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Chowanadisai W, Bauerly KA, Tchaparian E, Wong A, Cortopassi GA, Rucker RB. Pyrroloquinoline quinone stimulates mitochondrial biogenesis through cAMP response element-binding protein phosphorylation and increased PGC-1alpha expression. J Biol Chem 2009; 285:142-52. [PMID: 19861415 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.030130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive compounds reported to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis are linked to many health benefits such increased longevity, improved energy utilization, and protection from reactive oxygen species. Previously studies have shown that mice and rats fed diets lacking in pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) have reduced mitochondrial content. Therefore, we hypothesized that PQQ can induce mitochondrial biogenesis in mouse hepatocytes. Exposure of mouse Hepa1-6 cells to 10-30 microm PQQ for 24-48 h resulted in increased citrate synthase and cytochrome c oxidase activity, Mitotracker staining, mitochondrial DNA content, and cellular oxygen respiration. The induction of this process occurred through the activation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha), a pathway known to regulate mitochondrial biogenesis. PQQ exposure stimulated phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133, activated the promoter of PGC-1alpha, and increased PGC-1alpha mRNA and protein expression. PQQ did not stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis after small interfering RNA-mediated reduction in either PGC-1alpha or CREB expression. Consistent with activation of the PGC-1alpha pathway, PQQ increased nuclear respiratory factor activation (NRF-1 and NRF-2) and Tfam, TFB1M, and TFB2M mRNA expression. Moreover, PQQ protected cells from mitochondrial inhibition by rotenone, 3-nitropropionic acid, antimycin A, and sodium azide. The ability of PQQ to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis accounts in part for action of this compound and suggests that PQQ may be beneficial in diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Zhang JJ, Zhang RF, Meng XK. Protective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity in human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells. Neurosci Lett 2009; 464:165-9. [PMID: 19699263 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2009.08.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2009] [Revised: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 08/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of aggregated beta-amyloid (Abeta) has been implicated as a critical cause in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). It can cause neurotoxicity in AD by evoking a cascade of oxidative damage-dependent apoptosis to neurons. In the present study, we for the first time investigated the protective effect of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), an anionic, water soluble compound that acts as a redox cofactor of bacterial dehydrogenases, on Abeta-induced SH-SY5Y cytotoxicity. Abeta(25-35) significantly reduced cell viability, increased the number of apoptotic-like cells, and increased ROS production. All of these phenotypes induced by Abeta(25-35) were markedly reversed by PQQ. PQQ pretreatment recovered cells from Abeta(25-35)-induced cell death, prevented Abeta(25-35)-induced apoptosis, and decreased ROS production. PQQ strikingly decreased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and suppressed the cleavage of caspase-3. These results indicated that PQQ could protect SH-SY5Y cells against beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jing Zhang
- Department of Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical College, 1 Tongdao Beijie, Hohhot, 010050, China.
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Zhang P, Xu Y, Sun J, Li X, Wang L, Jin L. Protection of pyrroloquinoline quinone against methylmercury-induced neurotoxicity via reducing oxidative stress. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:224-33. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760802677348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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54
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Ouchi A, Nakano M, Nagaoka SI, Mukai K. Kinetic study of the antioxidant activity of pyrroloquinolinequinol (PQQH(2), a reduced form of pyrroloquinolinequinone) in micellar solution. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2009; 57:450-456. [PMID: 19108686 DOI: 10.1021/jf802197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Kinetic study of the aroxyl radical-scavenging action of pyrroloquinolinequinol [PQQH(2), a reduced form of pyrroloquinolinequinone (PQQ)] and water-soluble antioxidants (vitamin C, cysteine, glutathione, and uric acid) has been performed. The second-order rate constants (k(s)) for the reaction of aroxyl radical with PQQH(2) and water-soluble antioxidants were measured in Triton X-100 micellar solution (5.0 wt %) (pH 7.4), using stopped-flow and UV-visible spectrophotometers. The k(s) values decreased in the order PQQH(2) > vitamin C >> cysteine > uric acid > glutathione. The aroxyl radical-scavenging activity of PQQH(2) was 7.4 times higher than that of vitamin C, which is well-known as the most active water-soluble antioxidant. Furthermore, PQQNa(2) (disodium salt of PQQ) was easily reduced to PQQH(2) by reaction of PQQNa(2) with glutathione and cysteine in buffer solution (pH 7.4) under nitrogen atmosphere. The result suggests that PQQ exists as a reduced form throughout the cell and plays a role as antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Ehime University, Matsuyama, Japan.
