51
|
Liu Y, Wang Q, Yang J, Guo X, Liu W, Ma S, Li S. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: A Review on Chemical Analysis, Processing Mechanism, Quality Evaluation, and Hepatotoxicity. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:364. [PMID: 29713283 PMCID: PMC5912012 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. and its processed products have been used in China for centuries due to their multiple beneficial effects to human body. Currently, liver injuries caused by taking P. multiflorum have been reported worldwide, but the potential toxic components and possible mechanism that caused hepatotoxicity remain unclear. It is worth noting that the processing procedure could significantly decrease the toxicity of raw P. multiflorum and the processed products of P. multiflorum are considered to be relatively safe. However, the processing mechanism is still ambiguous, and there is the lack of a scientific approach to control the quality of P. multiflorum praeparata. This study is the first review that summarizes the recently advances (from 2007 to 2017) in the chemical analysis of P. multiflorum, and provides comprehensive information on the quantitative and qualitative analysis of P. multiflorum as well as its related species. In addition, the processing mechanism and quality evaluation of processed P. multiflorum are discussed. Moreover, the toxicity of P. multiflorum is analyzed from the perspectives of exploration of the proposed toxic ingredients, metabolite identification, metabolomics studies, and exogenous contaminant determination. Furthermore, trends and perspectives for future research of this medicine are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.,Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohan Guo
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxi Liu
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- Institute for Control of Chinese Traditional Medicine and Ethnic Medicine, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China.,School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shaoping Li
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, University of Macau, Macao, China
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Lin S, Yue X, Ouyang D, Li Q, Yang P. The profiling and identification of chemical components, prototypes and metabolites of Run-zao-zhi-yang capsule in rat plasma, urine and bile by an UPLC-Q-TOF/MS E -based high-throughput strategy. Biomed Chromatogr 2018; 32:e4261. [PMID: 29644719 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Run-zao-zhi-yang (RZZY) capsule, a traditional Chinese medicine formula, is popularly used for the treatment of dermatitis and eczema. However, few studies have been carried out on RZZY and its metabolites. In this study, we developed a three-step strategy to rapidly characterize the chemical constituents and metabolites of RZZY using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. A total of 41 chemical components were characterized from RZZY. Among these, there are 11 flavonoids, six alkaloids, six stilbene glycosides, five anthraquinones and 13 other compounds. In addition, 18 prototypes and 35 metabolites were detected in rat plasma, urine and bile. This study offers an applicable approach for high-throughput profiling and identification of chemical components and metabolites derived from traditional Chinese medicine formula in vivo, and also provides essential data for exploring bioactive ingredients and action mechanisms of RZZY.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Lin
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Yue
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Danwei Ouyang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan Li
- Waters Corporation (China), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiming Yang
- Innovation Center of Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Jiang LL, Zhao DS, Fan YX, Yu Q, Lai YS, Li P, Li HJ. Transcriptome analysis to assess the cholestatic hepatotoxicity induced by Polygoni Multiflori Radix: Up-regulation of key enzymes of cholesterol and bile acid biosynthesis. J Proteomics 2018; 177:40-47. [PMID: 29438852 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has been commonly used as a tonic in China for centuries. However, PMR-associated hepatotoxicity is becoming a safety issue. Cholestasis often occurs in PMR-induced hepatotoxicity in clinical medicine, but the exact mechanism is not completely understood. An RNA-Seq method was employed, in the present study, to explore the molecular mechanism of cholestatic liver injury induced by PMR, characterized by the hepatic transcriptional response in rats exposed to 1 and 20 g/kg PMR for 90 days. Pathological changes seen in rat livers exposed to PMR included increased bile ducts in portal areas and biliary epithelial cell hyperplasia, which were accompanied by the elevation of serum biochemistries. Dose-dependent increases in the expression of 14 transcripts encoding enzymes involved in the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway were identified. Furthermore, cholesterol 7-alpha hydroxylase (Cyp7a1), a rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile acids (BAs) from cholesterol, was found to be upregulated by PMR treatment. Protein analysis by western blot suggested that expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase (Hmgcr) and Cyp7a1 were increased in a dose-dependent manner. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that PMR upregulates key enzymes for biosynthesis of cholesterol and BA, which poses the risk of cholestatic liver injury. SIGNIFICANCE To the best of our knowledge, this is the first transcriptome analysis to highlight the main molecular changes occurring in rats chronic exposed to PMR. We have identified 39 specific differentially expressed genes (DEGs) that were present in various comparisons. A total of 14 of these altered gene transcripts were associated with cholesterol biosynthesis. Another factor of great importance in our opinion seemed to be the enhancement of bile acid (BA) biosynthesis, which were closely linked to cholesterol biosynthesis or metabolism. Our findings suggested that the disturbance on balance of BA formation and elimination might lead to a BA overload in hepatocytes, thereby resulting in liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ya-Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi-Sheng Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside exacerbates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity by inducing hepatic expression of CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16511. [PMID: 29184146 PMCID: PMC5705655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16688-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity induced by medicinal herb Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. attracts wide attention in the world recently. 2,3,4',5-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) is a main active compound in Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. This study aims to observe TSG-provided the aggravation on acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity in mice by inducing hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzymes. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferase (ALT/AST) analysis and liver histological evaluation showed that TSG (200, 400, 800 mg/kg) exacerbated the hepatotoxicity induced by sub-toxic dose of APAP (200 mg/kg) in mice, but TSG alone had no hepatotoxicity. TSG aggravated hepatic reduced glutathione (GSH) depletion and APAP-cysteine adducts (APAP-CYS) formation induced by APAP in mice. TSG increased the expression of CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 both in mice and in human normal liver L-02 hepatocytes. TSG also enhanced liver catalytic activity of CYP2E1, CYP3A4 and CYP1A2 in mice. TSG induced the nuclear translocation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) and pregnane X receptor (PXR), and TSG-provided the aggravation on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity in mice was reversed by PXR or AHR inhibitors. In summary, our results demonstrate that TSG enhances hepatic expression of CYP3A4, CYP2E1 and CYP1A2, and thus exacerbates the hepatotoxicity induced by APAP in mice. PXR and AHR both play some important roles in this process.
Collapse
|
55
|
Melchart D, Hager S, Albrecht S, Dai J, Weidenhammer W, Teschke R. Herbal Traditional Chinese Medicine and suspected liver injury: A prospective study. World J Hepatol 2017; 9:1141-1157. [PMID: 29085558 PMCID: PMC5648988 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v9.i29.1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyze liver tests before and following treatment with herbal Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) in order to evaluate the frequency of newly detected liver injury.
METHODS Patients with normal values of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) as a diagnostic marker for ruling out pre-existing liver disease were enrolled in a prospective study of a safety program carried out at the First German Hospital of TCM from 1994 to 2015. All patients received herbal products, and their ALT values were reassessed 1-3 d prior to discharge. To verify or exclude causality for suspected TCM herbs, the Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method (RUCAM) was used.
