51
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Mori S, Honda H, Ishii T, Yoshimura M, Sasagasako N, Suzuki SO, Taniwaki T, Iwaki T. Expanded polyglutamine impairs normal nuclear distribution of fused in sarcoma and poly (rC)‐binding protein 1 in Huntington's disease. Neuropathology 2019; 39:358-367. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Mori
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
- Department of Neurology, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of MedicineKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Honda
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takashi Ishii
- Department of BiochemistryFukuoka Dental College Fukuoka Japan
| | - Motoi Yoshimura
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Naokazu Sasagasako
- Department of NeurologyNeuro‐Muscular Center, National Omuta Hospital Omuta Japan
| | - Satoshi O. Suzuki
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
| | - Takayuki Taniwaki
- Department of Neurology, Division of Respirology, Neurology and Rheumatology, Department of MedicineKurume University School of Medicine Kurume Japan
| | - Toru Iwaki
- Department of NeuropathologyGraduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University Fukuoka Japan
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52
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Rai SN, Singh BK, Rathore AS, Zahra W, Keswani C, Birla H, Singh SS, Dilnashin H, Singh SP. Quality Control in Huntington's Disease: a Therapeutic Target. Neurotox Res 2019; 36:612-626. [PMID: 31297710 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00087-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal autosomal dominantly inherited brain disease caused by excessively expanded CAG repeats in gene which encodes huntingtin protein. These abnormally encoded huntingtin proteins and their truncated fragments result in disruption of cellular quality mechanism ultimately triggering neuronal death. Despite great efforts, a potential causative agent leading to genetic mutation in HTT, manifesting the neurons more prone to oxidative stress, cellular inflammation, energy depletion and apoptotic death, has not been established yet. Current scenario concentrates on symptomatic pathologies to improvise the disease progression and to better the survival. Most of the therapeutic developments have been converged to rescue the protein homeostasis. In HD, abnormal expansion of glutamine repeats in the protein huntingtin leads to toxic aggregation of huntingtin which in turn impairs the quality control mechanism of cells through damaging the machineries involved in removal of aggregated abnormal protein. Therapeutic approaches to improve the efficiency of aggregate clearance through quality control mechanisms involve protein folding machineries such as chaperones and protein degradation machineries such as proteasome and autophagy. Also, to reduce protein aggregation by enhancing proper folding, to degrade and eliminate the aggregates are suggested to negatively regulate the HD progression associated with the disruption of protein homeostasis. This review focuses on the collection of therapeutic strategies targeting enhancement of protein quality control activity to delay the HD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachchida Nand Rai
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Brijesh Kumar Singh
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Medical Centre, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Aaina Singh Rathore
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Walia Zahra
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Chetan Keswani
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hareram Birla
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Saumitra Sen Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Hagera Dilnashin
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Surya Pratap Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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53
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Shacham T, Sharma N, Lederkremer GZ. Protein Misfolding and ER Stress in Huntington's Disease. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:20. [PMID: 31001537 PMCID: PMC6456712 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence in recent years indicates that protein misfolding and aggregation, leading to ER stress, are central factors of pathogenicity in neurodegenerative diseases. This is particularly true in Huntington's disease (HD), where in contrast with other disorders, the cause is monogenic. Mutant huntingtin interferes with many cellular processes, but the fact that modulation of ER stress and of the unfolded response pathways reduces the toxicity, places these mechanisms at the core and gives hope for potential therapeutic approaches. There is currently no effective treatment for HD and it has a fatal outcome a few years after the start of symptoms of cognitive and motor impairment. Here we will discuss recent findings that shed light on the mechanisms of protein misfolding and aggregation that give origin to ER stress in neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Huntington's disease, on the cellular response and on how to use this knowledge for possible therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talya Shacham
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Gerardo Z Lederkremer
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,George Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, School of Molecular Cell Biology and Biotechnology, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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54
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Probing initial transient oligomerization events facilitating Huntingtin fibril nucleation at atomic resolution by relaxation-based NMR. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3562-3571. [PMID: 30808748 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821216116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-terminal region of the huntingtin protein, encoded by exon-1, comprises an amphiphilic domain (httNT), a polyglutamine (Q n ) tract, and a proline-rich sequence. Polyglutamine expansion results in an aggregation-prone protein responsible for Huntington's disease. Here, we study the earliest events involved in oligomerization of a minimalistic construct, httNTQ7, which remains largely monomeric over a sufficiently long period of time to permit detailed quantitative NMR analysis of the kinetics and structure of sparsely populated [Formula: see text] oligomeric states, yet still eventually forms fibrils. Global fitting of concentration-dependent relaxation dispersion, transverse relaxation in the rotating frame, and exchange-induced chemical shift data reveals a bifurcated assembly mechanism in which the NMR observable monomeric species either self-associates to form a productive dimer (τex ∼ 30 μs, K diss ∼ 0.1 M) that goes on to form a tetramer ([Formula: see text] μs; K diss ∼ 22 μM), or exchanges with a "nonproductive" dimer that does not oligomerize further (τex ∼ 400 μs; K diss ∼ 0.3 M). The excited state backbone chemical shifts are indicative of a contiguous helix (residues 3-17) in the productive dimer/tetramer, with only partial helical character in the nonproductive dimer. A structural model of the productive dimer/tetramer was obtained by simulated annealing driven by intermolecular paramagnetic relaxation enhancement data. The tetramer comprises a D 2 symmetric dimer of dimers with largely hydrophobic packing between the helical subunits. The structural model, validated by EPR distance measurements, illuminates the role of the httNT domain in the earliest stages of prenucleation and oligomerization, before fibril formation.
