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Stefanowicz K, Szymanska-Chargot M, Truman W, Walerowski P, Olszak M, Augustyniak A, Kosmala A, Zdunek A, Malinowski R. Plasmodiophora brassicae-Triggered Cell Enlargement and Loss of Cellular Integrity in Root Systems Are Mediated by Pectin Demethylation. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:711838. [PMID: 34394168 PMCID: PMC8359924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.711838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gall formation on the belowground parts of plants infected with Plasmodiophora brassicae is the result of extensive host cellular reprogramming. The development of these structures is a consequence of increased cell proliferation followed by massive enlargement of cells colonized with the pathogen. Drastic changes in cellular growth patterns create local deformities in the roots and hypocotyl giving rise to mechanical tensions within the tissue of these organs. Host cell wall extensibility and recomposition accompany the growth of the gall and influence pathogen spread and also pathogen life cycle progression. Demethylation of pectin within the extracellular matrix may play an important role in P. brassicae-driven hypertrophy of host underground organs. Through proteomic analysis of the cell wall, we identified proteins accumulating in the galls developing on the underground parts of Arabidopsis thaliana plants infected with P. brassicae. One of the key proteins identified was the pectin methylesterase (PME18); we further characterized its expression and conducted functional and anatomic studies in the knockout mutant and used Raman spectroscopy to study the status of pectin in P. brassicae-infected galls. We found that late stages of gall formation are accompanied with increased levels of PME18. We have also shown that the massive enlargement of cells colonized with P. brassicae coincides with decreases in pectin methylation. In pme18-2 knockout mutants, P. brassicae could still induce demethylation; however, the galls in this line were smaller and cellular expansion was less pronounced. Alteration in pectin demethylation in the host resulted in changes in pathogen distribution and slowed down disease progression. To conclude, P. brassicae-driven host organ hypertrophy observed during clubroot disease is accompanied by pectin demethylation in the extracellular matrix. The pathogen hijacks endogenous host mechanisms involved in cell wall loosening to create an optimal cellular environment for completion of its life cycle and eventual release of resting spores facilitated by degradation of demethylated pectin polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - William Truman
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Piotr Walerowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Marcin Olszak
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Augustyniak
- Centre for Advanced Technology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Kosmala
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Artur Zdunek
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Robert Malinowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Souza E, Gottschalk L, Freitas-Silva O. Overview of Nanocellulose in Food Packaging. Recent Pat Food Nutr Agric 2021; 11:154-167. [PMID: 31322079 DOI: 10.2174/2212798410666190715153715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The rising concern with environmental preservation has led to increasing interest in biodegradable polymer composites from renewable sources, such as cellulose and its derivatives. The use of nanocellulose is an innovative food packaging trend. DISCUSSION This paper presents an overview and discusses the state of the art of different nanocellulose materials used in food and food packaging, and identifies important patents related to them. It is important to consider that before marketing, new products must be proven safe for consumers and the environment. CONCLUSION Several packaging materials using nanocellulose have been developed and shown to be promising for use as active and intelligent materials for food packaging. Other nanocellulose products are under investigation for packaging and may enter the market in the near future. Many countries have been adjusting their regulatory frameworks to deal with nanotechnologies, including nanocellulose packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Souza
- Embrapa Food Agroindustry. Av. Das Americas, 29501, 23020-470, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Leda Gottschalk
- Embrapa Food Agroindustry. Av. Das Americas, 29501, 23020-470, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Otniel Freitas-Silva
- Embrapa Food Agroindustry. Av. Das Americas, 29501, 23020-470, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Anees M, Gao L, Umer MJ, Yuan P, Zhu H, Lu X, He N, Gong C, Kaseb MO, Zhao S, Liu W. Identification of Key Gene Networks Associated With Cell Wall Components Leading to Flesh Firmness in Watermelon. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:630243. [PMID: 34239519 PMCID: PMC8259604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.630243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Flesh firmness of watermelon is an important quality trait for commercial fruit values, including fruit storability, transportability, and shelf life. To date, knowledge of the gene networks underlying this trait is still limited. Herein, we used weighted genes co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) based on correlation and the association of phenotypic data (cell wall contents) with significantly differentially expressed genes between two materials, a near isogeneic line "HWF" (with high average flesh firmness) and inbred line "203Z" (with low average flesh firmness), to identify the gene networks responsible for changes in fruit flesh firmness. We identified three gene modules harboring 354 genes; these gene modules demonstrated significant correlation with water-soluble pectin, cellulose, hemicellulose, and protopectin. Based on intramodular significance, eight genes involved in cell wall biosynthesis and ethylene pathway are identified as hub genes within these modules. Among these genes, two genes, Cla012351 (Cellulose synthase) and Cla004251 (Pectinesterase), were significantly correlated with cellulose (r 2 = 0.83) and protopectin (r 2 = 0.81); three genes, Cla004120 (ERF1), Cla009966 (Cellulose synthase), and Cla006648 (Galactosyltransferase), had a significant correlation with water-soluble pectin (r 2 = 0.91), cellulose (r 2 = 0.9), and protopectin (r 2 = 0.92); and three genes, Cla007092 (ERF2a), Cla004119 (probable glycosyltransferase), and Cla018816 (Xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase), were correlated with hemicellulose (r 2 = 0.85), cellulose (r 2 = 0.8), and protopectin (r 2 = 0.8). This study generated important insights of biosynthesis of a cell wall structure and ethylene signaling transduction pathway, the mechanism controlling the flesh firmness changes in watermelon, which provide a significant source to accelerate future functional analysis in watermelon to facilitate crop improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Shengjie Zhao
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of South Asian Fruits and Cucurbits, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wenge Liu
- Henan Joint International Research Laboratory of South Asian Fruits and Cucurbits, Zhengzhou Fruit Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China
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54
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Devi AF, Au XN, Weerakkody R, Sanguansri P, Swiergon P, Singh T, Ng S, V. Gamage T. Microwave Pasteurised Pear Snack: Quality and Microbiological Stability. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-021-02642-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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55
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Lisitsyn A, Semenova A, Nasonova V, Polishchuk E, Revutskaya N, Kozyrev I, Kotenkova E. Approaches in Animal Proteins and Natural Polysaccharides Application for Food Packaging: Edible Film Production and Quality Estimation. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1592. [PMID: 34063360 PMCID: PMC8156411 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural biopolymers are an interesting resource for edible films production, as they are environmentally friendly packaging materials. The possibilities of the application of main animal proteins and natural polysaccharides are considered in the review, including the sources, structure, and limitations of usage. The main ways for overcoming the limitations caused by the physico-chemical properties of biopolymers are also discussed, including composites approaches, plasticizers, and the addition of crosslinking agents. Approaches for the production of biopolymer-based films and coatings are classified according to wet and dried processes and considered depending on biopolymer types. The methods for mechanical, physico-chemical, hydration, and uniformity estimation of edible films are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Lisitsyn
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Anastasia Semenova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Viktoria Nasonova
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ekaterina Polishchuk
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Natalia Revutskaya
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Ivan Kozyrev
- Department of Scientific, Applied and Technological Developments, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia; (A.L.); (A.S.); (V.N.); (N.R.); (I.K.)