RESULTS This report presents for the first time liver injury data derived from a prospective, hospital-based and large-scale study of 21470 patients who had no liver disease prior to treatment with herbal TCM. Among these, ALT ranged from 1 × to < 5 × upper limit normal (ULN) in 844 patients (3.93%) and suggested mild or moderate liver adaptive abnormalities. However, 26 patients (0.12%) experienced higher ALT values of ≥ 5 × ULN (300.0 ± 172.9 U/L, mean ± SD). Causality for TCM herbs was RUCAM-based probable in 8/26 patients, possible in 16/26, and excluded in 2/26 cases. Bupleuri radix and Scutellariae radix were the two TCM herbs most commonly implicated.
CONCLUSION In 26 (0.12%) of 21470 patients treated with herbal TCM, liver injury with ALT values of ≥ 5 × ULN was found, which normalized shortly following treatment cessation, also substantiating causality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Melchart
- Institute for Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University Hospital Zurich and University of Zurich, CH-8091 Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy (CoCoNat), University Hospital Munich rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-80801 Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Hager
- Hospital for Traditional Chinese Medicine, D-93444 Bad Kötzting, Germany
| | - Sabine Albrecht
- Hospital for Traditional Chinese Medicine, D-93444 Bad Kötzting, Germany
| | - Jingzhang Dai
- Hospital for Traditional Chinese Medicine, D-93444 Bad Kötzting, Germany
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wolfgang Weidenhammer
- Competence Centre for Complementary Medicine and Naturopathy (CoCoNat), University Hospital Munich rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, D-80801 Munich, Germany
| | - Rolf Teschke
- Department of Internal Medicine II, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Klinikum Hanau, Teaching Hospital of the Medical Faculty of the Goethe University, D-63450 Hanau, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Zhao DS, Jiang LL, Fan YX, Dong LC, Ma J, Dong X, Xu XJ, Li P, Li HJ. Identification of urine tauro-β-muricholic acid as a promising biomarker in Polygoni Multiflori Radix-induced hepatotoxicity by targeted metabolomics of bile acids. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:532-542. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
57
|
Li H, Wang X, Liu Y, Pan D, Wang Y, Yang N, Xiang L, Cai X, Feng Y. Hepatoprotection and hepatotoxicity of Heshouwu , a Chinese medicinal herb: Context of the paradoxical effect. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 108:407-418. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
58
|
Meng YK, Li CY, Li RY, He LZ, Cui HR, Yin P, Zhang CE, Li PY, Sang XX, Wang Y, Niu M, Zhang YM, Guo YM, Sun R, Wang JB, Bai ZF, Xiao XH. Cis-stilbene glucoside in Polygonum multiflorum induces immunological idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity in LPS-treated rats by suppressing PPAR-γ. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017. [PMID: 28649126 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb (PM) has been used in China to treat a variety of diseases, such as constipation, early graying of the hair and hyperlipemia. Recent evidence shows that PM causes idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in humans. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis of PM-induced liver injury in a rat model of IDILI based on a non-hepatotoxic dose of LPS. SD rats were orally administered 3 potentially hepatotoxic compounds of PM: cis-stilbene glucoside (cis-SG, 50 mg/kg), trans-SG (50 mg/kg) or emodin (5 mg/kg), followed by injection of LPS (2.8 mg/kg, iv). Serum and liver histology were evaluated 7 h after LPS injection. Among the 3 compounds tested, cis-SG, but not emodin or trans-SG, induced severe liver injury in rats when combined with LPS. The levels of AST and ALT in plasma and inflammatory cytokines in both plasma and liver tissues were markedly elevated. The liver tissues showed increased injury, hepatocyte apoptosis, and macrophage infiltration, and decreased cell proliferation. Microarray analysis revealed a negative correlation between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) and LPS/cis-SG-induced liver injury. Immunohistochemical staining and RT-PCR results further confirmed that cis-SG significantly inhibited activation of the PPAR-γ pathway in the liver tissues of LPS/cis-SG-treated rats. Pre-treatment with a PPAR-γ agonist pioglitazone (500 g/kg, ig) reversed LPS/cis-SG-induced liver injury, which was associated with inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathway. These data demonstrate that cis-stilbene glucoside induces immunological idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity through suppressing PPAR-γ in a rat model of IDILI.
Collapse
|
59
|
Jiang LL, Zhao DS, Fan YX, Yu Q, Li P, Li HJ. Detection of Emodin Derived Glutathione Adduct in Normal Rats Administered with Large Dosage of Polygoni Multiflori Radix. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:446. [PMID: 28729838 PMCID: PMC5498464 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has been commonly used as a tonic in China for centuries. PMR-associated hepatotoxicity has been drawing increasingly more attention in recent years in parallel with its wide utilization. Anthraquinones (AQs) are recognized as the main hepatotoxic components in PMR. However, the exact underlying mechanism of AQs poisoning is still not fully understood. Herein, we proposed a hypothesis that metabolic activation of AQs such as emodin was involved in PMR-induced liver injury, AQs followed to generate the electrophilic reactive metabolites and subsequently formed covalent adduct with cellular nucleophiles in the liver to exert hepatotoxicity. In the present study, the link of cytotoxicity of PMR in primary human hepatocytes and the depletion of glutathione (GSH) was investigated by MTT assay and UHPLC-QqQ-MS/MS analysis. The results showed that PMR depleted GSH and therefore induced cytotoxicity. Then, emodin-GSH adduct was identified in bile of liver injured rats after intragastric administration of PMR or emodin with the aid of UHPLC-QTOF-MS/MS method. Our findings not only provided confirmative evidence that the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by AQs in PMR involved key metabolic steps, but also revealed that emodin-GSH adduct had potential to be further developed as a sensitive and traceable biomarker for the assessment of PMR-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Long Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ya-Xi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical UniversityNanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Lin L, Li H, Lin H, Zhang M, Qu C, Yan L, Yin X, Ni J. A New Perspective on Liver Injury by Traditional Chinese Herbs Such As Polygonum multiflorum: The Geographical Area of Harvest As an Important Contributory Factor. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:349. [PMID: 28676759 PMCID: PMC5476691 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbal medicine has been widely used in the treatment of various diseases; however, the adverse reactions cannot be ignored. Most previous studies have ignored the relationship between the factors of geographical areas/batches and toxicity. This study used Polygonum multiflorum (PM) as an example to analyze the relationship between the geographical areas/batches and toxicity and speculated on the hepatotoxicity-inducing components in PM based on high content screening, UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Progenesis QI software analysis. The results of the study show that the toxicity of PM was obviously different among the different geographical areas, and the most toxic PM was from the Sichuan province. To obtain more accurate results and to reduce the false-positive rate, two methods were used to evaluate the speculative results. It was noteworthy that emodin was not the main hepatocyte toxicity constituent of PM. The analysis methods suggested that PM toxicity may be associated with tetrahydroxystilbene-O-(galloyl)-hex and emodin-O-hex-sulfate. The toxicity of these two components requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Lei Yan
- Fengtai District Community Health CenterBeijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Hepatotoxicity in Rats Induced by Aqueous Extract of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, Root of Polygonum multiflorum Related to the Activity Inhibition of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017. [PMID: 28626488 PMCID: PMC5463189 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9456785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to investigate the relationship between the hepatotoxicity induced by Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR, root of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., He Shou Wu) and the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 in the rat liver. Levels of rat serum transaminases ALT and AST were not altered but the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 in the rat liver was significantly inhibited after oral administration of aqueous extract of PMR under the experimental dosage. However, levels of ALT and AST were significantly increased and the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 was significantly decreased after injection of specific inhibitor for CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 combined with oral administration of aqueous extract of PMR, especially under the repeated treatment over interval times. Liver histopathological observation showed that a moderate liver injury occurred in rats receiving PMR treatment with the activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 inhibited, but there was no significant liver damage in rats receiving PMR treatment or CYP inhibitor alone. These suggested that low level activity of CYP1A2 or CYP2E1 from genetic polymorphism among people might be one of the important reasons for the hepatotoxicity induced by PMR in clinical practice.
