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Xia N, Wang X, Zhou B, Wu Y, Mao W, Liu L. Electrochemical Detection of Amyloid-β Oligomers Based on the Signal Amplification of a Network of Silver Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:19303-19311. [PMID: 27414520 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β oligomers (AβOs) are the most important toxic species in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patient. AβOs, therefore, are considered reliable molecular biomarkers for the diagnosis of AD. Herein, we reported a simple and sensitive electrochemical method for the selective detection of AβOs using silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as the redox reporters and PrP(95-110), an AβOs-specific binding peptide, as the receptor. Specifically, adamantine (Ad)-labeled PrP(95-110), denoted as Ad-PrP(95-110), induced the aggregation and color change of AgNPs and the follow-up formation of a network of Ad-PrP(95-110)-AgNPs. Then, Ad-PrP(95-110)-AgNPs were anchored onto a β-cyclodextrin (β-CD)-covered electrode surface through the host-guest interaction between Ad and β-CD, thus producing an amplified electrochemical signal through the solid-state Ag/AgCl reaction by the AgNPs. In the presence of AβOs, Ad-PrP(95-110) interacted specifically with the AβOs, thus losing the capability to bind AgNPs and to induce the formation of an AgNPs-based network on the electrode surface. Consequently, the electrochemical signal decreased with an increase in the concentration of AβOs in the range of 20 pM to 100 nM. The biosensor had a detection limit of 8 pM and showed no response to amyloid-β monomers (AβMs) and fibrils (AβFs). On the basis of the well-defined and amplified electrochemical signal of the AgNPs-based network architecture, these results should be valuable for the design of novel electrochemical biosensors by marrying specific receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xia
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Zhou
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Wu
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenhui Mao
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Liu
- Henan Province of Key Laboratory of New Optoelectronic Functional Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anyang Normal University , Anyang, Henan 455000, People's Republic of China
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52
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Abstract
Although the prevalence of dementia continues to increase worldwide, incidence in the western world might have decreased as a result of better vascular care and improved brain health. Alzheimer's disease, the most prevalent cause of dementia, is still defined by the combined presence of amyloid and tau, but researchers are gradually moving away from the simple assumption of linear causality as proposed in the original amyloid hypothesis. Age-related, protective, and disease-promoting factors probably interact with the core mechanisms of the disease. Amyloid β42, and tau proteins are established core cerebrospinal biomarkers; novel candidate biomarkers include amyloid β oligomers and synaptic markers. MRI and fluorodeoxyglucose PET are established imaging techniques for diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Amyloid PET is gaining traction in the clinical arena, but validity and cost-effectiveness remain to be established. Tau PET might offer new insights and be of great help in differential diagnosis and selection of patients for trials. In the search for understanding the disease mechanism and keys to treatment, research is moving increasingly into the earliest phase of disease. Preclinical Alzheimer's disease is defined as biomarker evidence of Alzheimer's pathological changes in cognitively healthy individuals. Patients with subjective cognitive decline have been identified as a useful population in whom to look for preclinical Alzheimer's disease. Moderately positive results for interventions targeting several lifestyle factors in non-demented elderly patients and moderately positive interim results for lowering amyloid in pre-dementia Alzheimer's disease suggest that, ultimately, there will be a future in which specific anti-Alzheimer's therapy will be combined with lifestyle interventions targeting general brain health to jointly combat the disease. In this Seminar, we discuss the main developments in Alzheimer's research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Scheltens
- Department of Neurology & Alzheimer Center, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Lab, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Monique M B Breteler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative diseases (DZNE), and Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Bart de Strooper
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, VIB-Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Center for Human Genetics, LIND en Universitaire ziekenhuizen, Leuven, Belgium; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Giovanni B Frisoni
- University Hospitals and University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; IRCCS Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stephen Salloway
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Park MC, Kim M, Lim GT, Kang SM, An SSA, Kim TS, Kang JY. Droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay using microchannel-connected multiwell plates (μCHAMPs) for the detection of amyloid beta oligomers. LAB ON A CHIP 2016; 16:2245-53. [PMID: 27185215 DOI: 10.1039/c6lc00013d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Multiwell plates are regularly used in analytical research and clinical diagnosis but often require laborious washing steps and large sample or reagent volumes (typically, 100 μL per well). To overcome such drawbacks in the conventional multiwell plate, we present a novel microchannel-connected multiwell plate (μCHAMP) that can be used for automated disease biomarker detection in a small sample volume by performing droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay inside the plate. In this μCHAMP-based immunoassay platform, small volumes (30-50 μL) of aqueous-phase working droplets are stably confined within each well by the simple microchannel structure (200-300 μm in height and 0.5-1 mm in width), and magnetic beads are exclusively transported into an adjacent droplet through the oil-filled microchannels assisted by a magnet array aligned beneath and controlled by a XY-motorized stage. Using this μCHAMP-based platform, we were able to perform parallel detection of synthetic amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers as a model analyte for the early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This platform easily simplified the laborious and consumptive immunoassay procedure by achieving automated parallel immunoassay (32 assays per operation in 3-well connected 96-well plate) within 1 hour and at low sample consumption (less than 10 μL per assay) with no cumbersome manual washing step. Moreover, it could detect synthetic Aβ oligomers even below 10 pg mL(-1) concentration with a calculated detection limit of ∼3 pg mL(-1). Therefore, the μCHAMP and droplet-based magnetic bead immunoassay, with the combination of XY-motorized magnet array, would be a useful platform in the diagnosis of human disease, including AD, which requires low consumption of the patient's body fluid sample and automation of the entire immunoassay procedure for high processing capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Cheol Park
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.
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54
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Bilousova T, Miller CA, Poon WW, Vinters HV, Corrada M, Kawas C, Hayden EY, Teplow DB, Glabe C, Albay R, Cole GM, Teng E, Gylys KH. Synaptic Amyloid-β Oligomers Precede p-Tau and Differentiate High Pathology Control Cases. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 186:185-98. [PMID: 26718979 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid-β (Aβ) and hyperphosphorylated tau (p-tau) aggregates form the two discrete pathologies of Alzheimer disease (AD), and oligomeric assemblies of each protein are localized to synapses. To determine the sequence by which pathology appears in synapses, Aβ and p-tau were quantified across AD disease stages in parietal cortex. Nondemented cases with high levels of AD-related pathology were included to determine factors that confer protection from clinical symptoms. Flow cytometric analysis of synaptosome preparations was used to quantify Aβ and p-tau in large populations of individual synaptic terminals. Soluble Aβ oligomers were assayed by a single antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Total in situ Aβ was elevated in patients with early- and late-stage AD dementia, but not in high pathology nondemented controls compared with age-matched normal controls. However, soluble Aβ oligomers were highest in early AD synapses, and this assay distinguished early AD cases from high pathology controls. Overall, synapse-associated p-tau did not increase until late-stage disease in human and transgenic rat cortex, and p-tau was elevated in individual Aβ-positive synaptosomes in early AD. These results suggest that soluble oligomers in surviving neocortical synaptic terminals are associated with dementia onset and suggest an amyloid cascade hypothesis in which oligomeric Aβ drives phosphorylated tau accumulation and synaptic spread. These results indicate that antiamyloid therapies will be less effective once p-tau pathology is developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Bilousova
- University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Carol A Miller
- Departments of Pathology, Neurology, and the Program in Neuroscience, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wayne W Poon
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Harry V Vinters
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Maria Corrada
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California; Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Y Hayden
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - David B Teplow
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Charles Glabe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ricardo Albay
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Gregory M Cole
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Edmond Teng
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California; Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karen H Gylys
- University of California Los Angeles School of Nursing, Los Angeles, California; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
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55
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Jia XT, Ye-Tian, Yuan-Li, Zhang GJ, Liu ZQ, Di ZL, Ying XP, Fang Y, Song EF, Qi JS, Pan YF. Exendin-4, a glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist, protects against amyloid-β peptide-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 159:72-9. [PMID: 26992957 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share specific molecular mechanisms, and agents with proven efficacy in one may be useful against the other. The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin-4 has similar properties to GLP-1 and is currently in clinical use for T2DM treatment. Thus, this study was designed to characterize the effects of exendin-4 on the impairment of learning and memory induced by amyloid protein (Aβ) and its probable molecular underlying mechanisms. The results showed that (1) intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of Aβ1-42 resulted in a significant decline of spatial learning and memory of rats in water maze tests; (2) pretreatment with exendin-4 effectively and dose-dependently protected against the Aβ1-42-induced impairment of spatial learning and memory; (3) exendin-4 treatment significantly decreased the expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 and increased the expression of Bcl2 in Aβ1-42-induced Alzheimer's rats. The vision and swimming speed of the rats among all groups in the visible platform tests did not show any difference. These findings indicate that systemic pretreatment with exendin-4 can effectively prevent the behavioral impairment induced by neurotoxic Aβ1-42, and the underlying protective mechanism of exendin-4 may be involved in the Bcl2, Bax and caspase-3 pathways. Thus, the application of exendin-4 or the activation of its signaling pathways may be a promising strategy to ameliorate the degenerative processes observed in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Tao Jia
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Ye-Tian
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Yuan-Li
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Ge-Juan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Zhi-Qin Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Zheng-Li Di
- Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Xi'an Central Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710003, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ping Ying
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Yan Fang
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China
| | - Er-Fei Song
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Jin-Shun Qi
- Department of Physiology, Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Ministry of Education, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Yan-Fang Pan
- Department of Pathology, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712046, PR China.
