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Peled M, Scher A. The contribution of good sleep to working memory in preschool: A matter of sleep quality or duration? ADVANCES IN CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 60:85-110. [PMID: 33641801 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acdb.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Good sleep is essential for efficient cognitive performance. The present research examined the link between sleep and working memory (WM) during early childhood, a period of major advances in neurodevelopment. The sample included 80 healthy children, 40 3-year-olds and 40 4-year-olds, attending childcare settings. The children were individually tested using WM tasks; parents completed sleep questionnaires. On a group level, WM improved with age. Process model analysis demonstrated the effect of age on WM (P=0.001) and indicated an age-specific involvement of sleep quality (P=0.01). Whereas sleep duration was not associated with WM, at 4years of age, sleep disturbance with physical symptoms (e.g., breathing, motor) was associated with poor WM performance. Among 3-year-old girls, fear-related sleep disruption was associated with better WM performance. Together, the results suggest that the association between sleep and WM is dependent on: (a) specific aspects of sleep, (b) age, and (c) gender. More research is essential for unraveling the underlying neuro-maturational processes and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Peled
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anat Scher
- Department of Counseling and Human Development, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel.
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Geeraerts SB, Endendijk JJ, Deković M, Huijding J, Deater-Deckard K, Mesman J. Inhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting. Child Dev 2020; 92:335-350. [PMID: 32767761 PMCID: PMC7891350 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The normative developmental course of inhibitory control between 2.5 and 6.5 years, and associations with maternal and paternal sensitivity and intrusiveness were tested. The sample consisted of 383 children (52.5% boys). During four annual waves, mothers and fathers reported on their children’s inhibitory control using the Children's Behavior Questionnaire. During the first wave, mothers’ and fathers’ sensitivity and intrusiveness were observed and coded with the Emotional Availability Scales. Inhibitory control exhibited partial scalar invariance over time, and increased in a decelerating rate. For both mothers and fathers, higher levels of sensitivity were associated with a higher initial level of children's inhibitory control, whereas higher levels of intrusiveness predicted a slower increase in children's inhibitory control.
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53
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Berg V, Rogers SL, McMahon M, Garrett M, Manley D. A Novel Approach to Measure Executive Functions in Students: An Evaluation of Two Child-Friendly Apps. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1702. [PMID: 32765379 PMCID: PMC7378958 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Interest in measurement of children's executive functions has shown a major increase over the past two decades. The present study evaluates two new apps (EYT and eFun) for measuring executive functions in children. The results of this study show that children (aged 5-8) enjoy executive function assessment in the form of games on an iPad. However, only one executive function, EYT working memory, showed significant positive correlations with several types of grades (e.g., English and maths) in primary school students. New, self-assessed, child-friendly executive function measurement tools have the potential to provide future possibilities for teachers to integrate information on cognitive ability into student learning plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeska Berg
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Shane L. Rogers
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Mark McMahon
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Michael Garrett
- School of Arts and Humanities, Edith Cowan University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Cinglevue International, Perth, WA, Australia
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Braithwaite EK, Jones EJH, Johnson MH, Holmboe K. Dynamic modulation of frontal theta power predicts cognitive ability in infancy. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2020; 45:100818. [PMID: 32741754 PMCID: PMC7393453 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive ability is a key factor that contributes to individual differences in life trajectories. Identifying early neural indicators of later cognitive ability may enable us to better elucidate the mechanisms that shape individual differences, eventually aiding identification of infants with an elevated likelihood of less optimal outcomes. A previous study associated a measure of neural activity (theta EEG) recorded at 12-months with non-verbal cognitive ability at ages two, three and seven in individuals with older siblings with autism (Jones et al., 2020). In a pre-registered study (https://osf.io/v5xrw/), we replicate and extend this finding in a younger, low-risk infant sample. EEG was recorded during presentation of a non-social video to a cohort of 6-month-old infants and behavioural data was collected at 6- and 9-months-old. Initial analyses replicated the finding that frontal theta power increases over the course of video viewing, extending this to 6-month-olds. Further, individual differences in the magnitude of this change significantly predicted non-verbal cognitive ability measured at 9-months, but not early executive function. Theta change at 6-months-old may therefore be an early indicator of later cognitive ability. This could have important implications for identification of, and interventions for, children at risk of poor cognitive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor K Braithwaite
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Emily J H Jones
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Karla Holmboe
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom.
