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C3G Regulates STAT3, ERK, Adhesion Signaling, and Is Essential for Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1465-1477. [PMID: 33624208 PMCID: PMC8372029 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10136-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
C3G (RAPGEF1), engaged in multiple signaling pathways, is essential for the early development of the mouse. In this study, we have examined its role in mouse embryonic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. C3G null cells generated by CRISPR mediated knock-in of a targeting vector exhibited enhanced clonogenicity and long-term self-renewal. They did not differentiate in response to LIF withdrawal when compared to the wild type ES cells and were defective for lineage commitment upon teratoma formation in vivo. Gene expression analysis of C3G KO cells showed misregulated expression of a large number of genes compared with WT cells. They express higher levels of self-renewal factors like KLF4 and ESRRB and show high STAT3 activity, and very low ERK activity compared to WT cells. Reintroduction of C3G expression in a KO line partially reverted expression of ESRRB, and KLF4, and ERK activity similar to that seen in WT cells. The expression of self-renewal factors was persistent for a longer time, and induction of lineage-specific markers was not seen when C3G KO cells were induced to form embryoid bodies. C3G KO cells showed poor adhesion and significantly reduced levels of pFAK, pPaxillin, and Integrin-β1, in addition to downregulation of the cluster of genes involved in cell adhesion, compared to WT cells. Our results show that C3G is essential for the regulation of STAT3, ERK, and adhesion signaling, to maintain pluripotency of mouse embryonic stem cells and enable their lineage commitment for differentiation. ![]()
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52
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Singh B, Kosuru R, Lakshmikanthan S, Sorci-Thomas M, Zhang D, Sparapani R, Vasquez-Vivar J, Chrzanowska M. Endothelial Rap1 (Ras-Association Proximate 1) Restricts Inflammatory Signaling to Protect From the Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2021; 41:638-650. [PMID: 33267664 PMCID: PMC8105264 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.315401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Small GTPase Rap1 (Ras-association proximate 1) is a novel, positive regulator of NO release and endothelial function with a potentially key role in mechanosensing of atheroprotective, laminar flow. Our objective was to delineate the role of Rap1 in the progression of atherosclerosis and its specific functions in the presence and absence of laminar flow, to better define its role in endothelial mechanisms contributing to plaque formation and atherogenesis. Approach and Results: In a mouse atherosclerosis model, endothelial Rap1B deletion exacerbates atherosclerotic plaque formation. In the thoracic aorta, where laminar shear stress-induced NO is otherwise atheroprotective, plaque area is increased in Athero-Rap1BiΔEC (atherogenic endothelial cell-specific, tamoxifen-inducible Rap1A+Rap1B knockout) mice. Endothelial Rap1 deficiency also leads to increased plaque size, leukocyte accumulation, and increased CAM (cell adhesion molecule) expression in atheroprone areas, whereas vascular permeability is unchanged. In endothelial cells, in the absence of protective laminar flow, Rap1 deficiency leads to an increased proinflammatory TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor alpha) signaling and increased NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) activation and elevated inflammatory receptor expression. Interestingly, this increased signaling to NF-κB activation is corrected by AKTVIII-an inhibitor of Akt (protein kinase B) translocation to the membrane. Together, these data implicate Rap1 in restricting Akt-dependent signaling, preventing excessive cytokine receptor signaling and proinflammatory NF-κB activation. CONCLUSIONS Via 2 distinct mechanisms, endothelial Rap1 protects from the atherosclerosis progression in the presence and absence of laminar flow; Rap1-stimulated NO release predominates in laminar flow, and restriction of proinflammatory signaling predominates in the absence of laminar flow. Our studies provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying endothelial homeostasis and reveal the importance of Rap1 signaling in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bandana Singh
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Ramoji Kosuru
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | | | - Mary Sorci-Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Division of Endocrinology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Rodney Sparapani
- Division of Biostatistics, Institute for Health and Equity, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jeannette Vasquez-Vivar
- Department of Biophysics and Redox Biology Program, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Magdalena Chrzanowska
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Abstract
Cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) are neurovascular abnormalities characterized by thin, leaky blood vessels resulting in lesions that predispose to haemorrhages, stroke, epilepsy and focal neurological deficits. CCMs arise due to loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding one of three CCM complex proteins, KRIT1, CCM2 or CCM3. These widely expressed, multi-functional adaptor proteins can assemble into a CCM protein complex and (either alone or in complex) modulate signalling pathways that influence cell adhesion, cell contractility, cytoskeletal reorganization and gene expression. Recent advances, including analysis of the structures and interactions of CCM proteins, have allowed substantial progress towards understanding the molecular bases for CCM protein function and how their disruption leads to disease. Here, we review current knowledge of CCM protein signalling with a focus on three pathways which have generated the most interest—the RhoA–ROCK, MEKK3–MEK5–ERK5–KLF2/4 and cell junctional signalling pathways—but also consider ICAP1-β1 integrin and cdc42 signalling. We discuss emerging links between these pathways and the processes that drive disease pathology and highlight important open questions—key among them is the role of subcellular localization in the control of CCM protein activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - David A Calderwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, PO Box 208066, 333 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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54
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Chinigò G, Fiorio Pla A, Gkika D. TRP Channels and Small GTPases Interplay in the Main Hallmarks of Metastatic Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:581455. [PMID: 33132914 PMCID: PMC7550629 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.581455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) cations channels, as key regulators of intracellular calcium homeostasis, play a central role in the essential hallmarks of cancer. Among the multiple pathways in which TRPs may be involved, here we focus our attention on the ones involving small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases), summarizing the main processes associated with the metastatic cascade, such as migration, invasion and tumor vascularization. In the last decade, several studies have highlighted a bidirectional interplay between TRPs and small GTPases in cancer progression: TRP channels may affect small GTPases activity via both Ca2+-dependent or Ca2+-independent pathways, and, conversely, some small GTPases may affect TRP channels activity through the regulation of their intracellular trafficking to the plasma membrane or acting directly on channel gating. In particular, we will describe the interplay between TRPC1, TRPC5, TRPC6, TRPM4, TRPM7 or TRPV4, and Rho-like GTPases in regulating cell migration, the cooperation of TRPM2 and TRPV2 with Rho GTPases in increasing cell invasiveness and finally, the crosstalk between TRPC1, TRPC6, TRPM8, TRPV4 and both Rho- and Ras-like GTPases in inducing aberrant tumor vascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Chinigò
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Angiogenesis, Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- Laboratoire de Cell Physiology, Université de Lille, Department of Life Sciences, Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1003-PHYCEL, Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Centre Oscar Lambret, UMR 9020-UMR 1277-Canther-Cancer Heterogeneity, Plasticity and Resistance to Therapies, Lille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), Paris, France
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55
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Lagarrigue F, Paul DS, Gingras AR, Valadez AJ, Sun H, Lin J, Cuevas MN, Ablack JN, Lopez-Ramirez MA, Bergmeier W, Ginsberg MH. Talin-1 is the principal platelet Rap1 effector of integrin activation. Blood 2020; 136:1180-1190. [PMID: 32518959 PMCID: PMC7472713 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020005348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ras-related protein 1 (Rap1) is a major convergence point of the platelet-signaling pathways that result in talin-1 binding to the integrin β cytoplasmic domain and consequent integrin activation, platelet aggregation, and effective hemostasis. The nature of the connection between Rap1 and talin-1 in integrin activation is an important remaining gap in our understanding of this process. Previous work identified a low-affinity Rap1-binding site in the talin-1 F0 domain that makes a small contribution to integrin activation in platelets. We recently identified an additional Rap1-binding site in the talin-1 F1 domain that makes a greater contribution than F0 in model systems. Here we generated mice bearing point mutations, which block Rap1 binding without affecting talin-1 expression, in either the talin-1 F1 domain (R118E) alone, which were viable, or in both the F0 and F1 domains (R35E,R118E), which were embryonic lethal. Loss of the Rap1-talin-1 F1 interaction in platelets markedly decreases talin-1-mediated activation of platelet β1- and β3-integrins. Integrin activation and platelet aggregation in mice whose platelets express only talin-1(R35E, R118E) are even more impaired, resembling the defect seen in platelets lacking both Rap1a and Rap1b. Although Rap1 is important in thrombopoiesis, platelet secretion, and surface exposure of phosphatidylserine, loss of the Rap1-talin-1 interaction in talin-1(R35E, R118E) platelets had little effect on these processes. These findings show that talin-1 is the principal direct effector of Rap1 GTPases that regulates platelet integrin activation in hemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Lagarrigue
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - David S Paul
- UNC Blood Research Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | | | - Andrew J Valadez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jenny Lin
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Monica N Cuevas
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Jailal N Ablack
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Miguel Alejandro Lopez-Ramirez
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Wolfgang Bergmeier
- UNC Blood Research Center and
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC; and
| | - Mark H Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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56
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Alharby E, Bakhsh MA, Albalawi AM, Almutairi SO, Hashmi JA, Basit S. A novel missense variant in the RASGRP2 gene in patients with moderate to severe bleeding disorder. Platelets 2020; 31:646-651. [PMID: 32609603 DOI: 10.1080/09537104.2019.1663803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Inherited platelet function disorder-18 (IPD-18) is a relatively new non-syndromic autosomal recessive bleeding disorder. It is characterized by deficient or dysfunctional CalDAG-GEFI protein. The distinctive feature of the disease is impaired platelet aggregation in response to multiple physiologic agonists. We here report a family with a platelet-type bleeding disorder and a novel mutation in the RASGRP2 gene. The overall bleeding score for the affected individuals was 15 and 12. Based on the initial diagnosis of Glanzmann thrombasthenia, targeted sequencing of integrin subunit alpha 2b and integrin subunit beta 3 encoding genes ITGA2B and ITGB3 were carried out in both affected members of a family. Sequence alignment failed to identify the disease-causing variant(s) in both genes. Therefore, whole exome sequencing in one affected individual was performed. Data analysis detected a novel homozygous missense variant (c.956C>T; p.Pro319Leu) in the exon 9 of the RASGRP2 gene. Five additional individuals of a family including both parents, an affected individual and two asymptomatic individuals were Sanger sequenced for the variant (c.956C>T). The variant segregates in the family in an autosomal recessive manner. Several in silico tools predicted the variant as pathogenic. Protein modeling studies suggest that the mutation (p.Pro319Leu) cause a conformational change in the loop structure of the RasGEF domain of the CalDAG-GEFI protein. Reported variants in the RasGEF domain impair expression and/or nucleotide exchange activity of CalDAG-GEFI protein and thus inhibit the activation of Rap1 protein required for platelet adhesion and hemostatic plug formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essa Alharby
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad A Bakhsh
- College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Alia M Albalawi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan O Almutairi
- College of Applied Medical Science, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jamil A Hashmi
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulman Basit
- Center for Genetics and Inherited Diseases, Taibah University Medina, Almadinah Almunawwarah , Saudi Arabia
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57
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Integration of Rap1 and Calcium Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051616. [PMID: 32120817 PMCID: PMC7084553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ is a universal intracellular signal. The modulation of cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration regulates a plethora of cellular processes, such as: synaptic plasticity, neuronal survival, chemotaxis of immune cells, platelet aggregation, vasodilation, and cardiac excitation–contraction coupling. Rap1 GTPases are ubiquitously expressed binary switches that alternate between active and inactive states and are regulated by diverse families of guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Active Rap1 couples extracellular stimulation with intracellular signaling through secondary messengers—cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), Ca2+, and diacylglycerol (DAG). Much evidence indicates that Rap1 signaling intersects with Ca2+ signaling pathways to control the important cellular functions of platelet activation or neuronal plasticity. Rap1 acts as an effector of Ca2+ signaling when activated by mechanisms involving Ca2+ and DAG-activated (CalDAG-) GEFs. Conversely, activated by other GEFs, such as cAMP-dependent GEF Epac, Rap1 controls cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels. It does so by regulating the activity of Ca2+ signaling proteins such as sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA). In this review, we focus on the physiological significance of the links between Rap1 and Ca2+ signaling and emphasize the molecular interactions that may offer new targets for the therapy of Alzheimer’s disease, hypertension, and atherosclerosis, among other diseases.