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56
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Zhou Y, Liu L, Hao Y, Xu M. Detection of Aβ Monomers and Oligomers: Early Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:805-17. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201501355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Zhou
- Henan Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Nanobiological Analytical Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shangqiu Normal University; Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
| | - Lantao Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Nanobiological Analytical Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shangqiu Normal University; Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Yuanqiang Hao
- Henan Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Nanobiological Analytical Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shangqiu Normal University; Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
| | - Maotian Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Nanobiological Analytical Chemistry; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shangqiu Normal University; Shangqiu 476000 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering; Zhengzhou University; Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
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57
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van Maanen EMT, van Steeg TJ, Michener MS, Savage MJ, Kennedy ME, Kleijn HJ, Stone JA, Danhof M. Systems Pharmacology Analysis of the Amyloid Cascade after -Secretase Inhibition Enables the Identification of an A 42 Oligomer Pool. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 357:205-16. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.230565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Park SK, Ratia K, Ba M, Valencik M, Liebman SW. Inhibition of Aβ 42 oligomerization in yeast by a PICALM ortholog and certain FDA approved drugs. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:53-64. [PMID: 28357335 PMCID: PMC5349104 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.02.476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The formation of small Aβ42 oligomers has been implicated as a toxic
species in Alzheimer disease (AD). In strong support of this hypothesis we found
that overexpression of Yap1802, the yeast ortholog of the human AD risk factor,
phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), reduced
oligomerization of Aβ42 fused to a reporter in yeast. Thus we used
the Aβ42-reporter system to identify drugs that could be developed
into therapies that prevent or arrest AD. From a screen of 1,200 FDA approved
drugs and drug-like small compounds we identified 7 drugs that reduce
Aβ42 oligomerization in yeast: 3 antipsychotics (bromperidol,
haloperidol and azaperone), 2 anesthetics (pramoxine HCl and dyclonine HCl),
tamoxifen citrate, and minocycline HCl. Also, all 7 drugs caused Aβ42
to be less toxic to PC12 cells and to relieve toxicity of another yeast AD model
in which Aβ42 aggregates targeted to the secretory pathway are toxic.
Our results identify drugs that inhibit Aβ42 oligomers from forming
in yeast. It remains to be determined if these drugs inhibit Aβ42
oligomerization in mammals and could be developed as a therapeutic treatment for
AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sei-Kyoung Park
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Kiira Ratia
- HTS facility, Research Resources Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Mariam Ba
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Maria Valencik
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Susan W Liebman
- Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA. ; Department of Biological Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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59
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Mc Donald JM, O'Malley TT, Liu W, Mably AJ, Brinkmalm G, Portelius E, Wittbold WM, Frosch MP, Walsh DM. The aqueous phase of Alzheimer's disease brain contains assemblies built from ∼4 and ∼7 kDa Aβ species. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 11:1286-305. [PMID: 25846299 PMCID: PMC4592782 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Much knowledge about amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and toxicity has been acquired using synthetic peptides and mouse models, whereas less is known about soluble Aβ in human brain. METHODS We analyzed aqueous extracts from multiple AD brains using an array of techniques. RESULTS Brains can contain at least four different Aβ assembly forms including: (i) monomers, (ii) a ∼7 kDa Aβ species, and larger species (iii) from ∼30-150 kDa, and (iv) >160 kDa. High molecular weight species are by far the most prevalent and appear to be built from ∼7 kDa Aβ species. The ∼7 kDa Aβ species resist denaturation by chaotropic agents and have a higher Aβ42/Aβ40 ratio than monomers, and are unreactive with antibodies to Asp1 of Ab or APP residues N-terminal of Asp1. DISCUSSION Further analysis of brain-derived ∼7 kDa Aβ species, the mechanism by which they assemble and the structures they form should reveal therapeutic and diagnostic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA; School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Erik Portelius
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Göteborg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | | | - Matthew P Frosch
- Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
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60
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Williams SM, Schulz P, Sierks MR. Oligomeric α-synuclein and β-amyloid variants as potential biomarkers for Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases. Eur J Neurosci 2015; 43:3-16. [PMID: 26332448 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Oligomeric forms of α-synuclein and β-amyloid are toxic protein variants that are thought to contribute to the onset and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), respectively. The detection of toxic variants in human cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood has great promise for facilitating early and accurate diagnoses of these devastating diseases. Two hurdles that have impeded the use of these protein variants as biomarkers are the availability of reagents that can bind the different variants and a sensitive assay to detect their very low concentrations. We previously isolated antibody-based reagents that selectively bind two different oligomeric variants of α-synuclein and two of β-amyloid, and developed a phage-based capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with subfemtomolar sensitivity to quantify their presence. Here, we used these reagents to show that these oligomeric α-synuclein variants are preferentially present in PD brain tissue, CSF and serum, and that the oligomeric β-amyloid variants are preferentially present in AD brain tissue, CSF, and serum. Some AD samples also had α-synuclein pathology and some PD samples also had β-amyloid pathology, and, very intriguingly, these PD cases also had a history of dementia. Detection of different oligomeric α-synuclein and β-amyloid species is an effective method for identifying tissue, CSF and sera from PD and AD samples, respectively, and samples that also contained early stages of other protein pathologies, indicating their potential value as blood-based biomarkers for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Williams
- Chemical Engineering, The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6106, USA
| | - Philip Schulz
- Chemical Engineering, The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6106, USA
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Chemical Engineering, The School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-6106, USA
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61
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Guan Y, Cao KJ, Cantlon A, Elbel K, Theodorakis EA, Walsh DM, Yang J, Shah JV. Real-Time Monitoring of Alzheimer's-Related Amyloid Aggregation via Probe Enhancement-Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015. [PMID: 26212450 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes the use of fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and a novel amyloid-binding fluorescent probe, ARCAM 1, to monitor the aggregation of the Alzheimer's disease-associated amyloid β-peptide (Aβ). ARCAM 1 exhibits a large increase in fluorescence emission upon binding to Aβ assemblies, making it an excellent candidate for probe enhancement FCS (PE-FCS). ARCAM 1 binding does not change Aβ aggregation kinetics. It also exhibits greater dynamic range as a probe in reporting aggregate size by FCS in Aβ, when compared to thioflavin T (ThT) or an Aβ peptide modified with a fluorophore. Using fluorescent burst analysis (via PE-FCS) to follow aggregation of Aβ, we detected soluble aggregates at significantly earlier time points compared to typical bulk fluorescence measurements. Autocorrelation analysis revealed the size of these early Aβ assemblies. These results indicate that PE-FCS/ARCAM 1 based assays can detect and provide size characterization of small Aβ aggregation intermediates during the assembly process, which could enable monitoring and study of such aggregates that transiently accumulate in biofluids of patients with Alzheimer's and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Guan
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Kevin J. Cao
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | | - Kristyna Elbel
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Emmanuel A. Theodorakis
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | | | - Jerry Yang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, La
Jolla, California 92093-0358, United States
| | - Jagesh V. Shah
- Department
of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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62
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Role of amyloid-β CSF levels in cognitive deficit in MS. Clin Chim Acta 2015; 449:23-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2015.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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63
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Mably AJ, Liu W, Mc Donald JM, Dodart JC, Bard F, Lemere CA, O'Nuallain B, Walsh DM. Anti-Aβ antibodies incapable of reducing cerebral Aβ oligomers fail to attenuate spatial reference memory deficits in J20 mice. Neurobiol Dis 2015. [PMID: 26215784 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling genetic evidence links the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to Alzheimer's disease (AD). A leading hypothesis proposes that a small amphipathic fragment of APP, the amyloid β-protein (Aβ), self-associates to form soluble assemblies loosely referred to as "oligomers" and that these are primary mediators of synaptic dysfunction. As such, Aβ, and specifically Aβ oligomers, are targets for disease modifying therapies. Currently, the most advanced experimental treatment for AD relies on the use of anti-Aβ antibodies. In this study, we tested the ability of the monomer-preferring antibody, m266 and a novel aggregate-preferring antibody, 1C22, to attenuate spatial reference memory impairments in J20 mice. Chronic treatment with m266 resulted in a ~70-fold increase in Aβ detected in the bloodstream, and a ~50% increase in water-soluble brain Aβ--and in both cases Aβ was bound to m266. In contrast, 1C22 increased the levels of free Aβ in the bloodstream, and bound to amyloid deposits in J20 brain. However, neither 1C22 nor m266 attenuated the cognitive deficits evident in 12month old J20 mice. Moreover, both antibodies failed to alter the levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in J20 brain. These results suggest that Aβ oligomers may mediate the behavioral deficits seen in J20 mice and highlight the need for the development of aggregate-preferring antibodies that can reach the brain in sufficient levels to neutralize bioactive Aβ oligomers. Aside from the lack of positive effect of m266 and 1C22 on cognition, a substantial number of deaths occurred in m266- and 1C22-immunized J20 mice. These fatalities were specific to anti-Aβ antibodies and to the J20 mouse line since treatment of wild type or PDAPP mice with these antibodies did not cause any deaths. These and other recent results indicate that J20 mice are particularly susceptible to targeting of the APP/Aβ/tau axis. Notwithstanding the specificity of fatalities for J20 mice, it is worrying that the murine precursor (m266) of a lead experimental therapeutic, Solanezumab, did not engage with putatively pathogenic Aβ oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra J Mably
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wen Liu
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jessica M Mc Donald
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Jean-Cosme Dodart
- NeuroBehaviour Laboratory Core, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frédérique Bard
- Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development 700 Gateway Boulevard, South San Francisco, CA 94080, United States
| | - Cynthia A Lemere
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Brian O'Nuallain
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Dominic M Walsh
- Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Research, Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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Zhang WI, Antonios G, Rabano A, Bayer TA, Schneider A, Rizzoli SO. Super-Resolution Microscopy of Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers as a Tool for Alzheimer’s Disease Diagnostics. J Alzheimers Dis 2015; 46:1007-20. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-150064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William I. Zhang
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gregory Antonios
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany
| | - Alberto Rabano
- Department of Neuropathology and Tissue Bank, Fundación CIEN, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas A. Bayer
- Division of Molecular Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center Göttingen (UMG), Germany
| | - Anja Schneider
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, DZNE, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvio O. Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Germany
- Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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Struyfs H, Niemantsverdriet E, Goossens J, Fransen E, Martin JJ, De Deyn PP, Engelborghs S. Cerebrospinal Fluid P-Tau181P: Biomarker for Improved Differential Dementia Diagnosis. Front Neurol 2015; 6:138. [PMID: 26136723 PMCID: PMC4470274 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2015.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study is to investigate the value of tau phosphorylated at threonine 181 (P-tau181P) in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarker panel for differential dementia diagnosis in autopsy confirmed AD and non-AD patients. The study population consisted of 140 autopsy confirmed AD and 77 autopsy confirmed non-AD dementia patients. CSF concentrations of amyloid-β peptide of 42 amino acids (Aβ1–42), total tau protein (T-tau), and P-tau181P were determined with single analyte ELISA-kits (INNOTEST®, Fujirebio, Ghent, Belgium). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed through receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses to obtain area under the curve (AUC) values and to define optimal cutoff values to discriminate AD from pooled and individual non-AD groups. ROC curve analyses were only performed on biomarkers and ratios that differed significantly between the groups. Pairwise comparison of AUC values was performed by means of DeLong tests. The Aβ1–42/P-tau181P ratio (AUC = 0.770) performed significantly better than Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.677, P = 0.004), T-tau (AUC = 0.592, P < 0.001), and Aβ1–42/T-tau (AUC = 0.678, P = 0.001), while P-tau181P (AUC = 0.720) performed significantly better than T-tau (AUC = 0.592, P < 0.001) to discriminate between AD and the pooled non-AD group. When comparing AD and the individual non-AD diagnoses, Aβ1–42/P-tau181P (AUC = 0.894) discriminated AD from frontotemporal dementia significantly better than Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.776, P = 0.020) and T-tau (AUC = 0.746, P = 0.004), while P-tau181P/T-tau (AUC = 0.958) significantly improved the differentiation between AD and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease as compared to Aβ1–42 (AUC = 0.688, P = 0.004), T-tau (AUC = 0.874, P = 0.040), and Aβ1–42/P-tau181P (AUC = 0.760, P = 0.003). In conclusion, this study demonstrates P-tau181P is an essential component of the AD CSF biomarker panel, and combined assessment of Aβ1–42, T-tau, and P-tau181P renders, to present date, the highest diagnostic power to discriminate between AD and non-AD dementias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Struyfs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Ellis Niemantsverdriet
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Joery Goossens
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | - Erik Fransen
- StatUa Center for Statistics, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium
| | | | - Peter P De Deyn
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Biobank, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Alzheimer Research Center, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG) , Groningen , Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan Engelborghs
- Reference Center for Biological Markers of Dementia (BIODEM), Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp , Antwerp , Belgium ; Department of Neurology and Memory Clinic, Hospital Network Antwerp (ZNA) Middelheim and Hoge Beuken , Antwerp , Belgium
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Kostylev MA, Kaufman AC, Nygaard HB, Patel P, Haas LT, Gunther EC, Vortmeyer A, Strittmatter SM. Prion-Protein-interacting Amyloid-β Oligomers of High Molecular Weight Are Tightly Correlated with Memory Impairment in Multiple Alzheimer Mouse Models. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:17415-38. [PMID: 26018073 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.643577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) is characterized by amyloid-β accumulation, with soluble oligomers (Aβo) being the most synaptotoxic. However, the multivalent and unstable nature of Aβo limits molecular characterization and hinders research reproducibility. Here, we characterized multiple Aβo forms throughout the life span of various AD mice and in post-mortem human brain. Aβo exists in several populations, where prion protein (PrP(C))-interacting Aβo is a high molecular weight Aβ assembly present in multiple mice and humans with AD. Levels of PrP(C)-interacting Aβo match closely with mouse memory and are equal or superior to other Aβ measures in predicting behavioral impairment. However, Aβo metrics vary considerably between mouse strains. Deleting PrP(C) expression in mice with relatively low PrP(C)-interacting Aβo (Tg2576) results in partial rescue of cognitive performance as opposed to complete recovery in animals with a high percentage of PrP(C)-interacting Aβo (APP/PSEN1). These findings highlight the relative contributions and interplay of Aβo forms in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail A Kostylev
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and
| | - Adam C Kaufman
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and
| | - Haakon B Nygaard
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Pujan Patel
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and
| | - Laura T Haas
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and
| | - Erik C Gunther
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
| | - Alexander Vortmeyer
- the Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536 and
| | - Stephen M Strittmatter
- From the Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration, and Repair and the Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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Lu H, Zhu XC, Jiang T, Yu JT, Tan L. Body fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2015; 3:70. [PMID: 25992369 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2305-5839.2015.02.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A heterogeneous and slowly progressive disease with extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and intracellular hyperphosphorylated tau protein aggregates, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is already a hard nut to crack, featured with cognitive decline and memory lapse. Body fluid biomarkers are proved to be useful in exploring further study of AD, might benefit for a full comprehension of the etiopathogenesis, an improved precision of the prognosis and diagnosis, and a positive response of treatments. The cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers Aβ, total tau, and hyperphosphorylated tau reflect the main pathologic changes of AD. We also review data from several novel biomarkers, such as, β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1, soluble amyloid precursor proteins α and β, soluble Aβ oligomers and so on, which are associated with the occurrence and deterioration of this disease and couldn't be ignored. The rationale for the clinical use of those biomarkers, the challenges faced with and the properties of the most appropriate biomarkers are also summarized in the paper. We aim to find several ideal biomarkers to improve the diagnosis and optimize the treatment respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Lu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Xi-Chen Zhu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Teng Jiang
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Lan Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Department of Neurology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China ; 3 Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, School of Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266001, China ; 4 Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Guerrini L, Arenal R, Mannini B, Chiti F, Pini R, Matteini P, Alvarez-Puebla RA. SERS Detection of Amyloid Oligomers on Metallorganic-Decorated Plasmonic Beads. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:9420-9428. [PMID: 25897657 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolded proteins are among the most toxic endogenous species of macromolecules. These chemical entities are responsible for neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, Creutzfeldt-Jakob's and different non-neurophatic amyloidosis. Notably, these oligomers show a combination of marked heterogeneity and low abundance in body fluids, which have prevented a reliable detection by immunological methods so far. Herein we exploit the selectivity of proteins to react with metallic ions and the sensitivity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) toward small electronic changes in coordination compounds to design and engineer a reliable optical sensor for protein misfolded oligomers. Our strategy relies on the functionalization of Au nanoparticle-decorated polystyrene beads with an effective metallorganic Raman chemoreceptor, composed by Al(3+) ions coordinated to 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) with high Raman cross-section, that selectively binds aberrant protein oligomers. The mechanical deformations of the MBA phenyl ring upon complexation with the oligomeric species are registered in its SERS spectrum and can be quantitatively correlated with the concentration of the target biomolecule. The SERS platform used here appears promising for future implementation of diagnostic tools of aberrant species associated with protein deposition diseases, including those with a strong social and economic impact, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Guerrini
- †Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Centro de Tecnologia Quimica de Cataluña, C/de Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, N5, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ‡Medcom Advance SA, Viladecans Busines Park, Edificio Brasil, C/Bertran i Musitu, 83-85, 08840 Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raul Arenal
- §Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas (LMA), Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragon (INA), Universidad de Zaragoza, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
- ∥Fundación ARAID, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Benedetta Mannini
- ⊥Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Chiti
- ⊥Department of Biomedical Experimental and Clinical Sciences, University of Florence, 50134 Florence, Italy
| | - Roberto Pini
- #Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Matteini
- #Institute of Applied Physics Nello Carrara, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Ramon A Alvarez-Puebla
- †Universitat Rovira i Virgili and Centro de Tecnologia Quimica de Cataluña, C/de Marcel·lí Domingo s/n, N5, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- ‡Medcom Advance SA, Viladecans Busines Park, Edificio Brasil, C/Bertran i Musitu, 83-85, 08840 Viladecans, Barcelona, Spain
- ○ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Life extension factor klotho prevents mortality and enhances cognition in hAPP transgenic mice. J Neurosci 2015; 35:2358-71. [PMID: 25673831 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5791-12.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is the principal demographic risk factor for Alzheimer disease (AD), the most common neurodegenerative disorder. Klotho is a key modulator of the aging process and, when overexpressed, extends mammalian lifespan, increases synaptic plasticity, and enhances cognition. Whether klotho can counteract deficits related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD, is unknown. Here we show that elevating klotho expression decreases premature mortality and network dysfunction in human amyloid precursor protein (hAPP) transgenic mice, which simulate key aspects of AD. Increasing klotho levels prevented depletion of NMDA receptor (NMDAR) subunits in the hippocampus and enhanced spatial learning and memory in hAPP mice. Klotho elevation in hAPP mice increased the abundance of the GluN2B subunit of NMDAR in postsynaptic densities and NMDAR-dependent long-term potentiation, which is critical for learning and memory. Thus, increasing wild-type klotho levels or activities improves synaptic and cognitive functions, and may be of therapeutic benefit in AD and other cognitive disorders.
