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Khalafalla FG, Khan MW. Inflammation and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma: Fighting Against Multiple Opponents. CANCER GROWTH AND METASTASIS 2017; 10:1179064417709287. [PMID: 28579826 PMCID: PMC5436837 DOI: 10.1177/1179064417709287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common type of pancreatic cancer and one of the most lethal human cancers. Inflammation is a critical component in PDAC initiation and progression. Inflammation also contributes to the aggressiveness of PDAC indirectly via induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), altogether leading to enhanced resistance to chemotherapy and poor survival rates. This review gives an overview of the key pro-inflammatory signaling pathways involved in PDAC pathogenesis and discusses the role of inflammation in induction of EMT and development of chemoresistance in patients with PDAC.
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Träger MM, Dhayat SA. Epigenetics of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in pancreatic carcinoma. Int J Cancer 2017; 141:24-32. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Max M. Träger
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; University Hospital of Muenster; Muenster Germany
| | - Sameer A. Dhayat
- Department of General and Visceral Surgery; University Hospital of Muenster; Muenster Germany
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Zhang Q, Chen S, Zeng L, Chen Y, Lian G, Qian C, Li J, Xie R, Huang KH. New developments in the early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 11:149-156. [PMID: 27937041 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2017.1271323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive carcinoma of the digestive system and radical resection, which is available to very few patients, is the only possibility for cure. Since therapeutic choices are limited at the advanced stage, screening and early diagnostic tools are indispensable for a better prognosis. Areas covered: This review illustrates serologic and imaging examinations, and carbohydrate antigens, microRNAs, methylation biomarkers, molecules in exosomes, ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, positron emission tomography and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, among other topics. No matter which approach is used, the accuracy of early diagnosis is extremely low. Combining different methods greatly improves the accuracy of early diagnosis. This review was conducted utilizing PubMed with key search words pancreatic cancer, early diagnosis, biomarkers and imaging. Expert commentary: Appropriate combination of biomarkers and imaging technologies will become standard practice in the future. Because the incidence of and mortality from pancreatic cancer is rising, further study of new approaches for the early detection of pancreatic tumors is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiuBo Zhang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo Medical Center , Ningbo , China
| | - ShaoJie Chen
- b Department of Oncology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - LinJuan Zeng
- b Department of Oncology , the Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Zhuhai , China
| | - YinTing Chen
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - GuoDa Lian
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - ChenChen Qian
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - JiaJia Li
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - RuiJie Xie
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Kai-Hong Huang
- c Department of Gastroenterology , Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University , Guangzhou , China
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Wang F, Wang Z, Gu X, Cui J. miR-940 Upregulation Suppresses Cell Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis by Targeting PKC-δ in Ovarian Cancer OVCAR3 Cells. Oncol Res 2017; 25:107-114. [PMID: 28081739 PMCID: PMC7840778 DOI: 10.3727/096504016x14732772150145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains as one of the most threatening malignancies for females in the world. This study investigated the pivotal role of miR-940 in the progression of ovarian cancer and to reveal the possible molecular mechanism of its action. Ovarian cancer OVCAR3 cells were transfected with the miR-940 vector, miR-940 inhibitor, and/or small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PKC-δ (si-PKC-δ), respectively. After transfection, cell viability and cell apoptosis were analyzed, as well as cell proliferation and apoptosis-related protein expression. Compared to the control, miR-940 upregulation suppressed cell viability but induced cell apoptosis. miR-940 upregulation increased the expression of p27, Hes1, survivin, and caspase 3, but decreased the expression of PKC-δ. In addition, elevated cell viability induced by the miR-940 inhibitor was significantly decreased by knockdown of PKC-δ, and reduced cell apoptosis induced by the miR-940 inhibitor was increased by knockdown of PKC-δ. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that upregulation of miR-940 may function as a suppressor in the progression of ovarian cancer by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing apoptosis by targeting PKC-δ. This study may provide a basis for the possible application of miR-940 in illustrating the molecular pathogenic mechanism of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhihong Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Gu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jinquan Cui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, P.R. China
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Nanocarrier-based co-delivery of small molecules and siRNA/miRNA for treatment of cancer. Ther Deliv 2016; 7:245-55. [PMID: 27010986 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2015-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant gene expression can trigger several vital molecular events that not only result in carcinogenesis but also cause chemoresistance, metastasis and relapse. Gene-based therapies using siRNA/miRNA have been suggested as new treatment method to improve the current regimen. Although these agents can restore the normal molecular cascade thereby resensitizing the cancer cells, delivering a standard regimen (either subsequently or simultaneously) is necessary to achieve the therapeutic benefit. However, co-delivery using a single carrier could give an additional advantage of similar biodistribution profile of the loaded agents. While much research has been carried out in this field in recent years, challenges involved in designing combination formulations including efficient coloading, stability, appropriate biodistribution and target specificity have hampered their clinical translation. This article highlights current aspects of nano-carriers used for co-delivery of small molecules and genes to treat cancer.
