51
|
Danielli NM, Trevisan R, Mello DF, Fischer K, Deconto VS, da Silva Acosta D, Bianchini A, Bainy ACD, Dafre AL. Upregulating Nrf2-dependent antioxidant defenses in Pacific oysters Crassostrea gigas: Investigating the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in bivalves. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 195:16-26. [PMID: 28216009 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas annotated genome revealed genes with conserved sequences belonging to typical cap 'n' collar Nrf2 domain, a major player in antioxidant protection, and domains belonging to Nrf2 cytoplasmic repressor (Keap1), but little is known about Nrf2/Keap1 induction in bivalves. C. gigas were exposed to waterborne 10 and 30μM curcumin, a known inducer of the mammalian Nrf2. Curcumin disappeared from the seawater after 10h, and accumulated in the gills (10h) and digestive gland (10-96h). A clear induction of glutathione (GSH)-related antioxidant defenses was observed at 96h in the gills of curcumin exposed animals (10 and 30μM), including GSH levels, and the activity of glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST). This response was completely absent in the digestive gland, in line with the idea that bivalve gills act as a major site for antioxidant protection under acute exposure. The relative mRNA levels coding glutamate-cysteine ligase, GR, GPx2 and GSTpi were clearly induced by curcumin treatment (30μM, 24h). Curcumin pre-treatment for 96h increased oyster resistance to cumene hydroperoxide, but neither Nrf2 nor Keap1 genes were modulated by curcumin. However, the conserved sequences belonging to typical Nrf2 and Keap1 domains, and the notorious induction of antioxidant defense-related genes known to be controlled by Nrf2 in mammals, indicates a functional Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in bivalves, and curcumin seems to be a new tool to investigate the antioxidant response in bivalves.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naissa Maria Danielli
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil.
| | - Rafael Trevisan
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danielle Ferraz Mello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Kelvis Fischer
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Schadeck Deconto
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Daiane da Silva Acosta
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande, 96203-900 Rio Grande, RS, Brazil
| | - Afonso Celso Dias Bainy
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alcir Luiz Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Plasch K, Resch V, Hitce J, Popłoński J, Faber K, Glueck SM. Regioselective Enzymatic Carboxylation of Bioactive (Poly)phenols. Adv Synth Catal 2017; 359:959-965. [PMID: 28450825 PMCID: PMC5396361 DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201601046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In order to extend the applicability of the regioselective enzymatic carboxylation of phenols, the substrate scope of o-benzoic acid (de)carboxylases has been investigated towards complex molecules with an emphasis on flavouring agents and polyphenols possessing antioxidant properties. o-Hydroxycarboxylic acid products were obtained with perfect regioselectivity, in moderate to excellent yields. The applicability of this method was proven by the regioselective bio-carboxylation of resveratrol on a preparative scale with 95% yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Plasch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Verena Resch
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Julien Hitce
- L'Oréal Research & Innovation30 bis rue Maurice Berteaux95500Le ThillayFrance
| | - Jarosław Popłoński
- Department of ChemistryWrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciencesul. C. K. Norwida 2550-375WrocławPoland
| | - Kurt Faber
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| | - Silvia M. Glueck
- Department of Chemistry, Organic & Bioorganic ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (ACIB)University of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28A-8010GrazAustria
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Lu C, Zou Y, Liu Y, Niu Y. Rosmarinic acid counteracts activation of hepatic stellate cells via inhibiting the ROS-dependent MMP-2 activity: Involvement of Nrf2 antioxidant system. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 318:69-78. [PMID: 28115189 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, oxidative stress is involved in hepatofibrogenesis. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) is required for activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This study was designed to explore the hypothesis that the inhibitory effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) on HSCs activation might mainly result from its antioxidant capability by increasing the synthesis of glutathione (GSH) involved in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-dependent inhibition of MMP-2 activity. Here, we demonstrate that RA reverses activated HSCs to quiescent cells. Concomitantly, RA inhibits MMP-2 activity. RNA interference-imposed knockdown of NF-κB abolished down-regulation of MMP-2 by RA. RA-mediated inactivation of NF-κB could be blocked by the diphenyleneiodonium chloride (DPI; a ROS inhibitor). Conversely, transfection of dominant-negative (DN) mutant of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 2 (ERK2), c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1 (JNK1), or p38α kinase had no such effect. Simultaneously, RA suppresses ROS generation and lipid peroxidation (LPO) whereas increases cellular GSH in HSC-T6 cells. Furthermore, RA significantly increased antioxidant response element (ARE)-mediated luciferase activity, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and catalytic subunits from glutamate cysteine ligase (GCLc) expression, but not modulatory subunits from GCL (GCLm). RA-mediated up-regulation of GClc is inhibited by the shRNA-induced Nrf2 knockdown. The knocking down of Nrf2 or buthionine sulfoximine (a GCL inhibitor) abolished RA-mediated inhibition of ROS. Collectively, these results provide novel insights into the mechanisms of RA as an antifibrogenic candidate in the prevention and treatment of liver fibrosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changfang Lu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yu Zou