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70
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Yang T, O'Malley TT, Kanmert D, Jerecic J, Zieske LR, Zetterberg H, Hyman BT, Walsh DM, Selkoe DJ. A highly sensitive novel immunoassay specifically detects low levels of soluble Aβ oligomers in human cerebrospinal fluid. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:14. [PMID: 25802556 PMCID: PMC4369838 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Amyloid β-protein oligomers play a key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD), but well-validated assays that routinely detect them in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are just emerging. We sought to confirm and extend a recent study using the Singulex Erenna platform that reported increased mean CSF oligomer levels in AD. METHODS We tested four antibody pairs and chose one pair that was particularly sensitive, using 1C22, our new oligomer-selective monoclonal antibody, for capture. We applied this new assay to extracts of human brain and CSF. RESULTS A combination of 1C22 for capture and 3D6 for detection yielded an Erenna immunoassay with a lower limit of quantification of approximately 0.15 pg/ml that was highly selective for oligomers over monomers and detected a wide size-range of oligomers. Most CSFs we tested had detectable oligomer levels but with a large overlap between AD and controls and a trend for higher mean levels in mild cognitive impairment (MCI) than controls. CONCLUSION Aβ oligomers are detectable in most human CSFs, but AD and controls overlap. MCI CSFs may have a modest elevation in mean value by this assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Tiernan T O'Malley
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Daniel Kanmert
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Jasna Jerecic
- Acumen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 9816 Easton Drive, Beverly Hills, CA 90210 USA
| | - Lynn R Zieske
- Singulex, Inc., 1701 Harbor Bay Parkway, Suite 200, Alameda, CA USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-431 80 Mölndal, Sweden ; UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG UK
| | | | - Dominic M Walsh
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Dennis J Selkoe
- Ann Romney Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School Boston, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Harvard Institute Medical, Room 730, Boston, MA 02115 USA
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71
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Understanding Biomarkers of Neurodegeneration: Ultrasensitive detection techniques pave the way for mechanistic understanding. Nat Med 2015; 21:217-9. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Signal loss due to oligomerization in ELISA analysis of amyloid-beta can be recovered by a novel sample pre-treatment method. MethodsX 2015; 2:112-23. [PMID: 26150979 PMCID: PMC4487349 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2015.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
According to the predominant theories, soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) aggregates are the principal neurotoxic agents in Alzheimer’s disease pathology, making them a popular target for the development of therapeutics and diagnostic markers. One of the most commonly used methods for determining the concentration of Aβ is ELISA. However, ELISA was developed for monomeric proteins and may be ill-suited for detecting aggregates. Therefore, we investigated the effect of aggregation on the ELISA measurement and developed a novel chemical pre-treatment method, designed to disaggregate Aβ peptides, to improve the ELISA measurement of the total Aβ concentration. Synthetic Aβ40 monomers, Aβ42 oligomers and biological samples from mice and humans were subjected to a chemical pre-treatment protocol with: trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), formic acid (FA) or hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) prior to ELISA analysis. In our study we have shown that: Aβ oligomerization leads to epitope masking and steric hindrance and results in an underestimation of the total Aβ content with ELISA. Chemically pre-treating samples to disaggregate oligomers can (partially) recover the signal loss. This novel sample pre-treatment method could provide a more accurate ELISA measurement of the total Aβ concentration in samples with a high oligomer content.
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Key Words
- AD, Alzheimers disease
- Alzheimer’s disease
- Amyloid-beta
- Aβ, amyloid-beta
- DMSO, dimethyl sulfoxide
- ELISA
- FA, formic acid
- HFIP, hexafluoroisopropanol
- Oligomers
- PBS, phosphate-buffered saline
- PMSF, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- SP, soluble proteins
- Sample pre-treatment
- Sample pre-treatment for amyloid-beta ELISA analysis
- Steric hindrance
- TFA, trifluoroacetic acid
- WT, wild-type
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Kang JH, Ryoo NY, Shin DW, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM. Role of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease modifying therapies. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2014; 18:447-56. [PMID: 25598657 PMCID: PMC4296032 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2014.18.6.447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Until now, a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) that has an ability to slow or arrest Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression has not been developed, and all clinical trials involving AD patients enrolled by clinical assessment alone also have not been successful. Given the growing consensus that the DMT is likely to require treatment initiation well before full-blown dementia emerges, the early detection of AD will provide opportunities to successfully identify new drugs that slow the course of AD pathology. Recent advances in early detection of AD and prediction of progression of the disease using various biomarkers, including cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) Aβ1-42, total tau and p-tau181 levels, and imagining biomarkers, are now being actively integrated into the designs of AD clinical trials. In terms of therapeutic mechanisms, monitoring these markers may be helpful for go/no-go decision making as well as surrogate markers for disease severity or progression. Furthermore, CSF biomarkers can be used as a tool to enrich patients for clinical trials with prospect of increasing statistical power and reducing costs in drug development. However, the standardization of technical aspects of analysis of these biomarkers is an essential prerequisite to the clinical uses. To accomplish this, global efforts are underway to standardize CSF biomarker measurements and a quality control program supported by the Alzheimer's Association. The current review summarizes therapeutic targets of developing drugs in AD pathophysiology, and provides the most recent advances in the
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju-Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Na-Young Ryoo
- Hypoxia-related Disease Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea. ; Department of Anatomy, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon 400-712, Korea
| | - Dong Wun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Ilsan 411-706, Korea
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. ; Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Leslie M Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA. ; Institute on Aging and Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
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Qi Y, Klyubin I, Harney SC, Hu N, Cullen WK, Grant MK, Steffen J, Wilson EN, Do Carmo S, Remy S, Fuhrmann M, Ashe KH, Cuello AC, Rowan MJ. Longitudinal testing of hippocampal plasticity reveals the onset and maintenance of endogenous human Aß-induced synaptic dysfunction in individual freely behaving pre-plaque transgenic rats: rapid reversal by anti-Aß agents. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:175. [PMID: 25540024 PMCID: PMC4293804 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Long before synaptic loss occurs in Alzheimer’s disease significant harbingers of disease may be detected at the functional level. Here we examined if synaptic long-term potentiation is selectively disrupted prior to extracellular deposition of Aß in a very complete model of Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis, the McGill-R-Thy1-APP transgenic rat. Longitudinal studies in freely behaving animals revealed an age-dependent, relatively rapid-onset and persistent inhibition of long-term potentiation without a change in baseline synaptic transmission in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Thus the ability of a standard 200 Hz conditioning protocol to induce significant NMDA receptor-dependent short- and long-term potentiation was lost at about 3.5 months of age and this deficit persisted for at least another 2–3 months, when plaques start to appear. Consistent with in vitro evidence for a causal role of a selective reduction in NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic currents, the deficit in synaptic plasticity in vivo was associated with a reduction in the synaptic burst response to the conditioning stimulation and was overcome using stronger 400 Hz stimulation. Moreover, intracerebroventricular treatment for 3 days with an N-terminally directed monoclonal anti- human Aß antibody, McSA1, transiently reversed the impairment of synaptic plasticity. Similar brief treatment with the BACE1 inhibitor LY2886721 or the γ-secretase inhibitor MRK-560 was found to have a comparable short-lived ameliorative effect when tracked in individual rats. These findings provide strong evidence that endogenously generated human Aß selectively disrupts the induction of long-term potentiation in a manner that enables potential therapeutic options to be assessed longitudinally at the pre-plaque stage of Alzheimer’s disease amyloidosis.
