51
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Gurel B, Cansev M, Sevinc C, Kelestemur S, Ocalan B, Cakir A, Aydin S, Kahveci N, Ozansoy M, Taskapilioglu O, Ulus IH, Başar MK, Sahin B, Tuzuner MB, Baykal AT. Early Stage Alterations in CA1 Extracellular Region Proteins Indicate Dysregulation of IL6 and Iron Homeostasis in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 61:1399-1410. [PMID: 29376847 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of research papers revealed that the compositional and volumetric alterations in the extracellular matrix are the consequences of aging and may be related to Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, we aimed to demonstrate the alterations in hippocampal extracellular fluid proteins in vivo using the 5XFAD mouse model. Samples were obtained from hippocampi of 5XFAD mice (n = 6) and their non-transgenic littermates by intracerebral push-pull perfusion technique at 3 months of age, representing the pre-pathological stage of the AD. Proteins in the hippocampal perfusates were analyzed by Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS). 178 proteins were identified and 19 proteins of them were found to be statistically significantly altered (p≤0.05, fold change ≥40%, unique peptide count ≥3) in the hippocampal CA1 extracellular fluid of the 5XFAD mouse model. Ingenuity pathway analysis of the protein expression results identified IL6 as an upstream regulator. The upregulation of IL6 was validated by immunohistochemical staining of the hippocampus and cortex of the 5XFAD mice prior to Aβ plaque formation. Furthermore, the iron level in the hippocampus was measured by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry as IL6 is mentioned in several studies to take part in iron homeostasis and inflammation and found to be increased in 5XFAD mice hippocampus. Alterations in extracellular matrix proteins in addition to increasing amount of hippocampal IL6 and iron in the early stages of AD may reveal inflammation-mediated iron dyshomeostasis in the early stages of neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Busra Gurel
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Cansev
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Cansu Sevinc
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Seda Kelestemur
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Busra Ocalan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Aysen Cakir
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Sami Aydin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Nevzat Kahveci
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Ozansoy
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Taskapilioglu
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Ismail Hakki Ulus
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Merve Karayel Başar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Betul Sahin
- Acibadem Labmed R&D Laboratory, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tarik Baykal
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Acibadem Mehmet Ali Aydinlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
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52
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Lima JA, Hamerski L. Alkaloids as Potential Multi-Target Drugs to Treat Alzheimer's Disease. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64183-0.00008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
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53
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Czarna A, Wang J, Zelencova D, Liu Y, Deng X, Choi HG, Zhang T, Zhou W, Chang JW, Kildalsen H, Seternes OM, Gray NS, Engh RA, Rothweiler U. Novel Scaffolds for Dual Specificity Tyrosine-Phosphorylation-Regulated Kinase (DYRK1A) Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7560-7572. [PMID: 30095246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
DYRK1A is one of five members of the dual-specificity tyrosine (Y) phosphorylation-regulated kinase (DYRK) family. The DYRK1A gene is located in the Down syndrome critical region and regulates cellular processes related to proliferation and differentiation of neuronal progenitor cells during early development. This has focused research on its role in neuronal degenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's and Down syndrome. Recent studies have also shown a possible role of DYRK1A in diabetes. Here we report a variety of scaffolds not generally known for DYRK1A inhibition, demonstrating their effects in in vitro assays and also in cell cultures. These inhibitors effectively block the tau phosphorylation that is a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. The crystal structures of these inhibitors support the design of optimized and novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Czarna
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Jinhua Wang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Diana Zelencova
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Yao Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Xianming Deng
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Hwan Geun Choi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Tinghu Zhang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Wenjun Zhou
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Jae Won Chang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Hanne Kildalsen
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ole Morten Seternes
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Nathanael S Gray
- Department of Cancer Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
| | - Richard A Engh
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
| | - Ulli Rothweiler
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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54
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Corpas R, Griñán-Ferré C, Rodríguez-Farré E, Pallàs M, Sanfeliu C. Resveratrol Induces Brain Resilience Against Alzheimer Neurodegeneration Through Proteostasis Enhancement. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:1502-1516. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1157-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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55
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Kesler SR, Acton P, Rao V, Ray WJ. Functional and structural connectome properties in the 5XFAD transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Netw Neurosci 2018; 2:241-258. [PMID: 30215035 PMCID: PMC6130552 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with amyloid-beta peptide accumulation into insoluble amyloid plaques. The five-familial AD (5XFAD) transgenic mouse model exhibits accelerated amyloid-beta deposition, neuronal dysfunction, and cognitive impairment. We aimed to determine whether connectome properties of these mice parallel those observed in patients with AD. We obtained diffusion tensor imaging and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data for four transgenic and four nontransgenic male mice. We constructed both structural and functional connectomes and measured their topological properties by applying graph theoretical analysis. We compared connectome properties between groups using both binarized and weighted networks. Transgenic mice showed higher characteristic path length in weighted structural connectomes and functional connectomes at minimum density. Normalized clustering and modularity were lower in transgenic mice across the upper densities of the structural connectome. Transgenic mice also showed lower small-worldness index in higher structural connectome densities and in weighted structural networks. Hyper-correlation of structural and functional connectivity was observed in transgenic mice compared with nontransgenic controls. These preliminary findings suggest that 5XFAD mouse connectomes may provide useful models for investigating the molecular mechanisms of AD pathogenesis and testing the effectiveness of potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R Kesler