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yuzhang Liu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yingcai Niu
- The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Singh S, Zafar A, Khan S, Naseem I. Towards therapeutic advances in melanoma management: An overview. Life Sci 2017; 174:50-58. [PMID: 28238718 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive types of skin cancer with rapidly increasing incidence rate. The disease is largely considered incurable and the patients diagnosed with metastatic melanoma have a survival of not more than five years. Despite of the recent advances in anti-melanoma chemo- and immunotherapies, the available drugs are relatively toxic and responsive to only a limited subset of lesions. Currently, topical pharmacotherapy is demonstrated as an effective approach for the treatment of various skin cancers. Also, in vitro testing of melanoma cell lines and murine melanoma models has identified a number of relatively safe and effective phytochemicals. In this review, we described the use of topical pharmacotherapy for the treatment of skin cancers. Melanoma treatment by drugs targeting MAPK-pathway has also been discussed. Long non-coding RNAs and therapeutics targeting ER-associated pathways looks quite promising for the treatment of melanoma. Moreover, some natural anticancer compounds that have been reported to have anti-melanoma effects have also been described. At present a better understanding of genetics and epigenetics of initiation and progression of melanoma is needed for the identification of novel biomarkers and development of targeted therapeutics against melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Swarnendra Singh
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110 029, India
| | - Atif Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saman Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Imrana Naseem
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Dong H, Guo H, Liang Y, Wang X, Niu Y. Astragaloside IV synergizes with ferulic acid to suppress hepatic stellate cells activation in vitro. Free Radic Res 2017; 51:167-178. [PMID: 28147890 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2017.1290233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because hepatic fibrosis usually involves more than one pathological process, combination therapy with modalities that target aberrant signaling cascade in activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) represents an alternative strategy. This study evaluates the hypothesis that astragaloside IV (AS-IV) and ferulic acid (FA) synergize to inhibit HSCs activation via simultaneous activating nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) and blocking transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) pathways. The combination of FA and AS-IV, hereafter referred to as the AS-IV/FA, at suboptimal concentrations synergistically inhibited HSCs activation, as measured by expressions of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), collagen α type I (Col I) and fibronectin. Nrf2 nuclear accumulation, glutathione (GSH) increase, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) reduction by AS-IV were not potentiated by co-treatment with FA. Similarly, inhibition of TGF-β1 secretion and Smad activity by FA also was not enhanced by combined treatment with AS-IV. AS-IV/FA synergistically suppresses the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity. Inhibition of HSCs activation by AS-IV/FA could be completely blocked by TGF-βs-neutralizing antibody plus shRNA-mediated knockdown of Nrf2. Dual blockade of the TGF-β1/Smad pathway by FA and activation of Nrf2/ARE pathway by AS-IV contributed to the synergistic effects of this combination treatment. These results suggest that combinatorial treatments that target different pathway may afford a more effective strategy to inhibit HSC activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Dong
- a The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Hongyan Guo
- a The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Yini Liang
- a The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Xing Wang
- a The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| | - Yingcai Niu
- a The Institute of Medicine, Qiqihar Medical University , Qiqihar , China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tassone B, Saoncella S, Neri F, Ala U, Brusa D, Magnuson MA, Provero P, Oliviero S, Riganti C, Calautti E. Rictor/mTORC2 deficiency enhances keratinocyte stress tolerance via mitohormesis. Cell Death Differ 2017; 24:731-746. [PMID: 28211872 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
How metabolic pathways required for epidermal tissue growth and remodeling influence the ability of keratinocytes to survive stressful conditions is still largely unknown. The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) regulates growth and metabolism of several tissues, but its functions in epidermal cells are poorly defined. Rictor is an adaptor protein essential for mTORC2 activity. To explore the roles of mTORC2 in the epidermis, we have conditionally deleted rictor in mice via K14-Cre-mediated homologous recombination and found that its deficiency causes moderate tissue hypoplasia, reduced keratinocyte proliferation and attenuated hyperplastic response to TPA. Noteworthy, rictor-deficient keratinocytes displayed increased lifespan, protection from senescence, and enhanced tolerance to cellular stressors such as growth factors deprivation, epirubicin and X-ray in vitro and radioresistance in vivo. Rictor-deficient keratinocytes exhibited changes in global gene expression profiles consistent with metabolic alterations and enhanced stress tolerance, a shift in cell catabolic processes from glycids and lipids to glutamine consumption and increased production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS). Mechanistically, the resiliency of rictor-deficient epidermal cells relies on these ROS increases, indicating stress resistance via mitohormesis. Thus, our findings reveal a new link between metabolic changes and stress adaptation of keratinocytes centered on mTORC2 activity, with potential implications in skin aging and therapeutic resistance of epithelial tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Tassone