Collapse
|
62
|
Li CY, He Q, Gao D, Li RY, Zhu Y, Li HF, Feng WW, Yang MH, Xiao XH, Wang JB. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury linked to Polygonum multiflorum: A case study by pharmacognosy. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:625-630. [DOI: 10.1007/s11655-017-2543-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
63
|
Kang L, Si L, Rao J, Li D, Wu Y, Wu S, Wu M, He S, Zhu W, Wu Y, Xu J, Li G, Huang J. Polygoni Multiflori Radix derived anthraquinones alter bile acid disposition in sandwich-cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol In Vitro 2017; 40:313-323. [PMID: 28161596 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
64
|
Lin P, Lu JM, Wang YF, Gu W, Zhao RH, Yu J. Prevention Mechanism of 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside on Lipid Accumulation in Steatosis Hepatic L-02 Cell. Pharmacogn Mag 2017; 13:245-253. [PMID: 28539716 PMCID: PMC5421421 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1296.204563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM 2,3,5,4'-Tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG), a natural stilbene, shows great activities in hepatic lipid regulation, especially for hepatic triglyceride lowering. However, information about its mechanisms on biosynthesis and degradation of triglyceride is still limited. This research pays close attention to clarify the mechanism of TSG on prevention of hepatic lipid accumulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS TSG was given to steatosis hepatocyte L-02 cell induced by fat emulsion incubation. The contents of free fatty acid, triglyceride, rate-controlling enzymes, and transcriptional regulatory factors, which play key role in biosynthesis and decomposition of triglyceride, were determined with or without TSG exposure. RESULTS TSG could reduce the free fatty acid material supply for the synthesis of endogenous triglyceride and it did so by reducing the expression of liver type fatty acid binding protein and fatty acid transport protein 4. TS Ginhibited the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, and then reduce the contents of acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 and fatty acid synthase. Therefore, TSG prevented biosynthesis of triglyceride. Mean while, TSG also promoted the decomposition of triglyceride by the activation of peroxisome proliferators activator receptors alpha. CONCLUSION TSG could effective intervene the accumulation of triglyceride in hepatic cell. Thus, TSG could be considered as a promising drug candidate in prevention and treatment of lipid metabolic disorders, especially nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Abbreviations Used: ACACA: Acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1, Apo-B100: Apo lipoprotein B100, FASN: Fatty acid synthase, FATP4: Fatty acid transport protein 4, FBS: Fetal bovine serum; FEN: Fenofibrate, FFA: Free fatty acid, L-FABP: Liver type fatty acid binding protein, LPL: Lipoprotein lipase, MTTP: Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, PBS: Phosphate buffer saline, PPAR-α: Peroxisome proliferators activator receptors alpha, RPMI: Roswell Park Memorial Institute, SIM: Simvastatin, SREBF1c: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1c, TG: Triglyceride, TSG: 2, 3, 5, 4-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-Dglucoside, VLDL: Very low density lipoprotein.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lin
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Oriental Medicinal Material and Processing, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, South Korea
| | - Jian-Mei Lu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yan-Fang Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Rong-Hua Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Department of Pharmacy, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Lu J, Zhang Y, Sun M, Liu M, Wang X. Comprehensive assessment of Cucurbitacin E related hepatotoxicity and drug-drug interactions involving CYP3A and P-glycoprotein. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 26:1-10. [PMID: 28257659 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Revised: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cucurbitacin E (CuE), a tetracyclic triterpenoid isolated from Cucurbitaceae, possesses many pharmacological activities especially anti-cancer. PURPOSE The aim of this investigation was to comprehensively assess CuE related hepatotoxicity and potential drug-drug interactions involving CYP3A and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Four common cytotoxicity assays (MTS, SRB, NRU and apoptosis assays) were used to evaluate the hepatotoxicity of CuE in human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells. Human and rat liver microsomes incubation system, Caco-2 transport model and 3D organoids model were used to investigate the effects of CuE on CYP3A and P-gp in vitro. The oral pharmacokinetics of indinavir was employed to evaluate the effects of CuE on CYP3A and P-gp in vivo. RESULTS CuE induced the HepG2 apoptosis and exhibited acute cytotoxicity in MTS, SRB, and NRU assays with IC50 value at 15.98µM, 0.31µM, and 1.11µM, respectively. Moreover, CuE not only presented mechanism-based inhibition on human CYP3A4, but also decreased the efflux ratio of digoxin (P-gp substrate) across Caco-2 cell monolayers in vitro. Furthermore, CuE significantly inhibited the transport of Rh123 into 3D organoids, which was caused by the inhibition on P-gp. In Sprague-Dawley rat studies in vivo, acute administration of CuE significantly increased the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of indinavir. In contrast, CuE treatment for three consecutive days significantly decreased indinavir Cmax and AUC in rats. CONCLUSION These studies demonstrated that CuE has strong hepatotoxicity, and CuE presents potent inhibition on both CYP3A and P-gp activities in vitro. In animal in vivo studies, CuE induces CYP3A and P-gp after a long-term treatment but inhibits the activities of CYP3A and P-gp after an acute dosing. Therefore, CuE as a dual functional regulator of both CYP3A and P-gp may cause complex drug-drug interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Center for Cancer and Stem Cell Biology, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
A New Strategy for Quality Evaluation and Identification of Representative Chemical Components in Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2017; 2017:6238464. [PMID: 28243311 PMCID: PMC5294750 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6238464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. (HSW) is widely used as herb medicine and health food additive. Recently, a series of HSW-induced hepatotoxicities have been reported and many studies have been carried out to investigate it. But contradictory conclusions were drawn that might be caused by the inconsistent quality of market decoction pieces. Therefore, the HSW decoction pieces quality was evaluated with a developed novel method in the paper. 25 batches of raw HSW (RHSW) and 21 batches of processed HSW (PHSW) samples were purchased from different provinces of China. HPLC determination was performed to identify and detect the contents of 16 chemical compounds in herbal material. Fingerprint similarity was analyzed using chromatography information and the results showed that most herbs were in good similarity. Then, a comprehensive evaluation strategy based on principal component analysis with representative quality control indicators was developed to evaluate the quality of HSW samples. And the rationality of the developed method was verified by HCA analysis. The results showed that the herb from Dabashan, Sichuan Province, no matter RHSW or PHSW had the best quality. Different representative components were selected for RHSW or PHSW decoction pieces which might be caused by the chemical reaction during processing. And most PHSW were unqualified according to the requirement of Chinese Pharmacopeia which might take the responsibility for the toxicity of HSW.