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Tan X, Lv J, Zhao G, Zhao Z, Li C, Xu Y, Hu M. MicroRNA-4656 is a prognostic factor and tumor suppressor in human pancreatic cancer through a downstream target of TrkA. J Gene Med 2016; 19. [PMID: 27936486 DOI: 10.1002/jgm.2938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, we investigated the expression profile and functional mechanism of microRNA-4656 in human pancreatic cancer (PC). METHODS MiR-4656 expression in PC tumors was examined using a quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in 134 patients. Associations between tumorous miR-4656 expression and clinicopathological parameters of patients, as well as overall survival, were analyzed. MiR-4656 expression was also examined in PC in vitro cell lines. In Capan-1 and AsPC-1 PC cells, lentivirus-induced miR-4656 overexpression or downregulation was applied to investigate its functional regulations on PC in vitro proliferation and invasion, as well as in vivo transplant growth. The association of miR-4656 and its downstream target, the tropomyosin receptor kinase A (TrkA) gene, was investigated in both cell line and clinical pancreatic tumors. In miR-4656-overerxpressed PC cells, TrkA was overexpressed with the aim of investigating its role in miR-4656-induced functional regulation in PC. RESULTS MiR-4656 was downregulated in PC. Low tumorous miR-4656 expression was associated with a poor prognosis and overall survival of patients. MiR-4656 was also found to be downregulated in PC cell lines. MiR-4656 overexpression in Capan-1 and AsPC-1 cells significantly inhibited cancer proliferation and invasion in vitro, as well as explant growth in vivo, whereas miR-4656 downregulation had no effect on cancer development. The TrkA gene was directly bound by miR-4656, and reversely expressed in PC tumors as miR-4656. TrkA overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of miR-4656-overexpression on PC proliferation and invasion. CONCLUSIONS MiR-4656 is expressed to a low extent and is a potential biomarker in PC. Overexpressing miR-4656 has tumor suppressive effects on PC development both in vitro and in vivo, likely through its downstream target of the TrkA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianglong Tan
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinyong Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary, First Affiliated Hospital of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guodong Zhao
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiming Zhao
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chenggang Li
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xu
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Minggen Hu
- Second Department of Surgical Oncology, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Huang J, Liu J, Chen-Xiao K, Zhang X, Lee WNP, Go VLW, Xiao GG. Advance in microRNA as a potential biomarker for early detection of pancreatic cancer. Biomark Res 2016; 4:20. [PMID: 27795830 PMCID: PMC5075408 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-016-0074-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is characterized as a disease with low survival and high mortality because of no effective diagnostic and therapeutic strategies available in clinic. Conventional clinical diagnostic methods including serum markers and radiological imaging (CT, MRI, EUS, etc.) often fail to detect precancerous or early stage lesions. Development of effective biomarkers is unmet for reduction of mortality of pancreatic cancer. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a group of small non-protein-coding RNAs playing roles in regulation of cell physiology including tumorigenesis, apoptotic escape, proliferation, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis and chemoresistance. Various altered signaling pathways involving in molecular pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer are mediated by miRNAs as a role of either oncogenes or tumor suppressors. Among biomarkers developed including protein, metabolites, DNA, RNA, epigenetic mutation, miRNAs are superior because of its unique chemical property. Recent study suggests that miRNAs may be promising biomarkers used for early detection of pancreatic cancer. This review will update the progression made in early detection of pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Jianzhou Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China
| | - Kevin Chen-Xiao
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502 USA
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502 USA
| | - W N Paul Lee
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502 USA
| | - Vay Liang W Go
- Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502 USA
| | - Gary Guishan Xiao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024 China ; Harbor-University of California Los Angeles Research and Education Institute, UCLA School of Medicine, Torrance, CA 90502 USA ; Genomics and Functional Proteomics Laboratories, Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68131 USA
