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Sand S, Parham F, Portier CJ, Tice RR, Krewski D. Comparison of Points of Departure for Health Risk Assessment Based on High-Throughput Screening Data. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2017; 125:623-633. [PMID: 27384688 PMCID: PMC5381992 DOI: 10.1289/ehp408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The National Research Council's vision for toxicity testing in the 21st century anticipates that points of departure (PODs) for establishing human exposure guidelines in future risk assessments will increasingly be based on in vitro high-throughput screening (HTS) data. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare different PODs for HTS data. Specifically, benchmark doses (BMDs) were compared to the signal-to-noise crossover dose (SNCD), which has been suggested as the lowest dose applicable as a POD. METHODS Hill models were fit to > 10,000 in vitro concentration-response curves, obtained for > 1,400 chemicals tested as part of the U.S. Tox21 Phase I effort. BMDs and lower confidence limits on the BMDs (BMDLs) corresponding to extra effects (i.e., changes in response relative to the maximum response) of 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% were estimated for > 8,000 curves, along with BMDs and BMDLs corresponding to additional effects (i.e., absolute changes in response) of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The SNCD, defined as the dose where the ratio between the additional effect and the difference between the upper and lower bounds of the two-sided 90% confidence interval on absolute effect was 1, 0.67, and 0.5, respectively, was also calculated and compared with the BMDLs. RESULTS The BMDL40, BMDL25, and BMDL18, defined in terms of extra effect, corresponded to the SNCD1.0, SNCD0.67, and SNCD0.5, respectively, at the median. Similarly, the BMDL25, BMDL17, and BMDL13, defined in terms of additional effect, corresponded to the SNCD1.0, SNCD0.67, and SNCD0.5, respectively, at the median. CONCLUSIONS The SNCD may serve as a reference level that guides the determination of standardized BMDs for risk assessment based on HTS concentration-response data. The SNCD may also have application as a POD for low-dose extrapolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Sand
- Department of Risk Benefit Assessment, National Food Agency, Uppsala, Sweden
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Address correspondence to S. Sand, National Food Agency, P.O. Box 622, SE-751 26 Uppsala, Sweden. Phone: 46-18-17-5335. E-mail:
| | - Fred Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Raymond R. Tice
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Daniel Krewski
- McLaughlin Centre for Population Health Risk Assessment, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- Risk Sciences International, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Ning J, Louisse J, Spenkelink B, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Study on inter-ethnic human differences in bioactivation and detoxification of estragole using physiologically based kinetic modeling. Arch Toxicol 2017; 91:3093-3108. [PMID: 28357488 PMCID: PMC5562778 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-017-1941-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Considering the rapid developments in food safety in the past decade in China, it is of importance to obtain insight into what extent safety and risk assessments of chemicals performed for the Caucasian population apply to the Chinese population. The aim of the present study was to determine physiologically based kinetic (PBK) modeling-based predictions for differences between Chinese and Caucasians in terms of metabolic bioactivation and detoxification of the food-borne genotoxic carcinogen estragole. The PBK models were defined based on kinetic constants for hepatic metabolism derived from in vitro incubations using liver fractions of the two ethnic groups, and used to evaluate the inter-ethnic differences in metabolic activation and detoxification of estragole. The models predicted that at realistic dietary intake levels, only 0.02% of the dose was converted to the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite 1′-sulfooxyestragole in Chinese subjects, whereas this amounted to 0.09% of the dose in Caucasian subjects. Detoxification of 1′-hydroxyestragole, mainly via conversion to 1′-oxoestragole, was similar within the two ethnic groups. The 4.5-fold variation in formation of the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite of estragole accompanied by similar rates of detoxification may indicate a lower risk of estragole for the Chinese population at similar levels of exposure. The study provides a proof of principle for how PBK modeling can identify differences in ethnic sensitivity and provide a more refined risk assessment for a specific ethnic group for a compound of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ning
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bert Spenkelink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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53
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Abdullah R, Diaz LN, Wesseling S, Rietjens IMCM. Risk assessment of plant food supplements and other herbal products containing aristolochic acids using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:135-144. [PMID: 27892830 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1266098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
After the incidences of induction of aristolochic acid nephropathy after consumption of herbal weight loss preparations that accidentally contained aristolochic acids (AAs), several countries defined national restrictions on the presence of AAs in food, including plant food supplements (PFS) and herbal products. This study investigates whether the risks associated with exposure to AAs via PFS and herbal products are at present indeed negligible. Data reported in literature on AA levels in PFS and other herbal products and also obtained from a new series of PFS in the present study were used to calculate the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and corresponding margins of exposure (MOEs). Available literature data revealed that 206 out of 573 samples were found to contain aristolochic acid I (AAI) and/or aristolochic acid II (AAII). The results obtained from recently collected PFS revealed that both AAI and AAII were detected in three out of 18 analysed PFS at levels up to 594.8 and 235.3 µg g-1, respectively, being in line with the levels reported in literature. The EDIs resulting from intake of these PFS resulted in MOEs that were generally below 10,000, corroborating the priority for risk management. Although these results refer to PFS collected by targeted sampling strategies, the data reveal that AA-containing PFS are still freely available. When considering that the use of these samples may be limited to shorter periods of time, the EDIs might be lower, but MOE values would still be lower than 10,000 for more than 50% of the AA-containing PFS and herbal products. In conclusion, the presence of AAs in PFS and herbal products even several years after instalment of the legal restrictions still raises concern, especially for people who frequently use the respective PFS and herbal products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaini Abdullah
- a Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Wageningen , the Netherlands.,b Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences , Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM , Serdang , Selangor , Malaysia
| | - Leolean Nyle Diaz
- a Division of Toxicology , Wageningen University , Wageningen , the Netherlands
