51
|
Schijf MA, Lukens MV, Kruijsen D, van Uden NOP, Garssen J, Coenjaerts FEJ, van’t Land B, van Bleek GM. Respiratory syncytial virus induced type I IFN production by pDC is regulated by RSV-infected airway epithelial cells, RSV-exposed monocytes and virus specific antibodies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81695. [PMID: 24303065 PMCID: PMC3841124 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune responses elicited upon virus exposure are crucial for the effective eradication of viruses, the onset of adaptive immune responses and for establishing proper immune memory. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a high disease burden in neonates and immune compromised individuals, causing severe lower respiratory tract infections. During primary infections exuberant innate immune responses may contribute to disease severity. Furthermore, immune memory is often insufficient to protect during RSV re-exposure, which results in frequent symptomatic reinfections. Therefore, identifying the cell types and pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) involved in RSV-specific innate immune responses is necessary to understand incomplete immunity against RSV. We investigated the innate cellular response triggered upon infection of epithelial cells and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. We show that CD14+ myeloid cells and epithelial cells are the major source of IL-8 and inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and TNF-α, when exposed to live RSV Three routes of RSV-induced IFN-α production can be distinguished that depend on the cross-talk of different cell types and the presence or absence of virus specific antibodies, whereby pDC are the ultimate source of IFN-α. RSV-specific antibodies facilitate direct TLR7 access into endosomal compartments, while in the absence of antibodies, infection of monocytes or epithelial cells is necessary to provide an early source of type I interferons, required to engage the IFN-α,β receptor (IFNAR)-mediated pathway of IFN-α production by pDC. However, at high pDC density infection with RSV causes IFN-α production without the need for a second party cell. Our study shows that cellular context and immune status are factors affecting innate immune responses to RSV. These issues should therefore be addressed during the process of vaccine development and other interventions for RSV disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcel A. Schijf
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michael V. Lukens
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Debby Kruijsen
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nathalie O. P. van Uden
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Garssen
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences (UIPS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Belinda van’t Land
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Immunology, Danone Research - Centre for Specialised Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Grada M. van Bleek
- Department of Pediatrics, The Wilhelmina Children’s Hospital, University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Dalençon F. Modern Vaccine Adjuvant/Formulation--Session 9: Adjuvants. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2013; 9:2013-4. [PMID: 23938771 DOI: 10.4161/hv.26074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Session 9 of the Modern Vaccine Adjuvant/Formulation meeting pointed out the permanent need for vaccine improvement and for adjuvant development. Indeed, the increasing use of recombinant subunit vaccines for both parenteral and mucosal vaccination necessitates the development of improved adjuvants. This session dealt with strategies for the development of new vaccine adjuvants with respect to the availability of new molecules targeting specifically the receptors of the systemic or mucosal immune system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Dalençon
- Discovery Department; Sanofi Pasteur; Campus Mérieux; Marcy l'Etoile, France
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Guerrero-Plata A. Dendritic cells in human Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus infections. Viruses 2013; 5:1553-70. [PMID: 23787776 PMCID: PMC3717721 DOI: 10.3390/v5061553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung dendritic cells (DC) play a fundamental role in sensing invading pathogens, as well as in the control of tolerogenic responses in the respiratory tract. Their strategic localization at the site of pathogen entry makes them particularly susceptible to initial viral invasion. Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, within the Pneumovirus and Metapneumovirus genera, respectively. hRSV and hMPV are significant human respiratory pathogens that cause similar clinical manifestations and affect many of the same subpopulations. However, they differentially activate the host immune response, including DC, which represents a fundamental link between the innate and adaptive immune response. In this review, the role of DC in the immune response against hRSV and hMPV infections, as well as the inhibitory effects of these paramyxoviruses on the DC immunity will be discussed.