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55
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Darcey VL, McQuaid GA, Fishbein DH, VanMeter JW. Relationship between whole blood omega-3 fatty acid levels and dorsal cingulate gray matter volume: Sex differences and implications for impulse control. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 23:505-515. [PMID: 30264666 PMCID: PMC10483749 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2018.1525477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
During adolescence, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) undergoes substantial structural development, including cortical thinning, a process associated with improvements in behavioral control. The cingulate cortex is among the regions recruited in response inhibition and mounting evidence suggests cingulate function may be sensitive to availability of an essential dietary nutrient, omega-3 fatty acids (N3; i.e. EPA + DHA). Our primary aim was to investigate the relationship between a biomarker of omega-3 fatty acids -- percent of whole blood fatty acids as EPA + DHA (N3 Index) -- and cingulate morphology, in typically developing adolescent males (n = 29) and females (n = 33). Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was used to quantify gray matter volume (GMV) in the dorsal region of the cingulate (dCC). Impulse control was assessed via caregiver report (BRIEF) and Go/No-Go task performance. We predicted that greater N3 Index in adolescents would be associated with less dCC GMV and better impulse control. Results revealed that N3 Index was inversely related to GMV in males, but not in females. Furthermore, males with less right dCC GMV exhibited better caregiver-rated impulse control. A simple mediation model revealed that, in males, N3 Index may indirectly impact impulse control through its association with right dCC GMV. Findings suggest a sex-specific link between levels of N3 and dCC structural development, with adolescent males more impacted by lower N3 levels than females. Identifying factors such as omega-3 fatty acid levels, which may modulate the neurodevelopment of response inhibition, is critical for understanding typical and atypical developmental trajectories associated with this core executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Goldie A. McQuaid
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
| | - Diana H. Fishbein
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Pennsylvania State University, 218 HHD Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - John W. VanMeter
- Center for Functional and Molecular Imaging, Georgetown University Medical Center, Suite LM-14, 3900 Reservoir Road NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Darcey VL, Serafine KM. Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Vulnerability to Addiction: Reviewing Preclinical and Clinical Evidence. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:2385-2401. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200429094158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Omega-3 (N3) fatty acids are dietary nutrients that are essential for human health. Arguably, one of their most critical contributions to health is their involvement in the structure and function of the nervous system. N3 fatty acids accumulate in neuronal membranes through young adulthood, becoming particularly enriched in a brain region known to be the locus of cognitive control of behavior-the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The PFC undergoes a surge in development during adolescence, coinciding with a life stage when dietary quality and intake of N3 fatty acids tend to be suboptimal. Such low intake may impact neurodevelopment and normative development of cognitive functions suggested to be protective for the risk of subsequent substance and alcohol use disorders (UD). While multiple genetic and environmental factors contribute to risk for and resilience to substance and alcohol use disorders, mounting evidence suggests that dietary patterns early in life may also modulate cognitive and behavioral factors thought to elevate UD risk (e.g., impulsivity and reward sensitivity). This review aims to summarize the literature on dietary N3 fatty acids during childhood and adolescence and risk of executive/ cognitive or behavioral dysfunction, which may contribute to the risk of subsequent UD. We begin with a review of the effects of N3 fatty acids in the brain at the molecular to cellular levels–providing the biochemical mechanisms ostensibly supporting observed beneficial effects. We continue with a review of cognitive, behavioral and neurodevelopmental features thought to predict early substance and alcohol use in humans. This is followed by a review of the preclinical literature, largely demonstrating that dietary manipulation of N3 fatty acids contributes to behavioral changes that impact drug sensitivity. Finally, a review of the available evidence in human literature, suggesting an association between dietary N3 fatty and neurodevelopmental profiles associated with risk of adverse outcomes including UD. We conclude with a brief summary and call to action for additional research to extend the current understanding of the impact of dietary N3 fatty acids and the risk of drug and alcohol UD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie L. Darcey