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Alajlouni AM, Al-Malahmeh AJ, Isnaeni FN, Wesseling S, Vervoort J, Rietjens IMCM. Level of Alkenylbenzenes in Parsley and Dill Based Teas and Associated Risk Assessment Using the Margin of Exposure Approach. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8640-8646. [PMID: 27771948 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Risk assessment of parsley and dill based teas that contain alkenylbenzenes was performed. To this end the estimated daily intake (EDI) of alkenylbenzenes resulting from use of the teas was quantified. Since most teas appeared to contain more than one alkenylbenzene, a combined risk assessment was performed based on equal potency of all alkenylbenzenes or using a so-called toxic equivalency (TEQ) approach through defining toxic equivalency factors (TEFs) for the different alkenylbenzenes. The EDI values resulting from consuming one cup of tea a day were 0.2-10.1 μg/kg bw for the individual alkenylbenzenes, 0.6-13.1 μg/kg bw for the sum of the alkenylbenzenes, and 0.3-10.7 μg safrole equiv/kg bw for the sum of alkenylbenzenes when expressed in safrole equivalents. The margin of exposure (MOE) values obtained were generally <10000, indicating a concern if the teas would be consumed on a daily basis over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalmajeed M Alajlouni
- Aqaba International Laboratories/BENHAYYAN , ASEZA, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Amer J Al-Malahmeh
- Aqaba International Laboratories/BENHAYYAN , ASEZA, Aqaba 77110, Jordan
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Farida Nur Isnaeni
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Wesseling
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques Vervoort
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivonne M C M Rietjens
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Magoha H, Kimanya M, De Meulenaer B, Roberfroid D, Lachat C, Kolsteren P. Risk of dietary exposure to aflatoxins and fumonisins in infants less than 6 months of age in Rombo, Northern Tanzania. MATERNAL & CHILD NUTRITION 2016; 12:516-27. [PMID: 25422038 PMCID: PMC6860093 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Infants less than 6 months of age receiving foods other than breast milk are at a high risk of exposure to mycotoxins. We surveyed food intake and estimated the risk of exposures to aflatoxin and fumonisin mycotoxins for infants less than 6 months of age in Northern Tanzania. A total of 143 infants were progressively recruited and three follow-up visits were made at 1, 3 and 5 months of age. A 24-h dietary recall technique was used to estimate flour intake of infants who had been introduced to maize foods. Aflatoxins and fumonisins in the flours were analysed using high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Exposure to aflatoxins or fumonisins was estimated using the deterministic approach. By the age of 3 months, 98 infants had started taking food; 67 of them, maize flours at levels ranging from 0.57 to 37.50 g per infant per day (average 8 g per infant per day). Fifty-eight per cent of 67 maize flour samples contained detectable aflatoxins (range 0.33-69.47 μg kg(-1) ; median 6 μg kg(-1) ) and 31% contained detectable fumonisins (range 48-1224 μg kg(-1) ; median 124 μg kg(-1) ). For infants who consumed contaminated flours, aflatoxin exposure ranged from 0.14 to 120 ng kg(-1) body weight (BW) per day (all above the health concern level of 0.017 ng kg(-1) BW per day as recommended by the European Food Safety Agency) and fumonisin exposure ranged from 0.005 to 0.88 μg kg(-1) BW per day. Insignificant association was observed between exposure to fumonisins or aflatoxins and stunting or underweight. Reducing aflatoxin and fumonisin contamination of maize and dietary diversification can prevent infants and the public, in general, from exposure to the toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Happy Magoha
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition‐nutriFOODchemDepartment of Food Safety and Food QualityFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Department of Food and NutritionOpen University of Tanzania (OUT)Dar es SalaamTanzania
| | - Martin Kimanya
- The Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and TechnologyArushaTanzania
| | - Bruno De Meulenaer
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition‐nutriFOODchemDepartment of Food Safety and Food QualityFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
| | - Dominique Roberfroid
- Nutrition and Child Health UnitDepartment of Public HealthPrince Leopold Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Carl Lachat
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition‐nutriFOODchemDepartment of Food Safety and Food QualityFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Nutrition and Child Health UnitDepartment of Public HealthPrince Leopold Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Patrick Kolsteren
- Research Group Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition‐nutriFOODchemDepartment of Food Safety and Food QualityFaculty of Bioscience EngineeringGhent UniversityGhentBelgium
- Nutrition and Child Health UnitDepartment of Public HealthPrince Leopold Institute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
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Hristozov D, Zabeo A, Alstrup Jensen K, Gottardo S, Isigonis P, Maccalman L, Critto A, Marcomini A. Demonstration of a modelling-based multi-criteria decision analysis procedure for prioritisation of occupational risks from manufactured nanomaterials. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1215-28. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1144827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danail Hristozov
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy,
| | - Alex Zabeo
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy,
| | - Keld Alstrup Jensen
- The National Research Center for the Working Environment, Copenhagen, Denmark,
| | | | - Panagiotis Isigonis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy,
| | | | - Andrea Critto
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy,
| | - Antonio Marcomini
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics, University Ca' Foscari Venice, Venice, Italy,
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Physiologically based kinetic modeling of the bioactivation of myristicin. Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:713-734. [PMID: 27334372 PMCID: PMC5306082 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1752-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for the alkenylbenzene myristicin that were developed by extension of the PBK models for the structurally related alkenylbenzene safrole in rat and human. The newly developed myristicin models revealed that the formation of the proximate carcinogenic metabolite 1′-hydroxymyristicin in liver is at most 1.8 fold higher in rat than in human and limited for the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite 1′-sulfoxymyristicin to (2.8–4.0)-fold higher in human. In addition, a comparison was made between the relative importance of bioactivation for myristicin and safrole. Model predictions indicate that for these related compounds, the formation of the 1′-sulfoxy metabolites in rat and human liver is comparable with a difference of <2.2-fold over a wide dose range. The results from this PBK analysis support that risk assessment of myristicin may be based on the BMDL10 derived for safrole of 1.9–5.1 mg/kg bw per day. Using an estimated daily intake of myristicin of 0.0019 mg/kg bw per day resulting from the use of herbs and spices, this results in MOE values for myristicin that amount to 1000–2700, indicating a priority for risk management. The results obtained illustrate that PBK modeling provides insight into possible species differences in the metabolic activation of myristicin. Moreover, they provide an example of how PBK modeling can facilitate a read-across in risk assessment from a compound for which in vivo toxicity studies are available to a related compound for which tumor data are not reported, thus contributing to alternatives in animal testing.