Collapse
|
54
|
Johnson TR, Rangel D, Graham BS, Brough DE, Gall JG. Genetic vaccine for respiratory syncytial virus provides protection without disease potentiation. Mol Ther 2013; 22:196-205. [PMID: 23752342 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of infectious lower respiratory disease in infants and the elderly. As there is no vaccine for RSV, we developed a genetic vaccine approach that induced protection of the entire respiratory tract from a single parenteral administration. The approach was based on adenovirus vectors derived from newly isolated nonhuman primate viruses with low seroprevalence. We show for the first time that a single intramuscular (IM) injection of the replication-deficient adenovirus vectors expressing the RSV fusion (F0) glycoprotein induced immune responses that protected both the lungs and noses of cotton rats and mice even at low doses and for several months postimmunization. The immune response included high titers of neutralizing antibody that were maintained ≥ 24 weeks and RSV-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. The vectors were as potently immunogenic as a human adenovirus 5 vector in these two key respiratory pathogen animal models. Importantly, there was minimal alveolitis and granulocytic infiltrates in the lung, and type 2 cytokines were not produced after RSV challenge even under conditions of partial protection. Overall, this genetic vaccine is highly effective without potentiating immunopathology, and the results support development of the vaccine candidate for human testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barney S Graham
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Alsuwaidi AR, Benedict S, Kochiyil J, Mustafa F, Hartwig SM, Almarzooqi S, Albawardi A, Rizvi TA, Varga SM, Souid AK. Bioenergetics of murine lungs infected with respiratory syncytial virus. Virol J 2013; 10:22. [PMID: 23320837 PMCID: PMC3616819 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-10-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2012] [Accepted: 01/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular bioenergetics (cellular respiration and accompanying ATP synthesis) is a highly sensitive biomarker of tissue injury and may be altered following infection. The status of cellular mitochondrial O(2) consumption of the lung in pulmonary RSV infection is unknown. METHODS In this study, lung fragments from RSV-infected BALB/c mice were evaluated for cellular O(2) consumption, ATP content and caspase activity. The disease was induced by intranasal inoculation with the RSV strain A2 and lung specimens were analyzed on days 2-15 after inoculation. A phosphorescence O(2) analyzer that measured dissolved O(2) concentration as a function of time was used to monitor respiration. The caspase-3 substrate analogue N-acetyl-asp-glu-val-asp-7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (Ac-DEVD-AMC) was used to monitor intracellular caspases. RESULTS O(2) concentration declined linearly with time when measured in a sealed vial containing lung fragment and glucose as a respiratory substrate, revealing its zero-order kinetics. O(2) consumption was inhibited by cyanide, confirming the oxidation occurred in the respiratory chain. Cellular respiration increased by 1.6-fold (p<0.010) and ATP content increased by 3-fold in the first week of RSV infection. Both parameters returned to levels found in uninfected lungs in the second week of RSV infection. Intracellular caspase activity in infected lungs was similar to uninfected lungs throughout the course of disease. CONCLUSIONS Lung tissue bioenergetics is transiently enhanced in RSV infection. This energy burst, triggered by the virus or virus-induced inflammation, is an early biomarker of the disease and may be targeted for therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed R Alsuwaidi
- Departments of Pediatrics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, P,O, Box 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Recombinant influenza virus carrying the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F85-93 CTL epitope reduces RSV replication in mice. J Virol 2013; 87:3314-23. [PMID: 23302879 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.03019-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants worldwide. Despite decades of research, there is still no registered vaccine available for this major pathogen. We investigated the protective efficacy of a recombinant influenza virus, PR8/NA-F(85-93), that carries the RSV CD8(+) T cell epitope F(85-93) in its neuraminidase stalk. F(85-93)-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) were induced in mice after a single intranasal immunization with PR8/NA-F(85-93) virus, and these CTLs provided a significant reduction in the lung viral load upon a subsequent challenge with RSV. To avoid influenza-induced morbidity, we treated mice with matrix protein 2 (M2e)-specific monoclonal antibodies before PR8/NA-F(85-93) virus infection. Treatment with anti-M2e antibodies reduced the infiltration of immune cells in the lungs upon PR8/NA-F(85-93) infection, whereas the formation of inducible bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue was not affected. Moreover, this treatment prevented body weight loss yet still permitted the induction of RSV F-specific T cell responses and significantly reduced RSV replication upon challenge. These results demonstrate that it is possible to take advantage of the infection-permissive protection of M2e-specific antibodies against influenza A virus to induce heterologous CD8(+) T cell-mediated immunity by an influenza A virus vector expressing the RSV F(85-93) epitope.