| | - Elena Kotenkova
- Experimental Clinic and Research Laboratory for Bioactive Substances of Animal Origin, V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of RAS, Talalikhina st., 26, 109316 Moscow, Russia;
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Ren Z, Wang X, Tao Q, Guo Q, Zhou Y, Yi F, Huang G, Li Y, Zhang M, Li Z, Duan L. Transcriptome dynamic landscape underlying the improvement of maize lodging resistance under coronatine treatment. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:202. [PMID: 33906598 PMCID: PMC8077928 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-02962-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lodging is one of the important factors causing maize yield. Plant height is an important factor in determining plant architecture in maize (Zea mays L.), which is closely related to lodging resistance under high planting density. Coronatine (COR), which is a phytotoxin and produced by the pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, is a functional and structural analogue of jasmonic acid (JA). RESULTS In this study, we found COR, as a new plant growth regulator, could effectively reduce plant height and ear height of both hybrids (ZD958 and XY335) and inbred (B73) maize by inhibiting internode growth during elongation, thus improve maize lodging resistance. To study gene expression changes in internode after COR treatment, we collected spatio-temporal transcriptome of inbred B73 internode under normal condition and COR treatment, including the three different regions of internode (fixed, meristem and elongation regions) at three different developmental stages. The gene expression levels of the three regions at normal condition were described and then compared with that upon COR treatment. In total, 8605 COR-responsive genes (COR-RGs) were found, consist of 802 genes specifically expressed in internode. For these COR-RGs, 614, 870, 2123 of which showed expression changes in only fixed, meristem and elongation region, respectively. Both the number and function were significantly changed for COR-RGs identified in different regions, indicating genes with different functions were regulated at the three regions. Besides, we found more than 80% genes of gibberellin and jasmonic acid were changed under COR treatment. CONCLUSIONS These data provide a gene expression profiling in different regions of internode development and molecular mechanism of COR affecting internode elongation. A putative schematic of the internode response to COR treatment is proposed which shows the basic process of COR affecting internode elongation. This research provides a useful resource for studying maize internode development and improves our understanding of the COR regulation mechanism based on plant height.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuyi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Fei Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Guanmin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Mingcai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhaohu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Liusheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Engineering Research Center of Plant Growth Regulator, Ministry of Education &College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian, Beijing, 100193, China.
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Beijing University of Agriculture, No.7 Beinong Road, Changping, Beijing, 102206, China.
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Safran J, Habrylo O, Cherkaoui M, Lecomte S, Voxeur A, Pilard S, Bassard S, Pau-Roblot C, Mercadante D, Pelloux J, Sénéchal F. New insights into the specificity and processivity of two novel pectinases from Verticillium dahliae. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:165-176. [PMID: 33561463 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Pectin, the major non-cellulosic component of primary cell wall can be degraded by polygalacturonases (PGs) and pectin methylesterases (PMEs) during pathogen attack on plants. We characterized two novel enzymes, VdPG2 and VdPME1, from the fungal plant pathogen Verticillium dahliae. VdPME1 was most active on citrus methylesterified pectin (55-70%) at pH 6 and a temperature of 40 °C, while VdPG2 was most active on polygalacturonic acid at pH 5 and a temperature of 50 °C. Using LC-MS/MS oligoprofiling, and various pectins, the mode of action of VdPME1 and VdPG2 were determined. VdPME1 was shown to be processive, in accordance with the electrostatic potential of the enzyme. VdPG2 was identified as endo-PG releasing both methylesterified and non-methylesterified oligogalacturonides (OGs). Additionally, when flax roots were used as substrate, acetylated OGs were detected. The comparisons of OGs released from Verticillium-susceptible and partially resistant flax cultivars identified new possible elicitor of plant defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josip Safran
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Olivier Habrylo
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France; Current address: Groupe Soufflet, 10400 Nogent-sur-Seine, France
| | - Mehdi Cherkaoui
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France; Current address: UR 1258 BIA Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, INRAE, 44316 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Sylvain Lecomte
- Linéa Semences, 20 Avenue Saget, 60210 Grandvilliers, France
| | - Aline Voxeur
- Institut Jean-Pierre Bourgin, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Serge Pilard
- Plateforme Analytique, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Solène Bassard
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Corinne Pau-Roblot
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Davide Mercadante
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jérôme Pelloux
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France
| | - Fabien Sénéchal
- UMRT INRAE 1158 BioEcoAgro - BIOPI Biologie des Plantes et Innovation, SFR Condorcet FR CNRS 3417, Université de Picardie, 33 Rue St Leu, 80039 Amiens, France.
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Jonsson K, Lathe RS, Kierzkowski D, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Hamant O, Bhalerao RP. Mechanochemical feedback mediates tissue bending required for seedling emergence. Curr Biol 2021; 31:1154-1164.e3. [PMID: 33417884 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Tissue bending is vital to plant development, as exemplified by apical hook formation during seedling emergence by bending of the hypocotyl. How tissue bending is coordinated during development remains poorly understood, especially in plants where cells are attached via rigid cell walls. Asymmetric distribution of the plant hormone auxin underlies differential cell elongation during apical hook formation. Yet the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate spatial correlation between asymmetric auxin distribution, methylesterified homogalacturonan (HG) pectin, and mechanical properties of the epidermal layer of the hypocotyl in Arabidopsis. Genetic and cell biological approaches show that this mechanochemical asymmetry is essential for differential cell elongation. We show that asymmetric auxin distribution underlies differential HG methylesterification, and conversely changes in HG methylesterification impact the auxin response domain. Our results suggest that a positive feedback loop between auxin distribution and HG methylesterification underpins asymmetric cell wall mechanochemical properties to promote tissue bending and seedling emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Jonsson
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Rahul S Lathe
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Daniel Kierzkowski
- IRBV, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Montreal, 4101 Sherbrooke Est, Montréal H1X 2B2, QC, Canada
| | | | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France
| | - Rishikesh P Bhalerao
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90187 Umeå, Sweden.
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Coating and Film-Forming Properties. Food Hydrocoll 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-0320-4_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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60
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Bazaraa WA, Ammar AS, Aqlan AM. Effects of kiwi's pectin methylesterase inhibitor, nanomilling and pasteurization on orange juice quality. Food Sci Nutr 2020; 8:6367-6379. [PMID: 33312523 PMCID: PMC7723186 DOI: 10.1002/fsn3.1886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Endogenous pectin methylesterase (PME) is the enzyme responsible for phase separation and cloud loss in orange juice (OJ) manufacturing. The effect of kiwi's PME inhibitor (PMEI), nanomilling, and pasteurization on OJ quality was evaluated. The microbial quality, PME activity, OJ separation, pH, ascorbic acid content and the sensory characteristics of the juice were followed during 5 weeks storage (4°C). PMEI as freeze-dried kiwi powder (0.3%, w/w) succeeded in inhibiting 89.3% of the OJ PME without affecting the microbial and the sensory quality. Nanomilling of OJ pulp, to prepare nano-particles OJ (NPOJ), reduced the initial microbial load by 1.65 and 1.83 log for psychrotrophs and yeasts and molds, respectively; significantly (p < .05) inactivated 40.9% of the residual PME activity and the juice separation was significantly reduced by 48.3% (after 14 days of storage). Nanomilling exhibited no effect on OJ pH, but slight (p < .05) decrease in ascorbic acid content was noted. The combination of PMEI with NPOJ resulted in improved OJ stability with reduced separation to 36.4% of that of control. Such combination also allowed to use a lower pasteurization temperature at lower exposure time (60°C/5 min) needed to obtain new NPOJ with comparable high quality as fresh OJ and which has a shelf life of 3 weeks (4°C).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael A. Bazaraa
- Department of Food ScienceFaculty of AgricultureCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
| | - Abdalla S. Ammar
- Department of Food ScienceFaculty of AgricultureCairo UniversityGizaEgypt
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Lu Y, Moran Lauter AN, Makkena S, Scott MP, Evans MMS. Insights into the molecular control of cross-incompatibility in Zea mays. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2020; 33:117-128. [PMID: 32865620 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-020-00394-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Gametophytic cross-incompatibility systems in corn have been the subject of genetic studies for more than a century. They have tremendous economic potential as a genetic mechanism for controlling fertilization without controlling pollination. Three major genetically distinct and functionally equivalent cross-incompatibility systems exist in Zea mays: Ga1, Tcb1, and Ga2. All three confer reproductive isolation between maize or teosinte varieties with different haplotypes at any one locus. These loci confer genetically separable functions to the silk and pollen: a female function that allows the silk to block fertilization by non-self-type pollen and a male function that overcomes the block of the female function from the same locus. Identification of some of these genes has shed light on the reproductive isolation they confer. The identification of both male and female factors as pectin methylesterases reveals the importance of pectin methylesterase activity in controlling the decision between pollen acceptance versus rejection, possibly by regulating the degree of methylesterification of the pollen tube cell wall. The appropriate level and spatial distribution of pectin methylesterification is critical for pollen tube growth and is affected by both pectin methylesterases and pectin methylesterase inhibitors. We present a molecular model that explains how cross-incompatibility systems may function that can be tested in Zea and uncharacterized cross-incompatibility systems. Molecular characterization of these loci in conjunction with further refinement of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms will allow researchers to bring new and powerful tools to bear on understanding reproductive isolation in Zea mays and related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongxian Lu
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | | | | | - M Paul Scott
- Corn Insects and Crop Genetics Research Unit, USDA ARS, Ames, IA, 50011, USA
| | - Matthew M S Evans
- Department of Plant Biology, Carnegie Institute for Science, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Search for New Allergens in Lolium perenne Pollen Growing under Different Air Pollution Conditions by Comparative Transcriptome Study. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9111507. [PMID: 33172209 PMCID: PMC7694982 DOI: 10.3390/plants9111507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between air pollution and the allergenic capacity of pollen is widely accepted, with allergenicity being directly related to air pollution. To our knowledge, this is the first study comparing the differential expression of Lolium perenne pollen genes by RNAseq, in two wild populations with different levels of air pollution. The objective is to search for proteins that are expressed differentially in both situations and to establish a relationship with increased allergenic capacity. Two populations of L. perenne (Madrid and Ciudad Real) have been studied in two consecutive years, under the rationale that overexpressed genes in Madrid, with higher levels of NO2 and SO2, could be a cause for their greater allergenic capacity. Heat shock proteins (HSP), glycoside hydrolases, proteins with leucin-rich repeat motifs, and proteins with EF-HAND motifs were consistently overexpressed in Madrid pollen in the two years studied. Interestingly, some genes were overexpressed only in one of the years studied, such as pectinesterases in the first year, and lipid transfer proteins (LTPs) and thaumatin in the second. Despite the fact that the potential of all these proteins in relation to possible allergies has been reported, this is the first time they are cited as possible allergens of L. perenne. The results found can contribute decisively to the knowledge of the allergens of L. perenne and their relationship with atmospheric pollution, and to the development of much more effective vaccines.