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Saoncella
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesco Neri
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy
| | - Ugo Ala
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Mark A Magnuson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Center for Translational Genomics and Bioinformatics, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Salvatore Oliviero
- Human Genetics Foundation (HuGeF), Turin, Italy.,Department of Life Sciences and System Biology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Riganti
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Enzo Calautti
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Muhammad MS, Magaji RA, Mohammed A, Isa AS, Magaji MG. Effect of resveratrol and environmental enrichment on biomarkers of oxidative stress in young healthy mice. Metab Brain Dis 2017; 32:163-170. [PMID: 27525432 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-016-9891-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol (RESV) and Environmental Enrichment (EE) have been separately reported to protect organisms against various diseases. This study investigated the potential benefit of the combination of RESV and EE on biomarkers of oxidative stress in young healthy mice. Fifty mice of both sexes were randomly divided into five groups of 10 animals each: group I served as control, group II were maintained on alternate day feeding, group III received RESV 50 mg/kg, suspended in caboxymethylcellulose orally per kg/day. Group IV received CMC and kept in an Enriched Environment, group V received RESV + EE. The treatment lasted for 28 days. The animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last treatment and brain samples were collected for biochemical evaluation. The results obtained showed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde concentration in EE group and RESV treated group kept EE when compared to the control. A significant decrease was also observed in glutathione peroxidase activity in all the treatment groups when compared to the control. A significant decrease in GPx activities in RESV, EE and RESV + EE treated groups in male and female mice when compared to the control groups respectively. However, a significant increase in GPx activities was observed in EE group in male mice and EODF, RESV groups in female mice when compared to RESV + EE groups respectively. In conclusion, the result of our study indicates that EE possesses antioxidant properties by decreasing MDA concentration and attenuating lipid peroxidation in the brain of young Swiss albino mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mustapha Shehu Muhammad
- Department of Human Physiology, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria.
| | - Rabiu Abdussalam Magaji
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Aliyu Mohammed
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ahmed-Sherif Isa
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Mohammed Garba Magaji
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Photo-pollution stress in skin: Traces of pollutants (PAH and particulate matter) impair redox homeostasis in keratinocytes exposed to UVA1. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:162-169. [PMID: 28153538 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is likely that skin is exposed to low concentrations of pollutants such as Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) either through topical penetration by ultrafine particles or by systemic distribution. No precise estimation of pollutants in living skin is available, but literature has reported contamination of blood by PAH at concentrations in the nanomolar range. Some pollutants (PAH for example) are photo-reactive and phototoxic: sunlight and pollution might thus synergistically compromise skin health. OBJECTIVE Here, the biological effects of particulate matter, PM extract and various PAH were compared in normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEK) and reconstructed skin model exposed to either daily UV (d-UV 300-400nm) or UVA1 (350-400nm). Impact of pollutants (PM, PAH or PM extract) combined to UV was studied on NHEK by measuring toxicity, redox homeostasis and GSH metabolism in NHEK. METHODS NHEK were exposed to UV from solar simulator (either d-UV or UVA1) combined with pollutants. Viability, clonogenic efficiency, redox homeostasis and GSH metabolism were assessed. RESULTS Pollutants (PAH, PM or PM extract) ±UVA1 irradiation was associated with a significant phototoxic effect that was equal to or greater than that produced by d-UV. This result is interesting considering that UVA1 represents around 80% of daily UV and reaches the dermal-epidermal junction with ease. Moreover, among PAH studied, benzo[a]pyrene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene were phototoxic at very low concentrations (nanomolar range) on cultured cells or in reconstructed epidermis and also impaired keratinocyte clonogenic potential at sub-toxic doses. ROS generation within cells and in the inner mitochondrial compartment, mitochondrial membrane depolarization and/or reduced ATP production were also noted. Meanwhile, intracellular glutathione concentrations transiently decreased several hours post-treatment and reduction of its synthesis by buthionine sulfoximine potentiated PAH phototoxicity. Consequently, expression of GSH neo-synthesis genes such as SLC7A11 or GCLc was upregulated several hours post-treatment. CONCLUSION These results obtained using PAH concentrations in the range of those reported in blood of pollution-exposed people suggest that exposure to such a photo-pollution stress, particularly if chronic, may impair cutaneous homeostasis and aggravate sunlight-induced skin damage.