- Georgetown University, Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Washington DC, United States
| | - Katherine M. Serafine
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, United States
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57
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Helm AF, McCormick SA, Deater-Deckard K, Smith CL, Calkins SD, Bell MA. Parenting and Children's Executive Function Stability Across the Transition to School. INFANT AND CHILD DEVELOPMENT 2019; 29. [PMID: 32617081 DOI: 10.1002/icd.2171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
When children transition to school between the ages of 4 and 6 years, they must learn to control their attention and behavior to be successful. Concurrently, executive function (EF) is an important skill undergoing significant development in childhood. To understand changes occurring during this period, we examined the role of parenting in the development of children's EF from 4 to 6 years old. Participants were mother and child dyads (N = 151). Children completed cognitive tasks to assess overall EF at age 4 and age 6. At both time points, mothers and children completed interaction tasks which were videotaped and coded to assess various parenting dimensions. Results indicated that children with high EF at age 4 were more likely to have high EF at age 6. In addition, results suggested that higher levels of positive parenting across the transition to school promote stability of individual differences in EF.
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58
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Bairova NB, Bocharov AV, Savostyanov AN, Petrenko EN, Kozlova EA, Saprigyn AE, Slobodskaya HR. Stroop-like animal size test: Links with child effortful control, personality and problem behavior. Child Neuropsychol 2019; 26:409-432. [PMID: 31535948 DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2019.1665173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined children's performance on the Stroop-like animal size test and its relations to parent-reported temperamental effortful control, personality, and common emotional and behavioral problems in a Russian sample of 5-12-year-olds (N = 202). The animal size test demonstrated a Stroop-like effect for accuracy and response time (RT) in both genders and across all ages. Children's performance on the animal size test considerably improved with age such that older children performed more accurately, were faster and their responses were less variable than younger children's responses. The findings indicated that RT was negatively related to temperamental trait of effortful control and its key components, attention focusing and inhibitory control, whereas RT variability was negatively related to both regulatory traits, effortful control and conscientiousness, and their components. Children's performance on the AST was meaningfully related to hyperactivity-inattention, externalizing behavior and overall level of childhood psychopathology. These findings provide support for the usefulness of the animal size test in the neuropsychological assessment of preschool and school-age children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda B Bairova
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Andrey V Bocharov
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of the Humanities, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander N Savostyanov
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of the Humanities, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Evgenia N Petrenko
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena A Kozlova
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexander E Saprigyn
- Department of Psychophysiology of Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Helena R Slobodskaya
- Department of Child Development and Individual Differences, Institute of Physiology and Basic Medicine, Novosibirsk, Russia.,Institute of Medicine and Psychology, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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59
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Mills B, Dyer N, Pacheco D, Brinkley D, Owen MT, Caughy MO. Developmental Transactions Between Self-Regulation and Academic Achievement Among Low-Income African American and Latino Children. Child Dev 2019; 90:1614-1631. [PMID: 29777541 PMCID: PMC6548688 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the development of emerging self-regulation (SR) skills across the preschool years and relations to academic achievement in kindergarten and first grade. SR skills of 403 low-income African American and Latino children were measured at 2&1/2, 3&1/2, and 5 years (kindergarten). Reading and math skills were measured at 5 and 6 years (first grade) using the Woodcock-Johnson. Transactional relations between SR skills and achievement outcomes were estimated with latent difference score models. Increases in set shifting predicted prospective increases in reading, but not math scores. Increases in simple response inhibition predicted prospective increases in math, but not reading scores. Application of these findings to early intervention programming and needed supports for school readiness and achievement are discussed.