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Wang HH, Qiu Y, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Li X, Wang J, Li X, Zhang Y, Yang Y. Close arrangement of CARK3 and PMEIL affects ABA-mediated pollen sterility in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2020; 43:2699-2711. [PMID: 32816352 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) signaling is a vital plant signaling pathway for plant responses to stress conditions. ABA treatment can alter global gene expression patterns and cause significant phenotypic changes. We investigated the responses to ABA treatment during flowering in Arabidopsis thaliana. Dipping the flowers of CARK3 T-DNA mutants in ABA solution, led to less reduction of pollen fertility than in the wild type plants (Col-0). We demonstrated that PMEIL, a gene located downstream of CARK3, directly affects pollen fertility. Due to the close arrangement of CARK3 and PMEIL, CARK3 expression represses transcription of PMEIL in an ABA-dependent manner through transcriptional interference. Our study uncovers a molecular mechanism underlying ABA-mediated pollen sterility and provides an example of how transcriptional interference caused by close arrangement of genes may mediate stress responses during plant reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsi-Hua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaoyi Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jianmei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xufeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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64
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Zhong H, Zhang F, Pan M, Wu X, Zhang W, Han S, Xie H, Zhou X, Wang M, Ai CM, He T. Comparative phenotypic and transcriptomic analysis of Victoria and flame seedless grape cultivars during berry ripening. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2616-2630. [PMID: 33090714 PMCID: PMC7714085 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Grape berry development is a highly coordinated and intricate process. Herein, we analyzed the phenotypic and transcriptomic patterns of Victoria (VT) and Flame Seedless (FS) grape varieties during berry development. Physiological analysis and transcriptomic sequencing were performed at four berry developmental phases. VT berry size was comparatively larger to the FS variety. At maturity, 80 days postanthesis (DPA), the FS soluble solids were 61.8% higher than VT. Further, 4889 and 2802 differentially expressed genes were identified from VT and FS 40 DPA to 80 DPA development stages, respectively. VvSWEET15, VvHXK, and MYB44 genes were up‐regulated during the postanthesis period, while bHLH14, linked to glucose metabolism, was gradually down‐regulated during berry development. These genes may have significant roles in berry development, ripening, and sugar accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Zhong
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China.,Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Fuchun Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Mingqi Pan
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Shouan Han
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Hui Xie
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiaoming Zhou
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Min Wang
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Caikasimu Maikeer Ai
- Institute of Horticulture Crops, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Urumqi, China
| | - Tianming He
- College of Forestry and Horticulture, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, China
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65
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Kim YJ, Jeong HY, Kang SY, Silva J, Kim EJ, Park SK, Jung KH, Lee C. Physiological Importance of Pectin Modifying Genes During Rice Pollen Development. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4840. [PMID: 32650624 PMCID: PMC7402328 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Although cell wall dynamics, particularly modification of homogalacturonan (HGA, a major component of pectin) during pollen tube growth, have been extensively studied in dicot plants, little is known about how modification of the pollen tube cell wall regulates growth in monocot plants. In this study, we assessed the role of HGA modification during elongation of the rice pollen tube by adding a pectin methylesterase (PME) enzyme or a PME-inhibiting catechin extract (Polyphenon 60) to in vitro germination medium. Both treatments led to a severe decrease in the pollen germination rate and elongation. Furthermore, using monoclonal antibodies toward methyl-esterified and de-esterified HGA epitopes, it was found that exogenous treatment of PME and Polyphenon 60 resulted in the disruption of the distribution patterns of low- and high-methylesterified pectins upon pollen germination and during pollen tube elongation. Eleven PMEs and 13 PME inhibitors (PMEIs) were identified by publicly available transcriptome datasets and their specific expression was validated by qRT-PCR. Enzyme activity assays and subcellular localization using a heterologous expression system in tobacco leaves demonstrated that some of the pollen-specific PMEs and PMEIs possessed distinct enzymatic activities and targeted either the cell wall or other compartments. Taken together, our findings are the first line of evidence showing the essentiality of HGA methyl-esterification status during the germination and elongation of pollen tubes in rice, which is primarily governed by the fine-tuning of PME and PMEI activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.S.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Ho Young Jeong
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Seung-Yeon Kang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.S.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Jeniffer Silva
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.S.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Eui-Jung Kim
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.S.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Soon Ki Park
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea;
| | - Ki-Hong Jung
- Graduate School of Biotechnology & Crop Biotech Institute, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea; (Y.-J.K.); (S.-Y.K.); (J.S.); (E.-J.K.)