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58
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Rap1 is Involved in Angiopoietin-1-Induced Cell-Cell Junction Stabilization and Endothelial Cell Sprouting. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010155. [PMID: 31936361 PMCID: PMC7016689 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) is an important proangiogenic factor also involved in the maintenance of endothelial-barrier integrity. The small GTPase Rap1 is involved in the regulation of adherens junctions through VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion, and in endothelial permeability. While many studies established that Rap1 activation is critical for endothelial cell–cell adhesions, its roles in the antipermeability effects of Ang-1 are ill-defined. Thus, we determined the contribution of Rap1 to Ang-1-stimulated angiogenic effects on endothelial cells (ECs). We found that Rap1 is activated following Ang-1 stimulation and is required for the antipermeability effects of Ang-1 on EC monolayers. Our results also revealed that Rap1 is necessary for EC sprouting stimulated by Ang-1 but had no significant effect on Ang-1-induced EC migration and adhesion. In contrast, downregulation of VE-cadherin markedly increased the adhesiveness of ECs to the substratum, which resulted in inhibition of Ang-1-stimulated migration. These results revealed that Rap1 is central to the effects of Ang-1 at intercellular junctions of ECs, whereas VE-cadherin is also involved in the adhesion of ECs to the extracellular matrix.
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59
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Jayadev R, Chi Q, Keeley DP, Hastie EL, Kelley LC, Sherwood DR. α-Integrins dictate distinct modes of type IV collagen recruitment to basement membranes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3098-3116. [PMID: 31387941 PMCID: PMC6719451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are cell-associated extracellular matrices that support tissue integrity, signaling, and barrier properties. Type IV collagen is critical for BM function, yet how it is directed into BMs in vivo is unclear. Through live-cell imaging of endogenous localization, conditional knockdown, and misexpression experiments, we uncovered distinct mechanisms of integrin-mediated collagen recruitment to Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic gonadal and pharyngeal BMs. The putative laminin-binding αINA-1/βPAT-3 integrin was selectively activated in the gonad and recruited laminin, which directed moderate collagen incorporation. In contrast, the putative Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding αPAT-2/βPAT-3 integrin was activated in the pharynx and recruited high levels of collagen in an apparently laminin-independent manner. Through an RNAi screen, we further identified the small GTPase RAP-3 (Rap1) as a pharyngeal-specific PAT-2/PAT-3 activator that modulates collagen levels. Together, these studies demonstrate that tissues can use distinct mechanisms to direct collagen incorporation into BMs to precisely control collagen levels and construct diverse BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel P Keeley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric L Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Lo LM, Raghunath M, Lee KKH. Growing Human Dermal Fibroblasts as Spheroids Renders Them Susceptible for Early Expression of Pluripotency Genes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1900094. [DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201900094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lok Man Lo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesChinese University of Hong Kong
- Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong – University of Southampton Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesChinese University of Hong Kong
| | - Michael Raghunath
- Center for Cell Biology and Tissue EngineeringInstitute for Chemistry and BiotechnologyZurich University for Applied Sciences (ZHAW) Switzerland
| | - Kenneth K. H. Lee
- MOE Key Laboratory for Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesChinese University of Hong Kong
- Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong – University of Southampton Laboratory for Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineSchool of Biomedical SciencesChinese University of Hong Kong
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61
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Xu W, Wittchen ES, Hoopes SL, Stefanini L, Burridge K, Caron KM. Small GTPase Rap1A/B Is Required for Lymphatic Development and Adrenomedullin-Induced Stabilization of Lymphatic Endothelial Junctions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2410-2422. [PMID: 30354217 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective- Maintenance of lymphatic permeability is essential for normal lymphatic function during adulthood, but the precise signaling pathways that control lymphatic junctions during development are not fully elucidated. The Gs-coupled AM (adrenomedullin) signaling pathway is required for embryonic lymphangiogenesis and the maintenance of lymphatic junctions during adulthood. Thus, we sought to elucidate the downstream effectors mediating junctional stabilization in lymphatic endothelial cells. Approach and Results- We knocked-down both Rap1A and Rap1B isoforms in human neonatal dermal lymphatic cells (human lymphatic endothelial cells) and genetically deleted the mRap1 gene in lymphatic endothelial cells by producing 2 independent, conditional Rap1a/b knockout mouse lines. Rap1A/B knockdown caused disrupted junctional formation with hyperpermeability and impaired AM-induced lymphatic junctional tightening, as well as rescue of histamine-induced junctional disruption. Less than 60% of lymphatic- Rap1a/b knockout embryos survived to E13.5 exhibiting interstitial edema, blood-filled lymphatics, disrupted lymphovenous valves, and defective lymphangiogenesis. Consistently, inducible lymphatic- Rap1a/b deletion in adult animals prevented AM-rescue of histamine-induced lymphatic leakage and dilation. Conclusions- Rap1 (Ras-related protein) serves as the dominant effector downstream of AM to stabilize lymphatic junctions. Rap1 is required for maintaining lymphatic permeability and driving normal lymphatic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Xu
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Samantha L Hoopes
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
| | - Lucia Stefanini
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy (L.S.)
| | - Keith Burridge
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,McAllister Heart Institute (K.B.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Chapel Hill, NC (K.B.)
| | - Kathleen M Caron
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (W.X., E.S.W., S.L.H., K.B., K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.,Department of Genetics (K.M.C.), The University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
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62
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Exercise Attenuates Acute β-Adrenergic Overactivation-Induced Cardiac Fibrosis by Modulating Cytokines. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2019; 12:528-538. [PMID: 31161536 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-019-09894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During acute sympathetic stress, the overactivation of β-adrenergic receptors (β-ARs) causes cardiac fibrosis by triggering inflammation and cytokine expression. It is unknown whether exercise training inhibits acute β-AR overactivation-induced cytokine expression and cardiac injury. Here, we report that running exercise inhibited cardiac fibrosis and improved cardiac function in mice treated with isoproterenol (ISO), a β-AR agonist. A cytokine antibody array revealed that running exercise prevented most of the changes in cytokine expression induced by ISO. Specifically, ISO-induced upregulation of 18 cytokines was prevented by running exercise. A Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analysis of these cytokines revealed that Hedgehog and RAP1 signaling pathways were involved in the regulation of cytokine expression by exercise. The changes in the expression of some cytokines that were prevented by exercise were verified by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and real-time PCR. In conclusion, running exercise prevented the cytokine expression changes after acute β-AR overactivation and therefore attenuated cardiac fibrosis. Acute sympathetic stress is an important risk factor for the patients with cardiovascular diseases, and the present study revealed that exercise training can prevent against the upregulation of cytokines and the subsequent cardiac injury induced by acute sympathetic stress, suggesting that exercise training may be beneficial for cardiovascular patients who are in risk of acute sympathetic stress. This finding provides a theoretical basis for the application of exercise training in patients who may suffer from acute sympathetic stress.