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58
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Yebra-Pimentel I, Fernández-González R, Martínez-Carballo E, Simal-Gándara J. A Critical Review about the Health Risk Assessment of PAHs and Their Metabolites in Foods. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2016; 55:1383-405. [PMID: 24915328 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.697497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a family of toxicants that are ubiquitous in the environment. These contaminants generate considerable interest, because some of them are highly carcinogenic in laboratory animals and have been implicated in breast, lung, and colon cancers in humans. Dietary intake of PAHs constitutes a major source of exposure in humans. Factors affecting the accumulation of PAHs in the diet, their absorption following ingestion, and strategies to assess risk from exposure to these hydrocarbons following ingestion have received very little attention. This review, therefore, focuses on concentrations of PAHs in widely consumed dietary ingredients along with gastrointestinal absorption rates in humans. Metabolism and bioavailability of PAHs in animal models and the processes, which influence the disposition of these chemicals, are discussed. Finally, based on intake, disposition, and tumorigenesis data, the exposure risk to PAHs from diet is presented. This information is expected to provide a framework for refinements in risk assessment of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Yebra-Pimentel
- a Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology , University of Vigo , Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense , Spain
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59
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Burden of disease of dietary exposure to acrylamide in Denmark. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 90:151-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Barlow SM, Boobis AR, Bridges J, Cockburn A, Dekant W, Hepburn P, Houben GF, König J, Nauta MJ, Schuermans J, Bánáti D. The role of hazard- and risk-based approaches in ensuring food safety. Trends Food Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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61
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Zare Jeddi M, Rastkari N, Ahmadkhaniha R, Yunesian M, Nabizadeh R, Daryabeygi R. A margin of exposure approach to assessment of non-cancerous risk of diethyl phthalate based on human exposure from bottled water consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:19518-19528. [PMID: 26263883 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5076-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates may be present in food due to their widespread presence as environmental contaminants or due to migration from food contact materials. Exposure to phthalates is considered to be potentially harmful to human health as well. Therefore, determining the main source of exposure is an important issue. So, the purpose of this study was (1) to measure the release of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in bottled water consumed in common storage conditions specially low temperature and freezing conditions; (2) to evaluate the intake of DEP from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottled water and health risk assessment; and (3) to assess the contribution of the bottled water to the DEP intake against the tolerable daily intake (TDI) values. DEP migration was investigated in six brands of PET-bottled water under different storage conditions room temperature, refrigerator temperature, freezing conditions (40 °C ,0 °C and -18 °C) and outdoor] at various time intervals by magnetic solid extraction (MSPE) using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS). Eventually, a health risk assessment was conducted and the margin of exposure (MOE) was calculated. The results indicate that contact time with packaging and storage temperatures caused DEP to be released into water from PET bottles. But, when comprising the DEP concentration with initial level, the results demonstrated that the release of phthalates were not substantial in all storage conditions especially at low temperatures (<25 °C) and freezing conditions. The daily intake of DEP from bottled water was much lower than the reference value. However, the lowest MOE was estimated for high water consumers (preschooler > children > lactating women > teenagers > adults > pregnant women), but in all target groups, the MOE was much higher than 1000, thus, low risk is implied. Consequently, PET-bottled water is not a major source of human exposure to DEP and from this perspective is safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zare Jeddi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour sina St., Enqelab Sq., Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
- Center for water qualities Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahmadkhaniha
- Department of Human Ecology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour sina St., Enqelab Sq., Tehran, 1417653761, Iran.
- Center for Air Pollution Research (CAPR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ramin Nabizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Pour sina St., Enqelab Sq., Tehran, 1417653761, Iran
| | - Reza Daryabeygi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science & Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chiu WA, Slob W. A Unified Probabilistic Framework for Dose-Response Assessment of Human Health Effects. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2015; 123:1241-54. [PMID: 26006063 PMCID: PMC4671238 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1409385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND When chemical health hazards have been identified, probabilistic dose-response assessment ("hazard characterization") quantifies uncertainty and/or variability in toxicity as a function of human exposure. Existing probabilistic approaches differ for different types of endpoints or modes-of-action, lacking a unifying framework. OBJECTIVES We developed a unified framework for probabilistic dose-response assessment. METHODS We established a framework based on four principles: a) individual and population dose responses are distinct; b) dose-response relationships for all (including quantal) endpoints can be recast as relating to an underlying continuous measure of response at the individual level; c) for effects relevant to humans, "effect metrics" can be specified to define "toxicologically equivalent" sizes for this underlying individual response; and d) dose-response assessment requires making adjustments and accounting for uncertainty and variability. We then derived a step-by-step probabilistic approach for dose-response assessment of animal toxicology data similar to how nonprobabilistic reference doses are derived, illustrating the approach with example non-cancer and cancer datasets. RESULTS Probabilistically derived exposure limits are based on estimating a "target human dose" (HDMI), which requires risk management-informed choices for the magnitude (M) of individual effect being protected against, the remaining incidence (I) of individuals with effects ≥ M in the population, and the percent confidence. In the example datasets, probabilistically derived 90% confidence intervals for HDMI values span a 40- to 60-fold range, where I = 1% of the population experiences ≥ M = 1%-10% effect sizes. CONCLUSIONS Although some implementation challenges remain, this unified probabilistic framework can provide substantially more complete and transparent characterization of chemical hazards and support better-informed risk management decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihsueh A Chiu
- National Center for Environmental Assessment, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, USA
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63