Collapse
|
57
|
Xiang Z, Gonzalez R, Ren L, Xiao Y, Chen L, Zhang J, Wang W, Yang Q, Li J, Zhou H, Vernet G, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Wang Z, Wang J. Prevalence and clinical characteristics of human respiratory syncytial virus in Chinese adults with acute respiratory tract infection. J Med Virol 2012. [PMID: 23192884 PMCID: PMC7166604 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.23467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of respiratory tract illnesses worldwide. Although the prevalence and clinical manifestations of the two subtypes, RSV-A and RSV-B, have been studied in some detail in infants and young children, they have not been determined in adults. To evaluate the prevalence of the RSV subtypes and disease severity between RSV-A and RSV-B infections in adults, nasal and throat swabs that were collected from patients ≥15 years old who sought medical care for acute respiratory infections at the Fever Clinic of the Peking Union Medical College Hospital in Beijing, China between May 2005 and April 2010. The samples were tested for RSV infection using PCR and sequencing analysis. RSV was detected in 95 (1%) of the adult patients, of whom 53 (55.8%) were positive for RSV-A and 42 (44.2%) for RSV-B. The incidence of RSV infections increased with age (χ(2) = 37.17, P = 1.66E-07). Demographic data and clinical manifestations of RSV-A were similar to those of RSV-B. Although RSV-A and RSV-B co-circulated during the 2005-2006 and 2008-2009 seasons, RSV-A was predominant in the 2006-2008 seasons, whereas RSV-B was predominant in the 2009-2010 season. Upper respiratory tract infections were diagnosed in most RSV-infected patients (n = 80, 84.2%), and three patients suffered from pulmonary infection. This is the first study to provide data on the prevalence and clinical manifestations of RSV subgroups among Chinese adults with fever and acute illness, over five successive epidemic seasons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zichun Xiang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Enhanced immune responses and protection by vaccination with respiratory syncytial virus fusion protein formulated with CpG oligodeoxynucleotide and innate defense regulator peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles. Vaccine 2012; 30:5206-14. [PMID: 22713718 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2012.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of serious respiratory tract disease in children, to date no RSV vaccine is available. To produce an effective subunit vaccine, a truncated secreted version of the F protein (ΔF) was expressed in mammalian cells, purified and shown to form trimers. The ΔF protein was then formulated with a CpG oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) and an innate defense regulator (IDR) peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles (ΔF-MP). Mice immunized either intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) with ΔF-MP developed significantly higher levels of virus-neutralizing antibodies in the sera and lungs, as well as higher numbers of IFN-γ secreting cells than mice immunized with the ΔF protein alone. In contrast, the IM delivered ΔF induced high production of IL-5 while the IN delivered ΔF did not elicit a measurable immune response. After RSV challenge, essentially no virus and no evidence of immunopathology were detected in mice immunized with ΔF-MP regardless of the route of delivery. While the mice immunized IM with ΔF alone also showed reduced virus replication, they developed enhanced levels of pulmonary IgE, IL-4, IL-5, IL-13 and eotaxin, as well as eosinophilia after challenge. The level of protection induced by the ΔF-MP formulation was equivalent after IM and IN delivery. The efficacy and safety of the ΔF-MP formulation was confirmed in cotton rats, which also developed enhanced immune responses and were fully protected from RSV challenge after vaccination with ΔF-MP. In conclusion, formulation of recombinant ΔF with CpG ODN and IDR peptide in polyphosphazene microparticles should be considered for further evaluation as a safe and effective vaccine against RSV.
Collapse
|