Collapse
|
59
|
Saito K, Takenouchi O, Nukada Y, Miyazawa M, Sakaguchi H. An in vitro skin sensitization assay termed EpiSensA for broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 40:11-25. [PMID: 27965148 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate chemicals (e.g. lipophilic chemicals, pre/pro-haptens) that are difficult to correctly evaluate using in vitro skin sensitization tests (e.g. DPRA, KeratinoSens or h-CLAT), we developed a novel in vitro test termed "Epidermal Sensitization Assay: EpiSensA" that uses reconstructed human epidermis. This assay is based on the induction of multiple marker genes (ATF3, IL-8, DNAJB4 and GCLM) related to two keratinocyte responses (inflammatory or cytoprotective) in the induction of skin sensitization. Here, we first confirmed the mechanistic relevance of these marker genes by focusing on key molecules that regulate keratinocyte responses in vivo (P2X7 for inflammatory and Nrf2 for cytoprotective responses). The up-regulation of ATF3 and IL-8, or DNAJB4 and GCLM induced by the representative sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in human keratinocytes was significantly suppressed by a P2X7 specific antagonist KN-62, or by Nrf2 siRNA, respectively, which supported mechanistic relevance of marker genes. Moreover, the EpiSensA had sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of 93%, 100% and 93% for 29 lipophilic chemicals (logKow≥3.5), and of 96%, 75% and 88% for 43 hydrophilic chemicals including 11 pre/pro-haptens, compared with the LLNA. These results suggested that the EpiSensA could be a mechanism-based test applicable to broad sets of chemicals including lipophilic chemicals and pre/pro-haptens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Saito
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takenouchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yuko Nukada
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyazawa
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Sakaguchi
- Kao Corporation, R&D, Safety Science Research, 2606 Akabane Ichikai-Machi Haga-Gun, Tochigi 321-3497, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Plauth A, Geikowski A, Cichon S, Wowro SJ, Liedgens L, Rousseau M, Weidner C, Fuhr L, Kliem M, Jenkins G, Lotito S, Wainwright LJ, Sauer S. Hormetic shifting of redox environment by pro-oxidative resveratrol protects cells against stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 99:608-622. [PMID: 27515816 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resveratrol has gained tremendous interest owing to multiple reported health-beneficial effects. However, the underlying key mechanism of action of this natural product remained largely controversial. Here, we demonstrate that under physiologically relevant conditions major biological effects of resveratrol can be attributed to its generation of oxidation products such as reactive oxygen species (ROS). At low nontoxic concentrations (in general <50µM), treatment with resveratrol increased viability in a set of representative cell models, whereas application of quenchers of ROS completely truncated these beneficial effects. Notably, resveratrol treatment led to mild, Nrf2-specific gene expression reprogramming. For example, in primary epidermal keratinocytes derived from human skin this coordinated process resulted in a 1.3-fold increase of endogenously generated glutathione (GSH) and subsequently in a quantitative reduction of the cellular redox environment by 2.61mVmmol GSH per g protein. After induction of oxidative stress by using 0.78% (v/v) ethanol, endogenous generation of ROS was consequently reduced by 24% in resveratrol pre-treated cells. In contrast to the common perception that resveratrol acts mainly as a chemical antioxidant or as a target protein-specific ligand, we propose that the cellular response to resveratrol treatment is essentially based on oxidative triggering. In physiological microenvironments this molecular training can lead to hormetic shifting of cellular defense towards a more reductive state to improve physiological resilience to oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annabell Plauth
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anne Geikowski
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Cichon
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sylvia J Wowro
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Linda Liedgens
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Morten Rousseau
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christopher Weidner
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luise Fuhr
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Magdalena Kliem
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gail Jenkins
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Silvina Lotito
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Linda J Wainwright
- Unilever R&D, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Sascha Sauer