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60
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Simpson A, Carroll DJ. Understanding Early Inhibitory Development: Distinguishing Two Ways That Children Use Inhibitory Control. Child Dev 2019; 90:1459-1473. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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61
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Brooker RJ, Bates JE, Buss KA, Canen MJ, Dennis-Tiwary TA, Gatzke-Kopp LM, Hoyniak C, Klein DN, Kujawa A, Lahat A, Lamm C, Moser JS, Petersen IT, Tang A, Woltering S, Schmidt LA. Conducting Event-Related Potential (ERP) Research with Young Children: A Review of Components, Special Considerations and Recommendations for Research on Cognition and Emotion. J PSYCHOPHYSIOL 2019; 34:137-158. [PMID: 34024985 DOI: 10.1027/0269-8803/a000243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There has been an unprecedented increase in the number of research studies employing event-related potential (ERP) techniques to examine dynamic and rapidly-occurring neural processes with children during the preschool and early childhood years. Despite this, there has been little discussion of the methodological and procedural differences that exist for studies of young children versus older children and adults. That is, reviewers, editors, and consumers of this work often expect developmental studies to simply apply adult techniques and procedures to younger samples. Procedurally, this creates unrealistic expectations for research paradigms, data collection, and data reduction and analyses. Scientifically, this leads to inappropriate measures and methods that hinder drawing conclusions and advancing theory. Based on ERP work with preschoolers and young children from 10 laboratories across North America, we present a summary of the most common ERP components under study in the area of emotion and cognition in young children along with 13 realistic expectations for data collection and loss, laboratory procedures and paradigms, data processing, ERP averaging, and typical challenges for conducting this type of work. This work is intended to supplement previous guidelines for work with adults and offer insights to aid researchers, reviewers, and editors in the design and evaluation of developmental research using ERPs. Here we make recommendations for researchers who plan to conduct or who are conducting ERP studies in children between ages 2 and 12, focusing on studies of toddlers and preschoolers. Recommendations are based on both data and our cumulative experience and include guidelines for laboratory setup, equipment and recording settings, task design, and data processing.
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62
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Broomell APR, Savla J, Ann Bell M. Infant Electroencephalogram Coherence and Toddler Inhibition are Associated with Social Responsiveness at Age 4. INFANCY 2019; 24:43-56. [PMID: 31186618 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has suggested that individual differences in infant functional neuroconnectivity are a potential biomarker for later cognitive and social outcomes, but the mechanisms are unclear. This study investigated a longitudinal model of infant frontotemporal electroencephalogram (EEG) coherence predicting toddler inhibition, which then predicted childhood social responsiveness. A structural equation model showed good fit, with increased right hemisphere frontotemporal EEG coherence predicting less inhibition at age two, which in turn predicted less social responsiveness at age four. These findings support the hypothesis that infant frontotemporal connectivity is indirectly associated with later social behavior, with toddler inhibition as a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jyoti Savla
- Center for Gerontology; Department of Human Development and Family Science, Virginia Tech
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63
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Doyle AW, Friesen K, Reimer S, Pexman PM. Grasping the Alternative: Reaching and Eyegaze Reveal Children's Processing of Negation. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1227. [PMID: 31178811 PMCID: PMC6542979 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that children begin to understand negation early in the preschool years, but children's processing of negation is not well understood. We examined children's processing of denial negation using a variant of the visual world paradigm called the Shopping Task. In this task, participants help a puppet to find the items on a shopping list, selecting from two potential items on each trial in response to the puppet's affirmative ("the next item is an apple") or negation ("the next item is not an orange") sentence. In this binary decision context, participants' eye gaze and reaching behavior were tracked as they selected the item the puppet wants. Participants were 78 children aged 4-5 years and a comparison group of 30 adults. Results showed that children took longer to process negation than affirmative sentences, and that this difference arose early in processing. Further, children's eye gaze behavior suggested that on negation trials they regularly looked first to the negated object and were considering the negated meaning early in processing. Adults did not take longer to process negation than affirmative sentences, but their eye gaze behavior also indicated early consideration of negated meanings for negation sentences. We also examined relationships between children's language and executive function skills and their processing of negation and found no significant relationships. We conclude that both adults and children activate to-be-negated information in the processing of negation. Children, however, are less efficient at processing negation in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Penny M. Pexman