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Department of Plant & Environmental New Resources, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
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Pazhamala LT, Chaturvedi P, Bajaj P, Srikanth S, Ghatak A, Chitikineni A, Bellaire A, Hingane A, Kumar CVS, Saxena KB, Weckwerth W, Saxena RK, Varshney RK. Multiomics approach unravels fertility transition in a pigeonpea line for a two-line hybrid system. THE PLANT GENOME 2020; 13:e20028. [PMID: 33016616 DOI: 10.1002/tpg2.20028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.] is a pulse crop cultivated in the semi-arid regions of Asia and Africa. It is a rich source of protein and capable of alleviating malnutrition, improving soil health and the livelihoods of small-holder farmers. Hybrid breeding has provided remarkable improvements for pigeonpea productivity, but owing to a tedious and costly seed production system, an alternative two-line hybrid technology is being explored. In this regard, an environment-sensitive male sterile line has been characterized as a thermosensitive male sterile line in pigeonpea precisely responding to day temperature. The male sterile and fertile anthers from five developmental stages were studied by integrating transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics supported by precise phenotyping and scanning electron microscopic study. Spatio-temporal analysis of anther transcriptome and proteome revealed 17 repressed DEGs/DEPs in sterile anthers that play a critical role in normal cell wall morphogenesis and tapetal cell development. The male fertility to sterility transition was mainly due to a perturbation in auxin homeostasis, leading to impaired cell wall modification and sugar transport. Limited nutrient utilization thus leads to microspore starvation in response to moderately elevated day temperature which could be restored with auxin-treatment in the male sterile line. Our findings outline a molecular mechanism that underpins fertility transition responses thereby providing a process-oriented two-line hybrid breeding framework for pigeonpea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lekha T Pazhamala
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Palak Chaturvedi
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Prasad Bajaj
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Sandhya Srikanth
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Arindam Ghatak
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
| | - Annapurna Chitikineni
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Anke Bellaire
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, Vienna, 1030, Austria
| | - Anupama Hingane
- Crop Improvement Theme, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - C V Sameer Kumar
- Crop Improvement Theme, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - K B Saxena
- Crop Improvement Theme, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Wolfram Weckwerth
- Molecular Systems Biology (MOSYS), Department of Functional and Evolutionary Ecology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna, 1090, Austria
- Vienna Metabolomics Center (VIME), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rachit K Saxena
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
| | - Rajeev K Varshney
- Center of Excellence in Genomics & Systems Biology, International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, Hyderabad, 502 324, India
- Institute of Agriculture, University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Effect of Electric Field on Pectinesterase Inactivation During Orange Juice Pasteurization by Ohmic Heating. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-020-02478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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68
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Wen B, Zhang F, Wu X, Li H. Characterization of the Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum) Pectin Methylesterases: Evolution, Activity of Isoforms and Expression During Fruit Ripening. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:238. [PMID: 32194610 PMCID: PMC7063471 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Pectin methylesterase (PME, EC 3.1.1.11) is a hydrolytic enzyme of pectin that plays multiple roles in different plant development processes and responses to biotic stress. To characterize the molecular evolution and functional divergence of the PME gene family, a genome-wide analysis of the PME gene family in the tomato was performed. In total, 57 non-redundant PME genes were identified, and these PME genes were divided into five groups based on their phylogeneny; their classification was supported by similar gene structures and domain distributions. The PME genes were found to be unevenly distributed among 12 chromosomes of the tomato. In addition, 11 segmental duplication and 11 tandem duplication events occurred in these PME genes, implying that both contributed to the expansion of the tomato PME gene family. Non-synonymous/synonymous mutation ratio analysis revealed that positive selection played a key role in the functional divergence of PME genes. Interspecific collinear analysis indicated a large divergence in the PME gene family after the divergence of monocot and dicot plants in ancient times. Gene expression pattern analysis suggested that PMEs plays roles in the different parts of the tomato plant, including the fruit. Three newly identified candidate genes (Solyc03g083360, Solyc07g071600, and Solyc12g098340) may have functions during fruit ripening. Immunoassays suggested that the tomato isoform PE1 and PE2 may change pectin structure at cell junctions, which could be associated with fruit softening. In addition, our analysis indicate that two undescribed PE isoforms might be active in leaves and fruits. This study increases our understanding of the PME gene family in the tomato and may facilitate further functional analyses to elucidate PME function, especially during fruit ripening.
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69
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Green Production and Biotechnological Applications of Cell Wall Lytic Enzymes. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9235012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
: Energy demand is constantly growing, and, nowadays, fossil fuels still play a dominant role in global energy production, despite their negative effects on air pollution and the emission of greenhouse gases, which are the main contributors to global warming. An alternative clean source of energy is represented by the lignocellulose fraction of plant cell walls, the most abundant carbon source on Earth. To obtain biofuels, lignocellulose must be efficiently converted into fermentable sugars. In this regard, the exploitation of cell wall lytic enzymes (CWLEs) produced by lignocellulolytic fungi and bacteria may be considered as an eco-friendly alternative. These organisms evolved to produce a variety of highly specific CWLEs, even if in low amounts. For an industrial use, both the identification of novel CWLEs and the optimization of sustainable CWLE-expressing biofactories are crucial. In this review, we focus on recently reported advances in the heterologous expression of CWLEs from microbial and plant expression systems as well as some of their industrial applications, including the production of biofuels from agricultural feedstock and of value-added compounds from waste materials. Moreover, since heterologous expression of CWLEs may be toxic to plant hosts, genetic strategies aimed in converting such a deleterious effect into a beneficial trait are discussed.
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70
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Kanungo A, Bag BP. Structural insights into the molecular mechanisms of pectinolytic enzymes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42485-019-00027-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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71
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Pectin degrading enzymes and their inhibitors in brined amla (Phyllanthus emblica) and lemon (Citrus limon (L.) fruits during storage. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-019-00271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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72
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Comparative Studies of Combined Influence of Variables on the Esterification Degree of Pectin Extracted by Sulfuric Acid and Citric Acid. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1155/2019/6313241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The influence of extraction variables on degree of esterification (DE) of pectin was studied due to the significant effects of DE on the properties of the pectin-based functional biomaterials. The extracting agents (sulfuric acid and citric acid), pH value of extraction solution, extraction time, and temperature were selected to study the hydrolysis reaction of carboxylic acid ester by response surface methodology (RSM). The hydrolysis reaction occurred more violently in the weak organic acid solution than that in the strong inorganic acid solution. The DE was significantly influenced by pH of extraction solution, extraction time, and temperature through the analysis of variance. In addition, the values of DE reduced with the increasing of extraction temperature, lapse of time, and decreasing of pH value. What is more, the effects of extraction conditions on the yield, monosaccharide composition, content of protein, and ferulic acid were also studied. It is evident that the lower pH value contributed to higher extraction yield. The content of Total CH and GalA of pectin extracted by sulfuric acid were higher than that of pectin extracted by citric acid, and the content of monosaccharide showed an opposite trend.
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73
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Yuan Y, Zhang XY, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Zhou YF, Gao J. A Novel PL9 Pectate Lyase from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1: Cloning, Expression, and Its Application in Pectin Degradation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3060. [PMID: 31234557 PMCID: PMC6627557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Pectate lyases play an important role in pectin degradation, and therefore are highly useful in the food and textile industries. Here, we report on the cloning of an alkaline pectate lyase gene (pppel9a) from Paenibacillus polymyxa KF-1. The full-length gene (1350 bp) encodes for a 449-residue protein that belongs to the polysaccharide lyase family 9 (PL9). Recombinant PpPel9a produced in Escherichia coli was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity in a single step using Ni2+-NTA affinity chromatography. The enzyme activity of PpPel9a (apparent molecular weight of 45.3 kDa) was found to be optimal at pH 10.0 and 40 °C, with substrate preference for homogalacturonan type (HG) pectins vis-à-vis rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) type pectins. Using HG-type pectins as substrate, PpPel9a showed greater activity with de-esterified HGs. In addition, PpPel9a was active against water-soluble pectins isolated from different plants. Using this lyase, we degraded citrus pectin, purified fractions using Diethylaminoethyl (DEAE)-sepharose column chromatography, and characterized the main fraction MCP-0.3. High-performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC) analysis showed that the molecular mass of citrus pectin (~230.2 kDa) was reduced to ~24 kDa upon degradation. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS) and monosaccharide composition analyses demonstrated that PpPel9a worked as an endo-pectate lyase, which acted primarily on the HG domain of citrus pectin. In vitro testing showed that the degradation product MCP-0.3 significantly promotes the growth of Lactobacillus plantarum and L. rhamnosus. In this regard, the enzyme has potential in the preparation of pharmacologically active pectin products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Zhang
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Yan Zhao
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
| | - Han Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Yi-Fa Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
| | - Juan Gao
- School of Life Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China.
- School of Biological Science and Technology, University of Jinan, Jinan 250022, China.