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Soeteman-Hernández LG, Fellows MD, Johnson GE, Slob W. Correlation of In Vivo Versus In Vitro Benchmark Doses (BMDs) Derived From Micronucleus Test Data: A Proof of Concept Study. Toxicol Sci 2015; 148:355-67. [PMID: 26443842 PMCID: PMC4659532 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we explored the applicability of using in vitro micronucleus (MN) data from human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells to derive in vivo genotoxicity potency information. Nineteen chemicals covering a broad spectrum of genotoxic modes of action were tested in an in vitro MN test using TK6 cells using the same study protocol. Several of these chemicals were considered to need metabolic activation, and these were administered in the presence of S9. The Benchmark dose (BMD) approach was applied using the dose-response modeling program PROAST to estimate the genotoxic potency from the in vitro data. The resulting in vitro BMDs were compared with previously derived BMDs from in vivo MN and carcinogenicity studies. A proportional correlation was observed between the BMDs from the in vitro MN and the BMDs from the in vivo MN assays. Further, a clear correlation was found between the BMDs from in vitro MN and the associated BMDs for malignant tumors. Although these results are based on only 19 compounds, they show that genotoxicity potencies estimated from in vitro tests may result in useful information regarding in vivo genotoxic potency, as well as expected cancer potency. Extension of the number of compounds and further investigation of metabolic activation (S9) and of other toxicokinetic factors would be needed to validate our initial conclusions. However, this initial work suggests that this approach could be used for in vitro to in vivo extrapolations which would support the reduction of animals used in research (3Rs: replacement, reduction, and refinement).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mick D Fellows
- AstraZeneca, R&D Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TF, United Kingdom; and
| | - George E Johnson
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, SA2 8PP Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Wout Slob
- *National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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64
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Benford DJ. The use of dose-response data in a margin of exposure approach to carcinogenic risk assessment for genotoxic chemicals in food. Mutagenesis 2015; 31:329-31. [DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Acrylamide in commercial potato crisps from Spanish market: Trends from 2004 to 2014 and assessment of the dietary exposure. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 81:104-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Bondy GS, Caldwell DS, Aziz SA, Coady LC, Armstrong CL, Curran IHA, Koffman RL, Kapal K, Lefebvre DE, Mehta R. Effects of Chronic Ochratoxin A Exposure on p53 Heterozygous and p53 Homozygous Mice. Toxicol Pathol 2015; 43:715-29. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623314568391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) causes nephropathy in domestic animals and rodents and renal tumors in rodents and poultry. Humans are exposed to OTA by consuming foods made with contaminated cereal grains and other commodities. Management of human health risks due to OTA exposure depends, in part, on establishing a mode of action (MOA) for OTA carcinogenesis. To further investigate OTA’s MOA, p53 heterozygous (p53+/−) and p53 homozygous (p53+/+) mice were exposed to OTA in diet for 26 weeks. The former are susceptible to tumorigenesis upon chronic exposure to genotoxic carcinogens. OTA-induced renal damage but no tumors were observed in either strain, indicating that p53 heterozygosity conferred little additional sensitivity to OTA. Renal changes included dose-dependent increases in cellular proliferation, apoptosis, karyomegaly, and tubular degeneration in proximal tubules, which were consistent with ochratoxicosis. The lowest observed effect level for renal changes in p53+/− and p53+/+ mice was 200 μg OTA/kg bw/day. Based on the lack of tumors and the severity of renal and body weight changes at a maximum tolerated dose, the results were interpreted as suggestive of a primarily nongenotoxic (epigenetic) MOA for OTA carcinogenesis in this mouse model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genevieve S. Bondy
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Donald S. Caldwell
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Syed A. Aziz
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Laurie C. Coady
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Armstrong
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ivan H. A. Curran
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Kamla Kapal
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - David E. Lefebvre
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rekha Mehta
- Food Directorate, Health Products and Food Branch, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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67
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Control of listeria in meat emulsions by combinations of antimicrobials of different solubilities. Food Res Int 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2014.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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68
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Factori R, Leles SM, Novakowski GC, Rocha CLSC, Thomaz SM. Toxicity and genotoxicity of water and sediment from streams on dotted duckweed (Landoltia punctata). BRAZ J BIOL 2014; 74:769-78. [DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most rivers are used as a source to supply entire cities; the quality of water is directly related to the quality of tributaries. Unfortunately men have neglected the importance of streams, which receive domestic and industrial effluents and transport nutrients and pesticides from rural areas. Given the complexity of the mixtures discharged into these water bodies, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of water and sediment of ten tributaries of Pirapó River, in Maringá, Paraná State, Brazil. To this end, the free-floating macrophyte Landoltia punctata (G. Meyer) Les & D.J.Crawford was used as test organism in microcosm, and the toxicity of water and sediment samples was evaluated by the relative growth rate, dry/fresh biomass ratio, and genotoxic effects (comet assay). Samples of water and sediment of each stream were arranged in microcosms with L. punctata. Seven days later, plants were collected for analysis. Nutrient levels were higher than the reference location, indicating eutrophication, but the results indicated a toxic effect for only three streams, and a genotoxic effect for all streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Factori
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - SM Leles
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - GC Novakowski
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil; Faculdade Ingá, Brazil
| | - CLSC Rocha
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
| | - SM Thomaz
- Universidade Estadual de Maringá – UEM, Brazil
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69