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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64
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Brito NH, Fifer WP, Amso D, Barr R, Bell MA, Calkins S, Flynn A, Montgomery-Downs HE, Oakes LM, Richards JE, Samuelson LM, Colombo J. Beyond the Bayley: Neurocognitive Assessments of Development During Infancy and Toddlerhood. Dev Neuropsychol 2019; 44:220-247. [PMID: 30616391 PMCID: PMC6399032 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2018.1564310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The use of global, standardized instruments is conventional among clinicians and researchers interested in assessing neurocognitive development. Exclusively relying on these tests for evaluating effects may underestimate or miss specific effects on early cognition. The goal of this review is to identify alternative measures for possible inclusion in future clinical trials and interventions evaluating early neurocognitive development. The domains included for consideration are attention, memory, executive function, language, and socioemotional development. Although domain-based tests are limited, as psychometric properties have not yet been well-established, this review includes tasks and paradigms that have been reliably used across various developmental psychology laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie H Brito
- a Department of Applied Psychology , New York University , New York , NY , USA
| | - William P Fifer
- b Division of Developmental Neuroscience , New York State Psychiatric Institute , New York , NY , USA
| | - Dima Amso
- c Department of Cognitive, Linguistic, and Psychological Sciences , Brown University , Providence , RI , USA
| | - Rachel Barr
- d Department of Psychology , Georgetown University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Martha Ann Bell
- e Department of Psychology , Virginia Tech , Blacksburg , VA , USA
| | - Susan Calkins
- f Department of Human Development and Family Studies , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Albert Flynn
- g School of Food and Nutritional Sciences , University College Cork , Cork , Ireland
| | | | - Lisa M Oakes
- i Department of Psychology , University of California , Davis , CA , USA
| | - John E Richards
- j Department of Psychology , University of South Carolina , Columbia , SC , USA
| | | | - John Colombo
- l Department of Psychology , University of Kansas , Lawrence , KS , USA
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65
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Kim-Spoon J, Deater-Deckard K, Calkins SD, King-Casas B, Bell MA. Commonality between executive functioning and effortful control related to adjustment. JOURNAL OF APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 60:47-55. [PMID: 31073257 DOI: 10.1016/j.appdev.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the association between executive functioning (EF) and effortful control (EC), and tested whether cognitive control as the commonality of EF and EC, predicted competence and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology in children (N = 218, 6-8 years) and adolescents (N = 157, 13-14 years). Confirmatory factor analyses suggested cognitive control-inhibitory control and attentional control-as a significant overlap between EF and EC. Structural equation modeling analyses indicated that the cognitive control latent factor was associated with competence and internalizing and externalizing symptomatology among children and externalizing symptomatology among adolescents. The results provide evidence that inhibitory control and attentional control are the commonality between EF and EC and highlight that they are linked with positive and negative adjustment outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst
| | - Susan D Calkins
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, University of North Carolina at Greensboro
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech and Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute
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66
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Buttelmann D, Berger P. Inventing a new measurement for inhibitory control in preschoolers. BRITISH JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 37:1-13. [DOI: 10.1111/bjdp.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Buttelmann
- Department of Developmental Psychology; University of Bern; Switzerland
| | - Philipp Berger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy; Philipps-University Marburg; Germany
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67