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55
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Pinho BR, Reis SD, Hartley RC, Murphy MP, Oliveira JMA. Mitochondrial superoxide generation induces a parkinsonian phenotype in zebrafish and huntingtin aggregation in human cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:318-327. [PMID: 30389496 PMCID: PMC6340810 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.10.446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Superoxide generation by mitochondria respiratory complexes is a major source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are capable of initiating redox signaling and oxidative damage. Current understanding of the role of mitochondrial ROS in health and disease has been limited by the lack of experimental strategies to selectively induce mitochondrial superoxide production. The recently-developed mitochondria-targeted redox cycler MitoParaquat (MitoPQ) overcomes this limitation, and has proven effective in vitro and in Drosophila. Here we present an in vivo study of MitoPQ in the vertebrate zebrafish model in the context of Parkinson's disease (PD), and in a human cell model of Huntington's disease (HD). We show that MitoPQ is 100-fold more potent than non-targeted paraquat in both cells and in zebrafish in vivo. Treatment with MitoPQ induced a parkinsonian phenotype in zebrafish larvae, with decreased sensorimotor reflexes, spontaneous movement and brain tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) levels, without detectable effects on heart rate or atrioventricular coordination. Motor phenotypes and TH levels were partly rescued with antioxidant or monoaminergic potentiation strategies. In a HD cell model, MitoPQ promoted mutant huntingtin aggregation without increasing cell death, contrasting with the complex I inhibitor rotenone that increased death in cells expressing either wild-type or mutant huntingtin. These results show that MitoPQ is a valuable tool for cellular and in vivo studies of the role of mitochondrial superoxide generation in redox biology, and as a trigger or co-stressor to model metabolic and neurodegenerative disease phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara D Reis
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Richard C Hartley
- WestCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Michael P Murphy
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
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56
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Soares TR, Reis SD, Pinho BR, Duchen MR, Oliveira JMA. Targeting the proteostasis network in Huntington's disease. Ageing Res Rev 2019; 49:92-103. [PMID: 30502498 PMCID: PMC6320389 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine expansion mutation in the huntingtin protein. Expansions above 40 polyglutamine repeats are invariably fatal, following a symptomatic period characterised by choreiform movements, behavioural abnormalities, and cognitive decline. While mutant huntingtin (mHtt) is widely expressed from early life, most patients with HD present in mid-adulthood, highlighting the role of ageing in disease pathogenesis. mHtt undergoes proteolytic cleavage, misfolding, accumulation, and aggregation into inclusion bodies. The emerging model of HD pathogenesis proposes that the chronic production of misfolded mHtt overwhelms the chaperone machinery, diverting other misfolded clients to the proteasome and the autophagy pathways, ultimately leading to a global collapse of the proteostasis network. Multiple converging hypotheses also implicate ageing and its impact in the dysfunction of organelles as additional contributing factors to the collapse of proteostasis in HD. In particular, mitochondrial function is required to sustain the activity of ATP-dependent chaperones and proteolytic machinery. Recent studies elucidating mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum interactions and uncovering a dedicated proteostasis machinery in mitochondria, suggest that mitochondria play a more active role in the maintenance of cellular proteostasis than previously thought. The enhancement of cytosolic proteostasis pathways shows promise for HD treatment, protecting cells from the detrimental effects of mHtt accumulation. In this review, we consider how mHtt and its post translational modifications interfere with protein quality control pathways, and how the pharmacological and genetic modulation of components of the proteostasis network impact disease phenotypes in cellular and in vivo HD models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia R Soares
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sara D Reis
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Brígida R Pinho
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK
| | - Jorge M A Oliveira
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Department of Drug Sciences, Pharmacology Lab, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal; Consortium for Mitochondrial Research (CfMR), University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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57
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Tuite MF. Yeast models of neurodegenerative diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2019; 168:351-379. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2019.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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58
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Pires DEV, Rodrigues CHM, Albanaz ATS, Karmakar M, Myung Y, Xavier J, Michanetzi EM, Portelli S, Ascher DB. Exploring Protein Supersecondary Structure Through Changes in Protein Folding, Stability, and Flexibility. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1958:173-185. [PMID: 30945219 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9161-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The ability to predict how mutations affect protein structure, folding, and flexibility can elucidate the molecular mechanisms leading to disruption of supersecondary structures, the emergence of phenotypes, as well guiding rational protein engineering. The advent of fast and accurate computational tools has enabled us to comprehensively explore the landscape of mutation effects on protein structures, prioritizing mutations for rational experimental validation.Here we describe the use of two complementary web-based in silico methods, DUET and DynaMut, developed to infer the effects of mutations on folding, stability, and flexibility and how they can be used to explore and interpret these effects on protein supersecondary structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas E V Pires