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63
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Hasan R, Zhou GL. The Cytoskeletal Protein Cyclase-Associated Protein 1 (CAP1) in Breast Cancer: Context-Dependent Roles in Both the Invasiveness and Proliferation of Cancer Cells and Underlying Cell Signals. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2653. [PMID: 31151140 PMCID: PMC6600220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20112653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As a conserved actin-regulating protein, CAP (adenylyl Cyclase-Associated Protein) functions to facilitate the rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. The ubiquitously expressed isoform CAP1 drives mammalian cell migration, and accordingly, most studies on the involvement of CAP1 in human cancers have largely been based on the rationale that up-regulated CAP1 will stimulate cancer cell migration and invasiveness. While findings from some studies reported so far support this case, lines of evidence largely from our recent studies point to a more complex and profound role for CAP1 in the invasiveness of cancer cells, where the potential activation of cell adhesion signaling is believed to play a key role. Moreover, CAP1 was also found to control proliferation in breast cancer cells, through the regulation of ERK (External signal-Regulated Kinase). Alterations in the activities of FAK (Focal Adhesion Kinase) and ERK from CAP1 depletion that are consistent to the opposite adhesion and proliferation phenotypes were detected in the metastatic and non-metastatic breast cancer cells. In this review, we begin with the overview of the literature on CAP, by highlighting the molecular functions of mammalian CAP1 in regulating the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion. We will next discuss the role of the FAK/ERK axis, and possibly Rap1, in mediating CAP1 signals to control breast cancer cell adhesion, invasiveness, and proliferation, largely based on our latest findings. Finally, we will discuss the relevance of these novel mechanistic insights to ultimately realizing the translational potential of CAP1 in targeted therapeutics for breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokib Hasan
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA.
| | - Guo-Lei Zhou
- Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Arkansas State University, State University, AR 72467, USA.
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Yu CC, Li CF, Chen IH, Lai MT, Lin ZJ, Korla PK, Chai CY, Ko G, Chen CM, Hwang T, Lee SC, Sheu JJC. YWHAZ amplification/overexpression defines aggressive bladder cancer and contributes to chemo-/radio-resistance by suppressing caspase-mediated apoptosis. J Pathol 2019; 248:476-487. [PMID: 30945298 PMCID: PMC6767422 DOI: 10.1002/path.5274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the oncogenic actions of a recently identified cancer‐associated gene YWHAZ (also named as 14‐3‐3 ζ/δ) in urothelial carcinomas of the urinary bladder (UCUB). A genome‐wide study revealed YWHAZ to be involved in the amplicon at 8q22.3, and its genetic amplification was detected predominantly in muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Immunohistochemical staining confirmed the association of YWHAZ overexpression with higher tumor stages, lymph node/vascular invasion, and mitotic activity. Univariate and multivariate analyses further indicated the prognostic potential of YWHAZ for more aggressive cancer types. Both gene set enrichment analysis and STRING network studies suggested involvement of YWHAZ in regulating caspase‐mediated apoptosis. Ectopic expression of YWHAZ in bladder cells with low endogenous YWHAZ levels boosted cell resistance to doxorubicin and cisplatin, as well as to ionizing radiation. Conversely, YWHAZ‐knockdown using specific shRNA in cells with high endogenous YWHAZ levels diminished survival activity, suppressing cell growth and increasing cell death. Our findings confirm the essential role played by YWHAZ in sustaining cell proliferation during chemo/radiotherapy. Treatments based on anti‐YWHAZ strategies may thus be beneficial for UCUB patients overexpressing YWHAZ. © 2019 The Authors. The Journal of Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Cheng Yu
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Health Care, Tajen University, Pingtung County, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Feng Li
- Department of Pathology, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan.,National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - I-Hsuan Chen
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsung Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taichung Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Zi-Jun Lin
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Praveen K Korla
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chee-Yin Chai
- Department of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Grace Ko
- Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Mei Chen
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tritium Hwang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shan-Chih Lee
- Department of Medical Imaging and Radiological Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Imaging, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jim J-C Sheu
- Human Genetic Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yatsen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
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65
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Jia Y, Shi L, Yun F, Liu X, Chen Y, Wang M, Chen C, Ren Y, Bao Y, Wang L. Transcriptome sequencing profiles reveal lncRNAs may involve in breast cancer (ER/PR positive type) by interaction with RAS associated genes. Pathol Res Pract 2019; 215:152405. [PMID: 30981459 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2019.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
To reveal novel lncRNAs and explore how could lncRNA affect the ER/PR positive type breast cancer, 16 different lncRNA transcriptomes (8 breast cancer tissues and 8 normal breast tissues) were successfully sequenced. In total, 8,954 high quality lncRNAs, including 5,516 lncRNAs reported in the previous studies and 3,438 novel lncRNAs, were annotated. The highest expressed lncRNAs were MALAT1, SCARNA10, RP11-206M11.7 and NEAT1, and the highest expressing mRNAs were RPL19, SCGB2A2, FTL and TMSB4 × . Of the 615 differentially expressed lncRNAs, 323 showed up regulated (P < 0.05) expression patterns in breast cancer, and 292 showed down regulated expression patterns. Of the 8,954 genes, 5,516 genes were upregulated in breast cancer, and 3,438 were downregulated. In total, the targets of 238 lncRNAs were confirmed by two lncRNA target prediction programs. Within these genes, Ras responsive element binding protein 1, Ras association domain family member 6, Ras association domain family member 8, Ras protein specific guanine nucleotide releasing factor 1and other 10 different Ras associated different expressed genes were predicted as targets of lncRNAs. These different expressed lncRNAs which could regulate the Ras gene families and ECM pathway may be another mechanism why the expression pattern of Ras genes changed in breast cancer. All these cancer-related genes (Ras genes) were annotated as targets of lncRNAs in the breast cancer transcriptome may provide us with a new way to understand the occurrence and development of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfeng Jia
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China; Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Fen Yun
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xia Liu
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yongxia Chen
- Tumor Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, The Inner Mongolia Cancer Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Minjie Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yanni Ren
- Department of Pathology, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yulong Bao
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
| | - Li Wang
- College of Basic Medicine, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China.
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66
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Ke Y, Karki P, Zhang C, Li Y, Nguyen T, Birukov KG, Birukova AA. Mechanosensitive Rap1 activation promotes barrier function of lung vascular endothelium under cyclic stretch. Mol Biol Cell 2019; 30:959-974. [PMID: 30759056 PMCID: PMC6589902 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e18-07-0422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical ventilation remains an imperative treatment for the patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, but can also exacerbate lung injury. We have previously described a key role of RhoA GTPase in high cyclic stretch (CS)-induced endothelial cell (EC) barrier dysfunction. However, cellular mechanotransduction complexes remain to be characterized. This study tested a hypothesis that recovery of a vascular EC barrier after pathologic mechanical stress may be accelerated by cell exposure to physiologic CS levels and involves Rap1-dependent rearrangement of endothelial cell junctions. Using biochemical, molecular, and imaging approaches we found that EC pre- or postconditioning at physiologically relevant low-magnitude CS promotes resealing of cell junctions disrupted by pathologic, high-magnitude CS. Cytoskeletal remodeling induced by low CS was dependent on small GTPase Rap1. Protective effects of EC preconditioning at low CS were abolished by pharmacological or molecular inhibition of Rap1 activity. In vivo, using mice exposed to mechanical ventilation, we found that the protective effect of low tidal volume ventilation against lung injury caused by lipopolysaccharides and ventilation at high tidal volume was suppressed in Rap1 knockout mice. Taken together, our results demonstrate a prominent role of Rap1-mediated signaling mechanisms activated by low CS in acceleration of lung vascular EC barrier restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunbo Ke
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Pratap Karki
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Chenou Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Trang Nguyen
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Konstantin G. Birukov
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201
| | - Anna A. Birukova
- Department of Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201,*Address correspondence to: Anna A. Birukova ()
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67
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Sanchez-Ribas I, Diaz-Gimeno P, Sebastián-León P, Mercader A, Quiñonero A, Ballesteros A, Pellicer A, Domínguez F. Transcriptomic behavior of genes associated with chromosome 21 aneuploidies in early embryo development. Fertil Steril 2019; 111:991-1001.e2. [PMID: 30922649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze how chromosome 21 (HSA21) ploidy affects global gene expression of early human blastocysts. DESIGN Prospective study. SETTING University-affiliated in vitro fertilization clinic. PATIENT(S) A total of 26 high-quality donated embryos from in vitro fertilization (IVF) patients: trisomy 21 (n = 8), monosomy 21 (n = 10), and euploid (n = 8) blastocysts. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Blastocyst transcriptome changes and its associated functions. RESULT(S) Trisomy 21, monosomy 21, and euploid blastocysts were classified by comparative genomic hybridization. The global transcriptome of whole blastocysts was analyzed with small cell number RNA sequencing, and they were compared to understand the gene expression behavior at early development and its implications for embryo implantation. We identified 1,232 differentially expressed genes (false discovery rate <0.05) in monosomy 21 compared with euploid blastocysts associated with dysregulated functions in embryo development as the Rap1 signaling pathway. Curiously, Down syndrome in early development revealed fewer transcriptomic changes than expected. In addition, Down syndrome gene expression in neonates, children, and adults revealed that the number of deregulated genes increases across life stages from blastocysts to adults, suggesting a potential dosage-compensation mechanism for human chromosome 21. CONCLUSION(S) At the transcriptomic level, early development in Down syndrome is mainly dosage compensated. However, monosomy 21 is strongly transcriptionally affected because early development involving main functions is associated with embryo implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imma Sanchez-Ribas
- IVI-RMA Fundación IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; IVI-RMA Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Diaz-Gimeno
- IVI-RMA Fundación IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Patricia Sebastián-León
- IVI-RMA Fundación IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
| | - Amparo Mercader
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain; IVI-RMA Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | - Antonio Pellicer
- IVI-RMA Fundación IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics, and Gynecology, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Domínguez
- IVI-RMA Fundación IVI, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria INCLIVA, Valencia University, Valencia, Spain
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68