Collapse
|
67
|
Xu P, Su S, Tan C, Lai RS, Min ZS. Effects of aqueous extracts of Ecliptae herba, Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata and Rehmanniae radix praeparata on melanogenesis and the migration of human melanocytes. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 195:89-95. [PMID: 27902928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygoni multiflori radix praeparata (PMRP), Ecliptae herba (EH) and Rehmanniae radix praeparata (RRP) are the most frequently-used herbs by Traditional Chinese Medicine practitioners for the treatment of vitiligo. Their abilities to stimulate melanogenesis, melanocyte migration and MITF (microphthalmia associated transcription factor) protein expression were evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of aqueous extracts of PMRP, EH and RRP on human melanocytes in vitro were examined by MTT assay, tyrosinase activity, melanin synthesis, migration assay and Western blot. RESULTS Treatment with EH (at 100μg/ml and 400μg/ml) significantly increased intracellular tyrosinase activity in accordance with the elevation of melanin content at the same concentrations. Treatment with RRP (at 100μg/ml and 400μg/ml) promoted melanin production but had no stimulatory effect on tyrosinase activity. Treatment with PMRP and EH (at 100μg/ml) promoted the migration of human melanocytes in a type IV collagen-coated transwell migration assay. Western blot analysis showed MITF protein expression was elevated by PMRP, EH and RRP (at 100μg/ml). CONCLUSION An aqueous extract of EH has a synergistic effect on melanocytes by up-regulating tyrosinase activity, enhancing melanin synthesis and promoting melanocyte migration as well as elevating MITF protein expression. RRP exhibits a significant stimulating effect on melanogenesis and MITF protein expression. These results suggest that EH and RRP contain substances with direct enhancing effects on melanogenesis and migration, possibly via their effects on MITF protein expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Xu
- First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Shulan Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for TCM Formulae Research, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210046, China
| | - Cheng Tan
- First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Ren-Sheng Lai
- First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Zhong-Sheng Min
- First Clinical College, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China; Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210009, China
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Li CY, Tu C, Gao D, Wang RL, Zhang HZ, Niu M, Li RY, Zhang CE, Li RS, Xiao XH, Yang MH, Wang JB. Metabolomic Study on Idiosyncratic Liver Injury Induced by Different Extracts of Polygonum multiflorum in Rats Integrated with Pattern Recognition and Enriched Pathways Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:483. [PMID: 28018221 PMCID: PMC5156827 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, numerous liver injury cases related to a famous Chinese herb- Polygonum Multiflorum (Heshouwu in Chinese) have attracted great attention in many countries. Our previous work showed that Heshouwu-induced hepatotoxicity belonged to idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI). Unfortunately, the components and mechanisms attributed to IDILI of Heshouwu are difficult to determine and thus remain unknown. Attempts to explore puzzles, we prepared the chloroform (CH)-, ethyl acetate (EA)-, and residue (RE) extracts of Heshouwu to investigate IDILI constituents and underlying mechanisms, using biochemistry, histopathology, and metabolomics examinations. The results showed that co-treatment with non-toxic dose of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and EA extract could result in evident liver injury, indicated by the significant elevation of plasma alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities, as well as obvious liver histologic damage; whereas other two separated fractions, CH and RE extracts, failed to induce observable liver injury. Furthermore, 21 potential metabolomic biomarkers that differentially expressed in LPS/EA group compared with other groups without liver injury were identified by untargeted metabolomics, mainly involved two pathways: tricarboxylic acid cycle and sphingolipid metabolism. This work illustrated EA extract had close association with the idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity of Heshouwu and provided a metabolomic insight into IDILI of different extracts from Heshouwu.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yu Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Can Tu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical CollegeBeijing, China; China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China
| | - Rui-Lin Wang
- Integrative Medical Center, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Hai-Zhu Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military HospitalBeijing, China; School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese MedicineChengdu, China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Yu Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Rui-Sheng Li
- Research Center for Clinical and Translational Medicine, 302 Hospital of People's Liberation Army Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Mei-Hua Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Xing X, Deng X, Shi J, Zhang M, Sun G, Tang S, Huang Q, Sun X. The chronic hepatotoxicity assessment of the herbal formula Zishen Yutai pill. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2016; 83:81-88. [PMID: 27916537 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Zishen Yutai pill (ZYP) is an oriental herbal formula, while hepatotoxicity assessment of ZYP was rarely evaluated. Therefore, our aim is to re-evaluate its hepatotoxicity in both normal and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) induced chronic liver injury rats. In the normal model, two doses of ZYP (1.575 and 9.450 g kg-1 d-1; i.e. 1 × , 6 × clinical doses) were given orally to rats for 24 weeks. In the chronic liver injury model, 10% CCl4 was administered to rats abdominally twice a week at a dose of 5 mL kg-1 for 12 consecutive weeks. Administration time started from 4 weeks after the beginning of CCl4 treatment. Toxicological parameters included mortality, body weight, food consumption, clinical signs, biochemical parameters, gross observation, organ weight, necropsy findings and histopathology were monitored. In the normal model, we found no any mortality or abnormality in clinical signs, relative liver weight, biochemical parameters and histopathology in ZYP treatment groups. In the chronic liver injury model, liver damage related parameter such as ALT was elevated at the high dose of ZYP treatment in contrast to the CCl4-treated group (P < 0.01). In histopathological assessment, there were no significant difference between ZYP treatment groups and CCl4-treated group. No observed adverse effect on livers were established for 9.450 g kg-1 d-1 ZYP in the normal rats and 9.450 g kg-1 d-1 ZYP in the injury rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Xing
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xuehong Deng
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Meishuang Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Guibo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shimin Tang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, 130117, China
| | - Qiuling Huang
- Guangzhou Baiyunshan Zhongyi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510530, China.