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Carlos H M Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Malancha Karmakar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Yoochan Myung
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Joicymara Xavier
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eleni-Maria Michanetzi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Stephanie Portelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David B Ascher
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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59
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A Heterologous Cell Model for Studying the Role of T-Cell Intracellular Antigen 1 in Welander Distal Myopathy. Mol Cell Biol 2018; 39:MCB.00299-18. [PMID: 30348840 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00299-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Welander distal myopathy (WDM) is a muscle dystrophy characterized by adult-onset distal muscle weakness, prevalently impacting the distal long extensors of the hands and feet. WDM is an autosomal dominant disorder caused by a missense mutation (c.1362G>A; p.E384K) in the TIA1 (T-cell intracellular antigen 1) gene, which encodes an RNA-binding protein basically required for the posttranscriptional regulation of RNAs. We have developed a heterologous cell model of WDM to study the molecular and cellular events associated with mutated TIA1 expression. Specifically, we analyzed how this mutation affects three regulatory functions mediated by TIA1: (i) control of alternative SMN2 (survival motor neuron 2) splicing; (ii) formation, assembly, and disassembly of stress granules; and (iii) mitochondrial dynamics and its consequences for mitophagy, autophagy, and apoptosis. Our results show that whereas WDM-associated TIA1 expression had only a mild effect on SMN2 splicing, it led to suboptimal adaptation to environmental stress, with exacerbated stress granule formation that was accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction and autophagy. Overall, our observations indicate that some aspects of the cell phenotype seen in muscle of patients with WDM can be recapitulated by ectopic expression of WDM-TIA1 in embryonic kidney cells, highlighting the potential of this model to investigate the pathogenesis of this degenerative disease and possible therapeutics.
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60
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Takahashi M, Kitaura H, Kakita A, Kakihana T, Katsuragi Y, Nameta M, Zhang L, Iwakura Y, Nawa H, Higuchi M, Komatsu M, Fujii M. USP10 Is a Driver of Ubiquitinated Protein Aggregation and Aggresome Formation to Inhibit Apoptosis. iScience 2018; 9:433-450. [PMID: 30469013 PMCID: PMC6249355 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins is cytotoxic, but cells inactivate these cytotoxicities by inducing aggresome formation. We found that ubiquitin-specific protease 10 (USP10) inhibits ubiquitinated protein-induced apoptosis by inducing aggresome formation. USP10 interacted with the ubiquitin receptor p62 and the interaction augmented p62-dependent ubiquitinated protein aggregation and aggresome formation, thereby cooperatively inhibiting apoptosis. We provide evidence that USP10/p62-induced protein aggregates inhibit proteasome activity, which increases the amount of ubiquitinated proteins and promotes aggresome formation. USP10 induced aggresomes containing α-synuclein, a pathogenic protein in Parkinson disease, in cultured cells. In Parkinson disease brains, USP10 was colocalized with α-synuclein in the disease-linked aggresome-like inclusion Lewy bodies, suggesting that USP10 inhibits α-synuclein-induced neurotoxicity by promoting Lewy body formation. Collectively, these findings suggest that USP10 is a critical factor to control protein aggregation, aggresome formation, and cytotoxicity in protein-aggregation-related diseases. USP10 induces ubiquitinated protein aggregation and aggresome formation USP10 inhibits ubiquitinated protein-induced apoptosis by aggresome formation USP10 induces α-synuclein-positive aggresome USP10 is colocalized with α-synuclein in Lewy body in Parkinson disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiko Takahashi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kitaura
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Akiyoshi Kakita
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Taichi Kakihana
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Katsuragi
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masaaki Nameta
- Electron Microscope Core Facility, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Lu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8585, Japan
| | - Yuriko Iwakura
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nawa
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Brain Research Institute, Niigata University, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masaya Higuchi
- Department of Microbiology, Kanazawa Medical University School of Medicine, Uchinada, 920-0293, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fujii
- Division of Virology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata 951-8510, Japan.
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61
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Chi H, Chang HY, Sang TK. Neuronal Cell Death Mechanisms in Major Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E3082. [PMID: 30304824 PMCID: PMC6213751 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal cell death in the central nervous system has always been a challenging process to decipher. In normal physiological conditions, neuronal cell death is restricted in the adult brain, even in aged individuals. However, in the pathological conditions of various neurodegenerative diseases, cell death and shrinkage in a specific region of the brain represent a fundamental pathological feature across different neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we will briefly go through the general pathways of cell death and describe evidence for cell death in the context of individual common neurodegenerative diseases, discussing our current understanding of cell death by connecting with renowned pathogenic proteins, including Tau, amyloid-beta, alpha-synuclein, huntingtin and TDP-43.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chi
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Hui-Yun Chang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
| | - Tzu-Kang Sang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu City 30013, Taiwan.