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Pauli-Pott U, Schloß S, Becker K. Maternal Responsiveness as a Predictor of Self-Regulation Development and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Symptoms Across Preschool Ages. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2018; 49:42-52. [PMID: 28405786 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-017-0726-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Preschool-age "hot" executive function capacity (i.e. reward-related effortful control) represents an early kind of self-regulation that is involved in social adjustment development as well as the development of subtypes of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Early self-regulation development might be malleable by responsive parenting. We analyzed whether maternal responsiveness/sensitivity predicts reward-related control (RRC) development within the preschool period, and whether RRC mediates a negative link between maternal responsiveness and ADHD symptoms. A sample of 125 preschoolers and their families were seen at the ages of 4 and 5 years. Maternal responsiveness/sensitivity was assessed via home observations, RRC by neuropsychological tasks, and ADHD symptoms by a structured clinical parent interview. Maternal responsiveness/sensitivity predicted RRC development. The negative link between maternal responsiveness/sensitivity at 4 years and ADHD symptoms at 5 years was mediated by RRC performance at 5 years. Preschoolers showing ADHD symptoms combined with low RRC capacity in particular might benefit from responsive/sensitive parenting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Hans Sachs Str. 6, 35039, Marburg, Germany
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68
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Petersen IT, Lindhiem O, LeBeau B, Bates JE, Pettit GS, Lansford JE, Dodge KA. Development of internalizing problems from adolescence to emerging adulthood: Accounting for heterotypic continuity with vertical scaling. Dev Psychol 2017; 54:586-599. [PMID: 29154652 DOI: 10.1037/dev0000449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Manifestations of internalizing problems, such as specific symptoms of anxiety and depression, can change across development, even if individuals show strong continuity in rank-order levels of internalizing problems. This illustrates the concept of heterotypic continuity, and raises the question of whether common measures might be construct-valid for one age but not another. This study examines mean-level changes in internalizing problems across a long span of development at the same time as accounting for heterotypic continuity by using age-appropriate, changing measures. Internalizing problems from age 14-24 were studied longitudinally in a community sample (N = 585), using Achenbach's Youth Self-Report (YSR) and Young Adult Self-Report (YASR). Heterotypic continuity was evaluated with an item response theory (IRT) approach to vertical scaling, linking different measures over time to be on the same scale, as well as with a Thurstone scaling approach. With vertical scaling, internalizing problems peaked in mid-to-late adolescence and showed a group-level decrease from adolescence to early adulthood, a change that would not have been seen with the approach of using only age-common items. Individuals' trajectories were sometimes different than would have been seen with the common-items approach. Findings support the importance of considering heterotypic continuity when examining development and vertical scaling to account for heterotypic continuity with changing measures. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa
| | | | - Brandon LeBeau
- Department of Psychological and Quantitative Foundations, University of Iowa
| | - John E Bates
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
| | - Gregory S Pettit
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Auburn University
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69
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Magnus BE, Willoughby MT, Blair CB, Kuhn LJ. Integrating Item Accuracy and Reaction Time to Improve the Measurement of Inhibitory Control Abilities in Early Childhood. Assessment 2017; 26:1296-1306. [DOI: 10.1177/1073191117740953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to improve children’s executive function are often hampered by the lack of measures that are optimized for use during the transition from preschool to elementary school. Whereas preschool-based measures often emphasize response accuracy, elementary school-based measures emphasize reaction time (RT)—especially for measures inhibitory control (IC) tasks that typically have a speeded component. The primary objective of this study was to test in a preschool-aged sample whether the joint use of item-level accuracy and RT data resulted in improved scoring for three IC tasks relative to scores derived from accuracy data alone. Generally, the joint use of item-level accuracy and RT data resulted in modest improvements in the measurement precision of IC abilities. Moreover, the joint use of item-level accuracy and RT helped eliminate floor and ceiling effects that occurred when accuracy data were considered alone. Results are discussed with respect to the importance of scoring IC tasks in ways that are maximally informative for program evaluation and longitudinal modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Laura J. Kuhn
- Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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70