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Camp D, Haage A, Solianova V, Castle WM, Xu QA, Lostchuck E, Goult BT, Tanentzapf G. Direct binding of Talin to Rap1 is required for cell-ECM adhesion in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.225144. [PMID: 30446511 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.225144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Attachment of cells to the extracellular matrix (ECM) via integrins is essential for animal development and tissue maintenance. The cytoplasmic protein Talin (encoded by rhea in flies) is necessary for linking integrins to the cytoskeleton, and its recruitment is a key step in the assembly of the adhesion complex. However, the mechanisms that regulate Talin recruitment to sites of adhesion in vivo are still not well understood. Here, we show that Talin recruitment to, and maintenance at, sites of integrin-mediated adhesion requires a direct interaction between Talin and the GTPase Rap1. A mutation that blocks the direct binding of Talin to Rap1 abolished Talin recruitment to sites of adhesion and the resulting phenotype phenocopies that seen with null alleles of Talin. Moreover, we show that Rap1 activity modulates Talin recruitment to sites of adhesion via its direct binding to Talin. These results identify the direct Talin-Rap1 interaction as a key in vivo mechanism for controlling integrin-mediated cell-ECM adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darius Camp
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Amanda Haage
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Veronika Solianova
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - William M Castle
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Qinyuan A Xu
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Emily Lostchuck
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK
| | - Guy Tanentzapf
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada V6T 1Z3
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69
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Phani V, Somvanshi VS, Shukla RN, Davies KG, Rao U. A transcriptomic snapshot of early molecular communication between Pasteuria penetrans and Meloidogyne incognita. BMC Genomics 2018; 19:850. [PMID: 30486772 PMCID: PMC6263062 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-018-5230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Southern root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White, 1919), Chitwood, 1949 is a key pest of agricultural crops. Pasteuria penetrans is a hyperparasitic bacterium capable of suppressing the nematode reproduction, and represents a typical coevolved pathogen-hyperparasite system. Attachment of Pasteuria endospores to the cuticle of second-stage nematode juveniles is the first and pivotal step in the bacterial infection. RNA-Seq was used to understand the early transcriptional response of the root-knot nematode at 8 h post Pasteuria endospore attachment. RESULTS A total of 52,485 transcripts were assembled from the high quality (HQ) reads, out of which 582 transcripts were found differentially expressed in the Pasteuria endospore encumbered J2 s, of which 229 were up-regulated and 353 were down-regulated. Pasteuria infection caused a suppression of the protein synthesis machinery of the nematode. Several of the differentially expressed transcripts were putatively involved in nematode innate immunity, signaling, stress responses, endospore attachment process and post-attachment behavioral modification of the juveniles. The expression profiles of fifteen selected transcripts were validated to be true by the qRT PCR. RNAi based silencing of transcripts coding for fructose bisphosphate aldolase and glucosyl transferase caused a reduction in endospore attachment as compared to the controls, whereas, silencing of aspartic protease and ubiquitin coding transcripts resulted in higher incidence of endospore attachment on the nematode cuticle. CONCLUSIONS Here we provide evidence of an early transcriptional response by the nematode upon infection by Pasteuria prior to root invasion. We found that adhesion of Pasteuria endospores to the cuticle induced a down-regulated protein response in the nematode. In addition, we show that fructose bisphosphate aldolase, glucosyl transferase, aspartic protease and ubiquitin coding transcripts are involved in modulating the endospore attachment on the nematode cuticle. Our results add new and significant information to the existing knowledge on early molecular interaction between M. incognita and P. penetrans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor Phani
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Vishal S Somvanshi
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rohit N Shukla
- Bionivid Technology Private Limited, 209, 4th Cross, Kasturi Nagar, Bangalore, India
| | - Keith G Davies
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, UK. .,Division of Biotechnology and Plant Health, Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research, Postboks 115 NO-1431, Ås, Norway.
| | - Uma Rao
- Division of Nematology, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India.
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70
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Morikis VA, Simon SI. Neutrophil Mechanosignaling Promotes Integrin Engagement With Endothelial Cells and Motility Within Inflamed Vessels. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2774. [PMID: 30546362 PMCID: PMC6279920 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils are the most motile of mammalian cells, a feature that enables them to protect the host against the rapid spread of pathogens from tissue into the circulatory system. A critical process is the recruitment of neutrophils to inflamed endothelium within post-capillary venules. This occurs through cooperation between at least four families of adhesion molecules and G-protein coupled signaling receptors. These adhesion molecules convert the drag force induced by blood flow acting on the cell surface into bond tension that resists detachment. A common feature of selectin-glycoprotein tethering and integrin-ICAM bond formation is the mechanics by which force acting on these specific receptor-ligand pairs influences their longevity, strength, and topographic organization on the plasma membrane. Another distinctly mechanical aspect of neutrophil guidance is the capacity of adhesive bonds to convert external mechanical force into internal biochemical signals through the transmission of force from the outside-in at focal sites of adhesive traction on inflamed endothelium. Within this region of the plasma membrane, we denote the inflammatory synapse, Ca2+ release, and intracellular signaling provide directional cues that guide actin assembly and myosin driven motive force. This review provides an overview of how bond formation and outside-in signaling controls neutrophil recruitment and migration relative to the hydrodynamic shear force of blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios A Morikis
- Simon Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Scott I Simon
- Simon Lab, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
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71
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The Many Faces of Rap1 GTPase. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102848. [PMID: 30241315 PMCID: PMC6212855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review addresses the issue of the numerous roles played by Rap1 GTPase (guanosine triphosphatase) in different cell types, in terms of both physiology and pathology. It is one among a myriad of small G proteins with endogenous GTP-hydrolyzing activity that is considerably stimulated by posttranslational modifications (geranylgeranylation) or guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs), and inhibited by GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Rap1 is a ubiquitous protein that plays an essential role in the control of metabolic processes, such as signal transduction from plasma membrane receptors, cytoskeleton rearrangements necessary for cell division, intracellular and substratum adhesion, as well as cell motility, which is needed for extravasation or fusion. We present several examples of how Rap1 affects cells and organs, pointing to possible molecular manipulations that could have application in the therapy of several diseases.
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72
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Sawant K, Chen Y, Kotian N, Preuss KM, McDonald JA. Rap1 GTPase promotes coordinated collective cell migration in vivo. Mol Biol Cell 2018; 29:2656-2673. [PMID: 30156466 PMCID: PMC6249841 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e17-12-0752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During development and in cancer, cells often move together in small to large collectives. To move as a unit, cells within collectives need to stay coupled together and coordinate their motility. How cell collectives remain interconnected and migratory, especially when moving through in vivo environments, is not well understood. The genetically tractable border cell group undergoes a highly polarized and cohesive cluster-type migration in the Drosophila ovary. Here we report that the small GTPase Rap1, through activation by PDZ-GEF, regulates border cell collective migration. We find that Rap1 maintains cell contacts within the cluster, at least in part by promoting the organized distribution of E-cadherin at specific cell-cell junctions. Rap1 also restricts migratory protrusions to the front of the border cell cluster and promotes the extension of protrusions with normal dynamics. Further, Rap1 is required in the outer migratory border cells but not in the central nonmigratory polar cells. Such cell specificity correlates well with the spatial distribution of the inhibitory Rapgap1 protein, which is higher in polar cells than in border cells. We propose that precisely regulated Rap1 activity reinforces connections between cells and polarizes the cluster, thus facilitating the coordinated collective migration of border cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketki Sawant
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506.,Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115
| | - Yujun Chen
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Nirupama Kotian
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
| | - Kevin M Preuss
- Division of Biology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506
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73
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Zhang T, Jiang K, Zhu X, Zhao G, Wu H, Deng G, Qiu C. miR-433 inhibits breast cancer cell growth via the MAPK signaling pathway by targeting Rap1a. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:622-632. [PMID: 29904277 PMCID: PMC6001658 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.24223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in the world. The fight against breast cancer has also become a major task for medical workers. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are often aberrantly expressed in diverse cancers and are involved in progression and metastasis. Many studies have found that miRNAs can act as oncogenes or as tumor suppressor genes. Here, we show that miR-433 is significantly decreased in breast cancer cells. In addition, we demonstrate the effects of miR-433 on breast cancer cell apoptosis, migration and proliferation in an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of action of miR-433. Moreover, Rap1a was predicted to be a potential target of miR-433 using bioinformatic approaches, and we found that the expression of Rap1a is inversely correlated with the level of miR-433. Further studies through overexpression and knockdown of Rap1a confirmed that Rap1a, as a direct target gene of miR-433, contributes to the functions of miR-433. In addition, we found that Rap1a activates the MAPK signaling pathway, which can contribute to cell migration and proliferation and can inhibit apoptosis. Overall, these findings highlight miR-433 as a tumor suppressor gene in the regulation of the progression and metastatic potential of breast cancer and may benefit the future development of therapies targeting miR-433 in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangfeng Jiang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Haichong Wu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Ganzhen Deng
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Changwei Qiu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
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74
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Small GTPase-dependent regulation of leukocyte-endothelial interactions in inflammation. Biochem Soc Trans 2018; 46:649-658. [PMID: 29743277 DOI: 10.1042/bst20170530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is a complex biological response that serves to protect the body's tissues following harmful stimuli such as infection, irritation or injury and initiates tissue repair. At the start of an inflammatory response, pro-inflammatory mediators induce changes in the endothelial lining of the blood vessels and in leukocytes. This results in increased vascular permeability and increased expression of adhesion proteins, and promotes adhesion of leukocytes, especially neutrophils to the endothelium. Adhesion is a prerequisite for neutrophil extravasation and chemoattractant-stimulated recruitment to inflammatory sites, where neutrophils phagocytose and kill microbes, release inflammatory mediators and cross-talk with other immune cells to co-ordinate the immune response in preparation for tissue repair. Many signalling proteins are critically involved in the complex signalling processes that underpin the inflammatory response and cross-talk between endothelium and leukocytes. As key regulators of cell-cell and cell-substratum adhesion, small GTPases (guanosine triphosphatases) act as important controls of neutrophil-endothelial cell interactions as well as neutrophil recruitment to sites of inflammation. Here, we summarise key processes that are dependent upon small GTPases in leukocytes during these early inflammatory events. We place a particular focus on the regulation of integrin-dependent events and their control by Rho and Rap family GTPases as well as their regulators during neutrophil adhesion, chemotaxis and recruitment.