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62
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Chung CG, Lee H, Lee SB. Mechanisms of protein toxicity in neurodegenerative diseases. Cell Mol Life Sci 2018; 75:3159-3180. [PMID: 29947927 PMCID: PMC6063327 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2854-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Protein toxicity can be defined as all the pathological changes that ensue from accumulation, mis-localization, and/or multimerization of disease-specific proteins. Most neurodegenerative diseases manifest protein toxicity as one of their key pathogenic mechanisms, the details of which remain unclear. By systematically deconstructing the nature of toxic proteins, we aim to elucidate and illuminate some of the key mechanisms of protein toxicity from which therapeutic insights may be drawn. In this review, we focus specifically on protein toxicity from the point of view of various cellular compartments such as the nucleus and the mitochondria. We also discuss the cell-to-cell propagation of toxic disease proteins that complicates the mechanistic understanding of the disease progression as well as the spatiotemporal point at which to therapeutically intervene. Finally, we discuss selective neuronal vulnerability, which still remains largely enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Geon Chung
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sung Bae Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, Republic of Korea.
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63
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Lieberman AP, Shakkottai VG, Albin RL. Polyglutamine Repeats in Neurodegenerative Diseases. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY-MECHANISMS OF DISEASE 2018; 14:1-27. [PMID: 30089230 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathmechdis-012418-012857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Among the age-dependent protein aggregation disorders, nine neurodegenerative diseases are caused by expansions of CAG repeats encoding polyglutamine (polyQ) tracts. We review the clinical, pathological, and biological features of these inherited disorders. We discuss insights into pathogenesis gleaned from studies of model systems and patients, highlighting work that informs efforts to develop effective therapies. An important conclusion from these analyses is that expanded CAG/polyQ domains are the primary drivers of neurodegeneration, with the biology of carrier proteins influencing disease-specific manifestations. Additionally, it has become apparent that CAG/polyQ repeat expansions produce neurodegeneration via multiple downstream mechanisms, involving both gain- and loss-of-function effects. This conclusion indicates that the likelihood of developing effective therapies targeting single nodes is reduced. The evaluation of treatments for premanifest disease will likely require new investigational approaches. We highlight the opportunities and challenges underlying ongoing work and provide recommendations related to the development of symptomatic and disease-modifying therapies and biomarkers that could inform future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Lieberman
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA;
| | - Vikram G Shakkottai
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; , .,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Roger L Albin
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA; , .,Neurology Service and the Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105, USA
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64
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65
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Rodrigues CHM, Pires DEV, Ascher DB. DynaMut: predicting the impact of mutations on protein conformation, flexibility and stability. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:W350-W355. [PMID: 29718330 PMCID: PMC6031064 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 635] [Impact Index Per Article: 105.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins are highly dynamic molecules, whose function is intrinsically linked to their molecular motions. Despite the pivotal role of protein dynamics, their computational simulation cost has led to most structure-based approaches for assessing the impact of mutations on protein structure and function relying upon static structures. Here we present DynaMut, a web server implementing two distinct, well established normal mode approaches, which can be used to analyze and visualize protein dynamics by sampling conformations and assess the impact of mutations on protein dynamics and stability resulting from vibrational entropy changes. DynaMut integrates our graph-based signatures along with normal mode dynamics to generate a consensus prediction of the impact of a mutation on protein stability. We demonstrate our approach outperforms alternative approaches to predict the effects of mutations on protein stability and flexibility (P-value < 0.001), achieving a correlation of up to 0.70 on blind tests. DynaMut also provides a comprehensive suite for protein motion and flexibility analysis and visualization via a freely available, user friendly web server at http://biosig.unimelb.edu.au/dynamut/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos HM Rodrigues
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - David B Ascher
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Australia
- Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, UK
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66
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Cox D, Raeburn C, Sui X, Hatters DM. Protein aggregation in cell biology: An aggregomics perspective of health and disease. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 99:40-54. [PMID: 29753879 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Maintaining protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is essential for cellular health and is governed by a network of quality control machinery comprising over 800 genes. When proteostasis becomes imbalanced, proteins can abnormally aggregate or become mislocalized. Inappropriate protein aggregation and proteostasis imbalance are two of the central pathological features of common neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson, Huntington, and motor neuron diseases. How aggregation contributes to the pathogenic mechanisms of disease remains incompletely understood. Here, we integrate some of the key and emerging ideas as to how protein aggregation relates to imbalanced proteostasis with an emphasis on Huntington disease as our area of main expertise. We propose the term "aggregomics" be coined in reference to how aggregation of particular proteins concomitantly influences the spatial organization and protein-protein interactions of the surrounding proteome. Meta-analysis of aggregated interactomes from various published datasets reveals chaperones and RNA-binding proteins are common components across various disease contexts. We conclude with an examination of therapeutic avenues targeting proteostasis mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezerae Cox
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Candice Raeburn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Xiaojing Sui
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Australia; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, Australia.