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Slob W, Bakker MI, Biesebeek JDT, Bokkers BGH. Exploring the uncertainties in cancer risk assessment using the integrated probabilistic risk assessment (IPRA) approach. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2014; 34:1401-1422. [PMID: 24766324 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Current methods for cancer risk assessment result in single values, without any quantitative information on the uncertainties in these values. Therefore, single risk values could easily be overinterpreted. In this study, we discuss a full probabilistic cancer risk assessment approach in which all the generally recognized uncertainties in both exposure and hazard assessment are quantitatively characterized and probabilistically evaluated, resulting in a confidence interval for the final risk estimate. The methodology is applied to three example chemicals (aflatoxin, N-nitrosodimethylamine, and methyleugenol). These examples illustrate that the uncertainty in a cancer risk estimate may be huge, making single value estimates of cancer risk meaningless. Further, a risk based on linear extrapolation tends to be lower than the upper 95% confidence limit of a probabilistic risk estimate, and in that sense it is not conservative. Our conceptual analysis showed that there are two possible basic approaches for cancer risk assessment, depending on the interpretation of the dose-incidence data measured in animals. However, it remains unclear which of the two interpretations is the more adequate one, adding an additional uncertainty to the already huge confidence intervals for cancer risk estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wout Slob
- RIVM, Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services (VPZ)/Food Safety (VVH)
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70
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Human health risk assessment of nitrosamines and nitramines for potential application in CO2 capture. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 69:250-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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71
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Steiling W, Bascompta M, Carthew P, Catalano G, Corea N, D’Haese A, Jackson P, Kromidas L, Meurice P, Rothe H, Singal M. Principle considerations for the risk assessment of sprayed consumer products. Toxicol Lett 2014; 227:41-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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72
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Vromman V, Maghuin-Rogister G, Vleminckx C, Saegerman C, Pussemier L, Huyghebaert A. Risk ranking priority of carcinogenic and/or genotoxic environmental contaminants in food in Belgium. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:872-88. [PMID: 24471940 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.888786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper focuses on the risks of environmental carcinogenic and/or genotoxic contaminants in food. It describes, for each contaminant studied, the carcinogenicity and genotoxicity, the toxicological reference values, the exposure and the risk characterisation. The compounds studied were classified into 3 categories based on a risk assessment. Effects others than carcinogenicity and/or genotoxicity (e.g. endocrine disruption activity) were also taken into account for the classification. Given the low margin of exposure values for arsenic and lead, these two compounds are classified as priority 1 (high concern) for food safety and as a first priority to take actions to reduce exposure. Cadmium, methylmercury, dioxins and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), non-dioxin-like PCB and toxaphene are classified as priority 2 (medium concern). Polybrominated biphenyls, chlordane, heptachlor, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and metabolites, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexane (lindane included), polychlorophenols and their salts are classified as priority 3 (low concern).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Vromman
- a Staff Direction for Risk Assessment, Administration of Control Policy , Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain , Brussels , Belgium
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73
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Scientific Opinion on the risk for public and animal health related to the presence of sterigmatocystin in food and feed. EFSA J 2013. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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74
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Toxicokinetics of acrylamide in primary rat hepatocytes: coupling to glutathione is faster than conversion to glycidamide. Arch Toxicol 2013; 87:1545-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-013-1054-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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75
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Kalantari F, Bergkvist C, Berglund M, Fattore E, Glynn A, Håkansson H, Sand S. Establishment of the cumulative margin of exposure for a group of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners using an improved approach that accounts for both variability and uncertainty. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2013; 65:325-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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76
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77
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78
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Boobis A, Chiodini A, Hoekstra J, Lagiou P, Przyrembel H, Schlatter J, Schütte K, Verhagen H, Watzl B. Critical appraisal of the assessment of benefits and risks for foods, 'BRAFO Consensus Working Group'. Food Chem Toxicol 2012; 55:659-75. [PMID: 23123424 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BRAFO, Benefit-Risk Analysis for Foods, was a European Commission project funded within Framework Six as a Specific Support Action and coordinated by ILSI Europe. BRAFO developed a tiered methodology for assessing the benefits and risks of foods and food components, utilising a quantitative, common scale for health assessment in higher tiers. This manuscript reports on the implications of the experience gained during the development of the project for the further improvement of benefit-risk assessment methodology. It was concluded that the methodology proposed is applicable to a range of situations and that it does help in optimising resource utilisation through early identification of those benefit-risk questions where benefit clearly outweighs risk or vice versa. However, higher tier assessments are complex and demanding of time and resources, emphasising the need for prioritisation. Areas identified as requiring further development to improve the utility of benefit-risk assessment include health weights for different populations and endpoints where they do not currently exist, extrapolation of effects from studies in animals to humans, use of in vitro data in benefit-risk assessments, and biomarkers of early effect and how these would be used in a quantitative assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Boobis
- Imperial College London, Department of Medicine, Hammersmith, Ducane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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79
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Talikka M, Sierro N, Ivanov NV, Chaudhary N, Peck MJ, Hoeng J, Coggins CRE, Peitsch MC. Genomic impact of cigarette smoke, with application to three smoking-related diseases. Crit Rev Toxicol 2012; 42:877-89. [PMID: 22989067 PMCID: PMC3491444 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.725244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
There is considerable evidence that inhaled toxicants such as cigarette smoke can cause both irreversible changes to the genetic material (DNA mutations) and putatively reversible changes to the epigenetic landscape (changes in the DNA methylation and chromatin modification state). The diseases that are believed to involve genetic and epigenetic perturbations include lung cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and cardiovascular disease (CVD), all of which are strongly linked epidemiologically to cigarette smoking. In this review, we highlight the significance of genomics and epigenomics in these major smoking-related diseases. We also summarize the in vitro and in vivo findings on the specific perturbations that smoke and its constituent compounds can inflict upon the genome, particularly on the pulmonary system. Finally, we review state-of-the-art genomics and new techniques such as high-throughput sequencing and genome-wide chromatin assays, rapidly evolving techniques which have allowed epigenetic changes to be characterized at the genome level. These techniques have the potential to significantly improve our understanding of the specific mechanisms by which exposure to environmental chemicals causes disease. Such mechanistic knowledge provides a variety of opportunities for enhanced product safety assessment and the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Talikka