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Hirakawa A, Shimizu K, Fukumitsu H, Furukawa S. Pyrroloquinoline quinone attenuates iNOS gene expression in the injured spinal cord. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009; 378:308-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Nunome K, Miyazaki S, Nakano M, Iguchi-Ariga S, Ariga H. Pyrroloquinoline quinone prevents oxidative stress-induced neuronal death probably through changes in oxidative status of DJ-1. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:1321-6. [PMID: 18591768 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) has been shown to play a role as an anti-oxidant in neuronal cells and prevent neuronal cell death in a rodent stroke model. DJ-1, a causative gene product for a familial form of Parkinson's disease, plays a role in anti-oxidative stress function by self-oxidation of DJ-1. In this study, the expression level and oxidation status of DJ-1 were examined in SHSY-5Y cells and primary cultured neurons treated with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) or H(2)O(2) in the presence or absence of PQQ. The pI shift of DJ-1 to an acidic point, which was observed in SHSY-5Y cells treated with 6-OHDA, was inhibited by PQQ. TOF-MS analyses showed that while the level of a reduced form of DJ-1, one of the active forms of DJ-1, was decreased in SHSY-5Y cells treated with 6-OHDA or H(2)O(2), PQQ increased the level of the reduced form of DJ-1. These results suggest that PQQ prevents oxidative stress-induced changes in oxidative status of DJ-1. Therefore, the neuroprotective effects of PQQ on oxidative stress-induced neuronal death may be at least in part involved in increased level of an active form of DJ-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kana Nunome
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Resveratrol attenuates early pyramidal neuron excitability impairment and death in acute rat hippocampal slices caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:44-52. [PMID: 18495119 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the polyphenol resveratrol (trans-3, 5, 4"-trihydroxystibene, RVT) potently protects against cerebral ischemia neuronal damage due to its oxygen free radicals scavenging and antioxidant properties. However, it is unknown whether RVT can attenuate ischemia-induced early impairment of neuronal excitability. To address this question, we simulated ischemic conditions by applying oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to acute rat hippocampal slices and examined the effect of RVT on OGD-induced pyramidal neuron excitability impairment using whole-cell patch clamp recording. 100 microM RVT largely inhibited the 15 min OGD-induced progressive membrane potential (Vm) depolarization and the reduction in evoked action potential frequency and amplitude in pyramidal neurons. In a parallel neuronal viability study using TO-PRO-3 iodide staining, 20 min OGD induced irreversible CA1 pyramidal neuronal death which was significantly reduced by 100 microM RVT. No similar effects were found with PQQ treatment, an antioxidant also showing potent neuroprotection in the rat rMCAO ischemia model. This suggests that antioxidant action per se, is unlikely accounting for the observed early effects of RVT. RVT also markedly reduced the frequency and amplitude of AMPA mediated spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in pyramidal neurons, which is also an early consequence of OGD. RVT effects on neuronal excitability were inhibited by the large-conductance potassium channel (BK channel) inhibitor paxilline. Together, these studies demonstrate that RVT attenuates OGD-induced neuronal impairment occurring early in the simulated ischemia slice model by enhancing the activation of BK channel and reducing the OGD-enhanced AMPA/NMDA receptor mediated neuronal EPSCs.
