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Sälzer S, Rosema N, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE, Timmer C, Dörfer CE, Van der Weijden GA. The effectiveness of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate on dental plaque and gingivitis - a randomized controlled clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:203-210. [PMID: 26853798 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effect on dental plaque and gingivitis of a dentifrice without sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) compared to two SLS-containing dentifrices. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this double-blind, parallel study, 90 volunteers having moderate gingival inflammation (≥40%) were randomly divided among three groups: one group using non-SLS dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentrations of zinc and two control groups each using different SLS-containing dentifrices. Dental plaque scores (Turesky modification of Quigley & Hein) and gingivitis scores (Bleeding On Marginal Probing) were assessed at baseline, after 2 and 4 weeks. RESULTS Eighty-nine participants provided evaluable data. A slight decrease in gingivitis scores was observed for all groups over 4 weeks, which was statistically significant for the non-SLS group. Mean values for dental plaque scores did not show major differences over 4 weeks. For both parameters, no significant differences between groups could be observed at any time point. Patient appreciation was in favour of the SLS groups especially regarding the foaming effect. CONCLUSION No significant differences could be observed with respect to the effect on plaque and gingivitis between SLS-containing and SLS-free dentifrice containing enzymes, colostrum and low concentration zinc. Patients enjoyed the duration of taste and the 'foaming effect' of SLS-containing dentifrices better.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sälzer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany.,Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nam Rosema
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C Timmer
- Colgate-Palmolive, Weesp, The Netherlands
| | - C E Dörfer
- Clinic for Conservative Dentistry and Periodontology, School for Dental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Schlorke D, Flemmig J, Birkemeyer C, Arnhold J. Formation of cyanogen iodide by lactoperoxidase. J Inorg Biochem 2015; 154:35-41. [PMID: 26580225 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2015.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The haem protein lactoperoxidase (LPO) is an important component of the anti-microbial immune defence in external secretions and is also applied as preservative in food, oral care and cosmetic products. Upon oxidation of SCN(-) and I(-) by the LPO-hydrogen peroxide system, oxidised species are formed with bacteriostatic and/or bactericidal activity. Here we describe the formation of the inter(pseudo)halogen cyanogen iodide (ICN) by LPO. This product is formed when both, thiocyanate and iodide, are present together in the reaction mixture. Using (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry we could identify this inter(pseudo)halogen after applying iodide in slight excess over thiocyanate. The formation of ICN is based on the reaction of oxidised iodine species with thiocyanate. Further, we could demonstrate that ICN is also formed by the related haem enzyme myeloperoxidase and, in lower amounts, in the enzyme-free system. As I(-) is not competitive for SCN(-) under physiologically relevant conditions, the formation of ICN is not expected in secretions but may be relevant for LPO-containing products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Schlorke
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jörg Flemmig
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia Birkemeyer
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Mineralogy, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Das S, Lohar S, Matalobos JS, Das D. Visible Light Excitable SCN−Selective Fluorescence Probe Derived from Thiophene. CHINESE J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201500499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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54
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Effect of different storage conditions on the physical properties of bleached enamel: An in vitro vs. in situ study. J Dent 2015; 43:1154-1161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Al-Shehri SS, Knox CL, Liley HG, Cowley DM, Wright JR, Henman MG, Hewavitharana AK, Charles BG, Shaw PN, Sweeney EL, Duley JA. Breastmilk-Saliva Interactions Boost Innate Immunity by Regulating the Oral Microbiome in Early Infancy. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135047. [PMID: 26325665 PMCID: PMC4556682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Xanthine oxidase (XO) is distributed in mammals largely in the liver and small intestine, but also is highly active in milk where it generates hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Adult human saliva is low in hypoxanthine and xanthine, the substrates of XO, and high in the lactoperoxidase substrate thiocyanate, but saliva of neonates has not been examined. RESULTS Median concentrations of hypoxanthine and xanthine in neonatal saliva (27 and 19 μM respectively) were ten-fold higher than in adult saliva (2.1 and 1.7 μM). Fresh breastmilk contained 27.3 ± 12.2 μM H2O2 but mixing baby saliva with breastmilk additionally generated >40 μM H2O2, sufficient to inhibit growth of the opportunistic pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella spp. Oral peroxidase activity in neonatal saliva was variable but low (median 7 U/L, range 2-449) compared to adults (620 U/L, 48-1348), while peroxidase substrate thiocyanate in neonatal saliva was surprisingly high. Baby but not adult saliva also contained nucleosides and nucleobases that encouraged growth of the commensal bacteria Lactobacillus, but inhibited opportunistic pathogens; these nucleosides/bases may also promote growth of immature gut cells. Transition from neonatal to adult saliva pattern occurred during the weaning period. A survey of saliva from domesticated mammals revealed wide variation in nucleoside/base patterns. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION During breast-feeding, baby saliva reacts with breastmilk to produce reactive oxygen species, while simultaneously providing growth-promoting nucleotide precursors. Milk thus plays more than a simply nutritional role in mammals, interacting with infant saliva to produce a potent combination of stimulatory and inhibitory metabolites that regulate early oral-and hence gut-microbiota. Consequently, milk-saliva mixing appears to represent unique biochemical synergism which boosts early innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad S Al-Shehri
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; College of Applied Medical Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christine L Knox
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Helen G Liley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - David M Cowley
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John R Wright
- School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Australia
| | - Michael G Henman
- Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Bruce G Charles
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul N Shaw
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Emma L Sweeney
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - John A Duley
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Mater Health Services, Brisbane, Australia
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da Silva Modesto KB, de Godói Simões JB, de Souza AF, Damaceno N, Duarte DA, Leite MF, de Almeida ER. Salivary flow rate and biochemical composition analysis in stimulated whole saliva of children with cystic fibrosis. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:1650-4. [PMID: 26351748 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is recognized that cystic fibrosis (CF) patients present a risk for oral diseases, since it affects exocrine glands, and the treatment consists of a carbohydrate-rich diet. Recognizing the protective function of saliva on maintaining oral health, the aim of the study was to evaluate salivary parameters in stimulated whole saliva from children with CF. METHODS A case-control study was conducted comparing stimulated whole saliva of healthy (n=28; control group) and CF children (n=21; experimental group). Salivary flow rate, initial pH, buffer capacity (total and in each range of pH), total protein and sialic acid (total, free, and conjugated) concentration, α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities were evaluated. Data were compared by two-tailed Student t test (95% CI; p ≤ 0.05). RESULTS CF patients presented a significant reduction in salivary parameters compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05): salivary flow rate (36%), buffer capacity (pH range from 6.9 to 6.0), sialic acid concentration (total 75%, free 61%, and conjugated 83%); α-amylase and salivary peroxidase activities (55%). Additionally, a significant increase in total protein concentration (180%) of stimulated whole saliva from CF patients was verified compared with the control group (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSION Children with CF presented significant changes in salivary composition, including salivary flow rate, buffering capacity and protective proteins of the oral cavity, compared with children without CF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amanda Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP 08060-070, Brazil
| | - Neiva Damaceno
- Department of Pediatrics/Pulmonology, School of Medical Sciences of Santa Casa de São Paulo, SP 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Danilo Antonio Duarte
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP 08060-070, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ferreira Leite
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry at the University Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, SP 08060-070, Brazil.