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Plasma miR-22-3p, miR-642b-3p and miR-885-5p as diagnostic biomarkers for pancreatic cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 143:83-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2248-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Wang Y, Kumar S, Rachagani S, Sajja BR, Xie Y, Hang Y, Jain M, Li J, Boska MD, Batra SK, Oupický D. Polyplex-mediated inhibition of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and chromatin-remodeling enzyme NCOA3 impedes pancreatic cancer progression and metastasis. Biomaterials 2016; 101:108-120. [PMID: 27267632 PMCID: PMC4921319 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 05/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most aggressive malignancies due to intense desmoplasia, extreme hypoxia and inherent chemoresistance. Studies have implicated the expression of chemokine receptor CXCR4 and nuclear receptor co-activator-3 (NCOA3) in the development of desmoplasia and metastatic spread of PC. Using a series of polymeric CXCR4 antagonists (PCX), we optimized formulation of PCX/siNCOA3 polyplexes to simultaneously target CXCR4 and NCOA3 in PC. Cholesterol-modified PCX showed maximum CXCR4 antagonism, NCOA3 silencing and inhibition of PC cell migration in vitro. The optimized PCX/siNCOA3 polyplexes were used in evaluating antitumor and antimetastatic activity in orthotopic mouse model of metastatic PC. The polyplexes displayed significant inhibition of primary tumor growth, which was accompanied by a decrease in tumor necrosis and increased tumor perfusion. The polyplexes also showed significant antimetastatic effect and effective suppression of metastasis to distant organs. Overall, dual-function PCX/siNCOA3 polyplexes can effectively regulate tumor microenvironment to decrease progression and dissemination of PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States
| | - Satyanarayana Rachagani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States
| | | | - Ying Xie
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Yu Hang
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Maneesh Jain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
| | - Michael D. Boska
- Department of Radiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States
| | - Surinder K. Batra
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, United States
| | - David Oupický
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198
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Long LM, Zhan JK, Wang HQ, Li S, Chen YY, Liu YS. The Clinical Significance of miR-34a in Pancreatic Ductal Carcinoma and Associated Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms. Pathobiology 2016; 84:38-48. [PMID: 27458977 DOI: 10.1159/000447302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) exhibits poor prognosis and resistance to chemotherapy. This study was to identify the biomarkers associated with the progression, poor prognosis and chemoresistance of PDAC. METHODS miR-34a and miR-150 levels in the plasma and tissues from PDAC patients were measured by real-time PCR. Xenograft PDAC tumor models were established in mice by inoculation of CD133+ stem cells isolated from PDAC tumors. Protein expression was measured by Western blot. RESULTS The plasma miR-34a and miR-150 levels were significantly lower in PDAC patients than in patients with benign pancreatic lesions and in healthy subjects. The miR-34a and miR-150 levels in the tumor tissues were significantly lower than in pancreatic tissues with benign lesions. The protein levels of CD133, Notch1, Notch2 and Notch4 receptors in PDAC tumor tissues were significantly higher than in pancreatic tissues with benign lesions. miR-34a injection significantly inhibited the tumor growth of PDAC tumors and sensitized the anticancer effects of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). miR-34a significantly inhibited Notch1, Notch2 and Notch4 expression in xenograft tumor tissues in vivo and BxPC-3 cells in vitro. miR-34a and miR-150 significantly induced apoptosis and inhibited proliferation, invasion and migration in BxPC-3 cells. miR-34a, but not miR-150, significantly sensitized the anticancer effect of 5-FU in BxPC-3 cells in vitro. CONCLUSION A loss of expression of miR-34a, but not of miR-150, is associated with disease progression and poor prognosis in PDAC patients, and may be involved in the chemoresistance of PDAC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Long
- Department of Geriatrics, Institute of Aging and Geriatrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, PR China
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Hawa Z, Haque I, Ghosh A, Banerjee S, Harris L, Banerjee SK. The miRacle in Pancreatic Cancer by miRNAs: Tiny Angels or Devils in Disease Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E809. [PMID: 27240340 PMCID: PMC4926343 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17060809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive malignancy with increasing incidence and high mortality. Surgical resection is the only potentially curative treatment of patients with PDAC. Because of the late presentation of the disease, about 20 percent of patients are candidates for this treatment. The average survival of resected patients is between 12 and 20 months, with a high probability of relapse. Standard chemo and radiation therapies do not offer significant improvement of the survival of these patients. Furthermore, novel treatment options aimed at targeting oncogenes or growth factors in pancreatic cancer have proved unsuccessful. Thereby, identifying new biomarkers that can detect early stages of this disease is of critical importance. Among these biomarkers, microRNAs (miRNAs) have supplied a profitable recourse and become an attractive focus of research in PDAC. MiRNAs regulate many genes involved in the development of PDAC through mRNA degradation or translation inhibition. The possibility of intervention in the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs regulation could begin a new generation of PDAC therapies. This review summarizes the reports describing miRNAs involvement in cellular processes involving pancreatic carcinogenesis and their utility in diagnosis, survival and therapeutic potential in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuhair Hawa
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Inamul Haque
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Arnab Ghosh
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - Snigdha Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
| | - LaCoiya Harris
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.