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67
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Abstract
Intracellular environments are heterogeneous milieus comprised of macromolecules, osmolytes, and a range of assemblies that include membrane-bound organelles and membraneless biomolecular condensates. The latter are nonstoichiometric assemblies of protein and RNA molecules. They represent distinct phases and form via intracellular phase transitions. Here, we present insights from recent studies and provide a perspective on how phase transitions that lead to biomolecular condensates might contribute to cellular functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S. Holehouse
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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68
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Newcombe EA, Ruff KM, Sethi A, Ormsby AR, Ramdzan YM, Fox A, Purcell AW, Gooley PR, Pappu RV, Hatters DM. Tadpole-like Conformations of Huntingtin Exon 1 Are Characterized by Conformational Heterogeneity that Persists regardless of Polyglutamine Length. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1442-1458. [PMID: 29627459 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Soluble huntingtin exon 1 (Httex1) with expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) engenders neurotoxicity in Huntington's disease. To uncover the physical basis of this toxicity, we performed structural studies of soluble Httex1 for wild-type and mutant polyQ lengths. Nuclear magnetic resonance experiments show evidence for conformational rigidity across the polyQ region. In contrast, hydrogen-deuterium exchange shows absence of backbone amide protection, suggesting negligible persistence of hydrogen bonds. The seemingly conflicting results are explained by all-atom simulations, which show that Httex1 adopts tadpole-like structures with a globular head encompassing the N-terminal amphipathic and polyQ regions and the tail encompassing the C-terminal proline-rich region. The surface area of the globular domain increases monotonically with polyQ length. This stimulates sharp increases in gain-of-function interactions in cells for expanded polyQ, and one of these interactions is with the stress-granule protein Fus. Our results highlight plausible connections between Httex1 structure and routes to neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estella A Newcombe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kiersten M Ruff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Ashish Sethi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Angelique R Ormsby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Yasmin M Ramdzan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Archa Fox
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Paul R Gooley
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - Danny M Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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69
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Posey AE, Ruff KM, Harmon TS, Crick SL, Li A, Diamond MI, Pappu RV. Profilin reduces aggregation and phase separation of huntingtin N-terminal fragments by preferentially binding to soluble monomers and oligomers. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:3734-3746. [PMID: 29358329 PMCID: PMC5846159 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra117.000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntingtin N-terminal fragments (Htt-NTFs) with expanded polyglutamine tracts form a range of neurotoxic aggregates that are associated with Huntington's disease. Here, we show that aggregation of Htt-NTFs, irrespective of polyglutamine length, yields at least three phases (designated M, S, and F) that are delineated by sharp concentration thresholds and distinct aggregate sizes and morphologies. We found that monomers and oligomers make up the soluble M phase, ∼25-nm spheres dominate in the soluble S phase, and long, linear fibrils make up the insoluble F phase. Previous studies showed that profilin, an abundant cellular protein, reduces Htt-NTF aggregation and toxicity in cells. We confirm that profilin achieves its cellular effects through direct binding to the C-terminal proline-rich region of Htt-NTFs. We show that profilin preferentially binds to Htt-NTF M-phase species and destabilizes aggregation and phase separation by shifting the concentration boundaries for phase separation to higher values through a process known as polyphasic linkage. Our experiments, aided by coarse-grained computer simulations and theoretical analysis, suggest that preferential binding of profilin to the M-phase species of Htt-NTFs is enhanced through a combination of specific interactions between profilin and polyproline segments and auxiliary interactions between profilin and polyglutamine tracts. Polyphasic linkage may be a general strategy that cells utilize to regulate phase behavior of aggregation-prone proteins. Accordingly, detailed knowledge of phase behavior and an understanding of how ligands modulate phase boundaries may pave the way for developing new therapeutics against a variety of aggregation-prone proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammon E Posey
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Kiersten M Ruff
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Tyler S Harmon
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Scott L Crick
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130
| | - Aimin Li
- the Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63108
| | - Marc I Diamond
- the Center for Alzheimer's and Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, and
| | - Rohit V Pappu
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130,
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70
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Jamar NH, Kritsiligkou P, Grant CM. Loss of mRNA surveillance pathways results in widespread protein aggregation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3894. [PMID: 29497115 PMCID: PMC5832753 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22183-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic cells contain translation-associated mRNA surveillance pathways which prevent the production of potentially toxic proteins from aberrant mRNA translation events. We found that loss of mRNA surveillance pathways in mutants deficient in nonsense-mediated decay (NMD), no-go decay (NGD) and nonstop decay (NSD) results in increased protein aggregation. We have isolated and identified the proteins that aggregate and our bioinformatic analyses indicates that increased aggregation of aggregation-prone proteins is a general occurrence in mRNA surveillance mutants, rather than being attributable to specific pathways. The proteins that aggregate in mRNA surveillance mutants tend to be more highly expressed, more abundant and more stable proteins compared with the wider proteome. There is also a strong correlation with the proteins that aggregate in response to nascent protein misfolding and an enrichment for proteins that are substrates of ribosome-associated Hsp70 chaperones, consistent with susceptibility for aggregation primarily occurring during translation/folding. We also identified a significant overlap between the aggregated proteins in mRNA surveillance mutants and ageing yeast cells suggesting that translation-dependent protein aggregation may be a feature of the loss of proteostasis that occurs in aged cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Hidayah Jamar