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Kim BS, Chang JY, Kim YY, Kho HS. The effects of xylitol and sorbitol on lysozyme- and peroxidase-related enzymatic and candidacidal activities. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:998-1006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kiran GC, Reginald BA. Aphthous ulcers, salivary peroxidase and stress: Are they related? J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2015; 19:37-41. [PMID: 26097305 PMCID: PMC4451665 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.157199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In today's high strung lifestyle, stress plays a major role on our health. Studies using ultraweak chemiluminescence have been able to demonstrate this effect, of psychological stress on the immune system, using saliva as a psychological stress marker. The impact of psychosocial factors on the oral mucosal lesions of individuals found that stress can contribute to weakened immunity and increased susceptibility to infection. Aim: To study the role of salivary peroxidase (SPOx) in psychologically stressed individuals with and without the presence of aphthous ulcer. Materials and Methods: The study involved evaluating subjects for stress, using Perceived Stress Scale. Depending on the stress scores and the presence or absence of oral aphthae, they were assigned into 3 groups of 30 each. After a thorough oral examination, individual samples of saliva was collected and subjected to microprotein estimation using a biochemical analyzer. Statistical Analysis Used: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Student's t-test. Results: Decreased levels of peroxidase were found in individuals’ with aphthous ulcers, while the same was increased when no lesions were found and also on a lower stress scale. Conclusions: Our study analysis does show a variation in enzyme levels between the different groups highlighting the influence of stress on the peroxidase levels, which in turn when imbalanced, results in tissue damage, leading to aphthous formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha C Kiran
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Bernard Ajay Reginald
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Narayana Dental College and Hospital, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh, India
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Chandler JD, Day BJ. Biochemical mechanisms and therapeutic potential of pseudohalide thiocyanate in human health. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:695-710. [PMID: 25564094 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.1003372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Thiocyanate (SCN(-)) is a ubiquitous molecule in mammalian biology, reaching up to mM concentrations in extracellular fluids. Two- electron oxidation of SCN(-) by H2O2 produces hypothiocyanous acid (HOSCN), a potent anti-microbial species. This reaction is catalyzed by chordate peroxidases (e.g., myeloperoxidase and lactoperoxidase), occurring in human secretory mucosa, including the oral cavity, airway, and alimentary tract, and regulates resident and transient flora as part of innate immunity. Increasing SCN(-) levels limits the concentrations of a family of 2-electron oxidants (H2O2, hypohalous acids, and haloamines) in favor of HOSCN formation, altering the oxidative impact on host tissue by substitution of repairable thiol and selenol oxidations instead of biomolecule degradation. This fine-tuning of inflammatory oxidation paradoxically associates with maintained host defense and decreased host injury during infections, due in part to phylogenetic differences in the thioredoxin reductase system between mammals and their pathogens. These differences could be exploited by pharmacologic use of SCN(-). Recent preclinical studies have identified anti-microbial and anti-inflammatory effects of SCN(-) in pulmonary and cardiovascular animal models, with implications for treatment of infectious lung disease and atherogenesis. Further research is merited to expand on these findings and identify other diseases where SCN(-) may be of use. High oral bioavailability and an increased knowledge of the biochemical effects of SCN(-) on a subset of pro-inflammatory reactions suggest clinical utility.
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60
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Kim BS, Kim YY, Chang JY, Kho HS. Interactions between Hyaluronic Acid, Lysozyme, Peroxidase, and Glucose Oxidase in Enzymatic Activities at Low pH. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.14476/jomp.2014.39.4.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Bafort F, Parisi O, Perraudin JP, Jijakli MH. Mode of action of lactoperoxidase as related to its antimicrobial activity: a review. Enzyme Res 2014; 2014:517164. [PMID: 25309750 PMCID: PMC4182067 DOI: 10.1155/2014/517164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase is a member of the family of the mammalian heme peroxidases which have a broad spectrum of activity. Their best known effect is their antimicrobial activity that arouses much interest in in vivo and in vitro applications. In this context, the proper use of lactoperoxidase needs a good understanding of its mode of action, of the factors that favor or limit its activity, and of the features and properties of the active molecules. The first part of this review describes briefly the classification of mammalian peroxidases and their role in the human immune system and in host cell damage. The second part summarizes present knowledge on the mode of action of lactoperoxidase, with special focus on the characteristics to be taken into account for in vitro or in vivo antimicrobial use. The last part looks upon the characteristics of the active molecule produced by lactoperoxidase in the presence of thiocyanate and/or iodide with implication(s) on its antimicrobial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Bafort
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - O. Parisi
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | - J.-P. Perraudin
- Taradon Laboratory, Avenue Léon Champagne 2, 1480 Tubize, Belgium
| | - M. H. Jijakli
- Plant Pathology Laboratory, Liége University, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
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Seidel A, Parker H, Turner R, Dickerhof N, Khalilova IS, Wilbanks SM, Kettle AJ, Jameson GNL. Uric acid and thiocyanate as competing substrates of lactoperoxidase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:21937-49. [PMID: 24928513 PMCID: PMC4139211 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.544957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological function of urate is poorly understood. It may act as a danger signal, an antioxidant, or a substrate for heme peroxidases. Whether it reacts sufficiently rapidly with lactoperoxidase (LPO) to act as a physiological substrate remains unknown. LPO is a mammalian peroxidase that plays a key role in the innate immune defense by oxidizing thiocyanate to the bactericidal and fungicidal agent hypothiocyanite. We now demonstrate that urate is a good substrate for bovine LPO. Urate was oxidized by LPO to produce the electrophilic intermediates dehydrourate and 5-hydroxyisourate, which decayed to allantoin. In the presence of superoxide, high yields of hydroperoxides were formed by LPO and urate. Using stopped-flow spectroscopy, we determined rate constants for the reaction of urate with compound I (k1 = 1.1 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)) and compound II (k2 = 8.5 × 10(3) M(-1) s(-1)). During urate oxidation, LPO was diverted from its peroxidase cycle because hydrogen peroxide reacted with compound II to give compound III. At physiologically relevant concentrations, urate competed effectively with thiocyanate, the main substrate of LPO for oxidation, and inhibited production of hypothiocyanite. Similarly, hypothiocyanite-dependent killing of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was inhibited by urate. Allantoin was present in human saliva and associated with the concentration of LPO. When hydrogen peroxide was added to saliva, oxidation of urate was dependent on its concentration and peroxidase activity. Our findings establish urate as a likely physiological substrate for LPO that will influence host defense and give rise to reactive electrophilic metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Seidel