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. Sierro
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. V. Ivanov
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - N. Chaudhary
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - M. J. Peck
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - J. Hoeng
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | | | - M. C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International R&D, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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80
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Human skin penetration of selected model mycotoxins. Toxicology 2012; 301:21-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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81
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Watzek N, Scherbl D, Feld J, Berger F, Doroshyenko O, Fuhr U, Tomalik-Scharte D, Baum M, Eisenbrand G, Richling E. Profiling of mercapturic acids of acrolein and acrylamide in human urine after consumption of potato crisps*. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 56:1825-37. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Revised: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Watzek
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Denise Scherbl
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Julia Feld
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Franz Berger
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | | | - Uwe Fuhr
- Department of Pharmacology; University of Cologne; Cologne; Germany
| | | | - Matthias Baum
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Gerhard Eisenbrand
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology; Department of Chemistry; University of Kaiserslautern; Kaiserslautern; Germany
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82
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van den Berg SJPL, Punt A, Soffers AEMF, Vervoort J, Ngeleja S, Spenkelink B, Rietjens IMCM. Physiologically based kinetic models for the alkenylbenzene elemicin in rat and human and possible implications for risk assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2352-67. [PMID: 22992039 DOI: 10.1021/tx300239z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes physiologically based kinetic (PBK) models for the alkenylbenzene elemicin (3,4,5-trimethoxyallylbenzene) in rat and human, based on the PBK models previously developed for the structurally related alkenylbenzenes estragole, methyleugenol, and safrole. Using the newly developed models, the level of metabolic activation of elemicin in rat and human was predicted to obtain insight in species differences in the bioactivation of elemicin and read across to the other methoxy allylbenzenes, estragole and methyleugenol. Results reveal that the differences between rat and human in the formation of the proximate carcinogenic metabolite 1'-hydroxyelemicin and the ultimate carcinogenic metabolite 1'-sulfoxyelemicin are limited (<3.8-fold). In addition, a comparison was made between the relative importance of bioactivation for elemicin and that of estragole and methyleugenol. Model predictions indicate that compound differences in the formation of the 1'-sulfoxymetabolites are limited (<11-fold) in rat and human liver. The insights thus obtained were used to perform a risk assessment for elemicin using the margin of exposure (MOE) approach and read across to the other methoxy allylbenzene derivatives for which in vivo animal tumor data are available. This reveals that elemicin poses a lower priority for risk management as compared to its structurally related analogues estragole and methyleugenol. Altogether, the results obtained indicate that PBK modeling provides an important insight in the occurrence of species differences in the metabolic activation of elemicin. Moreover, they provide an example of how PBK modeling can facilitate a read across in risk assessment from compounds for which in vivo toxicity studies are available to a compound for which only limited toxicity data have been described, thus contributing to the development of alternatives for animal testing.
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83
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Can estragole in fennel seed decoctions really be considered a danger for human health? A fennel safety update. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:860542. [PMID: 22899959 PMCID: PMC3414240 DOI: 10.1155/2012/860542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare Mill.) mature fruit (commonly known as seeds) and essential oil of fennel are widely used as flavoring agents in food products such as liqueurs, bread, cheese, and an ingredient of cosmetics and pharmaceutical products. Moreover fennel infusions are the classical decoction for nursing babies to prevent flatulence and colic spasm. Traditionally in Europe and Mediterranean areas fennel is used as antispasmodic, diuretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, secretomotor, secretolytic, galactagogue, eye lotion, and antioxidant remedy and integrator. Topically, fennel powder is used as a poultice for snake bites. In Asian cultures fennel was ingested to speed the elimination of poisons. As one of the ancient Saxon people's nine sacred herbs, fennel was credited with the power to cure. Fennel was also valued as a magic herb: in the Middle Ages it was draped over doorways on Midsummer's Eve to protect the household from evil spirits. Recently because of estragole carcinogenicity, fennel has been charged to be dangerous for humans especially if used as decoction for babies. But this allegation do not consider the remedy is prepared as a matrix of substances, and recent researches confirm that pure estragole is inactivated by many substance contained in the decoction.
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84
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Watzek N, Böhm N, Feld J, Scherbl D, Berger F, Merz KH, Lampen A, Reemtsma T, Tannenbaum SR, Skipper PL, Baum M, Richling E, Eisenbrand G. N7-glycidamide-guanine DNA adduct formation by orally ingested acrylamide in rats: a dose-response study encompassing human diet-related exposure levels. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:381-90. [PMID: 22211389 DOI: 10.1021/tx200446z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is formed during the heating of food and is classified as a genotoxic carcinogen. The margin of exposure (MOE), representing the distance between the bench mark dose associated with 10% tumor incidence in rats and the estimated average human exposure, is considered to be of concern. After ingestion, AA is converted by P450 into the genotoxic epoxide glycidamide (GA). GA forms DNA adducts, primarily at N7 of guanine (N7-GA-Gua). We performed a dose-response study with AA in female Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. AA was given orally in a single dosage of 0.1-10 000 μg/kg bw. The formation of urinary mercapturic acids and of N7-GA-Gua DNA adducts in liver, kidney, and lung was measured 16 h after application. A mean of 37.0 ± 11.5% of a given AA dose was found as mercapturic acids (MAs) in urine. MA excretion in urine of untreated controls indicated some background exposure from endogenous AA. N7-GA-Gua adduct formation was not detectable in any organ tested at 0.1 μg AA/kg bw. At a dose of 1 μg/kg bw, adducts were found in kidney (around 1 adduct/10(8) nucleotides) and lung (below 1 adduct/10(8) nucleotides) but not in liver. At 10, respectively, 100 μg/kg bw, adducts were found in all three organs, at levels close to those found at 1 μg AA/kg, covering a range of about 1-2 adducts/10(8) nucleotides. As compared to DNA adduct levels from electrophilic genotoxic agents of various origin found in human tissues, N7-GA-Gua adduct levels within the dose range of 0.1-100 μg AA/kg bw were at the low end of this human background. We propose to take the background level of DNA lesions in humans more into consideration when doing risk assessment of food-borne genotoxic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Watzek