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74
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Testillano PS. Microspore embryogenesis: targeting the determinant factors of stress-induced cell reprogramming for crop improvement. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:2965-2978. [PMID: 30753698 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Under stress, isolated microspores are reprogrammed in vitro towards embryogenesis, producing doubled haploid plants that are useful biotechnological tools in plant breeding as a source of new genetic variability, fixed in homozygous plants in only one generation. Stress-induced cell death and low rates of cell reprogramming are major factors that reduce yield. Knowledge gained in recent years has revealed that initiation and progression of microspore embryogenesis involve a complex network of factors, whose roles are not yet well understood. Here, I review recent findings on the determinant factors underlying stress-induced microspore embryogenesis, focusing on the role of autophagy, cell death, auxin, chromatin modifications, and the cell wall. Autophagy and cell death proteases are crucial players in the response to stress, while cell reprogramming and acquisition of totipotency are regulated by hormonal and epigenetic mechanisms. Auxin biosynthesis, transport, and action are required for microspore embryogenesis. Initial stages involve DNA hypomethylation, H3K9 demethylation, and H3/H4 acetylation. Cell wall remodelling, with pectin de-methylesterification and arabinogalactan protein expression, is necessary for embryo development. Recent reports show that treatments with small modulators of autophagy, proteases, and epigenetic marks reduce cell death and enhance embryogenesis initiation in several crops, opening up new possibilities for improving in vitro embryo production in breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar S Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants group, Biological Research Center, CIB-CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu, Madrid, Spain
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75
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Wang ST, Feng YJ, Lai YJ, Su NW. Complex Tannins Isolated from Jelly Fig Achenes Affect Pectin Gelation through Non-Specific Inhibitory Effect on Pectin Methylesterase. Molecules 2019; 24:E1601. [PMID: 31018540 PMCID: PMC6515263 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24081601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Jelly fig (Ficus awkeotsang Makino) is used to prepare drinks and desserts in Asia, owing to the gelling capability of its pectin via endogenous pectin methylesterase (PE) catalyzation. Meanwhile, substances with PE inhibitory activity (SPEI) in jelly fig achenes (JFA) residue were noticed to be able to impede the gelation. In this study, we characterized and isolated SPEI from JFA by a series of PE inhibition-guided isolations. Crude aqueous extract of JFA residue was mixed with acetone, and 90% acetone-soluble matter was further fractionated by Diaion HP-20 chromatography. The retained fraction with dominant PE inhibitory activity was collected from 100% methanol eluate. Results from high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and hydrolysis-induced chromogenic transition revealed the SPEI as complex tannins. Total tannins content was determined in each isolated fraction, and was closely related to PE inhibitory activity. In addition, SPEI in this study could inhibit activities of digestive enzymes in vitro and may, therefore, be assumed to act as non-specific protein binding agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Ta Wang
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - You-Jiang Feng
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Jang Lai
- Department of Food Science, National Quemoy University, No. 1, University Road, Jinning Township, Kinmen County 892, Taiwan.
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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Montecchiarini ML, Margarit E, Morales L, Rivadeneira MF, Bello F, Gollán A, Vázquez D, Podestá FE, Tripodi KEJ. Proteomic and metabolomic approaches unveil relevant biochemical changes in carbohydrate and cell wall metabolisms of two blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) varieties with different quality attributes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 136:230-244. [PMID: 30708258 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Quality maintenance in rapidly decaying fruit such as blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) is of essential importance to guarantee the economic success of the crop. Fruit quality is a multifaceted subject that encompasses flavor, aroma, visual and physical issues as main factors. In this paper we report an ample characterization of different biochemical and physical aspects in two varieties (O'Neal and Emerald) of blueberries that differ in firmness, aspect, flavor and harvesting times, at two different phenological stages (fruit set vs. ripe), with the intention of unveiling how the metabolic signature of each contributes to their contrasting quality. To this effect a metabolomic, ionomic and proteomic approach was selected. The results presented here show marked differences in several variables at the two stages and between varieties. Emerald is an early variety with a large, good taste and firm fruit, while O'Neal is soft, medium sized and very sweet. Proteomic data comparison between both cultivars showed that, at fruit set, processes related with the response to inorganic compounds and small molecule metabolisms are relevant in both varieties. However, solute accumulation (mainly amino acids and organic acids), enzymes related with C: N balance, water transport and cell wall recycling are enhanced in Emerald. In ripe fruit, Emerald showed an enrichment of proteins associated with TCA, nitrogen, small molecules and cell wall in muro recycling processes, while mannitol and fatty acid metabolism were enhanced in the soft variety. The measured variation in metabolite levels gave strong support to the precedent results. This study suggests that at fruit set, a composite scenario of active metabolic recycling of the cell wall, improved C: N balance and solute accumulation give place to a more efficient carbon and water resource management. During the ripe stage, an increased and efficient in muro and metabolic recycling of the cell wall, added to enhanced inositol and secondary metabolism may be responsible for a best turgor conservation in Emerald. These findings may yield clues for improvements in fertilization practices, as well as to assist the guided development of new varieties based on biochemical quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Montecchiarini
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - E Margarit
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - L Morales
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - M F Rivadeneira
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F Bello
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - A Gollán
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - D Vázquez
- Estación Experimental Concordia, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Estación Yuquerí, 3200, Concordia, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - F E Podestá
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
| | - K E J Tripodi
- Centro de Estudios Fotosintéticos y Bioquímicos (CEFOBI), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000, Rosario, Santa Fe, Argentina.
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77
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Zhang J, Wang Y, Naeem M, Zhu M, Li J, Yu X, Hu Z, Chen G. An AGAMOUS MADS-box protein, SlMBP3, regulates the speed of placenta liquefaction and controls seed formation in tomato. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:909-924. [PMID: 30481310 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ery418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
AGAMOUS (AG) MADS-box transcription factors have been shown to play crucial roles in floral organ and fruit development in angiosperms. Here, we isolated a tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) AG MADS-box gene SlMBP3 and found that it is preferentially expressed in flowers and during early fruit developmental stages in the wild-type (WT), and in the Nr (never ripe) and rin (ripening inhibitor) mutants. Its transcripts are notably accumulated in the pistils; transcripts abundance decrease during seed and placental development, increasing again during flower development. SlMBP3-RNAi tomato plants displayed fleshy placenta without locular gel and extremely malformed seeds with no seed coat, while SlMBP3-overexpressing plants exhibited advanced liquefaction of the placenta and larger seeds. Enzymatic activities related to cell wall modification, and the contents of cell wall components and pigments were dramatically altered in the placentas of SlMBP3-RNAi compared with the WT. Alterations in these physiological features were also observed in the placentas of SlMBP3-overexpressing plants. The lignin content of mature seeds in SlMBP3-RNAi lines was markedly lower than that in the WT. RNA-seq and qRT-PCR analyses revealed that genes involved in seed development and the biosynthesis of enzymes related to cell wall modification, namely gibberellin, indole-3-acetic acid, and abscisic acid were down-regulated in the SlMBP3-RNAi lines. Taking together, our results demonstrate that SlMBP3 is involved in the regulation of placenta and seed development in tomato.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianling Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yicong Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Muhammad Naeem
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingku Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Yu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongli Hu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoping Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Tomato, Bioengineering College, Chongqing University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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78
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Lyu J, Bi J, Liu X, Zhou M, Chen Q. Characterization of water status and water soluble pectin from peaches under the combined drying processing. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:1172-1179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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79