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054
| | - Heather Parker
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Rufus Turner
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Nina Dickerhof
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Irada S Khalilova
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Sigurd M Wilbanks
- the Department of Biochemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Anthony J Kettle
- the Centre for Free Radical Research, Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand, and
| | - Guy N L Jameson
- From the Department of Chemistry, University of Otago, P. O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054,
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Narotzki B, Reznick AZ, Mitki T, Aizenbud D, Levy Y. Enhanced Cardiovascular Risk and Altered Oxidative Status in Elders with Moderate Excessive Body Fat. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:334-40. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Baruch Narotzki
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Abraham Z. Reznick
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | | | - Dror Aizenbud
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yishai Levy
- Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion–Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
- Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel
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Ieda S, Moriyama M, Takashita T, Maehara T, Imabayashi Y, Shinozaki S, Tanaka A, Hayashida JN, Furukawa S, Ohta M, Yamashita Y, Nakamura S. Molecular analysis of fungal populations in patients with oral candidiasis using internal transcribed spacer region. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101156. [PMID: 24979710 PMCID: PMC4076276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral candidiasis is closely associated with changes in the oral fungal flora and is caused primarily by Candida albicans. Conventional methods of fungal culture are time-consuming and not always conclusive. However, molecular genetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions of fungal rRNA is rapid, reproducible and simple to perform. In this study we examined the fungal flora in patients with oral candidiasis and investigated changes in the flora after antifungal treatment using length heterogeneity-polymerization chain reaction (LH-PCR) analysis of ITS regions. Fifty-two patients with pseudomembranous oral candidiasis (POC) and 30 healthy controls were included in the study. Fungal DNA from oral rinse was examined for fungal species diversity by LH-PCR. Fungal populations were quantified by real-time PCR and previously-unidentified signals were confirmed by nucleotide sequencing. Relationships between the oral fungal flora and treatment-resistant factors were also examined. POC patients showed significantly more fungal species and a greater density of fungi than control individuals. Sixteen fungi were newly identified. The fungal populations from both groups were composed predominantly of C. albicans, though the ratio of C. dubliniensis was significantly higher in POC patients than in controls. The diversity and density of fungi were significantly reduced after treatment. Furthermore, fungal diversity and the proportion of C. dubliniensis were positively correlated with treatment duration. These results suggest that C. dubliniensis and high fungal flora diversity might be involved in the pathogenesis of oral candidiasis. We therefore conclude that LH-PCR is a useful technique for diagnosing and assessing the severity of oral candidal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Ieda
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Toru Takashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Maehara
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Imabayashi
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shoichi Shinozaki
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiko Tanaka
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Jun-Nosuke Hayashida
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Sachiko Furukawa
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Miho Ohta
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Yamashita
- Section of Preventive and Public Health Dentistry, Division of Oral Health, Growth and Development, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Moosani A, Sigal MJ, Glogauer M, Lawrence HP, Goldberg M, Tenenbaum HC. Evaluation of periodontal disease and oral inflammatory load in adults with special needs using oral neutrophil quantification. SPECIAL CARE IN DENTISTRY 2014; 34:303-12. [DOI: 10.1111/scd.12077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita Moosani
- Staff Pediatric Dentist; Department of Dentistry; Holland Bloorview Kids Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto; MSc Pediatric Dentistry Graduate; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Former Dental Resident; Department of Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael J. Sigal
- Dentist-in-Chief; Department of Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto; Professor and Head Pediatric Dentistry and Director of Pediatric Dentistry Graduate Program; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research Group in Matrix Dynamics; Associate Professor of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Cross appointed to Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, Staff; Division of Research; Department of Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Herenia P. Lawrence
- Associate Professor; Department of Biological and Diagnostic Sciences; Dental Public Health; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael Goldberg
- Assistant Professor of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Head, Division of Periodontology; Department of Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital, Staff; Wasser and Orofacial Pain Clinics; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Howard C. Tenenbaum
- Professor of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Toronto; Professor, Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology; Faculty of Medicine; University of Toronto, Head; Division of Research; Department of Dentistry; Mount Sinai Hospital; Toronto Ontario Canada
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Zhang A, Yan X, Li H, Gu Z, Zhang P, Zhang H, Li Y, Yu H. TMEM16A protein attenuates lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammatory response of human lung epithelial cell line A549. Exp Lung Res 2014; 40:237-50. [PMID: 24784799 DOI: 10.3109/01902148.2014.905655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the expression of endogenous TMEM16A in rat alveolar type II epithelial cells (AT-II) and A549, and study the effect of TMEM16A on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion. METHODS Rat AT-II cells were isolated and TMEM16A protein expression in rat AT-II cells was measured by Western blot. TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions in A549 were measured by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Western blot, respectively. TMEM16A gene was transfected into A549 using Lipofectamine 2000. Transfected cells were selected in the presence of G418 to create a stable TMEM16A overexpression A549 cell line. The expression of TMEM16A in A549 was knocked down by lentiviral vector-mediated RNA interference. TNF-α and IL-8 levels were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A dual-luciferase reporter assay system was used to measure the transcriptional activity of NF-κB. RESULTS (1) Endogenous TMEM16A was expressed in rat AT-II and A549. (2) TMEM16A expression in A549 significantly increased at 24 hours and 36 hours, and then decreased at 48 hours after LPS treatment. (3) TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions were increased in the stable TMEM16A overexpression A549 cell line. (4) TMEM16A overexpression decreased the LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 secretions. (5) TMEM16A mRNA and protein expressions were knocked down in TMEM16A-siRNA lentivirus transfected A549. (6) TMEM16A knockdown increased the LPS-induced TNF-α and IL-8 secretions. (7) TMEM16A overexpression inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS TMEM16A is expressed in AT-II. TMEM16A in A549 inhibits LPS-induced NF-κB activation and decreases proinflammatory cytokines release, protecting A549 from acute LPS-mediated damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aili Zhang