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75
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Steinbacher T, Kummer D, Ebnet K. Junctional adhesion molecule-A: functional diversity through molecular promiscuity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:1393-1409. [PMID: 29238845 PMCID: PMC11105642 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) of the immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) regulate important processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation and morphogenesis. This activity is primarily due to their ability to initiate intracellular signaling cascades at cell-cell contact sites. Junctional adhesion molecule-A (JAM-A) is an IgSF-CAM with a short cytoplasmic tail that has no catalytic activity. Nevertheless, JAM-A is involved in a variety of biological processes. The functional diversity of JAM-A resides to a large part in a C-terminal PDZ domain binding motif which directly interacts with nine different PDZ domain-containing proteins. The molecular promiscuity of its PDZ domain motif allows JAM-A to recruit protein scaffolds to specific sites of cell-cell adhesion and to assemble signaling complexes at those sites. Here, we review the molecular characteristics of JAM-A, including its dimerization, its interaction with scaffolding proteins, and the phosphorylation of its cytoplasmic domain, and we describe how these characteristics translate into diverse biological activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Steinbacher
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Daniel Kummer
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group: Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity, Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, University of Münster, Von-Esmarch-Str. 56, 48149, Münster, Germany.
- Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
- Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany.
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76
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Li J, Zhang R, Wang C, Wang X, Xu M, Ma J, Shang Q. Activation of the Small GTPase Rap1 Inhibits Choroidal Neovascularization by Regulating Cell Junctions and ROS Generation in Rats. Curr Eye Res 2018; 43:934-940. [PMID: 29601231 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1454477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Choroidal neovascularization (CNV) is a common vision-threatening complication associated with many fundus diseases. The retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cell junction barrier has critical functions in preventing CNV, and oxidative stress can cause compromise of barrier integrity and induce angiogenesis. Rap1, a small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase), is involved in regulating endothelial and epithelial cell junctions. In this work, we explored the function and mechanism of Rap1 in CNV in vivo. METHODS A laser-induced rat CNV model was developed. Rap1 was activated through intravitreal injection of the Rap1 activator 8CPT-2'-O-Me-cAMP (8CPT). At 14 days after laser treatment, CNV size in RPE/choroid flat mounts was measured by fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran staining. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and cell junction proteins in RPE/choroid tissues were analyzed by western blots and quantitative real-time PCR assays. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) in RPE cells were detectedbydichloro-dihydro-fluorescein diacetate assays. The antioxidant apocynin was intraperitoneally injected into rats. RESULTS Activating Rap1 by 8CPT significantly reduced CNV size and VEGF expression in the rat CNV model. Rap1 activation enhanced protein and mRNA levels of ZO-1 and occludin, two tight junction proteins in the RPE barrier. In addition, reducing ROS generation by injection of apocynin, a NADPH oxidase inhibitor, inhibited CNV formation. Rap1 activation reduced ROS generation and expression of NADPH oxidase 4. CONCLUSIONS Rap1 activation inhibits CNV through regulating barrier integrity and ROS generation of RPE in vivo, and selectively activating Rap1 may be a way to reduce vision loss from CNV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Li
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Rong Zhang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Caixia Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Xin Wang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Man Xu
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Jingxue Ma
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
| | - Qingli Shang
- a Department of Ophthalmology , The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University , Shijiazhuang , China
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77
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Shah B, Lutter D, Tsytsyura Y, Glyvuk N, Sakakibara A, Klingauf J, Püschel AW. Rap1 GTPases Are Master Regulators of Neural Cell Polarity in the Developing Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1253-1269. [PMID: 26733533 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During the development of the mammalian neocortex, the generation of neurons by neural progenitors and their migration to the final position are closely coordinated. The highly polarized radial glial cells (RGCs) serve both as progenitor cells to generate neurons and as support for the migration of these neurons. After their generation, neurons transiently assume a multipolar morphology before they polarize and begin their migration along the RGCs. Here, we show that Rap1 GTPases perform essential functions for cortical organization as master regulators of cell polarity. Conditional deletion of Rap1 GTPases leads to a complete loss of cortical lamination. In RGCs, Rap1 GTPases are required to maintain their polarized organization. In newborn neurons, the loss of Rap1 GTPases prevents the formation of axons and leading processes and thereby interferes with radial migration. Taken together, the loss of RGC and neuronal polarity results in the disruption of cortical organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavin Shah
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Daniela Lutter
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Natalia Glyvuk
- Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Akira Sakakibara
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Jürgen Klingauf
- Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, D- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas W Püschel
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, D-48149 Münster, Germany.,Cells-in-Motion Cluster of Excellence, University of Münster, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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78
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Molina-Ortiz P, Orban T, Martin M, Habets A, Dequiedt F, Schurmans S. Rasa3 controls turnover of endothelial cell adhesion and vascular lumen integrity by a Rap1-dependent mechanism. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007195. [PMID: 29381707 PMCID: PMC5806903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rasa3 is a GTPase activating protein of the GAP1 family which targets R-Ras and Rap1. Although catalytic inactivation or deletion of Rasa3 in mice leads to severe hemorrhages and embryonic lethality, the biological function and cellular location of Rasa3 underlying these defects remains unknown. Here, using a combination of loss of function studies in mouse and zebrafish as well as in vitro cell biology approaches, we identify a key role for Rasa3 in endothelial cells and vascular lumen integrity. Specific ablation of Rasa3 in the mouse endothelium, but not in megakaryocytes and platelets, lead to embryonic bleeding and death at mid-gestation, recapitulating the phenotype observed in full Rasa3 knock-out mice. Reduced plexus/sprouts formation and vascular lumenization defects were observed when Rasa3 was specifically inactivated in mouse endothelial cells at the postnatal or adult stages. Similar results were obtained in zebrafish after decreasing Rasa3 expression. In vitro, depletion of Rasa3 in cultured endothelial cells increased β1 integrin activation and cell adhesion to extracellular matrix components, decreased cell migration and blocked tubulogenesis. During migration, these Rasa3-depleted cells exhibited larger and more mature adhesions resulting from a perturbed dynamics of adhesion assembly and disassembly which significantly increased their life time. These defects were due to a hyperactivation of the Rap1 GTPase and blockade of FAK/Src signaling. Finally, Rasa3-depleted cells showed reduced turnover of VE-cadherin-based adhesions resulting in more stable endothelial cell-cell adhesion and decreased endothelial permeability. Altogether, our results indicate that Rasa3 is a critical regulator of Rap1 in endothelial cells which controls adhesions properties and vascular lumen integrity; its specific endothelial cell inactivation results in occluded blood vessels, hemorrhages and early embryonic death in mouse, mimicking thus the Rasa3-/- mouse phenotype. Because it delivers oxygen and nutriments to every tissue in the body, the vascular system is essential to vertebrate life. Blood vessels consist of a layer of interconnected endothelial cells delineating a luminal space through which blood flows. Formation of vascular lumens is a critical step in vascular development, as vessels should allow unrestricted blood flow while absorbing the pressure from cardiac activity yet retaining flexibility to adapt to homeostatic needs. Our current knowledge of how lumens are established and maintained is still modest and has come essentially from in vitro systems. Here, using a combination of loss of function studies in mouse and zebrafish and in vitro cell biology approaches, we show that Rasa3, a GTPase activating protein of the GAP1 family, controls Rap1 activation, endothelial cell adhesion and migration as well as formation of vascular lumens. We also found that inactivation of Rasa3 specifically in mouse endothelial cells lead to embryonic bleeding and death at mid-gestation, recapitulating the phenotype observed in full Rasa3 knock-out mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Molina-Ortiz
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tanguy Orban
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Maud Martin
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Audrey Habets
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein signaling and Interactions Signalisation, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Stéphane Schurmans
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Disease, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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79
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Fan G. FER mediated HGF-independent regulation of HGFR/MET activates RAC1-PAK1 pathway to potentiate metastasis in ovarian cancer. Small GTPases 2018; 11:155-159. [PMID: 29099290 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1379931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Uncontrolled metastasis significantly contributes to high lethality of patients suffering from ovarian cancer. To date, the detailed molecular mechanisms which account for ovarian tumor cell spreading and metastasis remain largely unknown. In a recent study, we have demonstrated that aberrantly high expression of the non-receptor tyrosine kinase FER is responsible for ovarian tumor cell metastasis both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we indentified Hepatocyte Growth Factor Receptor HGFR/MET as a novel substrate of FER, and through which the kinase FER modulates ovarian cancer cell motility and invasiveness in a ligand-independent manner. We also observed aberrantly high expression of PAK1 kinase in cancer cells, and RNAi-mediated knockdown of FER kinase inactivated the RAC1-PAK1 signaling pathway and decreased metastatic potential of CAOV4 ovarian cancer cells. Overall, our study revealed a previously uncharacterized, pro-metastatic role of the kinase FER in ovarian cancer through the MET-RAC1-PAK1 pathway. Further efforts are essential to investigating beneficial outcomes towards targeting the RAC1-PAK1 signaling pathway in reducing metastatic burden of this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