- Otto Warburg Laboratory, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, 14195 Berlin, Germany; CU Systems Medicine, University of Würzburg, Josef-Schneider-Straße 2, Building D15, 97080 Würzburg, Germany; Laboratory of Functional Genomics, Nutrigenomics and Systems Biology, BIMSB and BIH Genomics Platforms, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Straße 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Spriggs S, Sheffield D, Olayanju A, Kitteringham NR, Naisbitt DJ, Aleksic M. Effect of Repeated Daily Dosing with 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene on Glutathione Biosynthesis and Nrf2 Activation in Reconstructed Human Epidermis. Toxicol Sci 2016; 154:5-15. [PMID: 27492222 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a major role in skin detoxification processes due to its ability to conjugate electrophilic exogenous compounds with, and sometimes without, catalysis by glutathione-s-transferase (GST). GST activity has been demonstrated both in skin and in most in vitro skin equivalents but so far studies have focussed on chemical clearance (conjugate identification and rate of conjugation) and did not consider the GSH lifecycle (conjugation, recycling, synthesis). We used the model skin sensitizer 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) to investigate the effects of chemical exposure on GSH lifecycle in reconstructed human epidermis (RHE). We demonstrated that the RHE model is suitable to carry out repeated cycles of 2-h exposure to DNCB over a 3-day period. After each exposure to DNCB, the level of GSH is diminished in a dose dependent manner. After a 22-h recovery period, GSH is replenished back to initial levels. Accumulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) in the cytosol also occurs within the 2 h of exposure to DNCB but returns to baseline during each recovery period, demonstrating that activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway offers a rapid response to chemical stress. The amount of dinitrophenyl-glutathione (DNP-SG) formed with DNCB (1) increased between the first and second exposure and (2) reached a plateau between the second and third exposure. Collectively, these data suggest that the metabolic capacity of skin may not be fixed in time but defence mechanisms might be activated in response to exposure to exogenous compounds, resulting in their accelerated clearance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Spriggs
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK;
| | - David Sheffield
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Adedamola Olayanju
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Dean J Naisbitt
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, the University of Liverpool, Sherrington Building, Ashton Street, Liverpool L69 3GE, UK
| | - Maja Aleksic
- *Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Abstract
Polyphenols are a widely used class of compounds in dermatology. While phenol itself, the most basic member of the phenol family, is chemically synthesized, most polyphenolic compounds are found in plants and form part of their defense mechanism against decomposition. Polyphenolic compounds, which include phenolic acids, flavonoids, stilbenes, and lignans, play an integral role in preventing the attack on plants by bacteria and fungi, as well as serving as cross-links in plant polymers. There is also mounting evidence that polyphenolic compounds play an important role in human health as well. One of the most important benefits, which puts them in the spotlight of current studies, is their antitumor profile. Some of these polyphenolic compounds have already presented promising results in either in vitro or in vivo studies for non-melanoma skin cancer and melanoma. These compounds act on several biomolecular pathways including cell division cycle arrest, autophagy, and apoptosis. Indeed, such natural compounds may be of potential for both preventive and therapeutic fields of cancer. This review evaluates the existing scientific literature in order to provide support for new research opportunities using polyphenolic compounds in oncodermatology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adilson Costa
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael Yi Bonner
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Jack L Arbiser
- Department of Dermatology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Administration Medical Center, Winship Cancer Institute, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Ganesan P, Choi DK. Current application of phytocompound-based nanocosmeceuticals for beauty and skin therapy. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1987-2007. [PMID: 27274231 PMCID: PMC4869672 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s104701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytocompounds have been used in cosmeceuticals for decades and have shown potential for beauty applications, including sunscreen, moisturizing and antiaging, and skin-based therapy. The major concerns in the usage of phyto-based cosmeceuticals are lower penetration and high compound instability of various cosmetic products for sustained and enhanced compound delivery to the beauty-based skin therapy. To overcome these disadvantages, nanosized delivery technologies are currently in use for sustained and enhanced delivery of phyto-derived bioactive compounds in cosmeceutical sectors and products. Nanosizing of phytocompounds enhances the aseptic feel in various cosmeceutical products with sustained delivery and enhanced skin protecting activities. Solid lipid nanoparticles, transfersomes, ethosomes, nanostructured lipid carriers, fullerenes, and carbon nanotubes are some of the emerging nanotechnologies currently in use for their enhanced delivery of phytocompounds in skin care. Aloe vera, curcumin, resveratrol, quercetin, vitamins C and E, genistein, and green tea catechins were successfully nanosized using various delivery technologies and incorporated in various gels, lotions, and creams for skin, lip, and hair care for their sustained effects. However, certain delivery agents such as carbon nanotubes need to be studied for their roles in toxicity. This review broadly focuses on the usage of phytocompounds in various cosmeceutical products, nanodelivery technologies used in the delivery of phytocompounds to various cosmeceuticals, and various nanosized phytocompounds used in the development of novel nanocosmeceuticals to enhance skin-based therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Applied Life Science, Nanotechnology Research Center, Chungju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Science, Nanotechnology Research Center, Chungju, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