- 1Department of Respirology, Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
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67
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Flemmig J, Rusch D, Czerwińska ME, Rauwald HW, Arnhold J. Components of a standardised olive leaf dry extract (Ph. Eur.) promote hypothiocyanite production by lactoperoxidase. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 549:17-25. [PMID: 24657078 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated in vitro the ability of a standardised olive leaf dry extract (Ph. Eur.) (OLE) as well as of its single components to circumvent the hydrogen peroxide-induced inhibition of the hypothiocyanite-producing activity of lactoperoxidase (LPO). The rate of hypothiocyanite (⁻OSCN) formation by LPO was quantified by spectrophotometric detection of the oxidation of 5-thio-2-nitrobenzoic acid (TNB). By using excess hydrogen peroxide, we forced the accumulation of inactive enzymatic intermediates which are unable to promote the two-electronic oxidation of thiocyanate. Both OLE and certain extract components showed a strong LPO-reactivating effect. Thereby an o-hydroxyphenolic moiety emerged to be essential for a good reactivity with the inactive LPO redox states. This basic moiety is found in the main OLE components oleuropein, oleacein, hydroxytyrosol, caffeic acid as well as in different other constituents including the OLE flavone luteolin. As LPO is a key player in the humoral immune response, these results propose a new mode of action regarding the well-known bacteriostatic and anti-inflammatory properties of the leaf extract of Olea europaea L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Flemmig
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine (TRM) Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 - 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dorothea Rusch
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 - 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Monika Ewa Czerwińska
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Molecular Basis of Phytotherapy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Bancha Street 1, 02097 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hans-Wilhelm Rauwald
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 21 - 23, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Arnhold
- Institute for Medical Physics and Biophysics, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Härtelstraße 16 - 18, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
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Abstract
Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) channels (CaCCs) are plasma membrane proteins involved in various important physiological processes. In epithelial cells, CaCC activity mediates the secretion of Cl(-) and of other anions, such as bicarbonate and thiocyanate. In smooth muscle and excitable cells of the nervous system, CaCCs have an excitatory role coupling intracellular Ca(2+) elevation to membrane depolarization. Recent studies indicate that TMEM16A (transmembrane protein 16 A or anoctamin 1) and TMEM16B (transmembrane protein 16 B or anoctamin 2) are CaCC-forming proteins. Induced expression of TMEM16A and B in null cells by transfection causes the appearance of Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) currents similar to those described in native tissues. Furthermore, silencing of TMEM16A by RNAi causes disappearance of CaCC activity in cells from airway epithelium, biliary ducts, salivary glands, and blood vessel smooth muscle. Mice devoid of TMEM16A expression have impaired Ca(2+)-dependent Cl(-) secretion in the epithelial cells of the airways, intestine, and salivary glands. These animals also show a loss of gastrointestinal motility, a finding consistent with an important function of TMEM16A in the electrical activity of gut pacemaker cells, that is, the interstitial cells of Cajal. Identification of TMEM16 proteins will help to elucidate the molecular basis of Cl(-) transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Ferrera
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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69
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Campos L, Nicolau J, Arana-Chavez VE, Simões A. Effect of laser phototherapy on enzymatic activity of salivary glands of hamsters treated with 5-Fluorouracil. Photochem Photobiol 2013; 90:667-72. [PMID: 24172058 DOI: 10.1111/php.12195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The chemotherapeutic agent 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) can induce salivary gland hypofunction (SGH); however, previous studies did not reach final conclusions on the influence of this drug on glandular tissue. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 5-FU on submandibular (SMs) and sublingual glands (SLs), as well as, the effect of laser phototherapy (LPT) on SGH induced by 5-FU. Eighty-five hamsters were divided into three groups: control (C), chemotherapy (CT) and laser (L), and the SGH was induced by two injections of 5-FU in groups CT and L. The irradiation was performed using a diode (λ780 nm/20 mW/5 J cm(-2)/0.2 J and 10 s per point/spot size of 0.04 cm(2)) and applied daily. On the euthanasia day, SMs and SLs were removed and biochemical analyses were carried out. The lactate dehydrogenase activity was increased in group CT when compared with group C for SLs and SMs (P < 0.05). In addition, the peroxidase and catalase activities were increased and superoxide dismutase was decreased by 5-FU (P < 0.05). However, LPT appears to be a protective mechanism against oxidative stress, tending to alter the activity of these antioxidant enzymes, suggesting LPT as a promising therapy to modulate the 5-FU harmful effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana Campos
- Laboratory of Oral Biology, Department of Biomaterials and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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70
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Zalewska A, Knaś M, Kuźmiuk A, Waszkiewicz N, Niczyporuk M, Waszkiel D, Zwierz K. Salivary innate defense system in type 1 diabetes mellitus in children with mixed and permanent dentition. Acta Odontol Scand 2013; 71:1493-500. [PMID: 23445270 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.773071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It should be expected that type 1 diabetes mellitus may disturb innate and acquired immunity. There are no data on type 1 diabetes mellitus-related changes in the salivary flow and the protein output responsible for the innate immunity of saliva depending on the quality of dentition reflecting the age of child. The aim of this work was the evaluation of parameters responsible for the innate immunity of saliva in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus. MATERIALS AND METHODS In diabetic children, adolescent and healthy volunteers, the salivary flow, the output and the concentration of the activity of peroxidase (colorimetry), lysozyme (radial immunodiffusion) and lactoferrin (ELISA) were determined. RESULTS In children with mixed and permanent dentition, type 1 diabetes mellitus significantly decreases (as compared with the appropriate controls) the unstimulated salivary flow, the output, concentration of peroxidase and the output of the lysozyme and lactoferrin. CONCLUSION In conclusion, it may be stated that type 1 diabetes mellitus causes functional changes in the salivary glands, resulting in a decrease of the salivary flow and weakening of the salivary innate defense system, thus creating a threat to the oral and general health of type 1 diabetes mellitus children. The results showed that the salivary glands of younger children, when compared to adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, are more susceptible to the injurious effects of the disease.