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80
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Golovkine G, Reboud E, Huber P. Pseudomonas aeruginosa Takes a Multi-Target Approach to Achieve Junction Breach. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 7:532. [PMID: 29379773 PMCID: PMC5770805 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2017.00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen which uses a number of strategies to cross epithelial and endothelial barriers at cell–cell junctions. In this review, we describe how the coordinated actions of P. aeruginosa's virulence factors trigger various molecular mechanisms to disarm the junctional gate responsible for tissue integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Golovkine
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Emeline Reboud
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Huber
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique ERL5261, CEA BIG-BCI, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR1036, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
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81
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Steiner B, Weber S, Hilbi H. Formation of the Legionella-containing vacuole: phosphoinositide conversion, GTPase modulation and ER dynamics. Int J Med Microbiol 2018; 308:49-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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82
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Huang R, Liao X, Li Q. Identification of key pathways and genes in TP53 mutation acute myeloid leukemia: evidence from bioinformatics analysis. Onco Targets Ther 2017; 11:163-173. [PMID: 29343974 PMCID: PMC5749383 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s156003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor protein p53 (TP53) mutations are not only a risk factor in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) but also a potential biomarker for individualized treatment options. This study aimed to investigate potential pathways and genes associated with TP53 mutations in adult de novo AML. Methods An RNA sequencing dataset of adult de novo AML was downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by edgeR of the R platform. Key pathways and genes were identified using the following bioinformatics tools: gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), gene ontology (GO), the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/Proteins, and Molecular Complex Detection. Results GSEA suggested that TP53 mutations were significantly associated with cell differentiation, proliferation, cell adhesion biological processes, and MAPK pathway. In total, 1,287 genes were identified as DEGs. GO and KEGG analysis suggested that upregulation of DEGs was significantly enriched in categories associated with cell adhesion biological processes, Ras-associated protein 1, PI3K-Akt pathway, and cell adhesion molecules. The top ten genes ranked by degree, CDH1, BMP2, KDR, LEP, CASR, ITGA2B, APOE, MNX1, NMU, and TRH, were identified as hub genes from the protein-protein interaction network. Survival analysis suggested that patients with TP53 mutations had a significantly increased risk of death, while the mRNA expression level in patients with TP53 mutation was similar to those carrying TP53 wild type. Conclusion Our findings have indicated that multiple genes and pathways may play a crucial role in TP53 mutation AML, offering candidate targets and strategies for TP53 mutation AML individualized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
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83
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To JY, Smrcka AV. Activated heterotrimeric G protein α i subunits inhibit Rap-dependent cell adhesion and promote cell migration. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:1570-1578. [PMID: 29259127 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent work uncovered novel roles for activated Gαi signaling in the regulation of neutrophil polarity and adhesion. GαiGTP-mediated enhancement of neutrophil polarization was dependent on inhibition of cAMP/PKA signaling, whereas reversal of Gβγ-stimulated adhesion was cAMP/PKA independent. To uncover the mechanism for Gαi regulation of adhesion, we analyzed the effects of constitutively active Gαi1(Q204L) expression on adhesion driven by constitutively active Rap1a(G12V) or its downstream effector Radil in neutrophil-like HL-60 cells, or in HT-1080 fibrosarcoma cells. In HT-1080 cells, Rap1a(G12V) or Radil cause an increase in cell spreading and adhesion to fibronectin, which are both reversed by Gαi1(Q204L) but not WT Gαi1 In contrast, Gαi1(Q204L) did not reverse Rap1-GTP-interacting adaptor molecule (RIAM)-dependent increases in cell adhesion. This indicates that adhesion regulation by Gαi-GTP occurs downstream of Rap1a and Radil, but is upstream of components such as integrins and talin that are regulated by both Radil and RIAM. HL-60 neutrophil-like cells expressing Rap1a(G12V) or Radil have an elongated phenotype because of enhanced uropod adhesion as they attempt to migrate on fibronectin. This elongated phenotype driven by Rap1a(G12V) or Radil is reversed by Gαi1(Q204L), but not by WT Gαi1 expression, suggesting that Gαi-GTP also regulates adhesion in immune cells at the level of, or downstream of, Radil. These data identify a novel role of Gαi-GTP in regulation of cell adhesion and migration. Cell migration involves cycles of adhesion and de-adhesion, and we propose that the dynamic spatiotemporal balance between Gβγ-promoted adhesion and Gαi-GTP reversal of adhesion is important for this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesi Y To
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, 14623 and
| | - Alan V Smrcka
- From the Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester School of Medicine, Rochester, New York, 14623 and .,the Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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84
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Ramos CJ, Lin C, Liu X, Antonetti DA. The EPAC-Rap1 pathway prevents and reverses cytokine-induced retinal vascular permeability. J Biol Chem 2017; 293:717-730. [PMID: 29158262 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.815381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased retinal vascular permeability contributes to macular edema, a leading cause of vision loss in eye pathologies such as diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, and central retinal vein occlusions. Pathological changes in vascular permeability are driven by growth factors such as VEGF and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α. Identifying the pro-barrier mechanisms that block vascular permeability and restore the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) may lead to new therapies. The cAMP-dependent guanine nucleotide exchange factor (EPAC) exchange-protein directly activated by cAMP promotes exchange of GTP in the small GTPase Rap1. Rap1 enhances barrier properties in human umbilical endothelial cells by promoting adherens junction assembly. We hypothesized that the EPAC-Rap1 signaling pathway may regulate the tight junction complex of the BRB and may restore barrier properties after cytokine-induced permeability. Here, we show that stimulating EPAC or Rap1 activation can prevent or reverse VEGF- or TNF-α-induced permeability in cell culture and in vivo Moreover, EPAC activation inhibited VEGF receptor (VEGFR) signaling through the Ras/MEK/ERK pathway. We also found that Rap1B knockdown or an EPAC antagonist increases endothelial permeability and that VEGF has no additive effect, suggesting a common pathway. Furthermore, GTP-bound Rap1 promoted tight junction assembly, and loss of Rap1B led to loss of junctional border organization. Collectively, our results indicate that the EPAC-Rap1 pathway helps maintain basal barrier properties in the retinal vascular endothelium and activation of the EPAC-Rap1 pathway may therefore represent a potential therapeutic strategy to restore the BRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Ramos
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Chengmao Lin
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Xuwen Liu
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - David A Antonetti
- From the Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan, Kellogg Eye Center, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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85
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Atherton P, Ballestrem C. Talin gets SHANKed in the fight for integrin activation. Nat Cell Biol 2017; 19:265-267. [PMID: 28361943 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Genetic mutations in the SHANK family of proteins are linked to multiple neuropsychiatric disorders including autism spectrum disorders. A study now elucidates critical roles for SHANK in regulating integrin-mediated cell-extracellular matrix adhesion, by sequestering integrin activators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Atherton
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Christoph Ballestrem
- the Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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86
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Dynamic transcriptomic analysis in hircine longissimus dorsi muscle from fetal to neonatal development stages. Funct Integr Genomics 2017; 18:43-54. [PMID: 28993898 DOI: 10.1007/s10142-017-0573-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Muscle growth and development from fetal to neonatal stages consist of a series of delicately regulated and orchestrated changes in expression of genes. In this study, we performed whole transcriptome profiling based on RNA-Seq of caprine longissimus dorsi muscle tissue obtained from prenatal stages (days 45, 60, and 105 of gestation) and neonatal stage (the 3-day-old newborn) to identify genes that are differentially expressed and investigate their temporal expression profiles. A total of 3276 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified (Q value < 0.01). Time-series expression profile clustering analysis indicated that DEGs were significantly clustered into eight clusters which can be divided into two classes (Q value < 0.05), class I profiles with downregulated patterns and class II profiles with upregulated patterns. Based on cluster analysis, GO enrichment analysis found that 75, 25, and 8 terms to be significantly enriched in biological process (BP), cellular component (CC), and molecular function (MF) categories in class I profiles, while 35, 21, and 8 terms to be significantly enriched in BP, CC, and MF in class II profiles. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that DEGs from class I profiles were significantly enriched in 22 pathways and the most enriched pathway was Rap1 signaling pathway. DEGs from class II profiles were significantly enriched in 17 pathways and the mainly enriched pathway was AMPK signaling pathway. Finally, six selected DEGs from our sequencing results were confirmed by qPCR. Our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms during goat skeletal muscle development from fetal to neonatal stages and valuable information for future studies of muscle development in goats.