| | - Xiaobo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, China.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Yang JB, Li L, Dai Z, Wu Y, Geng XC, Li B, Ma SC, Wang AG, Su YL. Polygonumnolides C1-C4; minor dianthrone glycosides from the roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2016; 18:813-822. [PMID: 27139982 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2016.1171758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Four new dianthrone glycosides, named polygonumnolides C1-C4 (1-4), were isolated from the dried roots of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, together with two known emodin dianthrones (5-6). Their hepatotoxicities were evaluated against L-02 cell lines. Compounds 1-4 showed weak hepatotoxicity against L-02 cell lines with IC50 values of 313.05, 205.20, 294.20, and 207.35 μM, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Bo Yang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
- c School of Chinese Pharmacy , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102 , China
| | - Li Li
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Zhong Dai
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Yu Wu
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Xing-Chao Geng
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Bo Li
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- b National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, China Food and Drug Administration , Beijing 100050 , China
- c School of Chinese Pharmacy , Beijing University of Chinese Medicine , Beijing 100102 , China
| | - Ai-Guo Wang
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| | - Ya-Lun Su
- a State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines , Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing 100050 , China
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Sheng C, Peng W, Chen Z, Cao Y, Gong W, Xia ZA, Wang Y, Su N, Wang Z. Impact of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside on cognitive deficits in animal models of Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 16:320. [PMID: 27565551 PMCID: PMC5002158 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-016-1313-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of 2, 3, 5, 4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG) treatment on cognitive decline in individuals with Alzheimer's disease (AD) has not been investigated. Therefore, we systematically reviewed the effect of TSG on cognitive deficits in a rodent model of AD. METHODS We identified eligible studies published from January 1980 to April 2015 by searching seven electronic databases. We assessed the study quality, evaluated the efficacy of TSG treatment, and performed a stratified meta-analysis and meta-regression analysis to assess the influence of study design on TSG efficacy. RESULTS Among a total of 381 publications, 18 fulfilled our inclusion criteria. The overall methodological quality of these studies was poor. The meta-analysis revealed a statistically significant benefit of TSG on acquisition memory (standardized mean difference [SMD] = -1.46 (95 % CI: -1.81 to -1.10, P < 0.0001) and retention memory (SMD =1.93 (95 % CI: 1.40 to 2.46, P < 0.0001) in experimental models of AD. The stratified analysis revealed a significantly higher effect size for both acquisition and retention memory in studies that used mixed sex models and a significantly higher effect size for acquisition memory in studies that used transgenic models. CONCLUSIONS Our meta-analysis highlights a significantly better treatment effect in rodent AD models that received TSG that in those that did not. These findings indicate a potential therapeutic role of TSG in AD therapy. However, additional well-designed and detailed experimental studies are needed to evaluate the safety of TSG.
Collapse
|
72
|
Zhang Q, Xu Y, Zou S, Zhang X, Cao K, Fan Q. Novel functional polysaccharides from Radix Polygoni Multiflori water extracted residue: Preliminary characterization and immunomodulatory activity. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 137:625-631. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
73
|
Lin L, Lin H, Zhang M, Ni B, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. A novel method to analyze hepatotoxic components in Polygonum multiflorum using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 299:249-59. [PMID: 26135484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum, called Heshouwu in China, is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat various diseases. However, the administration of P. multiflorum (PM) and P. multiflorum Praeparata (PMP) causes numerous adverse effects. This study sought to analyze the toxic components of PM using ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS), and their hepatotoxicity in L02 human liver cells. Toxicity was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage, and liver enzyme secretion (aspartate aminotransferase [AST] and alanine aminotransferase [ALT]) assays. Furthermore, UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, Progenesis QI, and Makerlynx XS software analyses were used to differentiate extracts and analyze the toxic components. The order of toxicity was P. multiflorum ethanol extract (PME)>P. multiflorum water extract (PMW)>P. multiflorum Praeparata ethanol extract (PMPE)>P. multiflorum Praeparata water extract (PMPW), which was determined by MTT assay, LDH leakage, and liver enzyme secretion levels. The analysis methods suggest that PM toxicity may be associated with anthraquinone, emodin-O-(malonyl)-hex, emodin-O-glc, emodin, emodin-8-O-glc, emodin-O-(acetyl)-hex, and emodin-O-hex-sulphate. The toxic mechanisms of these components require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Boran Ni
- School of Basic Medical Science, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- Modern Research Center for TCM, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Mechanistic Studies on the Use of Polygonum multiflorum for the Treatment of Hair Graying. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:651048. [PMID: 26640791 PMCID: PMC4657090 DOI: 10.1155/2015/651048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polygonum multiflorum is a traditional Chinese medicine with a long history in hair growth promotion and hair blackening. The purpose of the study was to examine the effect and the mechanism of Polygonum multiflorum in hair blackening. C57BL/6 mice hair fade was induced with H2O2 and used in this research. Hair pigmentogenesis promotion activities of Polygonum Multiflorum Radix (PMR, raw crude drug), Polygonum Multiflorum Radix Preparata (PMRP, processed crude drug), and their major chemical constituent TSG were investigated. The regulation effects of several cytokines and enzymes such as POMC, α-MSH, MC1R, ASIP, MITF, TYR, TRP-1, and TRP-2 were investigated. PMR group gave out the most outstanding black hair among all groups with the highest contents of total melanin, α-MSH, MC1R, and TYR. Promotion of hair pigmentogenesis was slightly decreased after processing in the PMRP group. TSG as the major constituent of PMR showed weaker hair color regulation effects than both PMR and PMRP. PMR, but not PMRP, should be used to blacken hair. The α-MSH, MC1R, and TYR were the major targets in the medicinal use of PMR in hair graying. Chemical constituents other than TSG may contribute to the hair color regulation activity of PMR.
Collapse
|
75
|
Dong Q, Li N, Li Q, Zhang CE, Feng WW, Li GQ, Li RY, Tu C, Han X, Bai ZF, Zhang YM, Niu M, Ma ZJ, Xiao XH, Wang JB. Screening for biomarkers of liver injury induced by Polygonum multiflorum: a targeted metabolomic study. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:217. [PMID: 26483689 PMCID: PMC4591842 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Heshouwu (HSW), the dry roots of Polygonum multiflorum, a classical traditional Chinese medicine is used as a tonic for a wide range of conditions, particularly those associated with aging. However, it tends to be taken overdose or long term in these years, which has resulted in liver damage reported in many countries. In this study, the indicative roles of nine bile acids (BAs) were evaluated to offer potential biomarkers for HSW induced liver injury. Nine BAs including cholic acid (CA) and chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), taurocholic acid (TCA), glycocholic acid (GCA), glycochenodeoxycholic acid (GCDCA), deoxycholic acid (DCA), glycodeoxycholic acid (GDCA), ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA), and hyodeoxycholic acid (HDCA) in rat bile and serum were detected by a developed LC-MS method after 42 days treatment. Partial least square-discriminate analysis (PLS-DA) was applied to evaluate the indicative roles of the nine BAs, and metabolism of the nine BAs was summarized. Significant change was observed for the concentrations of nine BAs in treatment groups compared with normal control; In the PLS-DA plots of nine BAs in bile, normal control and raw HSW groups were separately clustered and could be clearly distinguished, GDCA was selected as the distinguished components for raw HSW overdose treatment group. In the PLS-DA plots of nine BAs in serum, the normal control and raw HSW overdose treatment group were separately clustered and could be clearly distinguished, and HDCA was selected as the distinguished components for raw HSW overdose treatment group. The results indicated the perturbation of nine BAs was associated with HSW induced liver injury; GDCA in bile, as well as HDCA in serum could be selected as potential biomarkers for HSW induced liver injury; it also laid the foundation for the further search on the mechanisms of liver injury induced by HSW.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Dong
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Na Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Qi Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Cong-En Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Wu-Wen Feng
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Guang-Quan Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Rui-Yu Li
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Can Tu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Xue Han
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China ; College of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao-Fang Bai
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Ming Zhang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Ming Niu
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Ma
- Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-He Xiao
- Integrative Medicine Center, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| | - Jia-Bo Wang
- China Military Institute of Chinese Medicine, 302 Military Hospital Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Domitrović R, Potočnjak I. A comprehensive overview of hepatoprotective natural compounds: mechanism of action and clinical perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2015; 90:39-79. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1580-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