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71
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Stadthagen G, Tehler D, Høyland-Kroghsbo NM, Wen J, Krogh A, Jensen KT, Santoni-Rugiu E, Engelholm LH, Lund AH. Loss of miR-10a activates lpo and collaborates with activated Wnt signaling in inducing intestinal neoplasia in female mice. PLoS Genet 2013; 9:e1003913. [PMID: 24204315 PMCID: PMC3812087 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
miRNAs are small regulatory RNAs that, due to their considerable potential to target a wide range of mRNAs, are implicated in essentially all biological process, including cancer. miR-10a is particularly interesting considering its conserved location in the Hox cluster of developmental regulators. A role for this microRNA has been described in developmental regulation as well as for various cancers. However, previous miR-10a studies are exclusively based on transient knockdowns of this miRNA and to extensively study miR-10a loss we have generated a miR-10a knock out mouse. Here we show that, in the Apcmin mouse model of intestinal neoplasia, female miR-10a deficient mice develop significantly more adenomas than miR-10+/+ and male controls. We further found that Lpo is extensively upregulated in the intestinal epithelium of mice deprived of miR-10a. Using in vitro assays, we demonstrate that the primary miR-10a target KLF4 can upregulate transcription of Lpo, whereas siRNA knockdown of KLF4 reduces LPO levels in HCT-116 cells. Furthermore, Klf4 is upregulated in the intestines of miR-10a knockout mice. Lpo has previously been shown to have the capacity to oxidize estrogens into potent depurinating mutagens, creating an instable genomic environment that can cause initiation of cancer. Therefore, we postulate that Lpo upregulation in the intestinal epithelium of miR-10a deficient mice together with the predominant abundance of estrogens in female animals mainly accounts for the sex-related cancer phenotype we observed. This suggests that miR-10a could be used as a potent diagnostic marker for discovering groups of women that are at high risk of developing colorectal carcinoma, which today is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. Posttranscriptional regulation by microRNA molecules constitutes an important mechanism for gene regulation and numerous studies have demonstrated a correlation between deregulated microRNA levels and diseases, such as cancer. However, genetics studies linking individual microRNAs to the etiology of cancer remain scarce. Here, we provide causal evidence for the involvement of the conserved microRNA miR-10a in the development of intestinal adenomas in the face of activated Wnt signaling. Interestingly, we find that loss of miR-10a mediates an increase in intestinal adenomas in female mice only and delineate the pathway to involve aberrant upregulation of the miR-10a target Klf4 and subsequent transcriptional activation of the Lpo gene encoding the antibacterial protein Lactoperoxidase. Lpo, in turn, has previously been demonstrated to oxidize estrogens into DNA-damaging mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Stadthagen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Disa Tehler
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jiayu Wen
- Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh
- Bioinformatics Centre Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus T. Jensen
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Eric Santoni-Rugiu
- Department of Pathology, Diagnostic Centre, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars H. Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory, Rigshospitalet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders H. Lund
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre (BRIC), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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Interactions between hyaluronic acid, lysozyme, and the glucose oxidase-mediated lactoperoxidase system in enzymatic and candidacidal activities. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1349-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Revised: 06/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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73
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Vizzini A, Parrinello D, Sanfratello MA, Mangano V, Parrinello N, Cammarata M. Ciona intestinalis peroxinectin is a novel component of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily upregulated by LPS. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 41:59-67. [PMID: 23562573 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Peroxinectins function as hemoperoxidase and cell adhesion factor involved in invertebrate immune reaction. In this study, the ascidian (Ciona intestinalis) peroxinectin gene (CiPxt) and its expression during the inflammatory response have been examined. CiPxt is a new member of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase gene superfamily that contains both the peroxidase domain and the integrin KGD (Lys-Gly-Asp) binding motif. A phylogenetic tree showed that CiPxt is very close to the chordate group and appears to be the outgroup of mammalian MPO, EPO and TPO clades. The CiPxt molecular structure model resulted superimposable to the human myeloperoxidase. The CiPxt mRNA expression is upregulated by LPS inoculation suggesting it is involved in C. intestinalis inflammatory response. The CiPxt was expressed in hemocytes (compartment/morula cells), vessel epithelium, and unilocular refractile granulocytes populating the inflamed tunic matrix and in the zones 7, 8 and 9 of the endostyle, a special pharynx organs homolog to the vertebrate thyroid gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiti Vizzini
- Marine Immunobiology Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemical Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, University of Palermo, Via Archirafi 18, Palermo, Italy
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74
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75
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Zalewska A, Knaś M, Waszkiewicz N, Waszkiel D, Sierakowski S, Zwierz K. Rheumatoid arthritis patients with xerostomia have reduced production of key salivary constituents. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:483-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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76
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Kalmár J, Lente G, Fábián I. Detailed Kinetics and Mechanism of the Oxidation of Thiocyanate Ion (SCN–) by Peroxomonosulfate Ion (HSO5–). Formation and Subsequent Oxidation of Hypothiocyanite Ion (OSCN–). Inorg Chem 2013; 52:2150-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ic302544y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- József Kalmár
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - Gábor Lente
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
| | - István Fábián
- Department of Inorganic
and Analytical Chemistry, University of Debrecen, P.O. Box 21, Debrecen H-4010, Hungary
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77
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Banerjee A, Sahana A, Lohar S, Hauli I, Mukhopadhyay SK, Safin DA, Babashkina MG, Bolte M, Garcia Y, Das D. A rhodamine derivative as a “lock” and SCN− as a “key”: visible light excitable SCN− sensing in living cells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:2527-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc40582f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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78
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Narotzki B, Levy Y, Aizenbud D, Reznick AZ. Green Tea and Its Major Polyphenol EGCG Increase the Activity of Oral Peroxidases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 756:99-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-4549-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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79
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Chatterjee D, Paul B, Mukherjee R. Oxidation of thiocyanate with H2O2 catalyzed by [RuIII(edta)(H2O)]−. Dalton Trans 2013; 42:10056-60. [DOI: 10.1039/c3dt50723h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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80
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Storkey C, Pattison DI, White JM, Schiesser CH, Davies MJ. Preventing protein oxidation with sugars: scavenging of hypohalous acids by 5-selenopyranose and 4-selenofuranose derivatives. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2589-99. [PMID: 23075063 DOI: 10.1021/tx3003593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Heme peroxidases including myeloperoxidase (MPO) are released at sites of inflammation by activated leukocytes. MPO generates hypohalous acids (HOX, X = Cl, Br, SCN) from H(2)O(2); these oxidants are bactericidal and are key components of the inflammatory response. However, excessive, misplaced or mistimed production can result in host tissue damage, with this implicated in multiple inflammatory diseases. We report here methods for the conversion of simple monosaccharide sugars into selenium- and sulfur-containing species that may act as potent water-soluble scavengers of HOX. Competition kinetic studies show that the seleno species react with HOCl with rate constants in the range 0.8-1.0 × 10(8) M(-1) s(-1), only marginally slower than those for the most susceptible biological targets including the endogenous antioxidant, glutathione. The rate constants for the corresponding sulfur-sugars are considerably slower (1.4-1.9 × 10(6) M(-1) s(-1)). Rate constants for reaction of the seleno-sugars with HOBr are ~8 times lower than those for HOCl (1.0-1.5 × 10(7) M(-1) s(-1)). These values show little variation with differing sugar structures. Reaction with HOSCN is slower (~10(2) M(-1) s(-1)). The seleno-sugars decreased the extent of HOCl-mediated oxidation of Met, His, Trp, Lys, and Tyr residues, and 3-chlorotyrosine formation, on both isolated bovine serum albumin and human plasma proteins, at concentrations as low as 50 μM. These studies demonstrate that novel selenium (and to a lesser extent, sulfur) derivatives of monosaccharides could be potent modulators of peroxidase-mediated damage at sites of acute and chronic inflammation, and in multiple human pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corin Storkey