ROS-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and mitochondrial dysfunction underlie apoptosis induced by resveratrol and arsenic trioxide in A549 cells. Chem Biol Interact 2016; 245:100-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
|
65
|
Kim SB, Jo YH, Liu Q, Ahn JH, Hong IP, Han SM, Hwang BY, Lee MK. Optimization of Extraction Condition of Bee Pollen Using Response Surface Methodology: Correlation between Anti-Melanogenesis, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content. Molecules 2015; 20:19764-74. [PMID: 26540033 PMCID: PMC6331901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules201119656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bee pollen is flower pollen with nectar and salivary substances of bees and rich in essential components. Bee pollen showed antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity in our assay system. To maximize the antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of bee pollen, extraction conditions, such as extraction solvent, extraction time, and extraction temperature, were optimized using response surface methodology. Regression analysis showed a good fit of this model and yielded the second-order polynomial regression for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Among the extraction variables, extraction solvent greatly affected the activity. The optimal condition was determined as EtOAc concentration in MeOH, 69.6%; temperature, 10.0 °C; and extraction time, 24.2 h, and the tyrosinase inhibitory and antioxidant activity under optimal condition were found to be 57.9% and 49.3%, respectively. Further analysis showed the close correlation between activities and phenolic content, which suggested phenolic compounds are active constituents of bee pollen for tyrosinase inhibition and antioxidant activity. Taken together, these results provide useful information about bee pollen as cosmetic therapeutics to reduce oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seon Beom Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Yang Hee Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Qing Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Jong Hoon Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - In Pyo Hong
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54875, Korea.
| | - Sang Mi Han
- National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, Chonbuk 54875, Korea.
| | - Bang Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| | - Mi Kyeong Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Schäfer M, Werner S. Nrf2--A regulator of keratinocyte redox signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:243-252. [PMID: 25912479 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The skin is frequently exposed to environmental challenges, such as UV irradiation, toxic chemicals, and mechanical wounding. These insults cause an increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species, resulting in oxidative stress and concomitant inflammation, skin aging, and even cancer development. Therefore, an efficient antioxidant defense strategy is of major importance in this tissue. Since the Nrf2 transcription factor regulates a battery of genes involved in the defense against reactive oxygen species and in compound metabolism, it plays a key role in skin homeostasis, repair, and disease. In this review we summarize current knowledge on the expression and function of Nrf2 in normal skin and its role in the acute and chronic UV response as well as in the pathogenesis of epithelial skin cancer and of different inflammatory skin diseases. Finally, we discuss the potential of Nrf2-activating compounds for skin protection under stress conditions and for the treatment of major human skin disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Sabine Werner
- Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, Department of Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Magnani ND, Muresan XM, Belmonte G, Cervellati F, Sticozzi C, Pecorelli A, Miracco C, Marchini T, Evelson P, Valacchi G. Skin Damage Mechanisms Related to Airborne Particulate Matter Exposure. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:227-36. [PMID: 26507108 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest a correlation between increased airborne particulate matter (PM) and adverse health effects. The mechanisms of PM-health effects are believed to involve oxidative stress and inflammation. To evaluate the ability of PM promoting skin tissue damage, one of the main organs exposed to outdoor pollutants, we analyzed the effect of concentrated ambient particles (CAPs) in a reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) model. RHE tissues were exposed to 25 or 100 µg/ml CAPs for 24 or 48 h. Data showed that RHE seems to be more susceptible to CAPs-induced toxicity after 48 h exposure than after 24 h. We found a local reactive O(2) species (ROS) production increase generated from metals present on the particle, which contributes to lipids oxidation. Furthermore, as a consequence of altered redox status, NFkB nucleus translocation was increase upon CAPs exposure, as well as cyclooxygenase 2 and cytochrome P450 levels, which may be involved in the inflammatory response initiated by PM. CAPs also triggered an apoptotic process in skin. Surprisingly, by transition electron microscopy analysis we showed that CAPs were able to penetrate skin tissues. These findings contribute to the understanding of the cutaneous pathophysiological mechanisms initiated by CAPs exposure, where oxidative stress and inflammation may play predominant roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia D Magnani
- *Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL-UBA-CONICET), Pharmacy and Biochemistry School, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ximena M Muresan
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Belmonte
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Franco Cervellati
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Claudia Sticozzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pecorelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Clelia Miracco
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical and Surgical Sciences. University of Siena, Siena, Italy; and
| | - Timoteo Marchini
- *Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL-UBA-CONICET), Pharmacy and Biochemistry School, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo Evelson
- *Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine (IBIMOL-UBA-CONICET), Pharmacy and Biochemistry School, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Faid I, Al-Hussaini H, Kilarkaje N. Resveratrol alleviates diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction by inhibiting oxidative stress and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2015; 289:482-94. [PMID: 26499206 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2015.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes adversely affects reproductive functions in humans and animals. The present study investigated the effects of Resveratrol on diabetes-induced alterations in oxidative stress, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling and apoptosis in the testis. Adult male Wistar rats (13-15 weeks; n=6/group) were segregated into 1) normal control, 2) Resveratrol-treated (5mg/kg; ip; given during last 3 weeks), 3) Streptozotocin-induced diabetic and, 4) Resveratrol-treated diabetic groups, and euthanized on day 42 after the confirmation of diabetes. Resveratrol did not normalize blood glucose levels in diabetic rats. Resveratrol supplementation recovered diabetes-induced decreases in reproductive organ weights, sperm count and motility, intra-testicular levels of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase and an increase in 4-hydroxynonenal activities (P<0.05). Resveratrol also recovered diabetes-induced increases in JNK signaling pathway proteins, namely, ASK1 (apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1), JNKs (46 and 54 kDa isoforms) and p-JNK to normal control levels (P<0.05). Interestingly, the expression of a down-stream target of ASK1, MKK4 (mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4) and its phosphorylated form (p-MKK4) did not change in experimental groups. Resveratrol inhibited diabetes-induced increases in AP-1 (activator protein-1) components, c-Jun and ATF2 (activating transcription factor 2), but not their phosphorylated forms, to normal control levels (P<0.05). Further, Resveratrol inhibited diabetes-induced increase in cleaved-caspase-3 to normal control levels. In conclusion, Resveratrol alleviates diabetes-induced apoptosis in testis by modulating oxidative stress, JNK signaling pathway and caspase-3 activities, but not by inhibiting hyperglycemia, in rats. These results suggest that Resveratrol supplementation may be a useful strategy to treat diabetes-induced testicular dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Faid
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Heba Al-Hussaini
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
The role and potential mechanism of resveratrol in the prevention and control of epilepsy. Future Med Chem 2015; 7:2005-18. [PMID: 26505553 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common diseases affecting the nervous system, with more than 50 million patients suffering from epilepsy worldwide. Although epilepsy has been prevalent for thousands of years, it is still not possible to completely control the disease. Despite an increase in the number of available antiepileptic drugs, the incidence of epilepsy and its cure rate have not been substantially improved; thus, there is an urgent need to identify new drugs that treat, cure or protect against epilepsy. Resveratrol is a polyphenol compound with a broad range of biological activity; not only it has considerable antiepileptic effects, but it is also neuroprotective and has functions to counter epileptic depression. Resveratrol has the potential to be a new antiepileptic drug, thus further studies are needed to better investigate its potential.