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Malaysia
| | - Paraskevi Kritsiligkou
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - Chris M Grant
- Division of Molecular and Cellular Function, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
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71
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Williamson NA. Operational Experience of an Open-Access, Subscription-Based Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:439-446. [PMID: 29299836 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1862-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This paper discusses the successful adoption of a subscription-based, open-access model of service delivery for a mass spectrometry and proteomics facility. In 2009, the Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics Facility at the University of Melbourne (Australia) moved away from the standard fee for service model of service provision. Instead, the facility adopted a subscription- or membership-based, open-access model of service delivery. For a low fixed yearly cost, users could directly operate the instrumentation but, more importantly, there were no limits on usage other than the necessity to share available instrument time with all other users. All necessary training from platform staff and many of the base reagents were also provided as part of the membership cost. These changes proved to be very successful in terms of financial outcomes for the facility, instrument access and usage, and overall research output. This article describes the systems put in place as well as the overall successes and challenges associated with the operation of a mass spectrometry/proteomics core in this manner. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A Williamson
- The Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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72
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Pandey NK, Isas JM, Rawat A, Lee RV, Langen J, Pandey P, Langen R. The 17-residue-long N terminus in huntingtin controls stepwise aggregation in solution and on membranes via different mechanisms. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:2597-2605. [PMID: 29282287 PMCID: PMC5818184 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.813667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregation of huntingtin protein arising from expanded polyglutamine (polyQ) sequences in the exon-1 region of mutant huntingtin plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease. The huntingtin aggregation pathways are of therapeutic and diagnostic interest, but obtaining critical information from the physiologically relevant htt exon-1 (Httex1) protein has been challenging. Using biophysical techniques and an expression and purification protocol that generates clean, monomeric Httex1, we identified and mapped three distinct aggregation pathways: 1) unseeded in solution; 2) seeded in solution; and 3) membrane-mediated. In solution, aggregation proceeded in a highly stepwise manner, in which the individual domains (N terminus containing 17 amino acids (N17), polyQ, and proline-rich domain (PRD)) become ordered at very different rates. The aggregation was initiated by an early oligomer requiring a pathogenic, expanded Gln length and N17 α-helix formation. In the second phase, β-sheet forms in the polyQ. The slowest step is the final structural maturation of the PRD. This stepwise mechanism could be bypassed by seeding, which potently accelerated aggregation and was a prerequisite for prion-like spreading in vivo Remarkably, membranes could catalyze aggregation even more potently than seeds, in a process that caused significant membrane damage. The N17 governed membrane-mediated aggregation by anchoring Httex1 to the membrane, enhancing local concentration and promoting collision via two-dimensional diffusion. Considering its central roles in solution and in membrane-mediated aggregation, the N17 represents an attractive target for inhibiting multiple pathways. Our approach should help evaluate such inhibitors and identify diagnostic markers for the misfolded forms identified here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin K Pandey
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - J Mario Isas
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Anoop Rawat
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Rachel V Lee
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Jennifer Langen
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Priyatama Pandey
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
| | - Ralf Langen
- From the Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience and of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine. Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033
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73
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Dynamic recruitment of ubiquitin to mutant huntingtin inclusion bodies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1405. [PMID: 29362455 PMCID: PMC5780509 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19538-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as Huntington’s disease, are hallmarked by the formation of intracellular inclusion bodies (IBs) that are decorated with ubiquitin, proteasomes and chaperones. The apparent enrichment of ubiquitin and components involved in protein quality control at IBs suggests local ubiquitin-dependent enzymatic activity. In this study, we examine recruitment of ubiquitin to IBs of polyglutamine-expanded huntingtin fragments (mHtt) by using synthesized TAMRA-labeled ubiquitin moieties. We show that intracellular TAMRA-ubiquitin is dynamic at mHtt IBs and is incorporated into poly-ubiquitin chains of intracellular substrates, such as mHtt, in a conjugation-dependent manner. Furthermore, we report that mHtt IBs recruit catalytically active enzymes involved in (de)-ubiquitination processes based on novel activity-based probes. However, we also find that the overexpression of the GFP-ubiquitin reporter, unlike the endogenous ubiquitin and TAMRA-ubiquitin, becomes irreversibly sequestered as a ring-like structure around the mHtt IBs, suggesting a methodical disadvantage of GFP-tagged ubiquitin. Our data provide supportive evidence for dynamic recruitment of ubiquitin and ubiquitin (de)-conjugating activity at mHtt initiated IBs.