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
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81
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Soudi M, Zamocky M, Jakopitsch C, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Molecular evolution, structure, and function of peroxidasins. Chem Biodivers 2012; 9:1776-93. [PMID: 22976969 PMCID: PMC3533774 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Peroxidasins represent the subfamily 2 of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily and are closely related to chordata peroxidases (subfamily 1) and peroxinectins (subfamily 3). They are multidomain proteins containing a heme peroxidase domain with high homology to human lactoperoxidase that mediates one- and two-electron oxidation reactions. Additional domains of the secreted and glycosylated metalloproteins are type C-like immunoglobulin domains, typical leucine-rich repeats, as well as a von Willebrand factor C module. These are typical motifs of extracellular proteins that mediate protein-protein interactions. We have reconstructed the phylogeny of this new family of oxidoreductases and show the presence of four invertebrate clades as well as one vertebrate clade that includes also two different human representatives. The variability of domain assembly in the various clades was analyzed, as was the occurrence of relevant catalytic residues in the peroxidase domain based on the knowledge of catalysis of the mammalian homologues. Finally, the few reports on expression, localization, enzymatic activity, and physiological roles in the model organisms Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Homo sapiens are critically reviewed. Roles attributed to peroxidasins include antimicrobial defense, extracellular matrix formation, and consolidation at various developmental stages. Many research questions need to be solved in future, including detailed biochemical/physical studies and elucidation of the three dimensional structure of a model peroxidasin as well as the relation and interplay of the domains and the in vivo functions in various organisms including man.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Soudi
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology at BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, A-1190 Vienna
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82
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Kho HS, Park MS, Chang JY, Kim YY. Yam tuber mucilage as a candidate substance for saliva substitute:in vitrostudy of its viscosity and influences on lysozyme and peroxidase activities. Gerodontology 2012; 31:34-41. [DOI: 10.1111/ger.12000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Seop Kho
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Moon-Soo Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnosis; College of Dentistry; Kangnung-Wonju National University; Kangnung Korea
| | - Ji-Youn Chang
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
| | - Yoon-Young Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis; School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute; Seoul National University; Seoul Korea
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83
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Sicking W, Somnitz H, Schmuck C. DFT Calculations Suggest a New Type of Self-Protection and Self-Inhibition Mechanism in the Mammalian Heme Enzyme Myeloperoxidase: Nucleophilic Addition of a Functional Water rather than One-Electron Reduction. Chemistry 2012; 18:10937-48. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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84
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Kho HS, Kim YY, Chang JY, Kim MJ, Lee SG. Candidacidal activities of the glucose oxidase-mediated lactoperoxidase system. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:684-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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85
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Tanzer JM, Thompson A, Sharma K, Vickerman MM, Haase EM, Scannapieco FA. Streptococcus mutans out-competes Streptococcus gordonii in vivo. J Dent Res 2012; 91:513-9. [PMID: 22431892 PMCID: PMC3327732 DOI: 10.1177/0022034512442894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus gordonii and Streptococcus mutans avidly colonize teeth. S. gordonii glucosyltransferase (GtfG) and amylase-binding proteins (AbpA/AbpB), and S. mutans glucosyltransferase (GtfB), affect their respective oral colonization abilities. We investigated their interrelationships and caries association in a rat model of human caries, examining the sequence of colonization and non- vs. high-sucrose diets, the latter being associated with aggressive decay in humans and rats. Virulence-characterized wild-types of both species and well-defined mutants of S. gordonii with interrupted abpA and gtfG genes were studied. While both S. gordonii and S. mutans were abundant colonizers of rat's teeth in the presence of either diet, if inoculated singly, S. mutans always out-competed S. gordonii on the teeth, independent of diet, strain of S. mutans, simultaneous or sequential inoculation, or presence/absence of mutations of S. gordonii's abpA and gtfG genes known to negatively or positively affect its colonization and to interact in vitro with S. mutans GtfB. S. mutans out-competed S. gordonii in in vivo plaque biofilm. Caries induction reflected S. mutans or S. gordonii colonization abundance: the former highly cariogenic, the latter not. S. gordonii does not appear to be a good candidate for replacement therapy. These results are consistent with human data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Tanzer
- Schools of Dental Medicine and Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1605, USA.
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86
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Kim BW, Esworthy RS, Hahn MA, Pfeifer GP, Chu FF. Expression of lactoperoxidase in differentiated mouse colon epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1569-76. [PMID: 22343415 PMCID: PMC3341587 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is known to be present in secreted fluids, such as milk and saliva. Functionally, LPO teams up with dual oxidases (DUOXs) to generate bactericidal hypothiocyanite in the presence of thiocyanate. DUOX2 is expressed in intestinal epithelium, but there is little information on LPO expression in this tissue. To fill the gap of knowledge, we have analyzed Lpo gene expression and its regulation in mouse intestine. In wild-type (WT) C57BL/6 (B6) mouse intestine, an appreciable level of mouse Lpo gene expression was detected in the colon, but not the ileum. However, in B6 mice deficient in glutathione peroxidase (GPx)-1 and -2, GPx1/2-double-knockout (DKO), which had intestinal pathology, the colon Lpo mRNA levels increased 5- to 12-fold depending on mouse age. The Lpo mRNA levels in WT and DKO 129S1/SvlmJ (129) colon were even higher, 9- and 5-fold, than in B6 DKO colon. Higher levels of Lpo protein and enzymatic activity were also detected in the 129 mouse colon compared to B6 colon. Lpo protein was expressed in the differentiated colon epithelial cells, away from the crypt base, as shown by immunohistochemistry. Similar to human LPO mRNA, mouse Lpo mRNA had multiple spliced forms, although only the full-length variant 1 was translated. Higher methylation was found in the 129 than in the B6 strain, in DKO than in control colon, and in older than in juvenile mice. However, methylation of the Lpo intragenic CpG island was not directly induced by inflammation, because dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis did not increase DNA methylation in B6 DKO colon. Also, Lpo DNA methylation is not correlated with gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fong-Fong Chu
- Corresponding author: Fong-Fong Chu, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA. Tel: 626-359-8111 x63831, FAX: 626-930-5330,
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87
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Fábián TK, Hermann P, Beck A, Fejérdy P, Fábián G. Salivary defense proteins: their network and role in innate and acquired oral immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:4295-4320. [PMID: 22605979 PMCID: PMC3344215 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13044295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2012] [Revised: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are numerous defense proteins present in the saliva. Although some of these molecules are present in rather low concentrations, their effects are additive and/or synergistic, resulting in an efficient molecular defense network of the oral cavity. Moreover, local concentrations of these proteins near the mucosal surfaces (mucosal transudate), periodontal sulcus (gingival crevicular fluid) and oral wounds and ulcers (transudate) may be much greater, and in many cases reinforced by immune and/or inflammatory reactions of the oral mucosa. Some defense proteins, like salivary immunoglobulins and salivary chaperokine HSP70/HSPAs (70 kDa heat shock proteins), are involved in both innate and acquired immunity. Cationic peptides and other defense proteins like lysozyme, bactericidal/permeability increasing protein (BPI), BPI-like proteins, PLUNC (palate lung and nasal epithelial clone) proteins, salivary amylase, cystatins, prolin-rich proteins, mucins, peroxidases, statherin and others are primarily responsible for innate immunity. In this paper, this complex system and function of the salivary defense proteins will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Károly Fábián
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +36-1-338-4380; Fax: +36-1-317-5270
| | - Péter Hermann
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Anita Beck
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Nagyvárad tér 4, Budapest, H-1089, Hungary; E-Mail:
| | - Pál Fejérdy
- Clinic of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mails: (P.H.); (P.F.)