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Paul Acton
- Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vikram Rao
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William J Ray
- Neurodegeneration Consortium, Institute for Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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56
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Fan SJ, Huang FI, Liou JP, Yang CR. The novel histone de acetylase 6 inhibitor, MPT0G211, ameliorates tau phosphorylation and cognitive deficits in an Alzheimer's disease model. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:655. [PMID: 29844403 PMCID: PMC5974403 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a dreadful neurodegenerative disease that leads to severe impairment of cognitive function, leading to a drastic decline in the quality of life. The primary pathological features of AD include senile plaques (SPs) and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), comprising aggregated amyloid β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau protein, respectively, in the hippocampus of AD patients. Histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) is a key enzyme in this neurodegenerative disease, in particular, as it relates to tau hyperphosphorylation. This study aimed to investigate the protective effects and mechanism of the novel HDAC6 inhibitor, MPT0G211, using an AD model. Our results indicated that MPT0G211 significantly reduced tau phosphorylation and aggregation, the processes highly correlated with the formation of NFTs. This HDAC6 inhibitory activity resulted in an increase in acetylated Hsp90, which decreased Hsp90 and HDAC6 binding, causing ubiquitination of phosphorylated tau proteins. In addition, a significant increase of phospho-glycogen synthase kinase-3β (phospho-GSK3β) on Ser9 (the inactive form) through Akt phosphorylation was associated with the inhibition of phospho-tau Ser396 in response to MPT0G211 treatment. In AD in vivo models, MPT0G211 appeared to ameliorate learning and memory impairment in animals. Furthermore, MPT0G211 treatment reduced the amount of phosphorylated tau in the hippocampal CA1 region. In summary, MPT0G211 treatment appears to be a promising strategy for improving the AD phenotypes, including tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, neurodegeneration, and learning and memory impairment, making it a valuable agent for further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jun Fan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-I Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Ping Liou
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ron Yang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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57
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Wu M, Shi H, He Y, Yuan L, Qu X, Zhang J, Wang Z, Cai H, Qi J. Colivelin Ameliorates Impairments in Cognitive Behaviors and Synaptic Plasticity in APP/PS1 Transgenic Mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 59:1067-1078. [PMID: 28731445 DOI: 10.3233/jad-170307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of dementia, and effective therapeutics are lacking. Colivelin (CLN), a novel, strong humanin derivative, is effective in vitro in preventing cell death induced by AD-causative genes and amyloid-β protein (Aβ) even at a low concentration. We recently demonstrated that intrahippocampal injection of CLN prevents Aβ25-35-induced deficits in spatial memory and synaptic plasticity in normal rats. Here, we further observed the effects of chronically intranasally (i.n.) administered CLN on cognitive behaviors and pathological hallmarks in 9-month-old APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) AD mice using multiple behavioral tests and immunochemistry. The electrophysiological mechanism of CLN neuroprotection was also investigated by recording in vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). CLN pretreatment effectively prevented impairments in new object recognition, working memory, and long-term spatial memory and reversed the depression of in vivo hippocampal LTP in APP/PS1 mice. Additionally, chronic application of CLN obviously reduced Aβ deposition in the hippocampus in APP/PS1 mice. These results indicate that CLN has strong neuroprotective effects on learning and memory behaviors in APP/PS1 mice and that this behavioral improvement is closely associated with the reduction of Aβ deposition and alleviation of LTP suppression in the hippocampus, supporting the potential of CLN for the prevention and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Wu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hui Shi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China.,Intensive Care Unit, Chifeng Municipal Hospital of Inner Mongolia, Chifeng, China
| | - Yexin He
- Department of Radiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xuesong Qu
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhaojun Wang
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hongyan Cai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Jinshun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
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58
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Miya Shaik M, Tamargo IA, Abubakar MB, Kamal MA, Greig NH, Gan SH. The Role of microRNAs in Alzheimer's Disease and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040174. [PMID: 29561798 PMCID: PMC5924516 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, endogenous, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression by base pairing with mRNA targets. Altered miRNA expression profiles have been observed in several diseases, including neurodegeneration. Multiple studies have reported altered expressions of miRNAs in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) as compared to those of healthy elderly adults. Some of the miRNAs found to be dysregulated in AD have been reported to correlate with neuropathological changes, including plaque and tangle accumulation, as well as altered expressions of species that are known to be involved in AD pathology. To examine the potentially pathogenic functions of several dysregulated miRNAs in AD, we review the current literature with a focus on the activities of ten miRNAs in biological pathways involved in AD pathogenesis. Comprehensive understandings of the expression profiles and activities of these miRNAs will illuminate their roles as potential therapeutic targets in AD brain and may lead to the discovery of breakthrough treatment strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munvar Miya Shaik
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian 16150, Malaysia.
| | - Ian A Tamargo
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Murtala B Abubakar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, PMB 2254 Sokoto, Nigeria.
| | - Mohammad A Kamal
- Metabolomics and Enzymology Unit, Fundamental and Applied Biology Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nigel H Greig
- Drug Design and Development Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway 47500, Selangor, Malaysia.