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Abstract
Alzheimer disease (AD) and Parkinson disease (PD) are the most common neurodegenerative disorders. For both diseases, early intervention is thought to be essential to the success of disease-modifying treatments. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) can reflect some of the pathophysiological changes that occur in the brain, and the number of CSF biomarkers under investigation in neurodegenerative conditions has grown rapidly in the past 20 years. In AD, CSF biomarkers are increasingly being used in clinical practice, and have been incorporated into the majority of clinical trials to demonstrate target engagement, to enrich or stratify patient groups, and to find evidence of disease modification. In PD, CSF biomarkers have not yet reached the clinic, but are being studied in patients with parkinsonism, and are being used in clinical trials either to monitor progression or to demonstrate target engagement and downstream effects of drugs. CSF biomarkers might also serve as surrogate markers of clinical benefit after a specific therapeutic intervention, although additional data are required. It is anticipated that CSF biomarkers will have an important role in trials aimed at disease modification in the near future. In this Review, we provide an overview of CSF biomarkers in AD and PD, and discuss their role in clinical trials.
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76
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Jimenez S, Navarro V, Moyano J, Sanchez-Mico M, Torres M, Davila JC, Vizuete M, Gutierrez A, Vitorica J. Disruption of amyloid plaques integrity affects the soluble oligomers content from Alzheimer disease brains. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114041. [PMID: 25485545 PMCID: PMC4259387 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The implication of soluble Abeta in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathology is currently accepted. In fact, the content of soluble extracellular Abeta species, such as monomeric and/or oligomeric Abeta, seems to correlate with the clinico-pathological dysfunction observed in AD patients. However, the nature (monomeric, dimeric or other oligomers), the relative abundance, and the origin (extra-/intraneuronal or plaque-associated), of these soluble species are actually under debate. In this work we have characterized the soluble (defined as soluble in Tris-buffered saline after ultracentrifugation) Abeta, obtained from hippocampal samples of Braak II, Braak III–IV and Braak V–VI patients. Although the content of both Abeta40 and Abeta42 peptides displayed significant increase with pathology progression, our results demonstrated the presence of low, pg/µg protein, amount of both peptides. This low content could explain the absence (or below detection limits) of soluble Abeta peptides detected by western blots or by immunoprecipitation-western blot analysis. These data were in clear contrast to those published recently by different groups. Aiming to explain the reasons that determine these substantial differences, we also investigated whether the initial homogenization could mobilize Abeta from plaques, using 12-month-old PS1xAPP cortical samples. Our data demonstrated that manual homogenization (using Dounce) preserved the integrity of Abeta plaques whereas strong homogenization procedures (such as sonication) produced a vast redistribution of the Abeta species in all soluble and insoluble fractions. This artifact could explain the dissimilar and somehow controversial data between different groups analyzing human AD samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Jimenez
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Navarro
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Moyano
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - María Sanchez-Mico
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Torres
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jose Carlos Davila
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marisa Vizuete
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonia Gutierrez
- Departamento Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JV); (AG)
| | - Javier Vitorica
- Departamento Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
- * E-mail: (JV); (AG)
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77
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Izzo NJ, Staniszewski A, To L, Fa M, Teich AF, Saeed F, Wostein H, Walko T, Vaswani A, Wardius M, Syed Z, Ravenscroft J, Mozzoni K, Silky C, Rehak C, Yurko R, Finn P, Look G, Rishton G, Safferstein H, Miller M, Johanson C, Stopa E, Windisch M, Hutter-Paier B, Shamloo M, Arancio O, LeVine H, Catalano SM. Alzheimer's therapeutics targeting amyloid beta 1-42 oligomers I: Abeta 42 oligomer binding to specific neuronal receptors is displaced by drug candidates that improve cognitive deficits. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111898. [PMID: 25390368 PMCID: PMC4229098 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction and loss caused by age-dependent accumulation of synaptotoxic beta amyloid (Abeta) 1-42 oligomers is proposed to underlie cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Alterations in membrane trafficking induced by Abeta oligomers mediates reduction in neuronal surface receptor expression that is the basis for inhibition of electrophysiological measures of synaptic plasticity and thus learning and memory. We have utilized phenotypic screens in mature, in vitro cultures of rat brain cells to identify small molecules which block or prevent the binding and effects of Abeta oligomers. Synthetic Abeta oligomers bind saturably to a single site on neuronal synapses and induce deficits in membrane trafficking in neuronal cultures with an EC50 that corresponds to its binding affinity. The therapeutic lead compounds we have found are pharmacological antagonists of Abeta oligomers, reducing the binding of Abeta oligomers to neurons in vitro, preventing spine loss in neurons and preventing and treating oligomer-induced deficits in membrane trafficking. These molecules are highly brain penetrant and prevent and restore cognitive deficits in mouse models of Alzheimer's disease. Counter-screening these compounds against a broad panel of potential CNS targets revealed they are highly potent and specific ligands of the sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptor. Brain concentrations of the compounds corresponding to greater than 80% receptor occupancy at the sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptor restore cognitive function in transgenic hAPP Swe/Ldn mice. These studies demonstrate that synthetic and human-derived Abeta oligomers act as pharmacologically-behaved ligands at neuronal receptors--i.e. they exhibit saturable binding to a target, they exert a functional effect related to their binding and their displacement by small molecule antagonists blocks their functional effect. The first-in-class small molecule receptor antagonists described here restore memory to normal in multiple AD models and sustain improvement long-term, representing a novel mechanism of action for disease-modifying Alzheimer's therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Izzo
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Agnes Staniszewski
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Lillian To
- Stanford University Medical School Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Mauro Fa
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew F. Teich
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Faisal Saeed
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harrison Wostein
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Thomas Walko
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anisha Vaswani
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meghan Wardius
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zanobia Syed
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jessica Ravenscroft
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kelsie Mozzoni
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colleen Silky
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Courtney Rehak
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raymond Yurko
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Patricia Finn
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary Look
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Rishton
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hank Safferstein
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Miles Miller
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Conrad Johanson
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Edward Stopa
- Department of Pathology and Neurosurgery, The Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mehrdad Shamloo
- Stanford University Medical School Behavioral and Functional Neuroscience Laboratory, Palo Alto, California, United States of America
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Harry LeVine
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Susan M. Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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78
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Izzo NJ, Xu J, Zeng C, Kirk MJ, Mozzoni K, Silky C, Rehak C, Yurko R, Look G, Rishton G, Safferstein H, Cruchaga C, Goate A, Cahill MA, Arancio O, Mach RH, Craven R, Head E, LeVine H, Spires-Jones TL, Catalano SM. Alzheimer's therapeutics targeting amyloid beta 1-42 oligomers II: Sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptors mediate Abeta 42 oligomer binding and synaptotoxicity. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111899. [PMID: 25390692 PMCID: PMC4229119 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Abeta) 1-42 oligomers accumulate in brains of patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and disrupt synaptic plasticity processes that underlie memory formation. Synaptic binding of Abeta oligomers to several putative receptor proteins is reported to inhibit long-term potentiation, affect membrane trafficking and induce reversible spine loss in neurons, leading to impaired cognitive performance and ultimately to anterograde amnesia in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have identified a receptor not previously associated with AD that mediates the binding of Abeta oligomers to neurons, and describe novel therapeutic antagonists of this receptor capable of blocking Abeta toxic effects on synapses in vitro and cognitive deficits in vivo. Knockdown of sigma-2/PGRMC1 (progesterone receptor membrane component 1) protein expression in vitro using siRNA results in a highly correlated reduction in binding of exogenous Abeta oligomers to neurons of more than 90%. Expression of sigma-2/PGRMC1 is upregulated in vitro by treatment with Abeta oligomers, and is dysregulated in Alzheimer's disease patients' brain compared to age-matched, normal individuals. Specific, high affinity small molecule receptor antagonists and antibodies raised against specific regions on this receptor can displace synthetic Abeta oligomer binding to synaptic puncta in vitro and displace endogenous human AD patient oligomers from brain tissue sections in a dose-dependent manner. These receptor antagonists prevent and reverse the effects of Abeta oligomers on membrane trafficking and synapse loss in vitro and cognitive deficits in AD mouse models. These findings suggest sigma-2/PGRMC1 receptors mediate saturable oligomer binding to synaptic puncta on neurons and that brain penetrant, small molecules can displace endogenous and synthetic oligomers and improve cognitive deficits in AD models. We propose that sigma-2/PGRMC1 is a key mediator of the pathological effects of Abeta oligomers in AD and is a tractable target for small molecule disease-modifying therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J. Izzo
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jinbin Xu
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chenbo Zeng
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Molly J. Kirk
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kelsie Mozzoni
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Colleen Silky
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Courtney Rehak
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Raymond Yurko
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gary Look
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gilbert Rishton
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hank Safferstein
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Alison Goate