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87
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Ebnet K. Junctional Adhesion Molecules (JAMs): Cell Adhesion Receptors With Pleiotropic Functions in Cell Physiology and Development. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1529-1554. [PMID: 28931565 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00004.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Junctional adhesion molecules (JAM)-A, -B and -C are cell-cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily which are expressed by a variety of tissues, both during development and in the adult organism. Through their extracellular domains, they interact with other adhesion receptors on opposing cells. Through their cytoplasmic domains, they interact with PDZ domain-containing scaffolding and signaling proteins. In combination, these two properties regulate the assembly of signaling complexes at specific sites of cell-cell adhesion. The multitude of molecular interactions has enabled JAMs to adopt distinct cellular functions such as the regulation of cell-cell contact formation, cell migration, or mitotic spindle orientation. Not surprisingly, JAMs regulate diverse processes such as epithelial and endothelial barrier formation, hemostasis, angiogenesis, hematopoiesis, germ cell development, and the development of the central and peripheral nervous system. This review summarizes the recent progress in the understanding of JAMs, including their characteristic structural features, their molecular interactions, their cellular functions, and their contribution to a multitude of processes during vertebrate development and homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Ebnet
- Institute-Associated Research Group "Cell Adhesion and Cell Polarity", Institute of Medical Biochemistry, ZMBE, Cells-In-Motion Cluster of Excellence (EXC1003-CiM), and Interdisciplinary Clinical Research Center (IZKF), University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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88
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Guichard A, Jain P, Moayeri M, Schwartz R, Chin S, Zhu L, Cruz-Moreno B, Liu JZ, Aguilar B, Hollands A, Leppla SH, Nizet V, Bier E. Anthrax edema toxin disrupts distinct steps in Rab11-dependent junctional transport. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006603. [PMID: 28945820 PMCID: PMC5612732 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Various bacterial toxins circumvent host defenses through overproduction of cAMP. In a previous study, we showed that edema factor (EF), an adenylate cyclase from Bacillus anthracis, disrupts endocytic recycling mediated by the small GTPase Rab11. As a result, cargo proteins such as cadherins fail to reach inter-cellular junctions. In the present study, we provide further mechanistic dissection of Rab11 inhibition by EF using a combination of Drosophila and mammalian systems. EF blocks Rab11 trafficking after the GTP-loading step, preventing a constitutively active form of Rab11 from delivering cargo vesicles to the plasma membrane. Both of the primary cAMP effector pathways -PKA and Epac/Rap1- contribute to inhibition of Rab11-mediated trafficking, but act at distinct steps of the delivery process. PKA acts early, preventing Rab11 from associating with its effectors Rip11 and Sec15. In contrast, Epac functions subsequently via the small GTPase Rap1 to block fusion of recycling endosomes with the plasma membrane, and appears to be the primary effector of EF toxicity in this process. Similarly, experiments conducted in mammalian systems reveal that Epac, but not PKA, mediates the activity of EF both in cell culture and in vivo. The small GTPase Arf6, which initiates endocytic retrieval of cell adhesion components, also contributes to junctional homeostasis by counteracting Rab11-dependent delivery of cargo proteins at sites of cell-cell contact. These studies have potentially significant practical implications, since chemical inhibition of either Arf6 or Epac blocks the effect of EF in cell culture and in vivo, opening new potential therapeutic avenues for treating symptoms caused by cAMP-inducing toxins or related barrier-disrupting pathologies. Recent anthrax outbreaks in Zambia and northern Russia and biodefense preparedness highlight the need for new therapies to counteract fatal late-stage pathologies in patients infected with Bacillus anthracis. Indeed, two toxins secreted by this pathogen—edema toxin (ET) and lethal toxin (LT)—can cause death in face of effective antibiotic treatment. ET, a potent adenylate cyclase, severely impacts host cells and tissues through an overproduction of the ubiquitous second messenger cAMP. Previously, we identified Rab11 as a key host factor inhibited by ET. Blockade of Rab11-dependent endocytic recycling resulted in the disruption of intercellular junctions, likely contributing to life threatening vascular effusion observed in anthrax patients. Here we present a multi-system analysis of the mechanism by which EF inhibits Rab11 and exocyst-dependent trafficking. Epistasis experiments in Drosophila reveal that over-activation of the cAMP effectors PKA and Epac/Rap1 interferes with Rab11-mediated trafficking at two distinct steps. We further describe conserved roles of Epac and the small GTPase Arf6 in ET-mediated disruption of vesicular trafficking and show how chemical inhibition of either pathway greatly alleviates ET-induced edema. Thus, our study defines Epac and Arf6 as promising drug targets for the treatment of infectious diseases and other pathologies involving cAMP overload or related barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Guichard
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Prashant Jain
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Mahtab Moayeri
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Ruth Schwartz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen Chin
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Lin Zhu
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Beatriz Cruz-Moreno
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Janet Z. Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Bernice Aguilar
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases and the Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, United States of America
| | - Andrew Hollands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Leppla
- Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Victor Nizet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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89
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Monteleone NJ, Lutz CS. miR-708-5p: a microRNA with emerging roles in cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71292-71316. [PMID: 29050362 PMCID: PMC5642637 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs that negatively regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally. They are crucial for normal development and maintaining homeostasis. Researchers have discovered that dysregulated miRNA expression contributes to many pathological conditions, including cancer. miRNAs can augment or suppress tumorigenesis based on their expression and transcribed targetome in various cell types. In recent years, researchers have begun to identify miRNAs commonly dysregulated in cancer. One recently identified miRNA, miR-708-5p, has been shown to have profound roles in promoting or suppressing oncogenesis in a myriad of solid and hematological tumors. This review highlights the diverse, sometimes controversial findings reported for miR-708-5p in cancer, and the importance of further exploring this exciting miRNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Monteleone
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus - Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Carol S. Lutz
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, and the School of Graduate Studies, Health Sciences Campus - Newark, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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90
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Farag MI, Yoshikawa Y, Maeta K, Kataoka T. Rapgef2, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for Rap1 small GTPases, plays a crucial role in adherence junction (AJ) formation in radial glial cells through ERK-mediated upregulation of the AJ-constituent protein expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:139-145. [PMID: 28917843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Rapgef2 and Rapgef6 define a subfamily of guanine nucleotide exchange factors for Rap1, characterized by possession of the Ras/Rap-associating domains and implicated in the etiology of schizophrenia. We previously found that dorsal telencephalon-specific Rapgef2 conditional knockout mice exhibits severe defects in formation of apical surface adherence junctions (AJs) and localization of radial glial cells (RGCs). In this study, we analyze the underlying molecular mechanism by using primary cultures of RGCs established from the developing cerebral cortex. The results show that Rapgef2-deficient RGCs exhibit a decreased ability of neurosphere formation, morphological changes represented by regression of radial glial (RG) fibers and reduced expression of AJ-constituent proteins such as N-cadherin, zonula occludens-1, E-cadherin and β-catenin. Moreover, siRNA-mediated knockdown of Rapgef2 or Rap1A inhibits the AJ protein expression and RG fiber formation while overexpression of Rapgef2, Rapgef6, Rap1AG12V or Rap1BG12V in Rapgef2-deficient RGCs restores them. Furthermore, Rapgef2-deficient RGCs exhibit a reduction in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) leading to downregulation of the expression of c-jun, which is implicated in the AJ protein expression. These results indicate a crucial role of the Rapgef2-Rap1A-ERK-c-jun pathway in regulation of the AJ formation in RGCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Ibrahim Farag
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoko Yoshikawa
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Maeta
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Tohru Kataoka
- Division of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.
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91
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Maruyama T, Jiang M, Abbott A, Yu HMI, Huang Q, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Chen EI, Hsu W. Rap1b Is an Effector of Axin2 Regulating Crosstalk of Signaling Pathways During Skeletal Development. J Bone Miner Res 2017; 32:1816-1828. [PMID: 28520221 PMCID: PMC5555789 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent identification and isolation of suture stem cells capable of long-term self-renewal, clonal expanding, and differentiating demonstrate their essential role in calvarial bone development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These bona fide stem cells express a high level of Axin2 and are able to mediate bone regeneration and repair in a cell autonomous fashion. The importance of Axin2 is further demonstrated by its genetic inactivation in mice causing skeletal deformities resembling craniosynostosis in humans. The fate determination and subsequent differentiation of Axin2+ stem cells are highly orchestrated by a variety of evolutionary conserved signaling pathways including Wnt, FGF, and BMP. These signals are often antagonistic of each other and possess differential effects on osteogenic and chondrogenic cell types. However, the mechanisms underlying the interplay of these signaling transductions remain largely elusive. Here we identify Rap1b acting downstream of Axin2 as a signaling interrogator for FGF and BMP. Genetic analysis reveals that Rap1b is essential for development of craniofacial and body skeletons. Axin2 regulates Rap1b through modulation of canonical BMP signaling. The BMP-mediated activation of Rap1b promotes chondrogenic fate and chondrogenesis. Furthermore, by inhibiting MAPK signaling, Rap1b mediates the antagonizing effect of BMP on FGF to repress osteoblast differentiation. Disruption of Rap1b in mice not only enhances osteoblast differentiation but also impairs chondrocyte differentiation during intramembranous and endochondral ossifications, respectively, leading to severe defects in craniofacial and body skeletons. Our findings reveal a dual role of Rap1b in development of the skeletogenic cell types. Rap1b is critical for balancing the signaling effects of BMP and FGF during skeletal development and disease. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takamitsu Maruyama
- Department of Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Ming Jiang
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Alycia Abbott
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - H-M Ivy Yu
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Qirong Huang
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
| | | | - Emily I Chen
- Proteomics Shared Resource at the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Hsu
- Center for Oral Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA.,Wilmot Cancer Institute, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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92
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A thirty-year quest for a role of R-Ras in cancer: from an oncogene to a multitasking GTPase. Cancer Lett 2017; 403:59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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93
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Han J, Kim HJ, Schafer ST, Paquola A, Clemenson GD, Toda T, Oh J, Pankonin AR, Lee BS, Johnston ST, Sarkar A, Denli AM, Gage FH. Functional Implications of miR-19 in the Migration of Newborn Neurons in the Adult Brain. Neuron 2017; 91:79-89. [PMID: 27387650 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Altered microRNA profiles have been implicated in human brain disorders. However, the functional contribution of individual microRNAs to neuronal development and function is largely unknown. Here, we report biological functions for miR-19 in adult neurogenesis. We determined that miR-19 is enriched in neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and downregulated during neuronal development in the adult hippocampus. By manipulating miR-19 in NPCs for gain- and loss-of-function studies, we discovered that miR-19 regulates cell migration by directly targeting Rapgef2. Concordantly, dysregulation of miR-19 in NPCs alters the positioning of newborn neurons in the adult brain. Furthermore, we found abnormal expression of miR-19 in human NPCs generated from schizophrenic patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) that have been described as displaying aberrant migration. Our study demonstrates the significance of posttranscriptional gene regulation by miR-19 in preventing the irregular migration of adult-born neurons that may contribute to the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinju Han
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Simon T Schafer
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA; Institute of Physiology, University of Greifswald, 17495 Karlsburg, Germany
| | - Apua Paquola
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Gregory D Clemenson