| | - Gábor Fábián
- Clinic of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Semmelweis University Budapest, Szentkirályi utca 47, Budapest, H-1088, Hungary; E-Mail:
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88
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Leite MF, Ferreira NFD, Shitsuka CDWM, Lima AM, Masuyama MM, Sant'Anna GR, Yamaguti PM, Polotow TG, de Barros MP. Effect of topical application of fluoride gel NaF 2% on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters of saliva. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 57:630-5. [PMID: 22196077 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 09/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of topical fluoride gel NaF 2% application on antioxidant parameters of whole saliva from children. DESIGN The saliva mechanically stimulated with parafilm was collected from 25 children (6-12 years) attending the Clinic of Paediatric Dentistry of Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil, before (control group) and immediately after application of neutral fluoride gel NaF 2% (fluoride-gel group), according to the Standards for Research Using Human Subjects, Resolution 196/96 of the USA National Health Council of 10/10/1996. Afterwards, pre-post ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), trolox-equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), uric acid, reduced/oxidised glutathione content (GSH/GSSG) and total peroxidase activity (TPO) were evaluated in whole saliva of both groups. RESULTS All non-enzymatic antioxidant parameters were augmented by fluoride-gel NaF 2% application, whereas a notable reduction (31%) of peroxidase activity was concomitantly observed in the children's saliva (p ≤ 0.05). Nevertheless, the reducing power of saliva was kept unaltered under these circumstances (p ≤ 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Despite the reduced activity of peroxidase (an important antimicrobial and antioxidant enzyme), the topical fluoride gel NaF 2% favourably stimulated the release of non-enzymatic antioxidant components of saliva, sustaining the reducing power of saliva and the natural defences of the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Leite
- Pediatric Dentistry Ph.D. Program, Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Cruzeiro do Sul, ZIP 08060-070, São Paulo, Brazil.
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89
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Souza CEA, Maitra D, Saed GM, Diamond MP, Moura AA, Pennathur S, Abu-Soud HM. Hypochlorous acid-induced heme degradation from lactoperoxidase as a novel mechanism of free iron release and tissue injury in inflammatory diseases. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27641. [PMID: 22132121 PMCID: PMC3222650 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO) is the major consumer of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the airways through its ability to oxidize thiocyanate (SCN−) to produce hypothiocyanous acid, an antimicrobial agent. In nasal inflammatory diseases, such as cystic fibrosis, both LPO and myeloperoxidase (MPO), another mammalian peroxidase secreted by neutrophils, are known to co-localize. The aim of this study was to assess the interaction of LPO and hypochlorous acid (HOCl), the final product of MPO. Our rapid kinetic measurements revealed that HOCl binds rapidly and reversibly to LPO-Fe(III) to form the LPO-Fe(III)-OCl complex, which in turn decayed irreversibly to LPO Compound II through the formation of Compound I. The decay rate constant of Compound II decreased with increasing HOCl concentration with an inflection point at 100 µM HOCl, after which the decay rate increased. This point of inflection is the critical concentration of HOCl beyond which HOCl switches its role, from mediating destabilization of LPO Compound II to LPO heme destruction. Lactoperoxidase heme destruction was associated with protein aggregation, free iron release, and formation of a number of fluorescent heme degradation products. Similar results were obtained when LPO-Fe(II)-O2, Compound III, was exposed to HOCl. Heme destruction can be partially or completely prevented in the presence of SCN−. On the basis of the present results we concluded that a complex bi-directional relationship exists between LPO activity and HOCl levels at sites of inflammation; LPO serve as a catalytic sink for HOCl, while HOCl serves to modulate LPO catalytic activity, bioavailability, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo A. Souza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Dhiman Maitra
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ghassan M. Saed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Diamond
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
| | | | - Subramaniam Pennathur
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Husam M. Abu-Soud
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The C.S. Mott Center for Human Growth and Development, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Kalmár J, Woldegiorgis KL, Biri B, Ashby MT. Mechanism of Decomposition of the Human Defense Factor Hypothiocyanite Near Physiological pH. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:19911-21. [DOI: 10.1021/ja2083152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- József Kalmár
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Kelemu L. Woldegiorgis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Bernadett Biri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
| | - Michael T. Ashby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma 73019, United States
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91
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Iwabuchi H, Fujibayashi T, Yamane GY, Imai H, Nakao H. Relationship between hyposalivation and acute respiratory infection in dental outpatients. Gerontology 2011; 58:205-11. [PMID: 22104982 DOI: 10.1159/000333147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hyposalivation may affect respiratory disease because the mouth serves as the entrance to the respiratory apparatus, as well as to the digestive tract. Patients with acute respiratory infection generally have a favorable prognosis and a short natural course. However, in cases in which the host has lowered resistance, such as in elderly patients, the infection may develop into pneumonia. OBJECTIVES A prospective study was performed to examine the relationship between hyposalivation, which is common in elderly patients, and acute respiratory infection, which tends to become severe in elderly patients. METHODS The subjects were 323 male and female patients ≥40 years old who lived in Utsunomiya City and surrounding areas and regularly visited the Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Tochigi National Hospital. A 6-month follow-up survey was performed to examine development of acute respiratory infection. Age, sex, and known risk factors were also investigated. Hyposalivation was defined as a saliva production (saliva secretion rate) of ≤0.6 ml/min. Multivariate analysis adjusted for age and sex was performed to examine potential risk factors associated with the development of acute respiratory infection. RESULTS Data were analyzed for 278 subjects who completed the follow-up survey. The incidence of acute respiratory infection was 60.4%, while hyposalivation was present in 96 subjects (35.5%). Multivariate analysis showed that the incidence of acute respiratory infection was higher in subjects with hyposalivation than in those without hyposalivation (adjusted odds ratio 1.761, p = 0.048). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that hyposalivation may be a risk factor for acute respiratory infection. This also suggests that improvement of hyposalivation might prevent acute respiratory infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Iwabuchi
- Department of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Tochigi National Hospital, Utsunomiya, Japan.