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59
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Abstract
As a member of the A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase (ADAM) family, ADAM10 has been identified as the constitutive α-secretase in the process of amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) cleavage and plays a critical role in reducing the generation of the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Recent studies have demonstrated its beneficial role in alleviating the pathologic impairment in Alzheimer's disease (AD) both in vitro and in vivo. However, the role of ADAM10 in AD and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not well established. Increasing evidence indicates that ADAM10 not only reduces the generation of Aβ but may also affect the pathology of AD through potential mechanisms including reducing tau pathology, maintaining normal synaptic functions, and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis and the homeostasis of neuronal networks. Mechanistically, ADAM10 regulates these functions by interacting with postsynaptic substrates in brain, especially synaptic cell receptors and adhesion molecules. Furthermore, ADAM10 protein in platelets seems to be a promising biomarker for AD diagnosis. This review will summarize the role of ADAM10 in AD and highlight its functions besides its role as the α-secretase in AβPP cleavage. Meanwhile, we will discuss the therapeutic potential of ADAM10 in treating AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Zhen Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Sen Sun
- Qingdao Blood Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Chen-Chen Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
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60
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Dario MFR, Sara T, Estela CO, Margarita PM, Guillermo ET, Fernando RDF, Javier SL, Carmen P. Stress, Depression, Resilience and Ageing: A Role for the LPA-LPA1 Pathway. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:271-283. [PMID: 28699486 PMCID: PMC5843979 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170710200352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic stress affects health and the quality of life, with its effects being particularly relevant in ageing due to the psychobiological characteristics of this population. However, while some people develop psychiatric disorders, especially depression, others seem very capable of dealing with adversity. There is no doubt that along with the identification of neurobiological mechanisms involved in developing depression, discovering which factors are involved in positive adaptation under circumstances of extreme difficulty will be crucial for promoting resilience. METHODS Here, we review recent work in our laboratory, using an animal model lacking the LPA1 receptor, together with pharmacological studies and clinical evidence for the possible participation of the LPA1 receptor in mood and resilience to stress. RESULTS Substantial evidence has shown that the LPA1 receptor is involved in emotional regulation and in coping responses to chronic stress, which, if dysfunctional, may induce vulnerability to stress and predisposition to the development of depression. Given that there is commonality of mechanisms between those involved in negative consequences of stress and in ageing, this is not surprising, considering that the LPA1 receptor may be involved in coping with adversity during ageing. CONCLUSION Alterations in this receptor may be a susceptibility factor for the presence of depression and cognitive deficits in the elderly population. However, because this is only a promising hypothesis based on previous data, future studies should focus on the involvement of the LPA-LPA1 pathway in coping with stress and resilience in ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moreno-Fernández Román Dario
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Tabbai Sara
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Castilla-Ortega Estela
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Pérez-Martín Margarita
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de
Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Estivill-Torrús Guillermo
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Neurociencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitarios de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Rodríguez de Fonseca Fernando
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica de Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Hospital Regional Universitario de Málaga; Málaga 29010, Spain
| | - Santin Luis Javier
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
| | - Pedraza Carmen
- Departamento de Psicobiología y Metodología de las CC, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga; Málaga 29071, Spain
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61
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Sadhukhan P, Saha S, Dutta S, Mahalanobish S, Sil PC. Nutraceuticals: An emerging therapeutic approach against the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:100-114. [PMID: 29183770 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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62
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Idda ML, Munk R, Abdelmohsen K, Gorospe M. Noncoding RNAs in Alzheimer's disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. RNA 2018; 9. [PMID: 29327503 PMCID: PMC5847280 DOI: 10.1002/wrna.1463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the main cause of dementia among the elderly worldwide. Despite intense efforts to develop drugs for preventing and treating AD, no effective therapies are available as yet, posing a growing burden at the personal, medical, and socioeconomic levels. AD is characterized by the production and aggregation of amyloid β (Aβ) peptides derived from amyloid precursor protein (APP), the presence of hyperphosphorylated microtubule-associated protein Tau (MAPT), and chronic inflammation leading to neuronal loss. Aβ accumulation and hyperphosphorylated Tau are responsible for the main histopathological features of AD, Aβ plaques, and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), respectively. However, the full spectrum of molecular factors that contribute to AD pathogenesis is not known. Noncoding (nc)RNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), regulate gene expression at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels in various diseases, serving as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets. There is rising recognition that ncRNAs have been implicated in both the onset and pathogenesis of AD. Here, we review the ncRNAs implicated posttranscriptionally in the main AD pathways and discuss the growing interest in targeting regulatory ncRNAs therapeutically to combat AD pathology. WIREs RNA 2018, 9:e1463. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1463 This article is categorized under: RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Laura Idda
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rachel Munk
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kotb Abdelmohsen
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Myriam Gorospe
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
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63
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Zhang C, Gomes LM, Zhang T, Storr T. A small bifunctional chelator that modulates Aβ42 aggregation. CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional compounds that can modulate amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation and interact with metal ions hold considerable promise as therapeutic agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Using the copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition reaction, a novel bifunctional chelator 2-(1-(4-(dimethylamino)benzyl)-1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)phenol (L1) was synthesized. L1 contains a bidentate metal-binding unit and a pendant dimethylamino moiety. The product was characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS. The metal-binding properties of L1 were probed by UV–vis spectroscopy to determine Cu:L stoichiometry. L1 was determined to limit Aβ aggregation at 48 h via a ThT assay. In addition, L1 complies with Lipinski’s rules and calculated logBB values for potential drug likeness and BBB permeability. These results suggest that L1 is a suitable candidate for further study as a multifunctional compound to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaofeng Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Luiza M.F. Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
| | - Tonglu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
| | - Tim Storr
- Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada
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Synthesis, characterization, X-ray crystal structures of heterocyclic Schiff base compounds and in vitro cholinesterase inhibition and anticancer activity. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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65
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Kesler SR, Rao V, Ray WJ, Rao A. Probability of Alzheimer's disease in breast cancer survivors based on gray-matter structural network efficiency. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2017; 9:67-75. [PMID: 29201992 PMCID: PMC5700833 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Breast cancer chemotherapy is associated with accelerated aging and potentially increased risk for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods We calculated the probability of AD diagnosis from brain network and demographic and genetic data obtained from 47 female AD converters and 47 matched healthy controls. We then applied this algorithm to data from 78 breast cancer survivors. Results The classifier discriminated between AD and healthy controls with 86% accuracy (P < .0001). Chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors demonstrated significantly higher probability of AD compared to healthy controls (P < .0001) and chemotherapy-naïve survivors (P = .007), even after stratifying for apolipoprotein e4 genotype. Chemotherapy-naïve survivors also showed higher AD probability compared to healthy controls (P = .014). Discussion Chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors who have a particular profile of brain structure may have a higher risk for AD, especially those who are older and have lower cognitive reserve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelli R. Kesler
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: +713-792-8296; Fax: +713-794-4999.