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Simpson A, Upson M, Carroll DJ. Where does prepotency come from on developmental tests of inhibitory control? J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 162:18-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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71
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Pauli-Pott U, Schloß S, Heinzel-Gutenbrunner M, Becker K. Multiple causal pathways in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder – Do emerging executive and motivational deviations precede symptom development? Child Neuropsychol 2017; 25:179-197. [DOI: 10.1080/09297049.2017.1380177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Pauli-Pott
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susan Schloß
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Monika Heinzel-Gutenbrunner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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72
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Simpson A, Al Ruwaili R, Jolley R, Leonard H, Geeraert N, Riggs KJ. Fine Motor Control Underlies the Association Between Response Inhibition and Drawing Skill in Early Development. Child Dev 2017; 90:911-923. [PMID: 28902393 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research shows that the development of response inhibition and drawing skill are linked. The current research investigated whether this association reflects a more fundamental link between response inhibition and motor control. In Experiment 1, 3- and 4-year-olds (n = 100) were tested on measures of inhibition, fine motor control, and drawing skill. Data revealed an association between inhibition and fine motor control, which was responsible for most of the association observed with drawing skill. Experiment 2 (n = 100) provided evidence that, unlike fine motor control, gross motor control and inhibition were not associated (after controlling for IQ). Alternative explanations for the link between inhibition and fine motor control are outlined, including a consideration of how these cognitive processes may interact during development.
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73
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Ninaus M, Moeller K, Kaufmann L, Fischer MH, Nuerk HC, Wood G. Cognitive Mechanisms Underlying Directional and Non-directional Spatial-Numerical Associations across the Lifespan. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1421. [PMID: 28878716 PMCID: PMC5572383 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
There is accumulating evidence suggesting an association of numbers with physical space. However, the origin of such spatial-numerical associations (SNAs) is still debated. In the present study we investigated the development of two SNAs in a cross-sectional study involving children, young and middle-aged adults as well as the elderly: (1) the SNARC (spatial-numerical association of response codes) effect, reflecting a directional SNA; and (2) the numerical bisection bias in a line bisection task with numerical flankers. Results revealed a consistent SNARC effect in all age groups that continuously increased with age. In contrast, a numerical bisection bias was only observed for children and elderly participants, implying an U-shaped distribution of this bias across age groups. Additionally, individual SNARC effects and numerical bisection biases did not correlate significantly. We argue that the SNARC effect seems to be influenced by longer-lasting experiences of cultural constraints such as reading and writing direction and may thus reflect embodied representations. Contrarily, the numerical bisection bias may originate from insufficient inhibition of the semantic influence of irrelevant numerical flankers, which should be more pronounced in children and elderly people due to development and decline of cognitive control, respectively. As there is an ongoing debate on the origins of SNAs in general and the SNARC effect in particular, the present results are discussed in light of these differing accounts in an integrative approach. However, taken together, the present pattern of results suggests that different cognitive mechanisms underlie the SNARC effect and the numerical bisection bias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ninaus
- Leibniz-Institut für WissensmedienTübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Korbinian Moeller
- Leibniz-Institut für WissensmedienTübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, University of GrazGraz, Austria.,LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Liane Kaufmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy A, General HospitalHall, Austria
| | - Martin H Fischer
- Division of Cognitive Sciences, Department of Psychology, University of PotsdamPotsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Christoph Nuerk
- LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, Eberhard Karls University of TübingenTübingen, Germany.,Department of Psychology, Eberhard Karls University TübingenTübingen, Germany
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74
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Hoyniak C. Changes in the NoGo N2 Event-Related Potential Component Across Childhood: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dev Neuropsychol 2017; 42:1-24. [DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1247162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoyniak
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana
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