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92
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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93
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Di Bernardo J, Iosco C, Rhoden KJ. Intracellular anion fluorescence assay for sodium/iodide symporter substrates. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:32-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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94
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Abstract
AIMS The goal of this review is to identify the antimicrobial proteins in the oral fluids, saliva and gingival crevicular fluid and identify functional families and candidates for antibacterial treatment. RESULTS Periodontal biofilms initiate a cascade of inflammatory and immune processes that lead to the destruction of gingival tissues and ultimately alveolar bone loss and tooth loss. Treatment of periodontal disease with conventional antibiotics does not appear to be effective in the absence of mechanical debridement. An alternative treatment may be found in antimicrobial peptides and proteins, which can be bactericidal and anti-inflammatory and block the inflammatory effects of bacterial toxins. The peptides have co-evolved with oral bacteria, which have not developed significant peptide resistance. Over 45 antibacterial proteins are found in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid. The proteins and peptides belong to several different functional families and offer broad protection from invading microbes. Several antimicrobial peptides and proteins (AMPs) serve as templates for the development of therapeutic peptides and peptide mimetics, although to date none have demonstrated efficacy in human trials. CONCLUSIONS Existing and newly identified AMPs may be developed for therapeutic use in periodontal disease or can serve as templates for peptide and peptide mimetics with improved therapeutic indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven-Ulrik Gorr
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota School of Dentistry, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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95
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Ferrera L, Caputo A, Galietta LJV. TMEM16A protein: a new identity for Ca(2+)-dependent Cl⁻ channels. Physiology (Bethesda) 2011; 25:357-63. [PMID: 21186280 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00030.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(+)-dependent Cl⁻ channels (CaCCs) play a variety of physiological roles in different organs and tissues, including transepithelial Cl⁻ secretion, smooth muscle contraction, regulation of neuronal excitability, and transduction of sensory stimuli. The recent identification of TMEM16A protein as an important component of CaCCs should allow a better understanding of their physiological role, structure-function relationship, and regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Ferrera
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy
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96
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Banerjee S, Furtmüller PG, Obinger C. Bovine lactoperoxidase - a versatile one- and two-electron catalyst of high structural and thermal stability. Biotechnol J 2010; 6:231-43. [PMID: 21298808 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2010] [Revised: 11/09/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Lactoperoxidase (LPO), a member of the peroxidase-cyclooxygenase superfamily, is found in multiple human exocrine secretions and acts as a first line of defense against invading microorganisms by production of antimicrobial oxidants. Because of its ability to efficiently catalyze one- and two-electron oxidation reactions of inorganic and organic compounds, the heme peroxidase is widely used in food biotechnology, cosmetic industry, and diagnostic kits. In order to probe its structural integrity, conformational, and thermal stability, we have undertaken a comprehensive investigation by using complementary biophysical techniques including UV-Vis, circular dichroism and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The oxidoreductase exhibits a high chemical and thermal stability under oxidizing conditions but is significantly destabilized by addition of DTT. Due to its unique ester bonds between the prosthetic group and the protein as well as six intra-chain disulfides, unfolding of the central compact (-helical core occurs concomitantly with denaturation of the heme cavity. The corresponding enthalpic and entropic contributions to the free enthalpy of unfolding are presented. Together with spectroscopic data they will be discussed with respect to the known structure of bovine LPO and homologous myeloperoxidase as well as to its practical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srijib Banerjee
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, BOKU, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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97
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Davies MJ. Myeloperoxidase-derived oxidation: mechanisms of biological damage and its prevention. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2010; 48:8-19. [PMID: 21297906 PMCID: PMC3022070 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.11-006fr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 09/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
There is considerable interest in the role that mammalian heme peroxidase enzymes, primarily myeloperoxidase, eosinophil peroxidase and lactoperoxidase, may play in a wide range of human pathologies. This has been sparked by rapid developments in our understanding of the basic biochemistry of these enzymes, a greater understanding of the basic chemistry and biochemistry of the oxidants formed by these species, the development of biomarkers that can be used damage induced by these oxidants in vivo, and the recent identification of a number of compounds that show promise as inhibitors of these enzymes. Such compounds offer the possibility of modulating damage in a number of human pathologies. This reviews recent developments in our understanding of the biochemistry of myeloperoxidase, the oxidants that this enzyme generates, and the use of inhibitors to inhibit such damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Davies
- The Heart Research Institute, Newtown, Sydney, NSW 2042, Australia
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98
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Buettner A, Beauchamp J. Chemical input – Sensory output: Diverse modes of physiology–flavour interaction. Food Qual Prefer 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2010.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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99
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Bessette EE, Spivack SD, Goodenough AK, Wang T, Pinto S, Kadlubar FF, Turesky RJ. Identification of carcinogen DNA adducts in human saliva by linear quadrupole ion trap/multistage tandem mass spectrometry. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1234-44. [PMID: 20443584 DOI: 10.1021/tx100098f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
DNA adducts of carcinogens derived from tobacco smoke and cooked meat were identified by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization/multistage tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI/MS/MS(n)) in saliva samples from 37 human volunteers on unrestricted diets. The N-(deoxyguanosin-8-yl) (dG-C8) adducts of the heterocyclic aromatic amines 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), 2-amino-9H-pyrido[2,3-b]indole (AalphaC), 2-amino-3,8-dimethylmidazo[4,5-f]quinoxaline (MeIQx), and the aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP), were characterized and quantified by LC-ESI/MS/MS(n), employing consecutive reaction monitoring at the MS(3) scan stage mode with a linear quadrupole ion trap (LIT) mass spectrometer (MS). DNA adducts of PhIP were found most frequently: dG-C8-PhIP was detected in saliva samples from 13 of 29 ever-smokers and in saliva samples from 2 of 8 never-smokers. dG-C8-AalphaC and dG-C8-MeIQx were identified solely in saliva samples of three current smokers, and dG-C8-4-ABP was detected in saliva from two current smokers. The levels of these different adducts ranged from 1 to 9 adducts per 10(8) DNA bases. These findings demonstrate that PhIP is a significant DNA-damaging agent in humans. Saliva appears to be a promising biological fluid in which to assay DNA adducts of tobacco and dietary carcinogens by selective LIT MS techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Bessette
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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100
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Gotenstein JR, Swale RE, Fukuda T, Wu Z, Giurumescu CA, Goncharov A, Jin Y, Chisholm AD. The C. elegans peroxidasin PXN-2 is essential for embryonic morphogenesis and inhibits adult axon regeneration. Development 2010; 137:3603-13. [PMID: 20876652 PMCID: PMC2964093 DOI: 10.1242/dev.049189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2010] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxidasins form a highly conserved family of extracellular peroxidases of unknown cellular function. We identified the C. elegans peroxidasin PXN-2 in screens for mutants defective in embryonic morphogenesis. We find that PXN-2 is essential for specific stages of embryonic morphogenesis and muscle-epidermal attachment, and is also required postembryonically for basement membrane integrity. The peroxidase catalytic activity of PXN-2 is necessary for these developmental roles. pxn-2 mutants display aberrant ultrastructure of the extracellular matrix, suggesting a role in basement membrane consolidation. PXN-2 affects specific axon guidance choice points in the developing nervous system but is dispensable for maintenance of process positions. In adults, loss of pxn-2 function promotes regrowth of axons after injury, providing the first evidence that C. elegans extracellular matrix can play an inhibitory role in axon regeneration. Loss of function in the closely related C. elegans peroxidasin pxn-1 does not cause overt developmental defects. Unexpectedly, pxn-2 mutant phenotypes are suppressed by loss of function in pxn-1 and exacerbated by overexpression of wild-type pxn-1, indicating that PXN-1 and PXN-2 have antagonistic functions. These results demonstrate that peroxidasins play crucial roles in development and reveal a new role for peroxidasins as extracellular inhibitors of axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R. Gotenstein
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ryann E. Swale
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tetsuko Fukuda
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Zilu Wu
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
| | - Claudiu A. Giurumescu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | | | - Yishi Jin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew D. Chisholm
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, Sinsheimer Laboratories, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
- Section of Neurobiology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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