| | - Vikram Rao
- Department of Neuro-oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - William J. Ray
- The Neurodegeneration Consortium at the Institute of Applied Cancer Science, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arvind Rao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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Telerman A, Ofir R, Kashman Y, Elmann A. 3,5,4'-trihydroxy-6,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone protects against beta amyloid-induced neurotoxicity through antioxidative activity and interference with cell signaling. Altern Ther Health Med 2017. [PMID: 28645294 PMCID: PMC5481959 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-017-1840-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, characterized by progressive decline in memory and cognitive functions, that results from loss of neurons in the brain. Amyloid beta (Aβ) protein and oxidative stress are major contributors to Alzheimer’s disease, therefore, protecting neuronal cells against Aβ-induced toxicity and oxidative stress might form an effective approach for treatment of this disease. 3,5,4′-trihydroxy-6,7,3′-trimethoxyflavone (TTF) is a flavonoid we have purified from the plant Achillea fragrantissima; and the present study examined, for the first time, the effects of this compound on Aβ-toxicity to neuronal cells. Methods Various chromatographic techniques were used to isolate TTF from the plant Achillea fragrantissima, and an N2a neuroblastoma cell line was used to study its activities. The cellular levels of total and phosphorylated stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (SAPK/JNK) and of total and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK 1/2) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA). Cytotoxicity and cell viability were assessed by using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in cell-conditioned media, or by crystal violet cell staining, respectively. Results TTF prevented the Aβ-induced death of neurons and attenuated the intracellular accumulation of ROS following treatment of these cells with Aβ. TTF also inhibited the Aβ-induced phosphorylation of the signaling proteins SAPK/JNK and ERK 1/2, which belong to the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family. Conclusion TTF should be studied further as a potential therapeutic means for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Azam F, Alabdullah NH, Ehmedat HM, Abulifa AR, Taban I, Upadhyayula S. NSAIDs as potential treatment option for preventing amyloid β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease: an investigation by docking, molecular dynamics, and DFT studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2017; 36:2099-2117. [PMID: 28571516 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2017.1338164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) protein considered as one of contributors in development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Several investigations have identified the importance of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) as Aβ aggregation inhibitors. Here, we have examined the binding interactions of 24 NSAIDs belonging to eight different classes, with Aβ fibrils by exploiting docking and molecular dynamics studies. Minimum energy conformation of the docked NSAIDs were further optimized by density functional theory (DFT) employing Becke's three-parameter hybrid model, Lee-Yang-Parr (B3LYP) correlation functional method. DFT-based global reactivity descriptors, such as electron affinity, hardness, softness, chemical potential, electronegativity, and electrophilicity index were calculated to inspect the expediency of these descriptors for understanding the reactive nature and sites of the molecules. Few selected NSAID-Aβ fibrils complexes were subjected to molecular dynamics simulation to illustrate the stability of these complexes and the most prominent interactions during the simulated trajectory. All of the NSAIDs exhibited potential activity against Aβ fibrils in terms of predicted binding affinity. Sulindac was found to be the most active compound underscoring the contribution of indene methylene substitution, whereas acetaminophen was observed as least active NSAID. General structural requirements for interaction of NSAIDs with Aβ fibril include: aryl/heteroaryl aromatic moiety connected through a linker of 1-2 atoms to a distal aromatic group. Considering these structural requirements and electronic features, new potent agents can be designed and developed as potential Aβ fibril inhibitors for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizul Azam
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Nada Hussin Alabdullah
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Hadeel Mohammed Ehmedat
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Abdullah Ramadan Abulifa
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Misurata University , Misurata , Libya
| | - Ismail Taban
- b School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Sreedevi Upadhyayula
- c Department of Chemical Engineering , Indian Institute of Technology , New Delhi , India
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Jang JY, Lee HK, Yoo HS, Seong YH. Phytoceramide ameliorates ß-amyloid protein-induced memory impairment and neuronal death in mice. Arch Pharm Res 2017; 40:760-771. [PMID: 28600733 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-017-0893-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate the protective effect of phytoceramide against ß-amyloid protein (Aβ) (25-35)-induced memory impairment and its underlying mechanisms in mice. Memory impairment in mice was induced by intracerebroventricular injection of 15 nmol Aβ (25-35) and measured by the passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. Chronic administration of phytoceramide (10, 25 and 50 mg/kg, p.o.) resulted in significantly less Aβ (25-35)-induced memory loss and hippocampal neuronal death in treated mice compared to controls. The decrease of glutathione level and increase of lipid peroxidation in brain tissue following injection of Aβ (25-35) was reduced by phytoceramide. Alteration of apoptosis-related proteins, increase of inflammatory factors, and phosphorylation of mitogen activated proteins kinases (MAPKs) in Aβ (25-35)-administered mice hippocampus were inhibited by phytoceramide. Phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway and phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element-binding protein (CREB) were suppressed, while phosphorylation of tau (p-tau) was increased in Aß (25-35)-treated mice brain; these effects were significantly inhibited by administration of phytoceramide. These results suggest that phytoceramide has a possible therapeutic role in managing cognitive impairment associated with Alzheimer's disease. The underlying mechanism might involve inhibition of p-tau formation via anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammation activity and promotion of PI3K/Akt/CREB signaling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yeon Jang
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Kyu Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan-Su Yoo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon Hee Seong
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, 28644, Republic of Korea.