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Pérez-Pérez Y, Carneros E, Berenguer E, Solís MT, Bárány I, Pintos B, Gómez-Garay A, Risueño MC, Testillano PS. Pectin De-methylesterification and AGP Increase Promote Cell Wall Remodeling and Are Required During Somatic Embryogenesis of Quercus suber. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 9:1915. [PMID: 30671070 PMCID: PMC6331538 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Somatic embryogenesis is a reliable system for in vitro plant regeneration, with biotechnological applications in trees, but the regulating mechanisms are largely unknown. Changes in cell wall mechanics controlled by methylesterification of pectins, mediated by pectin methylesterases (PMEs) and pectin methyl esterase inhibitors (PMEIs) underlie many developmental processes. Arabinogalactan proteins (AGPs) are highly glycosylated proteins located at the surface of plasma membranes, in cell walls, and in extracellular secretions, with key roles in a range of different processes. In this study, we have investigated changes in two cell wall components, pectins and AGPs, during somatic embryogenesis in Quercus suber, a forest tree of high economic and ecologic value. At early embryogenesis stages, cells of proembryogenic masses showed high levels of esterified pectins and expression of QsPME and QsPMEI genes encoding a PME and a putative PMEI, respectively. At advanced stages, differentiating cells of heart, torpedo and cotyledonary embryos exhibited walls rich in de-esterified pectins, while QsPME gene expression and PME activity progressively increased. AGPs were detected in cell walls of proembryogenic masses and somatic embryos. QsLys-rich-AGP18, QsLys-rich-AGP17, and QsAGP16L1 gene expression increased with embryogenesis progression, as did the level of total AGPs, detected by dot blot with β-glucosyl Yariv reagent. Immuno dot blot, immunofluorescence assays and confocal analysis using monoclonal antibodies to high- (JIM7, LM20) and low- (JIM5, LM19) methylesterified pectins, and to certain AGP epitopes (LM6, LM2) showed changes in the amount and distribution pattern of esterified/de-esterified pectins and AGP epitopes, that were associated with proliferation and differentiation and correlated with expression of the PME and AGP genes analyzed. Pharmacological treatments with catechin, an inhibitor of PME activity, and Yariv reagent, which blocks AGPs, impaired the progression of embryogenesis, with pectin de-esterification and an increase in AGP levels being necessary for embryo development. Findings indicate a role for pectins and AGPs during somatic embryogenesis of cork oak, promoting the cell wall remodeling during the process. They also provide new insights into the regulating mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis in woody species, for which information is still scarce, opening up new possibilities to improve in vitro embryo production in tree breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Pérez-Pérez
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Carneros
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Berenguer
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Teresa Solís
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ivett Bárány
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pintos
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Gómez-Garay
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Physiology, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - María C. Risueño
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pilar S. Testillano
- Pollen Biotechnology of Crop Plants Group, Biological Research Center – Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
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80
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Pectin Demethylesterification Generates Platforms that Anchor Peroxidases to Remodel Plant Cell Wall Domains. Dev Cell 2019; 48:261-276.e8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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81
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Emulsion stabilizing properties of citrus pectin and its interactions with conventional emulsifiers in oil-in-water emulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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82
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Holubová K, Hensel G, Vojta P, Tarkowski P, Bergougnoux V, Galuszka P. Modification of Barley Plant Productivity Through Regulation of Cytokinin Content by Reverse-Genetics Approaches. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1676. [PMID: 30542354 PMCID: PMC6277847 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Barley is one of the most important cereals, which is used for breweries, animal and human feeds. Genetic manipulation of plant hormone cytokinins may influence several physiological processes, besides others stress tolerance, root formation and crop yield. In planta, endogenous cytokinin status is finely regulated by the enzyme cytokinin dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.12; CKX), that irreversible degrades the side chain of adenine-derived isoprenoid cytokinins. Increasing grain yield by mean of manipulation of endogenous cytokinin content was assayed by the silencing of the HvCKX1 gene. Moreover, to elucidate the putative role of HvCKX1 gene on grain production, knocked-out Hvckx1 mutant plants were generated using the RNA-guided Cas9 system. Homozygote transgenic plants with silenced HvCKX1 gene and azygous knock-out Hvckx1 mutants have been selected and analyzed. Both reduced expression of HvCKX1 gene and CKX activity were measured in different stages of barley grain development. Phenotyping of the transgenic lines revealed reduced root growth, however, plants produced more tillers and grains than azygous wild-type controls and the total yield was increased up to 15 per cent. Although plant productivity was increased, total grain biomass was decreased to 80% of WT grains. RNA-seq analysis of knock-down transgenic lines revealed that several important macronutrient transporters were downregulated in the stage of massive starch accumulation. It suggests that local accumulation of cytokinins negatively affected nutrients flow resulting in reduced grain biomass. Obtained results confirmed the key role of HvCKX1 for regulation of cytokinin content in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarína Holubová
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Goetz Hensel
- Plant Reproductive Biology, Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research (IPK) Gatersleben, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - Petr Vojta
- Institute of Molecular and Translation Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Tarkowski
- Central Laboratories and Research Support, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
- Department of Genetic Resources for Vegetables, Medicinal and Special Plants, Crop Research Institute, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
| | - Petr Galuszka
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czechia
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83
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Brugos AF, Gut JA, Tadini CC. Inactivation kinetics of pectin methyl esterase in the microwave-assisted pasteurization of orange juice. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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84
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Jeong HY, Nguyen HP, Eom SH, Lee C. Integrative analysis of pectin methylesterase (PME) and PME inhibitors in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum): Identification, tissue-specific expression, and biochemical characterization. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 132:557-565. [PMID: 30326434 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although previous studies have demonstrated that the degree of demethylesterification of pectin polysaccharides is modulated during tomato fruit ripening, its involvement in vegetative organ development has been seldom investigated. As a first step in understanding the importance of pectin modification during vegetative stages, we used chemical, biochemical, and molecular approaches to analyze PMEs and PMEIs in tomato plants. We found that tomato cell walls isolated from vegetative tissues as well as the fruit contain substantial quantities of pectin, and different degrees of methylesterification were evident in different tissues. Our chemical study was further substantiated by immunolocalization analysis, which showed that selective removal of pectin-bound methyl groups is required for proper organ development and growth. In the tomato genome, there exists 79 PMEs and 48 PMEIs with temporally and spatially regulated expression. As a case study, we showed that two tomato PMEIs (SolycPMEI13 and SolycPMEI14) exhibited PMEI activities. This is the first report regarding the genome-wide identification and expression profiling of PME/PMEIs in tomato and the first chemical evidence of the differential degrees of pectin methylesterification in vegetative and reproductive tissues. Taken together, our findings provide an important tool to unravel the molecular and physiological functions of tomato PME and PMEI in further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Hong Phuong Nguyen
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea
| | - Seok Hyun Eom
- Department of Horticultural Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
| | - Chanhui Lee
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea; Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, 446-701, South Korea.
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85
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Liu T, Yu H, Xiong X, Yu Y, Yue X, Liu J, Cao J. Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitor Genes in Brassica oleracea. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113338. [PMID: 30373125 PMCID: PMC6274938 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The activities of pectin methylesterases (PMEs) are regulated by pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs), which consequently control the pectin methylesterification status. However, the role of PMEI genes in Brassica oleracea, an economically important vegetable crop, is poorly understood. In this study, 95 B. oleracea PMEI (BoPMEI) genes were identified. A total of 77 syntenic ortholog pairs and 10 tandemly duplicated clusters were detected, suggesting that the expansion of BoPMEI genes was mainly attributed to whole-genome triplication (WGT) and tandem duplication (TD). During diploidization after WGT, BoPMEI genes were preferentially retained in accordance with the gene balance hypothesis. Most homologous gene pairs experienced purifying selection with ω (Ka/Ks) ratios lower than 1 in evolution. Five stamen-specific BoPMEI genes were identified by expression pattern analysis. By combining the analyses of expression and evolution, we speculated that nonfunctionalization, subfunctionalization, neofunctionalization, and functional conservation can occur in the long evolutionary process. This work provides insights into the characterization of PMEI genes in B. oleracea and contributes to the further functional studies of BoPMEI genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Hui Yu
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xingpeng Xiong
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Youjian Yu
- Department of Horticulture, College of Agriculture and Food Science, Zhejiang A & F University, Lin'an 311300, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Yue
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Gene Engineering, School of Life Sciences, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China.
| | - Jiashu Cao
- Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Vegetable Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China.