- Division of Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66205, USA.
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Chen J, Guo Z, Tian H, Chen X. Production and clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16023. [PMID: 27088105 PMCID: PMC4822651 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a promising strategy for specific treatment of numerous gene-associated human diseases by intentionally altering the gene expression in pathological cells. A successful clinical application of gene-based therapy depends on an efficient gene delivery system. Many efforts have been attempted to improve the safety and efficiency of gene-based therapies. Nanoparticles have been proved to be the most promising vehicles for clinical gene therapy due to their tunable size, shape, surface, and biological behaviors. In this review, the clinical development of nanoparticles for gene delivery will be particularly highlighted. Several promising candidates, which are closest to clinical applications, will be briefly reviewed. Then, the recent developments of nanoparticles for clinical gene therapy will be identified and summarized. Finally, the development of nanoparticles for clinical gene delivery in future will be prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhaopei Guo
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Huayu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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Abstract
Recent investigations have highlighted the importance of the non-coding genome in regions of hypoxia in tumours. Such regions are frequently found in solid tumours, and are associated with worse patient survival and therapy resistance. Hypoxia stabilises the transcription factors, hypoxia inducible factors (HIF1α and HIF2α) which coordinate transcriptomic changes that occur in hypoxia. The changes in gene expression induced by HIF1α and HIF2α contribute to many of the hallmarks of cancer phenotypes and enable tumour growth, survival and invasion in the hypoxic tumour microenvironment. Non-coding RNAs, in particular microRNAs (miRNAs), which regulate mRNA stability and translation, and long-non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which have diverse functions including chromatin modification and transcriptional regulation, are also important in enabling the key hypoxia regulated processes. They have roles in the regulation of metabolism, angiogenesis, autophagy, invasion and metastasis in the hypoxic microenvironment. Furthermore, HIF1α and HIF2α expression and stabilisation are also regulated by both miRNAs and lncRNAs. Here we review the recent developments in the expression, regulation and functions of miRNAs, lncRNAs and other non-coding RNA classes in tumour hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani Choudhry
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Center of Innovation in Personalized Medicine, King Fahd Center for Medical Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Adrian L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Department of Oncology, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Alan McIntyre
- Cancer Biology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, QMC, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK.