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74
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Hashimoto M, Ho G, Takamatsu Y, Wada R, Sugama S, Takenouchi T, Masliah E, Waragai M. Possible Role of the Polyglutamine Elongation in Evolution of Amyloid-Related Evolvability. J Huntingtons Dis 2018; 7:297-307. [PMID: 30372687 PMCID: PMC6294593 DOI: 10.3233/jhd-180309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, such as Huntington's disease and the spinocerebellar ataxias, are characterized by the accumulation of elongated polyQ sequences (epolyQ) and mostly occur during midlife. Considering that polyQ disorders have not been selected out in evolution, there might be important physiological functions of epolyQ during development and/or reproduction. In a similar context, the physiological functions of neurodegeneration-associated amyloidogenic proteins (APs), such as β-amyloid in Alzheimer's disease and α-synuclein in Parkinson's disease, remain elusive. In this regard, we recently proposed that evolvability for coping with diverse stressors in the brain, which is beneficial for offspring, might be relevant to the physiological functions of APs. Given analogous properties of APs and epolyQ in terms of neurotoxic amyloid-fibril formation, the objective of this paper is to determine whether evolvability could also be applied to the physiological functions of epolyQ. Indeed, APs and epolyQ are similar in many ways, including functional redundancy of non-amyloidogenic homologues, hormesis conferred by the heterogeneity of the stress-induced protein aggregates, the transgenerational prion-like transmission of the protein aggregates via germ cells, and the antagonistic pleiotropy relationship between evolvability and neurodegenerative disease. Given that epolyQ is widely expressed from microorganisms to human brain, whereas APs are only identified in vertebrates, evolvability of epolyQ is considered to be much more primitive compared to those of APs during evolution. Collectively, epolyQ may be not only be important in the pathophysiology of polyQ diseases, but also in the evolution of amyloid-related evolvability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gilbert Ho
- PCND Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, USA
| | - Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryoko Wada
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shuei Sugama
- Department of Physiology, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takato Takenouchi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Eliezer Masliah
- Division of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Masaaki Waragai
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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75
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Warner JB, Ruff KM, Tan PS, Lemke EA, Pappu RV, Lashuel HA. Monomeric Huntingtin Exon 1 Has Similar Overall Structural Features for Wild-Type and Pathological Polyglutamine Lengths. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:14456-14469. [PMID: 28937758 PMCID: PMC5677759 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b06659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease is caused by expansion of a polyglutamine (polyQ) domain within exon 1 of the huntingtin gene (Httex1). The prevailing hypothesis is that the monomeric Httex1 protein undergoes sharp conformational changes as the polyQ length exceeds a threshold of 36-37 residues. Here, we test this hypothesis by combining novel semi-synthesis strategies with state-of-the-art single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer measurements on biologically relevant, monomeric Httex1 proteins of five different polyQ lengths. Our results, integrated with atomistic simulations, negate the hypothesis of a sharp, polyQ length-dependent change in the structure of monomeric Httex1. Instead, they support a continuous global compaction with increasing polyQ length that derives from increased prominence of the globular polyQ domain. Importantly, we show that monomeric Httex1 adopts tadpole-like architectures for polyQ lengths below and above the pathological threshold. Our results suggest that higher order homotypic and/or heterotypic interactions within distinct sub-populations of neurons, which are inevitable at finite cellular concentrations, are likely to be the main source of sharp polyQ length dependencies of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- John B. Warner
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kiersten M. Ruff
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Piau Siong Tan
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edward A. Lemke
- Structural
and Computational Biology Unit, Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rohit V. Pappu
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering and Center for Biological Systems Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Hilal A. Lashuel
- Laboratory
of Molecular and Chemical Biology of Neurodegeneration, Brain Mind
Institute, Station 19, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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76
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Rindt H, Tom CM, Lorson CL, Mattis VB. Optimization of trans-Splicing for Huntington's Disease RNA Therapy. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:544. [PMID: 29066943 PMCID: PMC5641306 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disorder caused by a polyglutamine (polyQ) expansion in exon 1 of the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. We have previously demonstrated that spliceosome-mediated trans-splicing is a viable molecular strategy to specifically reduce and repair mutant HTT (mtHTT). Here, the targeted tethering efficacy of the pre-mRNA trans-splicing modules (PTM) in HTT was optimized. Various PTMs that targeted the 3′ end of HTT intron 1 or the intron 1 branch point were shown trans-splice into an HTT mini-gene, as well as the endogenous HTT pre-mRNA. PTMs that specifically target the endogenous intron 1 branch point increased the trans-splicing efficacy from 1–5 to 10–15%. Furthermore, lentiviral expression of PTMs in a human HD patient iPSC-derived neural culture significantly reversed two previously established polyQ-length dependent phenotypes. These results suggest that pre-mRNA repair of mtHTT could hold therapeutic benefit and it demonstrates an alternative platform to correct the mRNA product produced by the mtHTT allele in the context of HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansjörg Rindt
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Colton M Tom
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Christian L Lorson
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Virginia B Mattis
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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77