77
|
Lee WJ, Kim HW, Lee HY, Son CG. Systematic review on herb-induced liver injury in Korea. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:47-54. [PMID: 26165727 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Herbal drugs are generally regarded as safe due to their extensive clinical use especially in East Asian countries. However, the potential toxicity of herbal drugs has become an important medical issue recently, resulting in numerous reports of drug-induced liver injury (DILI). Here, we performed a systematic review of herbal medicines with the potential to cause hepatotoxicity in Korea. A literature search of six databases, including PubMed and five Korean electronic databases, was performed to identify cases of herb-induced liver injury (HILI) in Korea, yielding 31 unique reports, including 21 single herb and 10 multi-herb preparations. From these reports, we identified 97 cases of HILI (47 males, 49 females, and 1 unknown sex) consisting of 74.7% hepatocellular-type injury, 10.8% cholestatic-type injury, and 14.5% mixed-type injury. Causative agents included 21 unique herbal preparations, including 11 single species and 10 multispecies, with Polygoni Multiflori (39.2%) and Dictamnus dasycarpus (37.1%) as the most frequent agents. These analyses presented a feature of HILI, and produced a comprehensive list of herbs with a higher risk of hepatotoxicity in Korea. Further studies will be necessary to ascertain the mechanisms by which these herbs induce HILI and to determine whether these effects are specific to the Korean population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Jin Lee
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro Dong-gu, Daejeon, 301-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro Dong-gu, Daejeon, 301-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Yong Lee
- Korean Medical College of Daejeon University, 62, Daehak-ro Dong-gu, Daejeon, 301-716, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Gue Son
- Liver and Immunology Research Center, Daejeon Oriental Hospital of Daejeon University, 176-9 Daeheung-ro Jung-gu, Daejeon, 301-724, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Calitz C, du Plessis L, Gouws C, Steyn D, Steenekamp J, Muller C, Hamman S. Herbal hepatotoxicity: current status, examples, and challenges. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1551-65. [PMID: 26149408 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1064110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herbal medicines have commonly been considered safe by the general public due to their natural origin and long history of traditional uses. In contrast to this belief, many plants produce toxic substances as secondary metabolites that are sometimes not easily distinguishable from the pharmacological active compounds. Some herbal medicines have been associated with adverse effects and toxic effects, including hepatotoxicity, which have been reversed upon discontinuation of the herbal medicine by the patient. AREAS COVERED This review reflects on selected herbal medicines that are associated with hepatotoxic effects including a description of the phytochemicals that have been linked to liver injury where available. Although case studies are discussed where patients presented with hepatotoxicity due to use of herbal medicines, results from both in vitro and in vivo studies that have been undertaken to confirm liver injury are also included. EXPERT OPINION Increasing evidence of herbal hepatotoxicity has become available through case reports; however, several factors contribute to challenges associated with causality assessment and pre-emptive testing as well as diagnosis of herb-induced liver injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carlemi Calitz
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| | - Lissinda du Plessis
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| | - Chrisna Gouws
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| | - Dewald Steyn
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| | - Jan Steenekamp
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| | - Christo Muller
- b 2 Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council , P.O. Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa
| | - Sias Hamman
- a 1 North-West University, Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences , Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa +27 18 299 4035 ; +27 87 231 5432 ;
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Panigrahi GK, Ch R, Mudiam MKR, Vashishtha VM, Raisuddin S, Das M. Activity-Guided Chemo Toxic Profiling of Cassia occidentalis (CO) Seeds: Detection of Toxic Compounds in Body Fluids of CO-Exposed Patients and Experimental Rats. Chem Res Toxicol 2015; 28:1120-32. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gati Krushna Panigrahi
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Ratnasekhar Ch
- Analytical
Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma
Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | - Mohana K. R. Mudiam
- Analytical
Chemistry Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma
Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| | | | - S. Raisuddin
- Department
of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India
| | - Mukul Das
- Food,
Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research—Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Post Box 80, Lucknow 226001, India
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Ma J, Zheng L, He YS, Li HJ. Hepatotoxic assessment of Polygoni Multiflori Radix extract and toxicokinetic study of stilbene glucoside and anthraquinones in rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 162:61-68. [PMID: 25557036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.12.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) has been traditionally used as a tonic and an anti-aging remedy for centuries; however, hepatic lesions linked to PMR have been frequently reported. AIM OF THE STUDY This work attempted to investigate the hepatotoxic potential of PMR extract and the toxicokinetics of stilbene glucoside and anthraquinones in PMR extract following repeated administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Histopathological and biochemical tests were performed to assess the hepatotoxicity of PMR extract. A rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assay was developed for toxicokinetic analysis of the main constituents of PMR extract, including 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-D-glucoside (TSG), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucoside and emodin. RESULTS The histopathological and biochemical tests indicated that repeated administration of high-dose PMR extract (20 g/kg) for 3 weeks could cause hepatic lesions, while the low-dose treatment (1 g/kg) was safe. Necrosis and steatosis of hepatic cells, inflammatory cell infiltration and mild fibrosis were the main toxicity symptoms caused by high-dose PMR extract in rat liver. The aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels increased by approximately 17%, from 110.80±0.84 to 129.75±10.83 IU/L, in the high-dose group compared with the control group. The proposed LC-MS method was proven to be suitable for the simultaneous quantification of these three constituents by affording desirable linearity (r(2)>0.998) and satisfactory precision (error less than 10%). The toxicokinetic study showed that emodin could not be detected in the low-dose group, but the AUC and Cmax of emodin displayed a gradual increase with repeated treatments in the high-dose group. The toxicokinetics of TSG in the low- and high-dose groups exhibited similar trends after repeated administration. CONCLUSIONS Consideration needs to be given to the rational application of PMR in the clinic to balance its benefits and risks. The increased emodin exposure in vivo provided a putative explanation for the observed hepatic lesions induced by PMR extract, although further studies to confirm the potentially causal link between emodin exposure and hepatic lesions are still necessary.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Li Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yi-Sheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Hui-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Lv GP, Meng LZ, Han DQ, Li HY, Zhao J, Li SP. Effect of sample preparation on components and liver toxicity of Polygonum multiflorum. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 109:105-11. [PMID: 25766851 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
It was shown that different extracts had significant differences in the toxicity of Polygonum multiflorum. In this study, the effect of sample preparation on components and liver toxicity of different extracts from P. multiflorum were determined. Hepatoxic components were discovered based on biomembrane extraction. Comparative chemistry and toxicology between ethanol and water extracts were also performed. The results showed that ethanol extract had much stronger hepatotoxicity, the content of emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin and physcion was significantly higher in ethanol extract than in water extract, while the human hepatocytes extraction showed that 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin and physcion had interaction with human hepatocytes. The hepatotoxic effect of these components was investigated on human hepatocytes LO2 cells and emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, emodin and physcion were finally confirmed to be, at least partial, hepatotoxic components. The results showed that sample preparation has significant effect on components in extracts of P. multiflorum especially the components related to hepatotoxicity. Water extract, the conventional administration form of Chinese herbs, is prefer for phytotherapy before well understanding their chemistry and biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G P Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - L Z Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - D Q Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao; Shenzhen Institute of Drug Control, Shenzhen, China
| | - H Y Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao
| | - J Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
| | - S P Li