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Liu Z, Xu Y, Long J, Guo K, Ge C, Du R. microRNA-218 suppresses the proliferation, invasion and promotes apoptosis of pancreatic cancer cells by targeting HMGB1. Chin J Cancer Res 2015; 27:247-57. [PMID: 26157321 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2015.04.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To detect the expression profiles of microRNA-218 (miR-218) in human pancreatic cancer tissue (PCT) and cells and their effects on the biological features of human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC-1 and observe the effect of miR-218 on the expression of the target gene high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), with an attempt to provide new treatment methods and strategies for pancreatic cancer. METHODS The expressions of miR-218 in PCT and normal pancreas tissue as well as in various pancreatic cancer cell lines including AsPC-1, BxPC-3, and PANC-1 were determined with quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The change of miR-218 expression in PANC-1 cells was detected using qRT-PCT after the transfection of miR-218 mimic for 48 h. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) was applied for detecting the effect of miR-218 on the activity of PANC-1 cells. The effects of miR-218 on the proliferation and apoptosis of PANC-1 cells were analyzed using the flow cytometry. The effect of miR-218 on the migration of PANC-1 cells was detected using the Trans-well migration assay. The HMGB1 was found to be a target gene of miR-218 by luciferase reporter assay, and the effect of miR-218 on the expression of HMGB1 protein in cells were determined using Western blotting. RESULTS As shown by qRT-PCR, the expressions of miR-218 in PCT and in pancreatic cancer cell line significantly decreased when compared with the normal pancreatic tissue (NPT) (P<0.01). Compared with the control group, the miR-218 expression significantly increased in the PANC-1 group after the transfection of miR-218 mimic for 48 h (P<0.01). Growth curve showed that the cell viability significantly dropped after the overexpression of miR-218 in the PANC-1 cells for two days (P<0.05). Flow cytometry showed that the S-phase fraction significantly dropped after the overexpression of miR-218 (P<0.01) and the percentage of apoptotic cells significantly increased (P<0.01). As shown by the Trans-well migration assay, the enhanced miR-218 expression was associated with a significantly lower number of cells that passed through a Transwell chamber (P<0.01). Luciferase reporter assay showed that, compared with the control group, the relative luciferase activity significantly decreased in the miR-218 mimic group (P<0.01). As shown by the Western blotting, compared with the control group, the HMGB1 protein expression significantly decreased in the PANC-1 group after the transfection of miR-218 mimic for 48 h (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS The miR-218 expression decreases in human PCT and cell lines. miR-218 can negatively regulate the HMGB1 protein expression and inhibit the proliferation and invasion of pancreatic cancer cells. A treatment strategy by enhancing the miR-218 expression may benefit the patients with pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Liu
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
| | - Jin Long
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
| | - Kejian Guo
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
| | - Chunlin Ge
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
| | - Ruixia Du
- 1 Department of Pancreatic Surgery, First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110000, China ; 2 Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Fengtian Hospital, Shenyang Medical University, Shenyang 110024, China
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Tume L, Aquino-Ordinola R. Desregulación de microARN específicos en la progresión del cáncer de páncreas. GACETA MEXICANA DE ONCOLOGÍA 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gamo.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Kumar V, Mondal G, Slavik P, Rachagani S, Batra SK, Mahato RI. Codelivery of small molecule hedgehog inhibitor and miRNA for treating pancreatic cancer. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1289-98. [PMID: 25679326 DOI: 10.1021/mp500847s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Successful treatment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains a challenge due to the desmoplastic microenvironment that promotes both tumor growth and metastasis and forms a barrier to chemotherapy. Hedgehog (Hh) signaling is implicated in initiation and progression of PDAC and also contributes to desmoplasia. While Hh levels are increased in pancreatic cancer cells, levels of tumor suppressor miR-let7b, which targets several genes involved in PDAC pathogenesis, is downregulated. Therefore, our overall objective was to inhibit Hh pathway and restore miR-let7b simultaneously for synergistically treating PDAC. miR-let7b and Hh inhibitor GDC-0449 could inhibit the proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells (Capan-1, HPAF-II, T3M4, and MIA PaCa-2), and there was synergistic effect when miR-let7b and GDC-0449 were coformulated into micelles using methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(2-methyl- 2-carboxyl-propylenecarbonate-graft-dodecanol-graft-tetraethylene-pentamine) (mPEG-b-PCC-g-DC-g-TEPA). This copolymer self-assembled into micelles of <100 nm and encapsulated hydrophobic GDC-0449 into its core with 5% w/w drug loading and allowed complex formation between miR-let7b and its cationic pendant chains. Complete polyplex formation with miRNA was observed at the N/P ratio of 16/1. Almost 80% of GDC-0449 was released from the polyplex in a sustained manner in 2 days. miRNA in the micelle formulation was stable for up to 24 h in the presence of serum and high uptake efficiency was achieved with low cytotoxicity. This combination therapy effectively inhibited tumor growth when injected to athymic nude mice bearing ectopic tumor generated using MIA PaCa-2 cells compared to micelles carrying GDC-0449 or miR-let7b alone. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed decreased tumor cell proliferation with increased apoptosis in the animals treated with miR-let7b and GDC-0449 combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virender Kumar
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Goutam Mondal
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Paige Slavik
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Satyanarayna Rachagani
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Surinder K Batra
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
| | - Ram I Mahato
- †Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and ‡Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 986025 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska 68198, United States
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microRNAs in the Malignant Transformation Process. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 889:1-21. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-23730-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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