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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86
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Celus M, Kyomugasho C, Van Loey AM, Grauwet T, Hendrickx ME. Influence of Pectin Structural Properties on Interactions with Divalent Cations and Its Associated Functionalities. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2018; 17:1576-1594. [PMID: 33350138 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pectin is an anionic cell wall polysaccharide which is known to interact with divalent cations via its nonmethylesterified galacturonic acid units. Due to its cation-binding capacity, extracted pectin is frequently used for several purposes, such as a gelling agent in food products or as a biosorbent to remove toxic metals from waste water. Pectin can, however, possess a large variability in molecular structure, which influences its cation-binding capacity. Besides the pectin structure, several extrinsic factors, such as cation type or pH, have been shown to define the cation binding of pectin. This review paper focuses on the research progress in the field of pectin-divalent cation interactions and associated functional properties. In addition, it addresses the main research gaps and challenges in order to clearly understand the influence of pectin structural properties on its divalent cation-binding capacity and associated functionalities. This review reveals that many factors, including pectin molecular structure and extrinsic factors, influence pectin-cation interactions and its associated functionalities, which makes it difficult to predict the pectin-cation-binding capacity. Despite the limited information available, determination of the cation-binding capacity of pectins with distinct structural properties using equilibrium adsorption experiments or isothermal titration calorimetry is a promising tool to gain fundamental insights into pectin-cation interactions. These insights can then be used in targeted pectin structural modification, in order to optimize the cation-binding capacity and to promote pectin-cation interactions, for instance for a structure build-up in food products without compromising the mineral nutrition value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miete Celus
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Clare Kyomugasho
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann M Van Loey
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tara Grauwet
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marc E Hendrickx
- KU Leuven Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems (M2S), Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe), Kasteelpark Arenberg 22, Box 2457, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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87
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The Multifaceted Role of Pectin Methylesterase Inhibitors (PMEIs). Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102878. [PMID: 30248977 PMCID: PMC6213510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls are complex and dynamic structures that play important roles in growth and development, as well as in response to stresses. Pectin is a major polysaccharide of cell walls rich in galacturonic acid (GalA). Homogalacturonan (HG) is considered the most abundant pectic polymer in plant cell walls and is partially methylesterified at the C6 atom of galacturonic acid. Its degree (and pattern) of methylation (DM) has been shown to affect biomechanical properties of the cell wall by making pectin susceptible for enzymatic de-polymerization and enabling gel formation. Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyze the removal of methyl-groups from the HG backbone and their activity is modulated by a family of proteinaceous inhibitors known as pectin methylesterase inhibitors (PMEIs). As such, the interplay between PME and PMEI can be considered as a determinant of cell adhesion, cell wall porosity and elasticity, as well as a source of signaling molecules released upon cell wall stress. This review aims to highlight recent updates in our understanding of the PMEI gene family, their regulation and structure, interaction with PMEs, as well as their function in response to stress and during development.
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88
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Bou Daher F, Chen Y, Bozorg B, Clough J, Jönsson H, Braybrook SA. Anisotropic growth is achieved through the additive mechanical effect of material anisotropy and elastic asymmetry. eLife 2018; 7:e38161. [PMID: 30226465 PMCID: PMC6143341 DOI: 10.7554/elife.38161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast directional growth is a necessity for the young seedling; after germination, it needs to quickly penetrate the soil to begin its autotrophic life. In most dicot plants, this rapid escape is due to the anisotropic elongation of the hypocotyl, the columnar organ between the root and the shoot meristems. Anisotropic growth is common in plant organs and is canonically attributed to cell wall anisotropy produced by oriented cellulose fibers. Recently, a mechanism based on asymmetric pectin-based cell wall elasticity has been proposed. Here we present a harmonizing model for anisotropic growth control in the dark-grown Arabidopsis thaliana hypocotyl: basic anisotropic information is provided by cellulose orientation) and additive anisotropic information is provided by pectin-based elastic asymmetry in the epidermis. We quantitatively show that hypocotyl elongation is anisotropic starting at germination. We present experimental evidence for pectin biochemical differences and wall mechanics providing important growth regulation in the hypocotyl. Lastly, our in silico modelling experiments indicate an additive collaboration between pectin biochemistry and cellulose orientation in promoting anisotropic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firas Bou Daher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Yuanjie Chen
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Behruz Bozorg
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
| | - Jack Clough
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Henrik Jönsson
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Computational Biology and Biological Physics GroupLund UniversityLundSweden
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical PhysicsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Siobhan A Braybrook
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
- The Sainsbury LaboratoryUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of California, Los AngelesLos AngelesUnited States
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89
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Ultrasound-vacuum infusion effect on jalapeño pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) blanching and thermal behavior of its pectin methylesterase. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.04.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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90
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Rui Y, Chen Y, Kandemir B, Yi H, Wang JZ, Puri VM, Anderson CT. Balancing Strength and Flexibility: How the Synthesis, Organization, and Modification of Guard Cell Walls Govern Stomatal Development and Dynamics. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1202. [PMID: 30177940 PMCID: PMC6110162 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Guard cells are pairs of epidermal cells that control gas diffusion by regulating the opening and closure of stomatal pores. Guard cells, like other types of plant cells, are surrounded by a three-dimensional, extracellular network of polysaccharide-based wall polymers. In contrast to the walls of diffusely growing cells, guard cell walls have been hypothesized to be uniquely strong and elastic to meet the functional requirements of withstanding high turgor and allowing for reversible stomatal movements. Although the walls of guard cells were long underexplored as compared to extensive studies of stomatal development and guard cell signaling, recent research has provided new genetic, cytological, and physiological data demonstrating that guard cell walls function centrally in stomatal development and dynamics. In this review, we highlight and discuss the latest evidence for how wall polysaccharides are synthesized, deposited, reorganized, modified, and degraded in guard cells, and how these processes influence stomatal form and function. We also raise open questions and provide a perspective on experimental approaches that could be used in the future to shed light on the composition and architecture of guard cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Rui
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Yintong Chen
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Baris Kandemir
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Hojae Yi
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Z. Wang
- College of Information Sciences and Technology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Virendra M. Puri
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Charles T. Anderson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Plant Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Molecular Cellular and Integrative Biosciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
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91
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Ke M, Gao Z, Chen J, Qiu Y, Zhang L, Chen X. Auxin controls circadian flower opening and closure in the waterlily. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 18:143. [PMID: 29996787 PMCID: PMC6042438 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-018-1357-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flowers open at sunrise and close at sunset, establishing a circadian floral movement rhythm to facilitate pollination as part of reproduction. By the coordination of endogenous factors and environmental stimuli, such as circadian clock, photoperiod, light and temperature, an appropriate floral movement rhythm has been established; however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. RESULTS In our study, we use waterlily as a model which represents an early-diverging grade of flowering plants, and we aim to reveal the general mechanism of flower actions. We found that the intermediate segment of petal cells of waterlily are highly flexible, followed by a circadian cell expansion upon photoperiod stimuli. Auxin causes constitutively flower opening while auxin inhibitor suppresses opening event. Subsequent transcriptome profiles generated from waterlily's intermediate segment of petals at different day-time points showed that auxin is a crucial phytohormone required for floral movement rhythm via the coordination of YUCCA-controlled auxin synthesis, GH3-mediated auxin homeostasis, PIN and ABCB-dependent auxin efflux as well as TIR/AFB-AUX/IAA- and SAUR-triggered auxin signaling. Genes involved in cell wall organization were downstream of auxin events, resulting in the output phenotypes of rapid cell expansion during flower opening and cell shrinkage at flower closure stage. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data demonstrate a central regulatory role of auxin in floral movement rhythm and provide a global understanding of flower action in waterlily, which could be a conserved feature of angiosperms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiyu Ke
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Zhen Gao
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Jianqing Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Yuting Qiu
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
| | - Liangsheng Zhang
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
| | - Xu Chen
- College of Horticulture and Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Haixia Applied Plant Systems Biology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian China
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002 China
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92
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Transcriptome Analysis Provides Insight into the Molecular Mechanisms Underlying gametophyte factor 2-Mediated Cross-Incompatibility in Maize. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061757. [PMID: 29899298 PMCID: PMC6032218 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In maize (Zea mays L.), unilateral cross-incompatibility (UCI) is controlled by Gametophyte factors (Ga), including Ga1, Ga2, and Tcb1; however, the molecular mechanisms underpinning this process remain unexplored. Here, we report the pollination phenotype of an inbred line, 511L, which carries a near-dominant Ga2-S allele. We performed a high-throughput RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) analysis of the compatible and incompatible crosses between 511L and B73, to identify the transcriptomic differences associated with Ga2-mediated UCI. An in vivo kinetics analysis revealed that the growth of non-self pollen tubes was blocked at the early stages after pollination in 511L, maintaining the UCI barrier in Ga2. In total, 25,759 genes were expressed, of which, 2063 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were induced by pollination (G_GG, G_GB, B_BB, B_BG). A gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis revealed that these genes were specifically enriched in functions involved in cell wall strength and pectic product modification. Moreover, 1839, 4382, and 5041 genes were detected to differentially express under same pollination treatments, including B_G, BG_GG, and BB_GB, respectively. A total of 1467 DEGs were constitutively expressed between the two inbred lines following pollination treatments, which were enriched in metabolic processes, flavonoid biosynthesis, cysteine biosynthesis, and vacuole functions. Furthermore, we confirmed 14 DEGs related to cell wall modification and stress by qRT-PCR, which might be involved in Ga2-S-mediated UCI. Our results provide a comprehensive foundation for the molecular mechanisms involved in silks of UCI mediated by Ga2-S.