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San Gil R, Ooi L, Yerbury JJ, Ecroyd H. The heat shock response in neurons and astroglia and its role in neurodegenerative diseases. Mol Neurodegener 2017; 12:65. [PMID: 28923065 PMCID: PMC5604514 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-017-0208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein inclusions are a predominant molecular pathology found in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease. Protein inclusions form in discrete areas of the brain characteristic to the type of neurodegenerative disease, and coincide with the death of neurons in that region (e.g. spinal cord motor neurons in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis). This suggests that the process of protein misfolding leading to inclusion formation is neurotoxic, and that cell-autonomous and non-cell autonomous mechanisms that maintain protein homeostasis (proteostasis) can, at times, be insufficient to prevent protein inclusion formation in the central nervous system. The heat shock response is a pro-survival pathway induced under conditions of cellular stress that acts to maintain proteostasis through the up-regulation of heat shock proteins, a superfamily of molecular chaperones, other co-chaperones and mitotic regulators. The kinetics and magnitude of the heat shock response varies in a stress- and cell-type dependent manner. It remains to be determined if and/or how the heat shock response is activated in the different cell-types that comprise the central nervous system (e.g. neurons and astroglia) in response to protein misfolding events that precede cellular dysfunctions in neurodegenerative diseases. This is particularly relevant considering emerging evidence demonstrating the non-cell autonomous nature of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and Huntington's disease (and other neurodegenerative diseases) and the destructive role of astroglia in disease progression. This review highlights the complexity of heat shock response activation and addresses whether neurons and glia sense and respond to protein misfolding and aggregation associated with neurodegenerative diseases, in particular Huntington's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, by inducing a pro-survival heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca San Gil
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, 2522 Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, 2522 Australia
| | - Justin J. Yerbury
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, 2522 Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Northfields Ave, Wollongong, 2522 Australia
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Bäuerlein FJB, Saha I, Mishra A, Kalemanov M, Martínez-Sánchez A, Klein R, Dudanova I, Hipp MS, Hartl FU, Baumeister W, Fernández-Busnadiego R. In Situ Architecture and Cellular Interactions of PolyQ Inclusions. Cell 2017; 171:179-187.e10. [PMID: 28890085 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Expression of many disease-related aggregation-prone proteins results in cytotoxicity and the formation of large intracellular inclusion bodies. To gain insight into the role of inclusions in pathology and the in situ structure of protein aggregates inside cells, we employ advanced cryo-electron tomography methods to analyze the structure of inclusions formed by polyglutamine (polyQ)-expanded huntingtin exon 1 within their intact cellular context. In primary mouse neurons and immortalized human cells, polyQ inclusions consist of amyloid-like fibrils that interact with cellular endomembranes, particularly of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Interactions with these fibrils lead to membrane deformation, the local impairment of ER organization, and profound alterations in ER membrane dynamics at the inclusion periphery. These results suggest that aberrant interactions between fibrils and endomembranes contribute to the deleterious cellular effects of protein aggregation. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix J B Bäuerlein
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Itika Saha
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Archana Mishra
- Department of Molecules, Signaling, and Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Maria Kalemanov
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Graduate School of Quantitative Biosciences Munich, 81337 Munich, Germany
| | - Antonio Martínez-Sánchez
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Klein
- Department of Molecules, Signaling, and Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Irina Dudanova
- Department of Molecules, Signaling, and Development, Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mark S Hipp
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - F Ulrich Hartl
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | - Wolfgang Baumeister
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
| | - Rubén Fernández-Busnadiego
- Department of Molecular Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
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A thiol probe for measuring unfolded protein load and proteostasis in cells. Nat Commun 2017; 8:474. [PMID: 28883394 PMCID: PMC5589734 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When proteostasis becomes unbalanced, unfolded proteins can accumulate and aggregate. Here we report that the dye, tetraphenylethene maleimide (TPE-MI) can be used to measure cellular unfolded protein load. TPE-MI fluorescence is activated upon labelling free cysteine thiols, normally buried in the core of globular proteins that are exposed upon unfolding. Crucially TPE-MI does not become fluorescent when conjugated to soluble glutathione. We find that TPE-MI fluorescence is enhanced upon reaction with cellular proteomes under conditions promoting accumulation of unfolded proteins. TPE-MI reactivity can be used to track which proteins expose more cysteine residues under stress through proteomic analysis. We show that TPE-MI can report imbalances in proteostasis in induced pluripotent stem cell models of Huntington disease, as well as cells transfected with mutant Huntington exon 1 before the formation of visible aggregates. TPE-MI also detects protein damage following dihydroartemisinin treatment of the malaria parasites Plasmodium falciparum. TPE-MI therefore holds promise as a tool to probe proteostasis mechanisms in disease. Proteostasis is maintained through a number of molecular mechanisms, some of which function to protect the folded state of proteins. Here the authors demonstrate the use of TPE-MI in a fluorigenic dye assay for the quantitation of unfolded proteins that can be used to assess proteostasis on a cellular or proteome scale.
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Moily NS, Ormsby AR, Stojilovic A, Ramdzan YM, Diesch J, Hannan RD, Zajac MS, Hannan AJ, Oshlack A, Hatters DM. Transcriptional profiles for distinct aggregation states of mutant Huntingtin exon 1 protein unmask new Huntington's disease pathways. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 83:103-112. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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