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69
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Madeira MH, Boia R, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Having a Coffee Break: The Impact of Caffeine Consumption on Microglia-Mediated Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4761081. [PMID: 28250576 PMCID: PMC5307009 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4761081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the major component of coffee and the most consumed psychostimulant in the world and at nontoxic doses acts as a nonselective adenosine receptor antagonist. Epidemiological evidence suggests that caffeine consumption reduces the risk of several neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. However, despite the beneficial effects of caffeine consumption in human health and behaviour, the mechanisms by which it impacts the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases still remain to be clarified. A promising hypothesis is that caffeine controls microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response associated with the majority of neurodegenerative conditions. Accordingly, it has been already described that the modulation of adenosine receptors, namely, the A2A receptor, affords neuroprotection through the control of microglia reactivity and neuroinflammation. In this review, we will summarize the main effects of caffeine in the modulation of neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria H. Madeira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Raquel Boia
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António F. Ambrósio
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana R. Santiago
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CNC.IBILI Consortium, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
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70
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Tanokashira D, Mamada N, Yamamoto F, Taniguchi K, Tamaoka A, Lakshmana MK, Araki W. The neurotoxicity of amyloid β-protein oligomers is reversible in a primary neuron model. Mol Brain 2017; 10:4. [PMID: 28137266 PMCID: PMC5282621 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-016-0284-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 12/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is characterized by the accumulation of extracellular amyloid β-protein (Aβ) and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau proteins. Recent evidence suggests that soluble Aβ oligomers elicit neurotoxicity and synaptotoxicity, including tau abnormalities, and play an initiating role in the development of AD pathology. In this study, we focused on the unclarified issue of whether the neurotoxicity of Aβ oligomers is a reversible process. Using a primary neuron culture model, we examined whether the neurotoxic effects induced by 2-day treatment with Aβ42 oligomers (Aβ-O) are reversible during a subsequent 2-day withdrawal period. Aβ-O treatment resulted in activation of caspase-3 and eIF2α, effects that were considerably attenuated following Aβ-O removal. Immunocytochemical analyses revealed that Aβ-O induced aberrant phosphorylation and caspase-mediated cleavage of tau, both of which were mostly reversed by Aβ-O removal. Furthermore, Aβ-O caused intraneuronal dislocation of β-catenin protein and a reduction in its levels, and these alterations were partially reversed upon Aβ-O withdrawal. The dislocation of β-catenin appeared to reflect synaptic disorganization. These findings indicate that removal of extracellular Aβ-O can fully or partially reverse Aβ-O-induced neurotoxic alterations in our neuron model. Accordingly, we propose that the induction of neurotoxicity by Aβ oligomers is a reversible process, which has important implications for the development of AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tanokashira
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Naomi Mamada
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yamamoto
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Kaori Taniguchi
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Tamaoka
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan
| | - Madepalli K Lakshmana
- Torrey Pines Institute for Molecular Studies, Port St. Lucie, 34987-2352, Florida, USA
| | - Wataru Araki
- Department of Demyelinating Disease and Aging, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry (NCNP), Kodaira, Tokyo, 187-8502, Japan.
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71
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Burns LH, Wang HY. Altered filamin A enables amyloid beta-induced tau hyperphosphorylation and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. NEUROIMMUNOLOGY AND NEUROINFLAMMATION 2017; 4:263-271. [PMID: 34295950 PMCID: PMC8294116 DOI: 10.20517/2347-8659.2017.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease with proteopathy characterized by abnormalities in amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau proteins. Defective amyloid and tau propagate and aggregate, leading to eventual amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. New data show that a third proteopathy, an altered conformation of the scaffolding protein filamin A (FLNA), is critically linked to the amyloid and tau pathologies in AD. Altered FLNA is pervasive in AD brain and without apparent aggregation. In a striking interdependence, altered FLNA is both induced by Aβ and required for two prominent pathogenic signaling pathways of Aβ. Aβ monomers or small oligomers signal via the α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR) to activate kinases that hyperphosphorylate tau to cause neurofibrillary lesions and formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Altered FLNA also enables a persistent activation of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4) by Aβ, leading to excessive inflammatory cytokine release and neuroinflammation. The novel AD therapeutic candidate PTI-125 binds and reverses the altered FLNA conformation to prevent Aβ’s signaling via α7nAChR and aberrant activation of TLR4, thus reducing multiple AD-related neuropathologies. As a regulator of Aβ’s signaling via α7nAChR and TLR4, altered FLNA represents a novel AD therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hoau-Yan Wang
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, City University of New York School of Medicine, New York, NY 10031, USA.,Department of Biology and Neuroscience, Graduate School of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10031, USA
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72
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Fruhmann G, Seynnaeve D, Zheng J, Ven K, Molenberghs S, Wilms T, Liu B, Winderickx J, Franssens V. Yeast buddies helping to unravel the complexity of neurodegenerative disorders. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:288-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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73
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Arafa RK, Elghazawy NH. Personalized Medicine and Resurrected Hopes for the Management of Alzheimer's Disease: A Modular Approach Based on GSK-3β Inhibitors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1007:199-224. [PMID: 28840559 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-60733-7_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurological disorders with vast reaching worldwide prevalence. Research attempts to decipher what's happening to the human mind have shown that pathogenesis of AD is associated with misfolded protein intermediates displaying tertiary structure conformational changes eventually leading to forming large polymers of unwanted aggregates. The two hallmarks of AD pathological protein aggregates are extraneuronal β-amyloid (Aβ) based senile plaques and intraneuronal neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). As such, AD is categorized as a protein misfolding neurodegenerative disease (PMND) . Therapeutic interventions interfering with the formation of these protein aggregates have been widely explored as potential pathways for thwarting AD progression. One such tactic is modulating the function of enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways leading to formation of these misfolded protein aggregates. Much evidence has shown that glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) plays a key role in hyperphosphorylation of tau protein leading eventually to its aggregation to form NFTs. Data presented hereby will display a plethora of information as to how to interfere with progression of AD through the route of GSK-3β activity control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem K Arafa
- Zewail City of Science and Technology, Cairo, 12588, Egypt.