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael A. Cahill
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ottavio Arancio
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert H. Mach
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Rolf Craven
- Department of Molecular and Biological Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Molecular and Biological Pharmacology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Harry LeVine
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Tara L. Spires-Jones
- Departments of Neurology and Neuroscience, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- The University of Edinburgh, Center for Cognitive and Neural Systems and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motorneurone Disease, Edinburgh, Scotland
| | - Susan M. Catalano
- Cognition Therapeutics Inc., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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79
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Ou-Yang MH, Xu F, Liao MC, Davis J, Robinson JK, Van Nostrand WE. N-terminal region of myelin basic protein reduces fibrillar amyloid-β deposition in Tg-5xFAD mice. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:801-11. [PMID: 25457550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by extensive deposition of fibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain. Previously, myelin basic protein (MBP) was identified to be a potent inhibitor to Aβ fibril formation, and this inhibitory activity was localized to the N-terminal residues 1-64, a fragment designated MBP1. Here, we show that the modest neuronal expression of a fusion protein of the biologically active MBP1 fragment and the enhanced green fluorescent protein (MBP1-EGFP) significantly improved the performance of spatial learning memory in Tg-5xFAD mice, a model of pathologic Aβ accumulation in brain. The levels of insoluble Aβ and fibrillar amyloid were significantly reduced in bigenic Tg-5xFAD/Tg-MBP1-EGFP mice. Quantitative stereological analysis revealed that the reduction in amyloid was because of a reduction in the size of fibrillar plaques rather than a decrease in plaque numbers. The current findings support previous studies showing that MBP1 inhibits Aβ fibril formation in vitro and demonstrate the ability of MBP1 to reduce Aβ pathology and improve behavioral performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hsuan Ou-Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Mei-Chen Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - Judianne Davis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - John K Robinson
- Department of Psychology, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
| | - William E Van Nostrand
- Department of Neurosurgery, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA.
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80
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Fritschi SK, Langer F, Kaeser SA, Maia LF, Portelius E, Pinotsi D, Kaminski CF, Winkler DT, Maetzler W, Keyvani K, Spitzer P, Wiltfang J, Kaminski Schierle GS, Zetterberg H, Staufenbiel M, Jucker M. Highly potent soluble amyloid-β seeds in human Alzheimer brain but not cerebrospinal fluid. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2909-2915. [PMID: 25212850 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The soluble fraction of brain samples from patients with Alzheimer's disease contains highly biologically active amyloid-β seeds. In this study, we sought to assess the potency of soluble amyloid-β seeds derived from the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. Soluble Alzheimer's disease brain extracts were serially diluted and then injected into the hippocampus of young, APP transgenic mice. Eight months later, seeded amyloid-β deposition was evident even when the hippocampus received subattomole amounts of brain-derived amyloid-β. In contrast, cerebrospinal fluid from patients with Alzheimer's disease, which contained more than 10-fold higher levels of amyloid-β peptide than the most concentrated soluble brain extracts, did not induce detectable seeding activity in vivo. Similarly, cerebrospinal fluid from aged APP-transgenic donor mice failed to induce cerebral amyloid-β deposition. In comparison to the soluble brain fraction, cerebrospinal fluid largely lacked N-terminally truncated amyloid-β species and exhibited smaller amyloid-β-positive particles, features that may contribute to the lack of in vivo seeding by cerebrospinal fluid. Interestingly, the same cerebrospinal fluid showed at least some seeding activity in an in vitro assay. The present results indicate that the biological seeding activity of soluble amyloid-β species is orders of magnitude greater in brain extracts than in the cerebrospinal fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Fritschi
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Graduate School of Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, D-72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Langer
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stephan A Kaeser
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Luis F Maia
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Erik Portelius
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Dorothea Pinotsi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3RA, UK
| | - David T Winkler
- Department of Neurology and Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Basel, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Walter Maetzler
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Neurodegeneration, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Kathy Keyvani
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Philipp Spitzer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Duisburg-Essen, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Jens Wiltfang
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Centre, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, S-43180 Mölndal, Sweden.,UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matthias Staufenbiel
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mathias Jucker
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany.,Department of Cellular Neurology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
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81
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Xu W, Xu F, Anderson ME, Kotarba AE, Davis J, Robinson JK, Van Nostrand WE. Cerebral microvascular rather than parenchymal amyloid-β protein pathology promotes early cognitive impairment in transgenic mice. J Alzheimers Dis 2014; 38:621-32. [PMID: 24037035 DOI: 10.3233/jad-130758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-dependent neurodegenerative condition that causes a progressive decline in cognitive function. Accumulation of amyloid β-protein (Aβ) in the brain is a prominent feature of AD and related disorders. However, the levels of Aβ accumulation alone are not a reliable predictor of cognitive deficits. Aβ accumulates in AD brain in the form of parenchymal amyloid plaques and cerebral vascular deposits. Although both types of lesions can contribute to cognitive decline, their temporal impact remains unclear. Moreover, cerebral microvascular pathology is identified as an early driver of cognitive impairment. Here for the first time, we compared two transgenic mouse strains, Tg-5xFAD and Tg-SwDI, which exhibit similar onset and anatomical accumulation of Aβ, but with distinct parenchymal and microvascular compartmental deposition, respectively, to assess their impact on cognitive impairment. Cohorts of each line were tested at 3 and 6 months of age to assess the relationship between spatial working memory performance and quantitative pathology. At 3 months of age, Tg-SwDI mice with onset of cerebral microvascular amyloid were behaviorally impaired, while the Tg-5xFAD, which had disproportionately higher levels of total Aβ, soluble oligomeric Aβ, and parenchymal amyloid were not. However, at 6 months of age, behavioral deficits for both groups of transgenic mice were evident, as the levels of Aβ pathologies in the Tg-5xFAD accumulated to extremely high amounts. The present findings suggest early-onset cerebral microvascular amyloid deposition, that precedes high parenchymal levels of Aβ, may be an important early factor in the development of cognitive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Xu
- Department of Psychology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, USA
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82
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Xu F, Kotarba AE, Ou-Yang MH, Fu Z, Davis J, Smith SO, Van Nostrand WE. Early-onset formation of parenchymal plaque amyloid abrogates cerebral microvascular amyloid accumulation in transgenic mice. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:17895-908. [PMID: 24828504 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.536565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The fibrillar assembly and deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) protein, a key pathology of Alzheimer disease, can occur in the form of parenchymal amyloid plaques and cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). Familial forms of CAA exist in the absence of appreciable parenchymal amyloid pathology. The molecular interplay between parenchymal amyloid plaques and CAA is unclear. Here we investigated how early-onset parenchymal amyloid plaques impact the development of microvascular amyloid in transgenic mice. Tg-5xFAD mice, which produce non-mutated human Aβ and develop early-onset parenchymal amyloid plaques, were bred to Tg-SwDI mice, which produce familial CAA mutant human Aβ and develop cerebral microvascular amyloid. The bigenic mice presented with an elevated accumulation of Aβ and fibrillar amyloid in the brain compared with either single transgenic line. Tg-SwDI/Tg-5xFAD mice were devoid of microvascular amyloid, the prominent pathology of Tg-SwDI mice, but exhibited larger parenchymal amyloid plaques compared with Tg-5xFAD mice. The larger parenchymal amyloid deposits were associated with a higher loss of cortical neurons and elevated activated microglia in the bigenic Tg-SwDI/Tg-5xFAD mice. The periphery of parenchymal amyloid plaques was largely composed of CAA mutant Aβ. Non-mutated Aβ fibril seeds promoted CAA mutant Aβ fibril formation in vitro. Further, intrahippocampal administration of biotin-labeled CAA mutant Aβ peptide accumulated on and adjacent to pre-existing parenchymal amyloid plaques in Tg-5xFAD mice. These findings indicate that early-onset parenchymal amyloid plaques can serve as a scaffold to capture CAA mutant Aβ peptides and prevent their accumulation in cerebral microvessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xu
- From the Departments of Neurosurgery and Medicine and
| | | | | | - Ziao Fu
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8122
| | | | - Steven O Smith
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-8122
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83
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Abstract
A hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain is the amyloid β (Aβ) plaque, which is comprised of Aβ peptides. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that Aβ oligomers are more toxic than other peptide forms. We sought to develop a robust assay to quantify oligomers from CSF. Antibody 19.3 was compared in one-site and competitive ELISAs for oligomer binding specificity. A two-site ELISA for oligomers was developed using 19.3 coupled to a sensitive, bead-based fluorescent platform able to detect single photons of emitted light. The two-site ELISA was >2500× selective for Aβ oligomers over Aβ monomers with a limit of detection ∼ 0.09 pg/ml in human CSF. The lower limit of reliable quantification of the assay was 0.18 pg/ml and the antibody pairs recognized Aβ multimers comprised of either synthetic standards, or endogenous oligomers isolated from confirmed human AD and healthy control brain. Using the assay, a significant 3- to 5-fold increase in Aβ oligomers in human AD CSF compared with comparably aged controls was demonstrated. The increase was seen in three separate human cohorts, totaling 63 AD and 54 controls. CSF oligomers ranged between 0.1 and 10 pg/ml. Aβ oligomer levels did not strongly associate with age or gender, but had an inverse correlation with MMSE score. The C statistic for the Aβ oligomer ROC curve was 0.86, with 80% sensitivity and 88% specificity to detect AD, suggesting reasonable discriminatory power for the AD state and the potential for utility as a diagnostic marker.