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, University of Kaiserslautern , Erwin-Schroedinger-Strasse 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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85
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Arribas-Lorenzo G, Morales FJ. Recent Insights in Acrylamide as Carcinogen in Foodstuffs. ADVANCES IN MOLECULAR TOXICOLOGY VOLUME 6 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-59389-4.00005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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86
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Caldas ED, Jardim ANO. Exposure to toxic chemicals in the diet: is the Brazilian population at risk? JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2012; 22:1-15. [PMID: 21989502 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2011.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In Brazil, in the last 20 years, dietary risk assessments have been conducted on pesticides, mycotoxins, food additives, heavy metals (mainly mercury), environmental contaminants (mainly DDT) and acrylamide, a compound formed during food processing. The objectives of this paper were to review these studies, discuss their limitations and uncertainties and identify the most critical chemicals that may pose a health risk to Brazilian consumers. The studies have shown that the cumulative intake of organophosphorus and carbamate pesticides by high consumers of fruits and vegetables may represent a health concern (up to 169% of the ARfD), although the benefits of consuming large portions of those foods most probably overcome the risks. High consumers of maize products may also be at risk due to the presence of fumonisin (355% of the PMTDI), a mycotoxin present at high levels in Brazilian maize. The studies conducted in the Brazilian Amazon have shown that riparian fish consumers are exposed to unsafe levels of mercury. However, this is a more complex issue, as mercury levels in the region are naturally high and the health benefits of a fish-based diet are well known. Studies conducted both in Brazil and internationally on acrylamide have shown that the exposure to this genotoxic compound, mainly from the consumption of French fries and potato chips, is of health concern. Reducing the population dietary exposure to toxic chemicals is a challenge for government authorities and food producers in all countries. Management strategies aimed at decreasing exposure to the critical chemicals identified in this review involve limiting the use or eliminating highly toxic pesticides, implementing good agricultural practices to decrease maize contamination by fumonisins, educating local fish-eating communities toward a fish diet less contaminated by mercury, and changing dietary habits concerning the consumption of fried potatoes, the main processed food containing acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Dutra Caldas
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil.
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87
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Cunningham FH, Fiebelkorn S, Johnson M, Meredith C. A novel application of the Margin of Exposure approach: segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:2921-33. [PMID: 21802474 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 07/01/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a rationale for utilising a Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach to the segregation of tobacco smoke toxicants for risk assessment and management purposes. Future regulatory frameworks and product modifications aimed at tobacco harm reduction could utilise data that segregate toxicants using associations with specific diseases caused by cigarette smoking together with an indication of their relative contribution to that disease. Compounds with MOEs >10,000 accompanied by appropriate narrative are considered "low priority for risk management actions". This paper applies the MOE model to representative examples of tobacco smoke toxicants associated with respiratory tract carcinogenesis and other respiratory diseases. A multiplicity of published dose response data on individual toxicants has been used to determine the range of possible MOE values, thus demonstrating the consistency of the relationships. Acetaldehyde, acrolein, acrylonitrile, cadmium, ethylene oxide, formaldehyde and isoprene all segregate with MOEs <10,000 and should be considered as high priority for exposure reduction research whereas benzo(a)pyrene and vinyl chloride segregate with an MOE >10,000 and therefore may be considered as a low priority. 1,3-Butadiene, m-/p-cresols, NNK and NNN are assumed to segregate with high priority although additional data would be required to complete a full MOE assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Cunningham
- British American Tobacco, Group Research and Development, Regents Park Road, Southampton, Hampshire SO15 8TL, United Kingdom.
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88
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Turesky RJ, Le Marchand L. Metabolism and biomarkers of heterocyclic aromatic amines in molecular epidemiology studies: lessons learned from aromatic amines. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:1169-214. [PMID: 21688801 PMCID: PMC3156293 DOI: 10.1021/tx200135s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Aromatic amines and heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are structurally related classes of carcinogens that are formed during the combustion of tobacco or during the high-temperature cooking of meats. Both classes of procarcinogens undergo metabolic activation by N-hydroxylation of the exocyclic amine group to produce a common proposed intermediate, the arylnitrenium ion, which is the critical metabolite implicated in toxicity and DNA damage. However, the biochemistry and chemical properties of these compounds are distinct, and different biomarkers of aromatic amines and HAAs have been developed for human biomonitoring studies. Hemoglobin adducts have been extensively used as biomarkers to monitor occupational and environmental exposures to a number of aromatic amines; however, HAAs do not form hemoglobin adducts at appreciable levels, and other biomarkers have been sought. A number of epidemiologic studies that have investigated dietary consumption of well-done meat in relation to various tumor sites reported a positive association between cancer risk and well-done meat consumption, although some studies have shown no associations between well-done meat and cancer risk. A major limiting factor in most epidemiological studies is the uncertainty in quantitative estimates of chronic exposure to HAAs, and thus, the association of HAAs formed in cooked meat and cancer risk has been difficult to establish. There is a critical need to establish long-term biomarkers of HAAs that can be implemented in molecular epidemioIogy studies. In this review, we highlight and contrast the biochemistry of several prototypical carcinogenic aromatic amines and HAAs to which humans are chronically exposed. The biochemical properties and the impact of polymorphisms of the major xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes on the biological effects of these chemicals are examined. Lastly, the analytical approaches that have been successfully employed to biomonitor aromatic amines and HAAs, and emerging biomarkers of HAAs that may be implemented in molecular epidemiology studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Turesky
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Wadsworth Center , Albany, New York 12201, United States.