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74
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Liu Q, Chen Y, Shen C, Xiao Y, Wang Y, Liu Z, Liu X. Chicoric acid supplementation prevents systemic inflammation‐induced memory impairment and amyloidogenesis via inhibition of NF‐κB. FASEB J 2016; 31:1494-1507. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601071r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yuwei Chen
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Chun Shen
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yating Xiao
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Yutang Wang
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
| | - Xuebo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Chemistry and Nutrition of FoodCollege of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University Yangling China
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75
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Bonet-Costa V, Pomatto LCD, Davies KJA. The Proteasome and Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease. Antioxid Redox Signal 2016; 25:886-901. [PMID: 27392670 PMCID: PMC5124752 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2016.6802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Alzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder that is projected to exceed more than 100 million cases worldwide by 2050. Aging is considered the primary risk factor for some 90% of Alzheimer's cases but a significant 10% of patients suffer from aggressive, early-onset forms of the disease. There is currently no effective Alzheimer's treatment and this, coupled with a growing aging population, highlights the necessity to understand the mechanism(s) of disease initiation and propagation. A major hallmark of Alzheimer's disease pathology is the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregates (an early marker of Alzheimer's disease), and neurofibrillary tangles, comprising the hyper-phosphorylated microtubule-associated protein Tau. Recent Advances: Protein oxidation is frequently invoked as a potential factor in the progression of Alzheimer's disease; however, whether it is a cause or a consequence of the pathology is still being debated. The Proteasome complex is a major regulator of intracellular protein quality control and an essential proteolytic enzyme for the processing of both Aβ and Tau. Recent studies have indicated that both protein oxidation and excessive phosphorylation may limit Proteasomal processing of Aβ and Tau in Alzheimer's disease. CRITICAL ISSUES Thus, the Proteasome may be a key factor in understanding the development of Alzheimer's disease pathology; however, its significance is still very much under investigation. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Discovering how the proteasome is affected, regulated, or dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease could be a valuable tool in the efforts to understand and, ultimately, eradicate the disease. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 886-901.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicent Bonet-Costa
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Laura Corrales-Diaz Pomatto
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, The Division of Molecular and Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California , Los Angeles, California
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Xu M, Dong Y, Wan S, Yan T, Cao J, Wu L, Bi K, Jia Y. Schisantherin B ameliorates Aβ 1–42 -induced cognitive decline via restoration of GLT-1 in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Physiol Behav 2016; 167:265-273. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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77
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Rothweiler U, Stensen W, Brandsdal BO, Isaksson J, Leeson FA, Engh RA, Svendsen JSM. Probing the ATP-Binding Pocket of Protein Kinase DYRK1A with Benzothiazole Fragment Molecules. J Med Chem 2016; 59:9814-9824. [PMID: 27736065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
DYRK1A has emerged as a potential target for therapies of Alzheimer's disease using small molecules. On the basis of the observation of selective DYRK1A inhibition by firefly d-luciferin, we have explored static and dynamic structural properties of fragment sized variants of the benzothiazole scaffold with respect to DYRK1A using X-ray crystallography and NMR techniques. The compounds have excellent ligand efficiencies and show a remarkable diversity of binding modes in dynamic equilibrium. Binding geometries are determined in part by interactions often considered "weak", including "orthogonal multipolar" types represented by, for example, F-CO, sulfur-aromatic, and halogen-aromatic interactions, together with hydrogen bonds that are modulated by variation of electron withdrawing groups. These studies show how the benzothiazole scaffold is highly promising for the development of therapeutic DYRK1A inhibitors. In addition, the subtleties of the binding interactions, including dynamics, show how full structural studies are required to fully interpret the essential physical determinants of binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulli Rothweiler
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Pharmasum Therapeutics AS , Smørblomstvn. 36, N-9102 Kvaløysletta, Norway
| | - Wenche Stensen
- Pharmasum Therapeutics AS , Smørblomstvn. 36, N-9102 Kvaløysletta, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Bjørn Olav Brandsdal
- The Centre of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Johan Isaksson
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frederick Alan Leeson
- Pharmasum Therapeutics AS , Smørblomstvn. 36, N-9102 Kvaløysletta, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Richard Alan Engh
- The Norwegian Structural Biology Centre, Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - John S Mjøen Svendsen
- Pharmasum Therapeutics AS , Smørblomstvn. 36, N-9102 Kvaløysletta, Norway
- Department of Chemistry, UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø, Norway
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Zhang ZX, Zhao RP, Wang DS, Wang AN. Fuzhisan ameliorates Aβ production and tau phosphorylation in hippocampal of 11 month old APP/PS1 transgenic mice: A Western blot study. Exp Gerontol 2016; 84:88-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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79
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Corpas R, Revilla S, Ursulet S, Castro-Freire M, Kaliman P, Petegnief V, Giménez-Llort L, Sarkis C, Pallàs M, Sanfeliu C. SIRT1 Overexpression in Mouse Hippocampus Induces Cognitive Enhancement Through Proteostatic and Neurotrophic Mechanisms. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:5604-5619. [PMID: 27614878 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0087-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SIRT1 induces cell survival and has shown neuroprotection against amyloid and tau pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, protective effects against memory loss or the enhancement of cognitive functions have not yet been proven. We aimed to investigate the benefits induced by SIRT1 overexpression in the hippocampus of the AD mouse model 3xTg-AD and in control non-transgenic mice. A lentiviral vector encoding mouse SIRT1 or GFP, selectively transducing neurons, was injected into the dorsal CA1 hippocampal area of 4-month-old mice. Six-month overexpression of SIRT1 fully preserved learning and memory in 10-month-old 3xTg-AD mice. Remarkably, SIRT1 also induced cognitive enhancement in healthy non-transgenic mice. Neuron cultures of 3xTg-AD mice, which show traits of AD-like pathology, and neuron cultures from non-transgenic mice were also transduced with lentiviral vectors to analyze beneficial SIRT1 mechanisms. We uncovered novel pathways of SIRT1 neuroprotection through enhancement of cell proteostatic mechanisms and activation of neurotrophic factors not previously reported such as GDNF, present in both AD-like and healthy neurons. Therefore, SIRT1 may increase neuron function and resilience against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Corpas
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Revilla
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Marco Castro-Freire
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Perla Kaliman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Valérie Petegnief
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lydia Giménez-Llort
- Department of Psychiatry and Forensic Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Mercè Pallàs
- Facultat de Farmàcia, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona and CIBERNED, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Coral Sanfeliu
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques de Barcelona (IIBB) - CSIC, C/Rosselló 161, 6th floor, 08036, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036, Barcelona, Spain.