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Macao.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Lin L, Ni B, Lin H, Zhang M, Li X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. Traditional usages, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.: a review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 159:158-83. [PMID: 25449462 PMCID: PMC7127521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., which is known as Heshouwu ( in Chinese) in China. It is traditionally valued and reported for hair-blacking, liver and kidney-tonifying and anti-aging effects as well as low toxicity. The aim of this review is to provide comprehensive information on the botany, traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological research and toxicology of Polygonum multiflorum, based on the scientific literature. Moreover, trends and perspectives for future investigation of this plant are discussed. It will build up a new foundation for further study on Polygonum multiflorum. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review of the literature on Polygonum multiflorum was performed using several resources, including classic books on Chinese herbal medicine and various scientific databases, such as PubMed, SciFinder, the Web of Science, Science Direct, China Knowledge Resource Integrated (CNKI). RESULTS Polygonum multiflorum is widely distributed throughout the world and has been used as a traditional medicine for centuries in China. The ethnomedical uses of Polygonum multiflorum have been recorded in many provinces of China and Japan for nine species of adulterants in six families. More than 100 chemical compounds have been isolated from this plant, and the major components have been determined to be stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids and others. Crude extracts and pure compounds of this plant are used as effective agents in pre-clinical and clinical practice due to their anti-aging, anti-hyperlipidaemia, anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects and to promote immunomodulation, neuroprotection, and the curing of other diseases. However, these extracts can also lead to hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity and embryonic toxicity. Pharmacokinetic studies have demonstrated that the main components of Polygonum multiflorum, such as 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and emodin are distributed among many organs and tissues. CONCLUSION Therapeutic potential of Polygonum multiflorum has been demonstrated in the conditions like Alzheimer׳s disease, Parkinson׳s disease, hyperlipidaemia, inflammation and cancer, which is attributed to the presence of various stilbenes, quinones, flavonoids, phospholipids and other compounds in the drug. On the other hand, the adverse effects (hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and embryonic toxicity) of this plant were caused by the quinones, such as emodin and rhein. Thus more pharmacological and toxicological mechanisms on main active compounds are necessary to be explored, especially the combined anthraquinones (Emodin-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Physcion-8-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, etc.) and the variety of stilbenes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Boran Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Changhai Qu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100102, China.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Liu X, Liu Y, Qu Y, Cheng M, Xiao H. Metabolomic profiling of emodin-induced cytotoxicity in human liver cells and mechanistic study. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tx00246f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A metabolomics approach was used to explore emodin-induced liver cells toxicology and a new mechanism was tentatively proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- College (Institute) of Integrative Medicine
- Dalian Medical University
- Dalian 116044
- China
| | - Yang Qu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Mengchun Cheng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
| | - Hongbin Xiao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Dalian 116023
- China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Fan X, Wang J, Xie L, Dong Y, Han G, Hu D, Liu Y, Yuan B, Wang H, Wu C, Xiao X, Ding R, Wang Q. A new animal model for Polygonum multiflorum Thunb-induced liver injury in rats and its potential mechanisms. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5tx00054h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The model is established successfully with the activation of LPS. Its pathogenesis is associated with the expression of mTLR4 in rats' liver. MicroRNA-122 is certificated to be an ideal potential serum biomarker for this model.
Collapse
|
85
|
Lin L, Ni B, Lin H, Zhang M, Yan L, Qu C, Ni J. Simultaneous determination of 14 constituents of Radix polygoni multiflori from different geographical areas by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 29:1048-55. [PMID: 25450501 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Radix polygoni multiflori (RPM) has antioxidative, anti-aging, liver-protective and antihuman cytomegalovirus activity. It has been proved to be hepatotoxic. Considering multiple ingredients to control RPM quality is essential. The aim of this study was to establish a simple, rapid method using resolution liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadruple mass spectrometry to identify and quantify the major bioactive constituents in RPM. The method was applied to analyze 14 marker batches from manufacturers from the same province. The ultrasonic extracts of all samples were determined by LC-MS/MS, and assessed by hierarchical cluster analysis. The proposed method was applied to analyze 21 batches of samples with acceptable linearity (R(2) , 0.9930-0.9998), precision (relative standard deviation, RSD, 0.45-4.73%) repeatability (RSD, 1.14-9.41%), stability (RSD, 1.29-12.88%) and recovery (RSD, 1.80-12.15%) of the 14 compounds. Furthermore, the hierarchical cluster analysis was applied to classify 21 samples on the basis of characteristics of the 14 compound markers. The developed method was demonstrated to be simple, sensitive and reproducible, and has significant importance and comprehensive evaluation for quality control of RPM and related preparations. Hierarchical cluster analysis clearly indicated that the RPM from the same province was similar, whereas samples of RPM from different provinces were significantly different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Boran Ni
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | - Lei Yan
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| | | | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese materia medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100102, China
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Su T, Yu H, Kwan HY, Ma XQ, Cao HH, Cheng CY, Leung AKM, Chan CL, Li WD, Cao H, Fong WF, Yu ZL. Comparisons of the chemical profiles, cytotoxicities and anti-inflammatory effects of raw and rice wine-processed Herba Siegesbeckiae. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 156:365-369. [PMID: 25278181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Although slightly toxic, the Chinese medicinal herb Herba Siegesbeckiae (HS) has long been used as a remedy for traditional Chinese medicine symptoms that resemble inflammatory joint disorders, because it can eliminate the wind-dampness and soothe painful joints. Proper processing can reduce the toxicity and/or enhance the efficacy of raw herbs. In this study, we aim to examine if processing with rice wine reduces the cytotoxicities and/or enhances the anti-inflammatory effects of HS, and to explore the chemical basis behind the potential changes of medicinal properties caused by the processing. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used cell models to examine the cytotoxicities and anti-inflammatory effects of HS and rice wine-processed HS (WHS). The chemical profiles of HS and WHS were compared using the ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF-MS) analysis. RESULTS We found that WHS was less toxic than HS in cultured cells as shown in the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Both HS and WHS had anti-inflammatory effects as demonstrated by their abilities to reduce nitric oxide (NO) production as well as protein and mRNA expressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effects of WHS were more potent than that of HS at the concentration of 100 μg/mL. By comparing the chemical profiles, we found that 19 peaks were lower, while 2 other peaks were higher in WHS than in HS. Four compounds including neo-darutoside, darutoside, stigmasterol and 16-O-acetyldarutoside corresponding to 4 individual changed peaks were tentatively identified by matching with empirical molecular formulae and mass fragments. CONCLUSION Our study showed that processing with rice wine significantly reduced the cytotoxicities and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of HS as demonstrated in cell models. We also developed a UPLC/Q-TOF-MS method to clearly differentiate HS from WHS by their different chemical profiles. Further study is warranted to establish the relationship between the alteration of chemical profiles and the changes of medicinal properties caused by processing with rice wine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Su
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hua Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hiu-Yee Kwan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiao-Qing Ma
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui-Hui Cao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chi-Yan Cheng
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Chi-Leung Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei-Dong Li
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hui Cao
- National Engineering Research Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhuhai, China
| | - Wang-Fun Fong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhi-Ling Yu
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, China; Institute of Integrated Bioinfomedicine & Translational Science, HKBU Shenzhen Research Institute and Continuing Education, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
In vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo acute and chronic toxicity of Xanthii Fructus and its processed product. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:403491. [PMID: 24371823 PMCID: PMC3858965 DOI: 10.1155/2013/403491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xanthii Fructus (XF), the fruit of Xanthium sibiricum Patr., was used in the treatment of rhinitis and related nasal disease. Adverse effects of Xanthii Fructus are frequently reported these years. In the paper, in vitro renal cytotoxicity and in vivo acute and chronic toxicity researches of Xanthii Fructus (XF) and its processed product (processed Xanthii Fructus (PXF)) were carried out. Water extraction of XF displayed no cell membrane damage effects even in the highest concentration (100 μg/mL); however, it might affect the function of renal cell mitochondria. Acute toxicities were observed only in high and middle dosage groups. Fortunately, the single dose administration of XF or PXF was safe even at the highest daily dosage. Twelve-week chronic toxicity assays were performed in SD rats with low, middle, and high dosage. Notable changes in body weight and blood cell and BUN and Scr changes sporadically occurred in middle and high groups after the 9th week. Serum HA and HPCIII values were sustained increasing from the 4th week to the 8th week in Group V male rats, which indicated that the renal fibrosis risks still existed although no fibrosis was found in the pathological examination of the liver and kidney.
