepancy, adverse psychiatric outcomes are seen when CSA is defined using either method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Mills
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Department of Paediatrics, Logan Hospital, PO Box 4096, Loganholme DC, Queensland, 4129, Australia.
| | - Steve Kisely
- School of Medicine, University of Queensland, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, Queensland, 4102, Australia.
| | - Rosa Alati
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Level 2, Public Health Building, School of Public Health, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
| | - Lane Strathearn
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Stead Family Department of Pediatrics, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Jake Najman
- School of Public Health, University of Queensland, Level 2, Public Health Building, School of Public Health, Herston, Queensland, 4006, Australia.
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Springe L, Pulmanis T, Velika B, Pudule I, Grīnberga D, Villeruša A. Self-reported suicide attempts and exposure to different types of violence and neglect during childhood: Findings from a young adult population survey in Latvia. Scand J Public Health 2016; 44:411-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1403494816631394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aims: Suicide rates in Latvia are among the highest in the EU. Among 18–25 year-old young adults, it is the second leading cause of death. This study investigates the prevalence of self-reported suicide attempts in young adults and examines its association with neglect or violence of a physical, emotional or sexual nature. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 1259 young adults 18–25 years of age, selected by targeted quota sampling from secondary and vocational schools. Results: The prevalence of self-reported suicide attempts was 6.1%. Physical and emotional adverse experiences showed clear associations with attempted suicide. Although prevalence of reported physical neglect was higher than for physical violence (27.0% versus 16.3%, respectively) the latter posed a higher risk for attempted suicide (OR = 4.0; 95% CI, 2.4–6.6). Conversely, emotional violence had a higher prevalence than emotional neglect (31.5% vs. 23.6%, respectively), but neglect showed a stronger association with attempted suicide (OR = 4.4; 95% CI, 2.6–7.3). Conclusions: The high OR for attempted suicide associated with emotional neglect, together with findings that emotional violence had the highest prevalence, and that emotional neglect and emotional violence showed the highest population attributable risk fraction (PopAR%) of 46.8 and 40.4, respectively, suggested that emotional factors merit special attention in further investigations of attempted suicide among young adults in Latvia. The targeted quota sampling method from five cities representing all regions of Latvia and 43.8% of its population, ensure national relevance of our findings for policy and program development by legislative, educational and public health institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauma Springe
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Latvia
| | - Toms Pulmanis
- Department of Health Promotion, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Biruta Velika
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Iveta Pudule
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Daiga Grīnberga
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Anita Villeruša
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Latvia
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