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80
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Role of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Glutamatergic Signaling in Chronic and Acute Neuropathologies. Neural Plast 2016; 2016:2701526. [PMID: 27630777 PMCID: PMC5007376 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2701526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) have two opposing roles in the brain. On the one hand, NMDARs control critical events in the formation and development of synaptic organization and synaptic plasticity. On the other hand, the overactivation of NMDARs can promote neuronal death in neuropathological conditions. Ca(2+) influx acts as a primary modulator after NMDAR channel activation. An imbalance in Ca(2+) homeostasis is associated with several neurological diseases including schizophrenia, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. These chronic conditions have a lengthy progression depending on internal and external factors. External factors such as acute episodes of brain damage are associated with an earlier onset of several of these chronic mental conditions. Here, we will review some of the current evidence of how traumatic brain injury can hasten the onset of several neurological conditions, focusing on the role of NMDAR distribution and the functional consequences in calcium homeostasis associated with synaptic dysfunction and neuronal death present in this group of chronic diseases.
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81
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Novel NSAID-Derived Drugs for the Potential Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17071035. [PMID: 27376271 PMCID: PMC4964411 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17071035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) have been suggested for the potential treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Prolonged use of NSAIDs, however, produces gastrointestinal (GI) toxicity. To overcome this serious limitation, the aim of this study was to develop novel NSAID-derived drug conjugates (Anti-inflammatory-Lipoyl derivatives, AL4-9) that preserve the beneficial effects of NSAIDS without causing GI problems. As such, we conjugated selected well-known NSAIDs, such as (S)-naproxen and (R)-flurbiprofen, with (R)-α-lipoic acid (LA) through alkylene diamine linkers. The selection of the antioxidant LA was based on the proposed role of oxidative stress in the development and/or progression of AD. Our exploratory studies revealed that AL7 containing the diaminoethylene linker between (R)-flurbiprofen and LA had the most favorable chemical and in vitro enzymatic stability profiles among the synthesized compounds. Upon pretreatment, this compound exhibited excellent antioxidant activity in phorbol 12-miristate 13-acetate (PMA)-stimulated U937 cells (lymphoblast lung from human) and Aβ(25-35)-treated THP-1 cells (leukemic monocytes). Furthermore, AL7 also modulated the expression of COX-2, IL-1β and TNF-α in these cell lines, suggesting anti-inflammatory activity. Taken together, AL7 has emerged as a potential lead worthy of further characterization and testing in suitable in vivo models of AD.
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82
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Hippocampal subfield atrophy in relation to cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers and cognition in early Parkinson's disease: a cross-sectional study. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2016; 2:15030. [PMID: 28725691 PMCID: PMC5516586 DOI: 10.1038/npjparkd.2015.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Cognition is often affected early in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Lewy body and amyloid β (Aβ) pathology and cortical atrophy may be involved. The aim of this study was to examine whether medial temporal lobe structural changes may be linked to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker levels and cognition in early PD. PD patients had smaller volumes of total hippocampus, presubiculum, subiculum, CA2–3, CA4-DG, and hippocampal tail compared with normal controls (NCs). In the PD group, lower CSF Aβ38 and 42 were significant predictors for thinner perirhinal cortex. Lower Aβ42 and smaller presubiculum and subiculum predicted poorer verbal learning and delayed verbal recall. Smaller total hippocampus, presubiculum and subiculum predicted poorer visuospatial copying. Lower Aβ38 and 40 and thinner perirhinal cortex predicted poorer delayed visual reproduction. In conclusion, smaller volumes of hippocampal subfields and subhippocampal cortex thickness linked to lower CSF Aβ levels may contribute to cognitive impairment in early PD. Thirty-three early PD patients (13 without, 5 with subjective, and 15 with mild cognitive impairment) and NC had 3 T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans. The MRI scans were post processed for volumes of hippocampal subfields and entorhinal and perirhinal cortical thickness. Lumbar puncture for CSF biomarkers Aβ38, 40, 42, total tau, phosphorylated tau (Innogenetics), and total α-synuclein (Meso Scale Diagnostics) were performed. Multiple regression analyses were used for between-group comparisons of the MRI measurements in the NC and PD groups and for assessment of CSF biomarkers and neuropsychological tests in relation to morphometry in the PD group.