Collapse
|
70
|
Oyewole AO, Birch-Machin MA. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants. FASEB J 2015; 29:4766-71. [PMID: 26253366 DOI: 10.1096/fj.15-275404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox homeostasis is maintained by the antioxidant defense system, which is responsible for eliminating a wide range of oxidants, including reactive oxygen species (ROS), lipid peroxides, and metals. Mitochondria-localized antioxidants are widely studied because the mitochondria, the major producers of intracellular ROS, have been linked to the cause of aging and other chronic diseases. Mitochondria-targeted antioxidants have shown great potential because they cross the mitochondrial phospholipid bilayer and eliminate ROS at the heart of the source. Growing evidence has identified mitochondria-targeted antioxidants, such as MitoQ and tiron, as potentially effective antioxidant therapies against the damage caused by enhanced ROS generation. This literature review summarizes the current knowledge on mitochondria-targeted antioxidants and their contribution to the body's antioxidant defense system. In addition to addressing the concerns surrounding current antioxidant strategies, including difficulties in targeting antioxidant treatment to sites of pathologic oxidative damage, we discuss promising therapeutic agents and new strategic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne O Oyewole
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A Birch-Machin
- Dermatological Sciences, Institute of Cellular Medicine, Medical School, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Nrf2 and NF-κB Signaling Pathways Contribute to Porphyra-334-Mediated Inhibition of UVA-Induced Inflammation in Skin Fibroblasts. Mar Drugs 2015; 13:4721-32. [PMID: 26264001 PMCID: PMC4557001 DOI: 10.3390/md13084721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the protective effects of porphyra-334 against UVA-irradiated cellular damage and elucidated the underlying mechanisms. Porphyra-334 prevented UVA-induced cell death and exhibited scavenging activities against intracellular oxidative stress induced by UVA irradiation in skin fibroblasts. We found that porphyra-334 significantly reduced the secretion and expression of IL-6 and TNF-α, reduced nuclear expression of Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), and sustained NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activation. Further mechanism research revealed that porphyra-334 promoted the Nrf2 signaling pathway in UVA-irradiated skin fibroblasts. Our results show that the antioxidant effect of porphyra-334 is due to the direct scavenging of oxidative stress and its inhibitory effects on NF-κB-dependent inflammatory genes, such as IL-6 and TNF-κ. Therefore, we hypothesize that boosting the Nrf2- NF-κB-dependent response to counteract environmental stress is a promising strategy for the prevention of UVA-related damage.
Collapse
|
72
|
Natural Compounds Modulating Mitochondrial Functions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:527209. [PMID: 26167193 PMCID: PMC4489008 DOI: 10.1155/2015/527209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles responsible for several crucial cell functions, including respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, and regulation of apoptosis; they are also the main intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In the last years, a particular interest has been devoted to studying the effects on mitochondria of natural compounds of vegetal origin, quercetin (Qu), resveratrol (RSV), and curcumin (Cur) being the most studied molecules. All these natural compounds modulate mitochondrial functions by inhibiting organelle enzymes or metabolic pathways (such as oxidative phosphorylation), by altering the production of mitochondrial ROS and by modulating the activity of transcription factors which regulate the expression of mitochondrial proteins. While Qu displays both pro- and antioxidant activities, RSV and Cur are strong antioxidant, as they efficiently scavenge mitochondrial ROS and upregulate antioxidant transcriptional programmes in cells. All the three compounds display a proapoptotic activity, mediated by the capability to directly cause the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria or indirectly by upregulating the expression of proapoptotic proteins of Bcl-2 family and downregulating antiapoptotic proteins. Interestingly, these effects are particularly evident on proliferating cancer cells and can have important therapeutic implications.
Collapse
|
73
|
Rinnerthaler M, Bischof J, Streubel MK, Trost A, Richter K. Oxidative stress in aging human skin. Biomolecules 2015; 5:545-89. [PMID: 25906193 PMCID: PMC4496685 DOI: 10.3390/biom5020545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 505] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress in skin plays a major role in the aging process. This is true for intrinsic aging and even more for extrinsic aging. Although the results are quite different in dermis and epidermis, extrinsic aging is driven to a large extent by oxidative stress caused by UV irradiation. In this review the overall effects of oxidative stress are discussed as well as the sources of ROS including the mitochondrial ETC, peroxisomal and ER localized proteins, the Fenton reaction, and such enzymes as cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, xanthine oxidases, and NADPH oxidases. Furthermore, the defense mechanisms against oxidative stress ranging from enzymes like superoxide dismutases, catalases, peroxiredoxins, and GSH peroxidases to organic compounds such as L-ascorbate, α-tocopherol, beta-carotene, uric acid, CoQ10, and glutathione are described in more detail. In addition the oxidative stress induced modifications caused to proteins, lipids and DNA are discussed. Finally age-related changes of the skin are also a topic of this review. They include a disruption of the epidermal calcium gradient in old skin with an accompanying change in the composition of the cornified envelope. This modified cornified envelope also leads to an altered anti-oxidative capacity and a reduced barrier function of the epidermis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Rinnerthaler
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Johannes Bischof
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Maria Karolin Streubel
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| | - Andrea Trost
- Department of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Paracelsus Medical University, Muellner Hauptstrasse 48, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
| | - Klaus Richter
- Department of Cell Biology, Division of Genetics, University of Salzburg, Salzburg 5020, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|