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89
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Leong YH, Rosma A, Latiff AA, Ahmad NI. Exposure assessment and risk characterization of aflatoxin B1 in Malaysia. Mycotoxin Res 2011; 27:207-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-011-0097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/10/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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90
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Berg SJPLVD, Restani P, Boersma MG, Delmulle L, Rietjens IMCM. Levels of Genotoxic and Carcinogenic Ingredients in Plant Food Supplements and Associated Risk Assessment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/fns.2011.29134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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91
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van den Berg SJPL, Serra-Majem L, Coppens P, Rietjens IMCM. Safety assessment of plant food supplements (PFS). Food Funct 2011; 2:760-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c1fo10067j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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92
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Berger FI, Feld J, Bertow D, Eisenbrand G, Fricker G, Gerhardt N, Merz KH, Richling E, Baum M. Biological effects of acrylamide after daily ingestion of various foods in comparison to water: A study in rats. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:387-99. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/18/2010] [Accepted: 08/03/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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93
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Abstract
The willingness to view risk as part of daily life has vanished. A risk-averse mindset among environmental regulators engenders confusion between the ethics of intention and the ethics of consequence, leading to the elevation of the precautionary principle with unintended and often unfortunate outcomes. Environmental risk assessment is conservative, but the actual level of conservatism cannot be determined. High-end exposure assumptions and current toxicity criteria from the USEPA, based on linear extrapolation for carcinogens and default uncertainty factors for systemic toxicants, obscure the degree of conservatism in risk assessments. Ideally, one could choose a percentile of the target population to include within environmental standards, but this choice is complicated by the food, pharmaceutical and advertising industries, whose activities, inadvertent or not, often promote maladaptive and unhealthy lifestyle choices. There has lately been much discussion about background exposures and disease processes and their potential to increase the risk from environmental chemicals. Should these background exposures or disease processes, especially those associated with maladaptive individual choices, be included as part of a regulatory risk evaluation? A significant ethical question is whether environmental regulation should protect those pursuing a self-destructive lifestyle that may add to or synergize with otherwise innocuous environmental exposures. Choosing a target percentile of protection would provide an increased level of transparency and the flexibility to choose a higher or lower percentile if such a choice is warranted. Transparency and flexibility will lead to more responsive environmental regulation that balances protection of public health and the stewardship of societal resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted Simon
- Ted Simon LLC, Winston, GA 30187, USA.
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94
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Bercu JP, Morton SM, Deahl JT, Gombar VK, Callis CM, van Lier RB. In silico approaches to predicting cancer potency for risk assessment of genotoxic impurities in drug substances. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 57:300-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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95
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Benford D, Bolger PM, Carthew P, Coulet M, DiNovi M, Leblanc JC, Renwick AG, Setzer W, Schlatter J, Smith B, Slob W, Williams G, Wildemann T. Application of the Margin of Exposure (MOE) approach to substances in food that are genotoxic and carcinogenic. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48 Suppl 1:S2-24. [PMID: 20113851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2009] [Revised: 10/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the work of an expert group established by the International Life Sciences Institute - European branch (ILSI Europe) to follow up the recommendations of an international conference on "Risk Assessment of Compounds that are both Genotoxic and Carcinogenic: New Approaches". Twelve genotoxic and carcinogenic chemicals that can be present in food were selected for calculation of a Margin of Exposure (MOE) between a point of departure on the dose-response for oral carcinogenicity in animal studies and estimates of human dietary exposure. The MOE can be used to support prioritisation of risk management action and, if the MOE is very large, on communication of a low level of human health concern. Depending on the approaches taken in determining the point of departure and the estimation of exposure, it is possible to derive very different values for the MOE. It is therefore essential that the selection of the cancer endpoint and mathematical treatment of the data are clearly described and justified if the results of the MOE approach are to be trusted and of value to risk managers. An outline framework for calculating an MOE is proposed in order to help to ensure transparency in the results.
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96
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Zeilmaker MJ, Bakker MI, Schothorst R, Slob W. Risk Assessment of N-nitrosodimethylamine Formed Endogenously after Fish-with-Vegetable Meals. Toxicol Sci 2010; 116:323-35. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfq093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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97
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Reffstrup TK, Larsen JC, Meyer O. Risk assessment of mixtures of pesticides. Current approaches and future strategies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:174-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2009] [Accepted: 09/20/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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98
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Risk assessment of carcinogens in food. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2010; 243:180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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99
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Kuiper-Goodman T, Hilts C, Billiard SM, Kiparissis Y, Richard IDK, Hayward S. Health risk assessment of ochratoxin A for all age-sex strata in a market economy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:212-40. [PMID: 20013446 PMCID: PMC3474135 DOI: 10.1080/02652030903013278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2008] [Revised: 03/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In order to manage risk of ochratoxin A (OTA) in foods, we re-evaluated the tolerable daily intake (TDI), derived the negligible cancer risk intake (NCRI), and conducted a probabilistic risk assessment. A new approach was developed to derive 'usual' probabilistic exposure in the presence of highly variable occurrence data, such as encountered with low levels of OTA. Canadian occurrence data were used for various raw food commodities or finished foods and were combined with US Department of Agriculture (USDA) food consumption data, which included data on infants and young children. Both variability and uncertainty in input data were considered in the resulting exposure estimates for various age/sex strata. Most people were exposed to OTA on a daily basis. Mean adjusted exposures for all age-sex groups were generally below the NCRI of 4 ng OTA kg bw(-1), except for 1-4-year-olds as a result of their lower body weight. For children, the major contributors of OTA were wheat-based foods followed by oats, rice, and raisins. Beer, coffee, and wine also contributed to total OTA exposure in older individuals. Predicted exposure to OTA decreased when European Commission maximum limits were applied to the occurrence data. The impact on risk for regular eaters of specific commodities was also examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kuiper-Goodman
- Health Canada, HPFB, Food Directorate, Bureau of Chemical Safety, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0L2, Canada.
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100
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Tardiff RG, Gargas ML, Kirman CR, Leigh Carson M, Sweeney LM. Estimation of safe dietary intake levels of acrylamide for humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:658-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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