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83
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Small GW, Greenfield S. Current and Future Treatments for Alzheimer Disease. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2015; 23:1101-5. [PMID: 26614911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jagp.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gary W Small
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior (GWS), UCLA Longevity Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Susan Greenfield
- Department of Pharmacology (SG), University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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84
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Madeira MH, Ambrósio AF, Santiago AR. Glia-Mediated Retinal Neuroinflammation as a Biomarker in Alzheimer's Disease. Ophthalmic Res 2015; 54:204-11. [PMID: 26517861 DOI: 10.1159/000440887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common type of dementia worldwide; it is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive functions and memory, resulting from synaptic and cell loss, and accompanied by a strong neuroinflammatory response. Besides the vast progress in the understanding of the pathophysiology of AD in the past decades, there is still no effective treatment. Moreover, the diagnosis occurs usually at an advanced stage of the disease, where the neurological damage has already occurred. The identification of biomarkers that would allow an early diagnosis of this disease is a major goal that would also help managing AD progression. Due to its cellular and physiological resemblances with the brain, the retina has long been regarded as a window to the brain. Several brain manifestations have been associated with retinal alterations. In AD patients, some structural and functional alterations in the retina can be associated with disease onset. However, only a few studies have focused on the alterations in retinal glial cells associated with AD. This review aims at giving an overview of the AD-associated retinal alterations, particularly in glial cells. The documented alterations in retinal glia will be discussed concerning their potential to predict the brain alterations occurring in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Helena Madeira
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences (IBILI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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85
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Majd S, Power JH, Grantham HJM. Neuronal response in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease: the effect of toxic proteins on intracellular pathways. BMC Neurosci 2015; 16:69. [PMID: 26499115 PMCID: PMC4619058 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-015-0211-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of protein aggregates is the leading cause of cellular dysfunction in neurodegenerative disorders. Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, Prion disease and motor disorders such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, present with a similar pattern of progressive neuronal death, nervous system deterioration and cognitive impairment. The common characteristic is an unusual misfolding of proteins which is believed to cause protein deposition and trigger degenerative signals in the neurons. A similar clinical presentation seen in many neurodegenerative disorders suggests the possibility of shared neuronal responses in different disorders. Despite the difference in core elements of deposits in each neurodegenerative disorder, the cascade of neuronal reactions such as activation of glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta, mitogen-activated protein kinases, cell cycle re-entry and oxidative stress leading to a progressive neurodegeneration are surprisingly similar. This review focuses on protein toxicity in two neurodegenerative diseases, AD and PD. We reviewed the activated mechanisms of neurotoxicity in response to misfolded beta-amyloid and α-synuclein, two major toxic proteins in AD and PD, leading to neuronal apoptosis. The interaction between the proteins in producing an overlapping pathological pattern will be also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohreh Majd
- Centre for Neuroscience and Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - John H Power
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
| | - Hugh J M Grantham
- Centre for Neuroscience and Paramedic Unit, School of Medicine, Flinders University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia.
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86
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative illness associated with dementia and is most prevalent among the elderly population. Current medications can only treat symptoms. Alkaloids are structurally diverse and have been an important source of therapeutics for various brain disorders. Two US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved acetylcholinesterase inhibitors for AD, galantamine and rivastigmine, are in fact alkaloids. In addition, clinical trials of four other extensively studied alkaloids-huperzine A, caffeine, nicotine, and indomethacin-have been conducted but do not convincingly demonstrate their clinical efficacy for AD. Interestingly, rhynchophylline, a known neuroprotective alkaloid, was recently discovered by in silico screening as an inhibitor of EphA4, a novel target for AD. Here, we review the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying AD, current treatment strategies, and therapeutic potential of several selected plant alkaloids in AD, highlighting their various drug targets and the key supportive preclinical and clinical studies. Future research should include more rigorous clinical studies of the most promising alkaloids, the further development of recently discovered candidate alkaloids, and the continual search for new alkaloids for relevant drug targets. It remains promising that an alkaloid drug candidate could significantly affect the progression of AD in addition to providing symptomatic relief.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pong Ng
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Terry Cho Tsun Or
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, Molecular Neuroscience Center, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
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87
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Dyall SC. Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids and the brain: a review of the independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. Front Aging Neurosci 2015; 7:52. [PMID: 25954194 PMCID: PMC4404917 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 511] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) exhibit neuroprotective properties and represent a potential treatment for a variety of neurodegenerative and neurological disorders. However, traditionally there has been a lack of discrimination between the different omega-3 PUFAs and effects have been broadly accredited to the series as a whole. Evidence for unique effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and more recently docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) is growing. For example, beneficial effects in mood disorders have more consistently been reported in clinical trials using EPA; whereas, with neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, the focus has been on DHA. DHA is quantitatively the most important omega-3 PUFA in the brain, and consequently the most studied, whereas the availability of high purity DPA preparations has been extremely limited until recently, limiting research into its effects. However, there is now a growing body of evidence indicating both independent and shared effects of EPA, DPA and DHA. The purpose of this review is to highlight how a detailed understanding of these effects is essential to improving understanding of their therapeutic potential. The review begins with an overview of omega-3 PUFA biochemistry and metabolism, with particular focus on the central nervous system (CNS), where DHA has unique and indispensable roles in neuronal membranes with levels preserved by multiple mechanisms. This is followed by a review of the different enzyme-derived anti-inflammatory mediators produced from EPA, DPA and DHA. Lastly, the relative protective effects of EPA, DPA and DHA in normal brain aging and the most common neurodegenerative disorders are discussed. With a greater understanding of the individual roles of EPA, DPA and DHA in brain health and repair it is hoped that appropriate dietary recommendations can be established and therapeutic interventions can be more targeted and refined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Dyall
- Faculty of Health and Social Sciences, Bournemouth University Bournemouth, UK
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