Collapse
|
88
|
Han D, Zhao J, Xu J, Peng H, Chen X, Li S. Quality evaluation of Polygonum multiflorum in China based on HPLC analysis of hydrophilic bioactive compounds and chemometrics. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2013; 72:223-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2012] [Revised: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
89
|
Effects of lipid regulation using raw and processed radix polygoni multiflori in rats fed a high-fat diet. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2012; 2012:329171. [PMID: 23304197 PMCID: PMC3526257 DOI: 10.1155/2012/329171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 08/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Raw and processed Radix Polygoni Multiflori have been used in the prevention and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and related diseases in Asian counties for centuries. The lipid regulation ability of raw and processed Poligoni Multiflori Radix were compared in high-fat diet fed rats in this research. Total cholesterol (TC) and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in blood and liver tissue were all significantly higher in model rats. However, triglyceride (TG) contents increased only in liver tissue, not in the blood samples. The rats fed the high-fat diets were considered the model of type IIa hyperlipidemia and early-stage nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Both Radix Polygoni Multiflori (RPM) and Radix Polygoni Multiflori Praeparata (RPMP) revealed TC-lowing effects, and middling doses of RPMP displayed the most significant TC-lowing effects, as indicated by blood samples. Neither RPM nor RPMP was found to reduce LDL-C in rats' blood. Nevertheless, RPM showed dose-dependent TC- and TG-lowing effects in the liver tissue samples. In conclusion, RPM showed more pronounced effects on lipid regulation in liver samples in the treatment of early-stage NAFLD. RPMP, however, displayed better effects in regulating lipids in circulating blood for the treatment of hyperlipidemia.
Collapse
|
90
|
Li CL, Ma J, Zheng L, Li HJ, Li P. Determination of emodin in L-02 cells and cell culture media with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry: application to a cellular toxicokinetic study. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2012; 71:71-8. [PMID: 22944356 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2012.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The emodin-involved hepatotoxicity has been gaining increasing attention. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of emodin on cultured human liver cells (L-02) and predict the possible relation between its cytotoxicity and cellular toxicokinetics. Cell viability and cell damage were assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay and phase-contrast microscopy, respectively. Cytotoxicity tests demonstrated a concentration- and time-dependent toxic effect of emodin on L-02 cells. Furthermore, emodin at concentration of 30μM led to a significant apoptosis in a time-dependent manner supported by the morphological changes of drug-treated cells. In addition, to elucidate the toxicokinetic characteristics of emodin, a highly sensitive and selective liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) method was employed and validated for detecting the dynamic alteration of emodin in cells and cell culture media. The proposed method appeared to be suitable for the analysis of emodin with desirable linearity (r(2)>0.99), and satisfying precision being less than 8.7%. The range of recoveries of this method was 90.2-101.9%. The preliminary cellular toxicokinetic study revealed a time-dependent intracellular accumulation of emodin, which was consistent with its in vitro toxic effects. These findings confirmed the cytotoxicity of emodin against L-02 cells and displayed the cytotoxic manner of emodin in terms of its cellular uptake and accumulation in L-02 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui-Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines (China Pharmaceutical University), No. 24 Tong jia Lane, Nanjing 210009, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Chen Q, Zhang SZ, Ying HZ, Dai XY, Li XX, Yu CH, Ye HC. Chemical characterization and immunostimulatory effects of a polysaccharide from Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata in cyclophosphamide-induced anemic mice. Carbohydr Polym 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
|
92
|
Wang M, Zhao R, Wang W, Mao X, Yu J. Lipid regulation effects of Polygoni Multiflori Radix, its processed products and its major substances on steatosis human liver cell line L02. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2012; 139:287-293. [PMID: 22120683 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 11/12/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Raw and processed Polygoni Multiflori Radix (PMR) are used in the prevention and treatment of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia or related diseases. However, few researches compared the activities of raw and processed PMR on lipid metabolism regulation. Moreover, the active substances of Polygonum multiflorum are still not clearly elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this research, a sensitive, accurate and rapid in vitro model, steatosis hepatic L02 cell, was applied to compare the relative activities of raw and processed PMR on lipid metabolism regulation. Furthermore, the lipid regulation activities of emodin, physcion and 2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxy-stilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside (TSG) were evaluated. The steatosis L02 cells were obtained after cultured with 1% fat emulsion-10% fetal bovine serum (FBS)-RPMI 1640 medium for 48h. Contents of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) in L02 cells are evaluated after exposure. RESULTS The intracellular TG contents were increased from 16.50±1.29mmol/L to 34.40±1.36mmol/L in steatosis L02 cells, while the intracellular contents of TC were increased from 5.07±1.80mmol/L to 11.79±0.54mmol/L. Water extract of raw PMR showed much remarkable TG-regulation and TC-regulation effects than its processed products. Emodin displayed the best TG regulation activity while TSG showed the best TC regulation activity. At the same time, the exposure of emodin and physcion could reduce the LDL-C contents in steatosis L02 cells. CONCLUSIONS On account of these in vitro results, raw PMR might have more satisfactory effects in clinic treatment of NAFLD or hyperlipidemia characterized by the elevation of cholesterol than processed PMR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minjiang Wang
- Level-3 Laboratory of State Administration of TCM of the People's Republic of China, Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|