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tomohisa Toda
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jinseo Oh
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Aimee R Pankonin
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Bo Suk Lee
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen T Johnston
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Anindita Sarkar
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ahmet M Denli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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94
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Azoulay-Alfaguter I, Strazza M, Peled M, Novak HK, Muller J, Dustin ML, Mor A. The tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 promotes T cell adhesion by activating the adaptor protein CrkII in the immunological synapse. Sci Signal 2017; 10:10/491/eaal2880. [PMID: 28790195 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aal2880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The adaptor protein CrkII regulates T cell adhesion by recruiting the guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G, an activator of Rap1. Subsequently, Rap1 stimulates the integrin LFA-1, which leads to T cell adhesion and interaction with antigen-presenting cells (APCs). The adhesion of T cells to APCs is critical for their proper function and education. The interface between the T cell and the APC is known as the immunological synapse. It is characterized by the specific organization of proteins that can be divided into central supramolecular activation clusters (c-SMACs) and peripheral SMACs (p-SMACs). Through total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy and experiments with supported lipid bilayers, we determined that activated Rap1 was recruited to the immunological synapse and localized to the p-SMAC. C3G and the active (dephosphorylated) form of CrkII also localized to the same compartment. In contrast, inactive (phosphorylated) CrkII was confined to the c-SMAC. Activation of CrkII and its subsequent movement from the c-SMAC to the p-SMAC depended on the phosphatase SHP-1, which acted downstream of the T cell receptor. In the p-SMAC, CrkII recruited C3G, which led to Rap1 activation and LFA-1-mediated adhesion of T cells to APCs. Functionally, SHP-1 was necessary for both the adhesion and migration of T cells. Together, these data highlight a signaling pathway in which SHP-1 acts through CrkII to reshape the pattern of Rap1 activation in the immunological synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marianne Strazza
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael Peled
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Hila K Novak
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - James Muller
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Kennedy Institute for Rheumatology, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA. .,Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.,Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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95
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Lin KT, Sun SP, Wu JI, Wang LH. Low-dose glucocorticoids suppresses ovarian tumor growth and metastasis in an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178937. [PMID: 28591224 PMCID: PMC5462394 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecologic malignancies. Despite chemotherapy and surgical debulking options, ovarian cancer recurs and disseminates frequently with a poor prognosis. We previously reported a novel role of glucocorticoids (GCs) in metastatic ovarian cancer by upregulating microRNA-708. In this study, we used an immunocompetent syngeneic mouse model and further evaluated the effect and optimal dosages of GCs in treating metastatic ovarian cancer. The treatment of C57BL/6-derived ovarian cancer ID-8 cells with a synthetic GC, dexamethasone (DEX), induced the expression of microRNA-708, leading to decreased cell migration and invasion through targeting Rap1B. Administration of DEX at a low dose, as low as 5 μg/kg body weight, inhibited the primary tumor size and abdominal metastasis in mice bearing ID-8 cell-derived ovarian tumors. In the treated primary tumors, microRNA-708 was upregulated, whereas some proinflammatory cytokines, namely interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18, were downregulated. The number of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) in the tumor microenvironment were reduced. Overall, our study shows that low-dose GCs can suppress ovarian cancer progression and metastasis likely through not only the upregulation of the metastasis suppressor microRNA-708, but also the modulation of TAMs and MDSCs in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Ti Lin
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Pin Sun
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
| | - Jui-I Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Jungli District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Hai Wang
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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96
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Genova T, Grolez GP, Camillo C, Bernardini M, Bokhobza A, Richard E, Scianna M, Lemonnier L, Valdembri D, Munaron L, Philips MR, Mattot V, Serini G, Prevarskaya N, Gkika D, Pla AF. TRPM8 inhibits endothelial cell migration via a non-channel function by trapping the small GTPase Rap1. J Cell Biol 2017; 216:2107-2130. [PMID: 28550110 PMCID: PMC5496606 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201506024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cell adhesion and migration are critical steps of the angiogenic process, whose dysfunction is associated with tumor growth and metastasis. The TRPM8 channel has recently been proposed to play a protective role in prostate cancer by impairing cell motility. However, the mechanisms by which it could influence vascular behavior are unknown. Here, we reveal a novel non-channel function for TRPM8 that unexpectedly acts as a Rap1 GTPase inhibitor, thereby inhibiting endothelial cell motility, independently of pore function. TRPM8 retains Rap1 intracellularly through direct protein-protein interaction, thus preventing its cytoplasm-plasma membrane trafficking. In turn, this mechanism impairs the activation of a major inside-out signaling pathway that triggers the conformational activation of integrin and, consequently, cell adhesion, migration, in vitro endothelial tube formation, and spheroid sprouting. Our results bring to light a novel, pore-independent molecular mechanism by which endogenous TRPM8 expression inhibits Rap1 GTPase and thus plays a critical role in the behavior of vascular endothelial cells by inhibiting migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Guillaume P Grolez
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Chiara Camillo
- Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Michela Bernardini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Alexandre Bokhobza
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Elodie Richard
- BICeL Campus Lille1, FR3688 FRABio, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Marco Scianna
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Loic Lemonnier
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Donatella Valdembri
- Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Mark R Philips
- Cancer Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Virginie Mattot
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, UMR 8161 - Mechanisms of Tumorigenesis and Target Therapies, Universite de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Guido Serini
- Laboratory of Cell Adhesion Dynamics, Candiolo Cancer Institute, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Natalia Prevarskaya
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Dimitra Gkika
- Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Alessandra Fiorio Pla
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Torino, Torino, Italy .,Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces Centre of Excellence, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Laboratoire de Physiologie cellulaire, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1003, Laboratory of Excellence, Ion Channels Science and Therapeutics, Université de Lille, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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97
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Eppler FJ, Quast T, Kolanus W. Dynamin2 controls Rap1 activation and integrin clustering in human T lymphocyte adhesion. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0172443. [PMID: 28273099 PMCID: PMC5342215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0172443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte trafficking is crucial to facilitate efficient immune responses. Here, we report that the large GTPase dynamin2, which is generally considered to have a key role in endocytosis and membrane remodeling, is an essential regulator of integrin-dependent human T lymphocyte adhesion and migration. Chemical inhibition or knockdown of dynamin2 expression significantly reduced integrin-dependent T cell adhesion in vitro. This phenotype was not observed when T cells were treated with various chemical inhibitors which abrogate endocytosis or actin polymerization. We furthermore detected dynamin2 in signaling complexes and propose that it controls T cell adhesion via FAK/Pyk2- and RapGEF1-mediated Rap1 activation. In addition, the dynamin2 inhibitor-induced reduction of lymphocyte adhesion can be rescued by Rap1a overexpression. We demonstrate that the dynamin2 effect on T cell adhesion does not involve integrin affinity regulation but instead relies on its ability to modulate integrin valency. Taken together, we suggest a previously unidentified role of dynamin2 in the regulation of integrin-mediated lymphocyte adhesion via a Rap1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J. Eppler
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Thomas Quast
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Waldemar Kolanus
- Division of Molecular Immunology and Cell Biology, Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
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The cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase 4D5 (PDE4D5)/receptor for activated C-kinase 1 (RACK1) signalling complex as a sensor of the extracellular nano-environment. Cell Signal 2017; 35:282-289. [PMID: 28069443 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The cyclic AMP and protein kinase C (PKC) signalling pathways regulate a wide range of cellular processes that require tight control, including cell proliferation and differentiation, metabolism and inflammation. The identification of a protein complex formed by receptor for activated C kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffold protein for protein kinase C (PKC), and the cyclic AMP-specific phosphodiesterase, PDE4D5, demonstrates a potential mechanism for crosstalk between these two signalling routes. Indeed, RACK1-bound PDE4D5 is activated by PKCα, providing a route through which the PKC pathway can control cellular cyclic AMP levels. Although RACK1 does not appear to affect the intracellular localisation of PDE4D5, it does afford structural stability, providing protection against denaturation, and increases the susceptibility of PDE4D5 to inhibition by cyclic AMP-elevating pharmaceuticals, such as rolipram. In addition, RACK1 can recruit PDE4D5 and PKC to intracellular protein complexes that control diverse cellular functions, including activated G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and integrins clustered at focal adhesions. Through its ability to regulate local cyclic AMP levels in the vicinity of these multimeric receptor complexes, the RACK1/PDE4D5 signalling unit therefore has the potential to modify the quality of incoming signals from diverse extracellular cues, ranging from neurotransmitters and hormones to nanometric topology. Indeed, PDE4D5 and RACK1 have been found to form a tertiary complex with integrin-activated focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which localises to cellular focal adhesion sites. This supports PDE4D5 and RACK1 as potential regulators of cell adhesion, spreading and migration through the non-classical exchange protein activated by cyclic AMP (EPAC1)/Rap1 signalling route.
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Yang DS, Roh S, Jeong S. The axon guidance function of Rap1 small GTPase is independent of PlexA RasGAP activity in Drosophila. Dev Biol 2016; 418:258-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 07/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Wang H, Han X, Bretz CA, Becker S, Gambhir D, Smith GW, Samulski RJ, Wittchen ES, Quilliam LA, Chrzanowska-Wodnicka M, Hartnett ME. Retinal pigment epithelial cell expression of active Rap 1a by scAAV2 inhibits choroidal neovascularization. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2016; 3:16056. [PMID: 27606349 PMCID: PMC4996131 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that increased Rap1a activity specifically in retinal pigment epithelial cells resists choroidal neovascularization (CNV), self-complementary adeno-associated virus 2 (scAAV2) with RPE65-promoter-driven GFP vectors were generated and introduced subretinally into Rap1b-deficient mice. Six-week-old mice that received subretinal control (scAAV2-Con) or constitutively active Rap1a (scAAV2-CARap1a) showed strong GFP at the 5 × 10(8) viral particle/µl dose 5 weeks later without altering retinal morphology or function. Compared to scAAV2-Con- or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)-injected, eyes injected with scAAV2-CARap1a had increased Rap1 in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE)/choroidal lysates and a significant reduction in CNV volume 7 days after laser, comparable to eyes that received intravitreal anti-VEGF versus IgG control. scAAV2-CARap1a-, but not anti-VEGF-, injected eyes had increased pan-cadherin in RPE/choroids. In cultured RPE cells, increased active Rap1a inhibited TNFα-induced disassociation of junctional pan-cadherin/β-catenin complexes, increased transepithelial electrical resistance through an interaction of β-catenin with phosphorylated scaffold protein, IQGAP1, and inhibited choroidal endothelial cell (CEC) transmigration of an RPE monolayer. This evidence shows that increased Rap1a activity specifically in RPE cells is sufficient to reduce CEC transmigration and CNV and involves IQGAP1-mediated protection of RPE junctional complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Xiaokun Han
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang, P.R. China
| | - Colin A Bretz
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Silke Becker
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Deeksha Gambhir
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - George W Smith
- The John Moran Eye Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - R Jude Samulski
- UNC Vector Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erika S Wittchen
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lawrence A Quilliam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
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