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93
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Hua X, Yang H, Din P, Chi K, Yang R. Rheological properties of deesterified pectin with different methoxylation degree. FOOD BIOSCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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94
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The pectinases from Sphenophorus levis: Potential for biotechnological applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 112:499-508. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.01.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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95
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96
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Benedetti M, Verrascina I, Pontiggia D, Locci F, Mattei B, De Lorenzo G, Cervone F. Four Arabidopsis berberine bridge enzyme-like proteins are specific oxidases that inactivate the elicitor-active oligogalacturonides. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 94:260-273. [PMID: 29396998 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Recognition of endogenous molecules acting as 'damage-associated molecular patterns' (DAMPs) is a key feature of immunity in both animals and plants. Oligogalacturonides (OGs), i.e. fragments derived from the hydrolysis of homogalacturonan, a major component of pectin are a well known class of DAMPs that activate immunity and protect plants against several microbes. However, hyper-accumulation of OGs severely affects growth, eventually leading to cell death and clearly pointing to OGs as players in the growth-defence trade-off. Here we report a mechanism that may control the homeostasis of OGs avoiding their deleterious hyper-accumulation. By combining affinity chromatography on acrylamide-trapped OGs and other procedures, an Arabidopsis thaliana enzyme that specifically oxidizes OGs was purified and identified. The enzyme was named OG OXIDASE 1 (OGOX1) and shown to be encoded by the gene At4g20830. As a typical flavo-protein, OGOX1 is a sulphite-sensitive H2 O2 -producing enzyme that displays maximal activity on OGs with a degree of polymerization >4. OGOX1 belongs to a large gene family of mainly apoplastic putative FAD-binding proteins [Berberine Bridge Enzyme-like (BBE-like); 27 members], whose biochemical and biological function is largely unexplored. We have found that at least four BBE-like enzymes in Arabidopsis are OG oxidases (OGOX1-4). Oxidized OGs display a reduced capability of activating the immune responses and are less hydrolysable by fungal polygalacturonases. Plants overexpressing OGOX1 are more resistant to Botrytis cinerea, pointing to a crucial role of OGOX enzymes in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Benedetti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Verrascina
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Pontiggia
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Locci
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giulia De Lorenzo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Felice Cervone
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
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97
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Patidar MK, Nighojkar S, Kumar A, Nighojkar A. Pectinolytic enzymes-solid state fermentation, assay methods and applications in fruit juice industries: a review. 3 Biotech 2018; 8:199. [PMID: 29581931 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-018-1220-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A plethora of solid substrates, cultivation conditions and enzyme assay methods have been used for efficient production and estimation of polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase enzymes. Recent developments in industrial biotechnology offer several opportunities for the utilization of low cost agro-industrial waste in Solid State Fermentation (SSF) for the pectinolytic enzyme production using fungi. Fruit waste mainly citrus fruit waste alone and along with other agro-industrial waste has been explored in SSF for enzyme production. Agro-industrial waste, due to the economic advantage of low procuring cost has been employed in SSF bioreactors for pectinolytic enzyme production. Acidic pectinases produced by fungi are utilized especially in food industries for clarification of fruit juices. This review focuses on the recent developments in SSF processes utilizing agro-industrial residues for polygalacturonase and pectin methylesterase production, their various assay methods and applications in fruit juice industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukesh Kumar Patidar
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Hemkunt Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Sadhana Nighojkar
- Mata Gujri College of Professional Studies, A.B. Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Anil Kumar
- 3School of Biotechnology, Devi Ahilya University, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
| | - Anand Nighojkar
- Maharaja Ranjit Singh College of Professional Sciences, Hemkunt Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore, 452001 India
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98
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Majda M, Robert S. The Role of Auxin in Cell Wall Expansion. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19040951. [PMID: 29565829 PMCID: PMC5979272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19040951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant cells are surrounded by cell walls, which are dynamic structures displaying a strictly regulated balance between rigidity and flexibility. Walls are fairly rigid to provide support and protection, but also extensible, to allow cell growth, which is triggered by a high intracellular turgor pressure. Wall properties regulate the differential growth of the cell, resulting in a diversity of cell sizes and shapes. The plant hormone auxin is well known to stimulate cell elongation via increasing wall extensibility. Auxin participates in the regulation of cell wall properties by inducing wall loosening. Here, we review what is known on cell wall property regulation by auxin. We focus particularly on the auxin role during cell expansion linked directly to cell wall modifications. We also analyze downstream targets of transcriptional auxin signaling, which are related to the cell wall and could be linked to acid growth and the action of wall-loosening proteins. All together, this update elucidates the connection between hormonal signaling and cell wall synthesis and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Majda
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre (UPSC), Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden.
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99
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Aghajanzadeh S, Ziaiifar AM. A review of pectin methylesterase inactivation in citrus juice during pasteurization. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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100
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Dorokhov YL, Sheshukova EV, Komarova TV. Methanol in Plant Life. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1623. [PMID: 30473703 PMCID: PMC6237831 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Until recently, plant-emitted methanol was considered a biochemical by-product, but studies in the last decade have revealed its role as a signal molecule in plant-plant and plant-animal communication. Moreover, methanol participates in metabolic biochemical processes during growth and development. The purpose of this review is to determine the impact of methanol on the growth and immunity of plants. Plants generate methanol in the reaction of the demethylation of macromolecules including DNA and proteins, but the main source of plant-derived methanol is cell wall pectins, which are demethylesterified by pectin methylesterases (PMEs). Methanol emissions increase in response to mechanical wounding or other stresses due to damage of the cell wall, which is the main source of methanol production. Gaseous methanol from the wounded plant induces defense reactions in intact leaves of the same and neighboring plants, activating so-called methanol-inducible genes (MIGs) that regulate plant resistance to biotic and abiotic factors. Since PMEs are the key enzymes in methanol production, their expression increases in response to wounding, but after elimination of the stress factor effects, the plant cell should return to the original state. The amount of functional PMEs in the cell is strictly regulated at both the gene and protein levels. There is negative feedback between one of the MIGs, aldose epimerase-like protein, and PME gene transcription; moreover, the enzymatic activity of PMEs is modulated and controlled by PME inhibitors (PMEIs), which are also induced in response to pathogenic attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri L. Dorokhov
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
- *Correspondence: Yuri L. Dorokhov,
| | | | - Tatiana V. Komarova
- N.I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
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