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Tao R, Karliner JS, Simonis U, Zheng J, Zhang J, Honbo N, Alano CC. Pyrroloquinoline quinone preserves mitochondrial function and prevents oxidative injury in adult rat cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 363:257-62. [PMID: 17880922 PMCID: PMC2844438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2007] [Accepted: 08/03/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the ability of pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) to confer resistance to acute oxidative stress in freshly isolated adult male rat cardiomyocytes. Fluorescence microscopy was used to detect generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsi(m)) depolarization induced by hydrogen peroxide. H(2)O(2) caused substantial cell death, which was significantly reduced by preincubation with PQQ. H(2)O(2) also caused an increase in cellular ROS levels as detected by the fluorescent indicators CM-H2XRos and dihydroethidium. ROS levels were significantly reduced by a superoxide dismutase mimetic Mn (III) tetrakis (4-benzoic acid) porphyrin chloride (MnTBAP) or by PQQ treatment. Cyclosporine-A, which inhibits mitochondrial permeability transition, prevented H(2)O(2)-induced Deltapsi(m) depolarization, as did PQQ and MnTBAP. Our results provide direct evidence that PQQ reduces oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and cell death in isolated adult rat cardiomyocytes. These findings provide new insight into the mechanisms of PQQ action in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Tao
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
- Department of Cardiology, Ruijin Hospital, Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Joel S. Karliner
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Ursula Simonis
- Department of Chemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jie Zheng
- UCSF Medical Student, San Francisco, CA
| | - Jianqing Zhang
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Norman Honbo
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
| | - Conrad C. Alano
- Cardiology Section, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
- Neurology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center and UCSF, San Francisco, CA
- Correspondence to: Conrad Alano, Ph.D., Neurology Service, VA Medical Center, 127 Neurology, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA 94121, Phone: (415) 221-4810 x2473, Fax: (415) 750-2273,
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Hara H, Hiramatsu H, Adachi T. Pyrroloquinoline quinone is a potent neuroprotective nutrient against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced neurotoxicity. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:489-95. [PMID: 17268846 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ), which is an essential nutrient, has been shown to act as an antioxidant. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are thought to be responsible for neurotoxicity caused by the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). In this study, we investigated the ability of PQQ to protect against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity using human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. When SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to 6-OHDA in the presence of PQQ, PQQ prevented 6-OHDA-induced cell death and DNA fragmentation. Flow cytometry analysis using the ROS-sensitive fluorescence probe, dihydroethidium, revealed that PQQ reduced elevation of 6-OHDA-induced intracellular ROS. In contrast to PQQ, antioxidant vitamins, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol, had no protective effect. Moreover, we showed that PQQ effectively scavenged superoxide, compared to the antioxidant vitamins. Therefore, our results suggest the protective effect of PQQ on 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity is involved, at least in part, in its function as a scavenger of ROS, especially superoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Hara
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, 5-6-1 Mitahora-higashi, Gifu 502-8585, Japan.
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Kobayashi M, Kim J, Kobayashi N, Han S, Nakamura C, Ikebukuro K, Sode K. Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) prevents fibril formation of α-synuclein. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 349:1139-44. [PMID: 16962995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.08.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ) is a noncovalently bound cofactor in the bacterial oxidative metabolism of alcohols. PQQ also exists in plants and animals. Due to its inherent chemical feature, namely its free-radical scavenging properties, PQQ has been drawing attention from both the nutritional and the pharmacological viewpoint. alpha-Synuclein, a causative factor of Parkinson's disease (PD), has the propensity to oligomerize and form fibrils, and this tendency may play a crucial role in its toxicity. We show that PQQ prevents the amyloid fibril formation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein in vitro in a PQQ-concentration-dependent manner. Moreover, PQQ forms a conjugate with alpha-synuclein, and this PQQ-conjugated alpha-synuclein is also able to prevent alpha-synuclein amyloid fibril formation. This is the first study to demonstrate the characteristics of PQQ as an anti-amyloid fibril-forming reagent. Agents that prevent the formation of amyloid fibrils might allow a novel therapeutic approach to PD. Therefore, together with further pharmacological approaches, PQQ is a candidate for future anti-PD reagent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, 184-8588 Tokyo, Koganei, Japan
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