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84
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Soluble Aβ oligomers are rapidly sequestered from brain ISF in vivo and bind GM1 ganglioside on cellular membranes. Neuron 2014; 82:308-19. [PMID: 24685176 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Soluble Aβ oligomers contribute importantly to synaptotoxicity in Alzheimer's disease, but their dynamics in vivo remain unclear. Here, we found that soluble Aβ oligomers were sequestered from brain interstitial fluid onto brain membranes much more rapidly than nontoxic monomers and were recovered in part as bound to GM1 ganglioside on membranes. Aβ oligomers bound strongly to GM1 ganglioside, and blocking the sialic acid residue on GM1 decreased oligomer-mediated LTP impairment in mouse hippocampal slices. In a hAPP transgenic mouse model, substantial levels of GM1-bound Aβ₄₂ were recovered from brain membrane fractions. We also detected GM1-bound Aβ in human CSF, and its levels correlated with Aβ₄₂, suggesting its potential as a biomarker of Aβ-related membrane dysfunction. Together, these findings highlight a mechanism whereby hydrophobic Aβ oligomers become sequestered onto GM1 ganglioside and presumably other lipids on neuronal membranes, where they may induce progressive functional and structural changes.
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85
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Drolle E, Hane F, Lee B, Leonenko Z. Atomic force microscopy to study molecular mechanisms of amyloid fibril formation and toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Drug Metab Rev 2014; 46:207-23. [PMID: 24495298 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.882354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease characterized by dementia and memory loss for which no cure or effective prevention is currently available. Neurodegeneration in AD is linked to formation of amyloid plaques found in brain tissues of Alzheimer's patients during post-mortem examination. Amyloid plaques are composed of amyloid fibrils and small oligomers - insoluble protein aggregates. Although amyloid plaques are found on the neuronal cell surfaces, the mechanism of amyloid toxicity is still not well understood. Currently, it is believed that the cytotoxicity is a result of the nonspecific interaction of small soluble amyloid oligomers (rather than longer fibrils) with the plasma membrane. In recent years, nanotechnology has contributed significantly to understanding the structure and function of lipid membranes and to the study of the molecular mechanisms of membrane-associated diseases. We review the current state of research, including applications of the latest nanotechnology approaches, on the interaction of lipid membranes with the amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide in relation to amyloid toxicity. We discuss the interactions of Aβ with model lipid membranes with a focus to demonstrate that composition, charge and phase of the lipid membrane, as well as lipid domains and rafts, affect the binding of Aβ to the membrane and contribute to toxicity. Understanding the role of the lipid membrane in AD at the nanoscale and molecular level will contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanism of amyloid toxicity and may aid into the development of novel preventive strategies to combat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Drolle
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , Waterloo, ON , Canada
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86
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Rushworth JV, Ahmed A, Griffiths HH, Pollock NM, Hooper NM, Millner PA. A label-free electrical impedimetric biosensor for the specific detection of Alzheimer's amyloid-beta oligomers. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 56:83-90. [PMID: 24480125 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia, with over 37 million sufferers worldwide and a global cost of over $600 billion. There is currently no cure for AD and no reliable method of diagnosis other than post-mortem brain examination. The development of a point-of-care test for AD is an urgent requirement in order to provide earlier diagnosis and, thus, useful therapeutic intervention. Here, we present a novel, label-free impedimetric biosensor for the specific detection of amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO), which are the primary neurotoxic species in AD. AβO have been proposed as the best biomarker for AD and levels of AβO in the blood have been found to correlate with cerebrospinal fluid load. The biorecognition element of our biosensor is a fragment of the cellular prion protein (PrP(C), residues 95-110), a highly expressed synaptic protein which mediates the neuronal binding and toxicity of AβO. During the layer-by-layer sensor construction, biotinylated PrP(C) (95-110) was attached via a biotin/NeutrAvidin bridge to polymer-functionalised gold screen-printed electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to validate biosensor assembly and functionality. EIS was employed for biosensor interrogation in the presence of Aβ oligomers or monomers. The biosensor was specific for the detection of synthetic AβO and gave a linear response, without significant detection of monomeric Aβ, down to an equivalent AβO concentration of ~0.5 pM. The biosensor was also able to detect natural, cell-derived AβO present in conditioned medium. The eventual commercialisation of this biosensor system could allow for the early diagnosis and disease monitoring of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jo V Rushworth
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Asif Ahmed
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Heledd H Griffiths
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Niall M Pollock
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Paul A Millner
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
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87
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Hayden EY, Teplow DB. Amyloid β-protein oligomers and Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:60. [PMID: 24289820 PMCID: PMC3978746 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The oligomer cascade hypothesis, which states that oligomers are the initiating pathologic agents in Alzheimer’s disease, has all but supplanted the amyloid cascade hypothesis, which suggested that fibers were the key etiologic agents in Alzheimer’s disease. We review here the results of in vivo, in vitro and in silico studies of amyloid β-protein oligomers, and discuss important caveats that should be considered in the evaluation of these results. This article is divided into four sections that mirror the main approaches used in the field to better understand oligomers: (1) attempts to locate and examine oligomers in vivo in situ; that is, without removing these species from their environment; (2) studies involving oligomers extracted from human or animal tissues and the subsequent characterization of their properties ex vivo; (3) studies of oligomers that have been produced synthetically and studied using a reductionist approach in relatively simple in vitro biophysical systems; and (4) computational studies of oligomers in silico. These multiple orthogonal approaches have revealed much about the molecular and cell biology of amyloid β-protein. However, as informative as these approaches have been, the amyloid β-protein oligomer system remains enigmatic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Y Hayden
- Department of Neurology, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room 455, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - David B Teplow
- Department of Neurology, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Room 455, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA ; Brain Research and Molecular Biology Institutes, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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88
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Rosa-Neto P, Hsiung GYR, Masellis M. Fluid biomarkers for diagnosing dementia: rationale and the Canadian Consensus on Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia recommendations for Canadian physicians. Alzheimers Res Ther 2013; 5:S8. [PMID: 24565514 PMCID: PMC3980280 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluid biomarkers improve the diagnostic accuracy in dementia and provide an objective measure potentially useful as a therapeutic response in clinical trials. The role of fluid biomarkers in patient care is a rapidly evolving field. Here, we provide a review and recommendations regarding the use of fluid biomarkers in clinical practice as discussed at the Fourth Canadian Consensus Conference on the Diagnosis and Treatment of Dementia (CCCDTD4) convened in Montreal, 4 to 5 May 2012. At present, there is no consensus regarding the optimal methodology for conducting quantification of plasma amyloid-beta (Aβ) peptides. In addition, since there is insufficient evidence supporting clinical applications for plasma Aβ-peptide measures, the CCCDTD4 does not recommended plasma biomarkers either for primary care or for specialists. Evidence for CSF Aβ1-42, total tau and phosphorylated tau in the diagnosis of Alzheimer pathology is much stronger, and can be considered at the tertiary care level for selected cases to improve diagnostic certainty, particularly in those cases presenting atypical clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rosa-Neto
- McGill Centre for Studies in Aging, McGill University, 6825 LaSalle Boulevard, Verdun, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H4H 1R3
- Douglas Research Institute, McGill University, 6875 LaSalle Blvd, FBC room 1144, F-0105 Montréal (Verdun), QC, Canada H4H 1R3
| | - Ging-Yuek Robin Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, S162 - 2211 Wesbrook Mall, UBC Hospital, Vancouver BC, Canada V6T 2B5
| | - Mario Masellis
- L.C. Campbell Cognitive Neurology Research Unit, Brain Sciences Program, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, 2075 Bayview Avenue Toronto, Ontario, Canada M4N 3M5
- Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, 2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Neurogenetics Section, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (Queen and Ossington) 1001 Queen Street West; 30, 40, 50 and 60 White Squirrel Way; 100 and 101 Stokes Street; 80 Workman Way, Toronto, Ontario M6J 1H4, Canada
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89
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Selkoe D, Dettmer U, Luth E, Kim N, Newman A, Bartels T. Defining the native state of α-synuclein. NEURODEGENER DIS 2013; 13:114-7. [PMID: 24192542 DOI: 10.1159/000355516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Misfolding and pathogenic aggregation of α-synuclein (αSyn) is a hallmark of familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease, but the physiological state of the protein in cells remains unsettled. We have further examined our hypothesis that endogenous αSyn can occur in normal cells as a metastable, helically folded tetramer, not solely as the unfolded monomer long thought to be its native form. At this meeting, we reviewed our recent approaches for trapping αSyn in intact cells via in vivo crosslinking, a 5-step purification of αSyn from normal human brain, and the generation of new monoclonal antibodies to αSyn that enable general and oligomer-selective ELISAs. Crosslinking in intact living cells confirmed that αSyn occurs in the cytosol of neurons and non-neural cells in substantial part as metastable tetramers and related oligomers, plus varying amounts of free monomers. The non-pathogenic homolog, β-synuclein, forms closely similar oligomeric assemblies, suggesting that the oligomers we observe for αSyn are also physiological. In contrast to other normal oligomeric proteins (e.g., DJ-1), αSyn tetramers dissociate rapidly to monomers upon conventional cell lysis but are retained partially as tetramers if cells are lysed at high protein concentrations ('molecular crowding'). Thus, αSyn exists natively as helical tetramers that are in dynamic equilibrium with unfolded monomers. The tetramers appear relatively resistant to aggregation, in contrast to monomers, which may give rise to fibrillar inclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Selkoe
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass., USA
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90
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Herskovits AZ, Locascio JJ, Peskind ER, Li G, Hyman BT. A Luminex assay detects amyloid β oligomers in Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67898. [PMID: 23844122 PMCID: PMC3699502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyloid beta (aβ) protein assembles into larger protein aggregates during the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and there is increasing evidence that soluble aβ oligomers are a critical pathologic species. Diagnostic evaluations rely on the measurement of increased tau and decreased aβ42 in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from AD patients and evidence for oligomeric aβ in patient CSF is conflicting. In this study, we have adapted a monoclonal single antibody sandwich ELISA assay to a Luminex platform and found that this assay can detect oligomerized aβ42 and sAPPα fragments. We evaluated oligomeric aβ reactivity in 20 patients with AD relative to 19 age matched controls and compared these values with a commercially available Alzbio3 kit that detects tau, phosphorylated tau and aβ42 on the same diagnostic platform. We found that CSF samples of patients with AD had elevated aβ oligomers compared to control subjects (p < 0.05) and the ratio of aβ oligomers to aβ42 was also significantly elevated (p < 0.0001). Further research to develop high sensitivity analytical platforms and rigorous methods of developing stable assay standards will be needed before the analysis of oligomeric aβ becomes a routine diagnostic assay for the evaluation of late onset AD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrianna Z Herskovits
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America.
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91
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Sabbagh JJ, Kinney JW, Cummings JL. Alzheimer's disease biomarkers in animal models: closing the translational gap. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF NEURODEGENERATIVE DISEASE 2013; 2:108-120. [PMID: 23844335 PMCID: PMC3703123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The rising prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is rapidly becoming one of the largest health and economic challenges in the world. There is a growing need for the development and implementation of reliable biomarkers for AD that can be used to assist in diagnosis, inform disease progression, and monitor therapeutic efficacy. Preclinical models permit the evaluation of candidate biomarkers and assessment of pipeline agents before clinical trials are initiated and provide a translational opportunity to advance biomarker discovery. Fast and inexpensive data can be obtained from examination of peripheral markers, though they currently lack the sensitivity and consistency of imaging techniques such as MRI or PET. Plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers in animal models can assist in development and implementation of similar approaches in clinical populations. These biomarkers may also be invaluable in decisions to advance a treatment to human testing. Longitudinal studies in AD models can determine initial presentation and progression of biomarkers that may also be used to evaluate disease-modifying efficacy of drugs. The refinement of biomarker approaches in preclinical systems will not only aid in drug development, but may facilitate diagnosis and disease monitoring in AD patients.
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92
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Rosén C, Hansson O, Blennow K, Zetterberg H. Fluid biomarkers in Alzheimer's disease - current concepts. Mol Neurodegener 2013; 8:20. [PMID: 23800368 PMCID: PMC3691925 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-8-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnostic guidelines of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) have recently been updated to include brain imaging and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, with the aim of increasing the certainty of whether a patient has an ongoing AD neuropathologic process or not. The CSF biomarkers total tau (T-tau), hyperphosphorylated tau (P-tau) and the 42 amino acid isoform of amyloid β (Aβ42) reflect the core pathologic features of AD, which are neuronal loss, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular senile plaques. Since the pathologic processes of AD start decades before the first symptoms, these biomarkers may provide means of early disease detection. The updated guidelines identify three different stages of AD: preclinical AD, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) due to AD and AD with dementia. In this review, we aim to summarize the CSF biomarker data available for each of these stages. We also review results from blood biomarker studies. In summary, the core AD CSF biomarkers have high diagnostic accuracy both for AD with dementia and to predict incipient AD (MCI due to AD). Longitudinal studies on healthy elderly and recent cross-sectional studies on patients with dominantly inherited AD mutations have also found biomarker changes in cognitively normal at-risk individuals. This will be important if disease-modifying treatment becomes available, given that treatment will probably be most effective early in the disease. An important prerequisite for this is trustworthy analyses. Since measurements vary between studies and laboratories, standardization of analytical as well as pre-analytical procedures will be essential. This process is already initiated. Apart from filling diagnostic roles, biomarkers may also be utilized for prognosis, disease progression, development of new treatments, monitoring treatment effects and for increasing the knowledge about pathologic processes coupled to the disease. Hence, the search for new biomarkers continues. Several candidate biomarkers have been found in CSF, and although biomarkers in blood have been harder to find, some recent studies have presented encouraging results. But before drawing any major conclusions, these results need to be verified in independent studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoffer Rosén
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg Mölndal, S-431 80, Mölndal, Sweden.
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93
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Moreth J, Mavoungou C, Schindowski K. Passive anti-amyloid immunotherapy in Alzheimer's disease: What are the most promising targets? IMMUNITY & AGEING 2013; 10:18. [PMID: 23663286 PMCID: PMC3681567 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4933-10-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common dementia in the industrialized world, with prevalence rates well over 30% in the over 80-years-old population. The dementia causes enormous costs to the social healthcare systems, as well as personal tragedies for the patients, families and caregivers. AD is strongly associated with Amyloid-beta (Aβ) protein aggregation, which results in extracellular plaques in the brain, and according to the amyloid cascade hypothesis appeared to be a promising target for the development of AD therapeutics. Within the past decade convincing data has arisen positioning the soluble prefibrillar Aβ-aggregates as the prime toxic agents in AD. However, different Aβ aggregate species are described but their remarkable metastability hampers the identification of a target species for immunization. Passive immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Aβ is in late clinical development but recently the two most advanced mAbs, Bapineuzumab and Solanezumab, targeting an N-terminal or central epitope, respectively, failed to meet their target of improving or stabilizing cognition and function. Preliminary data from off-label treatment of a small cohort for 3 years with intravenous polyclonal immunoglobulins (IVIG) that appear to target different conformational epitopes indicate a cognitive stabilization. Thus, it might be the more promising strategy reducing the whole spectrum of Aβ-aggregates than to focus on a single aggregate species for immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Moreth
- Institute of Applied Biotechnology, Faculty for Biotechnology, Biberach University of Applied Science, Karlstrasse 11, Biberach/Riss, D-88400, Germany.
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