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Robert A, Herrmann H, Davidson MW, Gelfand VI. Microtubule-dependent transport of vimentin filament precursors is regulated by actin and by the concerted action of Rho- and p21-activated kinases. FASEB J 2014; 28:2879-90. [PMID: 24652946 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-250019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) form a dense and dynamic network that is functionally associated with microtubules and actin filaments. We used the GFP-tagged vimentin mutant Y117L to study vimentin-cytoskeletal interactions and transport of vimentin filament precursors. This mutant preserves vimentin interaction with other components of the cytoskeleton, but its assembly is blocked at the unit-length filament (ULF) stage. ULFs are easy to track, and they allow a reliable and quantifiable analysis of movement. Our results show that in cultured human vimentin-negative SW13 cells, 2% of vimentin-ULFs move along microtubules bidirectionally, while the majority are stationary and tightly associated with actin filaments. Rapid motor-dependent transport of ULFs along microtubules is enhanced ≥ 5-fold by depolymerization of actin cytoskeleton with latrunculin B. The microtubule-dependent transport of vimentin ULFs is further regulated by Rho-kinase (ROCK) and p21-activated kinase (PAK): ROCK inhibits ULF transport, while PAK stimulates it. Both kinases act on microtubule transport independently of their effects on actin cytoskeleton. Our study demonstrates the importance of the actin cytoskeleton to restrict IF transport and reveals a new role for PAK and ROCK in the regulation of IF precursor transport.-Robert, A., Herrmann, H., Davidson, M. W., and Gelfand, V. I. Microtubule-dependent transport of vimentin filament precursors is regulated by actin and by the concerted action of Rho- and p21-activated kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Robert
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Harald Herrmann
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany; and
| | - Michael W Davidson
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory and Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Vladimir I Gelfand
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA;
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Snider NT, Omary MB. Post-translational modifications of intermediate filament proteins: mechanisms and functions. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2014; 15:163-77. [PMID: 24556839 PMCID: PMC4079540 DOI: 10.1038/nrm3753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) are cytoskeletal and nucleoskeletal structures that provide mechanical and stress-coping resilience to cells, contribute to subcellular and tissue-specific biological functions, and facilitate intracellular communication. IFs, including nuclear lamins and those in the cytoplasm (keratins, vimentin, desmin, neurofilaments and glial fibrillary acidic protein, among others), are functionally regulated by post-translational modifications (PTMs). Proteomic advances highlight the enormous complexity and regulatory potential of IF protein PTMs, which include phosphorylation, glycosylation, sumoylation, acetylation and prenylation, with novel modifications becoming increasingly appreciated. Future studies will need to characterize their on-off mechanisms, crosstalk and utility as biomarkers and targets for diseases involving the IF cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha T. Snider
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - M. Bishr Omary
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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53
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Chang TH, Huang HD, Ong WK, Fu YJ, Lee OK, Chien S, Ho JH. The effects of actin cytoskeleton perturbation on keratin intermediate filament formation in mesenchymal stem/stromal cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:3934-44. [PMID: 24513317 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
F-actin plays a crucial role in composing the three-dimensional cytoskeleton and F-actin depolymerization alters fate choice of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs). Here, we investigated differential gene expression and subsequent physiological changes in response to F-actin perturbation by latrunculin B in MSCs. Nineteen genes were down-regulated and 27 genes were up-regulated in the first 15 min after F-actin depolymerization. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that five genes involved in keratin (KRT) intermediate filaments clustering in the chromosome 17q21.2 region, i.e., KRT14, KRT19, KRT34, KRT-associated protein (KRTAP) 1-5, and KRTAP2-3, were strongly up-regulated. Transcription factor prediction identified NKX2.5 as the potential transcription factor to control KRT19, KRT34, KRTAP1-5, and KRTAP2-3; and indeed, the protein level of NKX2.5 was markedly increased in the nuclear fraction within 15 min of F-actin depolymerization. The peak of keratin intermediate filament formation was 1 h after actin perturbation, and the morphological changes showed by decrease in the ratio of long-axis to short-axis diameter in MSCs was observed after 4 h. Together, F-actin depolymerization rapidly triggers keratin intermediate filament formation by turning on keratin-related genes on chromosome 17q21.2. Such findings offer new insight in lineage commitment of MSCs and further scaffold design in MSC-based tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Hao Chang
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Da Huang
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan; Department of Biological Science and Technology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Kee Ong
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Ju Fu
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu Chien
- Institute of Engineering in Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Departments of Bioengineering and Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jennifer H Ho
- Center for Stem Cell Research, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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54
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Menko AS, Bleaken BM, Libowitz AA, Zhang L, Stepp MA, Walker JL. A central role for vimentin in regulating repair function during healing of the lens epithelium. Mol Biol Cell 2014; 25:776-90. [PMID: 24478454 PMCID: PMC3952848 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-12-0900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique ex vivo mock cataract surgery model is used to study the role of vimentin in repair cell function during wound healing within a clinically relevant setting. Vimentin is found to be critical for the function of repair cells in directing the collective migration of the epithelium during wound healing. Mock cataract surgery provides a unique ex vivo model for studying wound repair in a clinically relevant setting. Here wound healing involves a classical collective migration of the lens epithelium, directed at the leading edge by an innate mesenchymal subpopulation of vimentin-rich repair cells. We report that vimentin is essential to the function of repair cells as the directors of the wound-healing process. Vimentin and not actin filaments are the predominant cytoskeletal elements in the lamellipodial extensions of the repair cells at the wound edge. These vimentin filaments link to paxillin-containing focal adhesions at the lamellipodial tips. Microtubules are involved in the extension of vimentin filaments in repair cells, the elaboration of vimentin-rich protrusions, and wound closure. The requirement for vimentin in repair cell function is revealed by both small interfering RNA vimentin knockdown and exposure to the vimentin-targeted drug withaferin A. Perturbation of vimentin impairs repair cell function and wound closure. Coimmunoprecipitation analysis reveals for the first time that myosin IIB is associated with vimentin, linking vimentin function in cell migration to myosin II motor proteins. These studies reveal a critical role for vimentin in repair cell function in regulating the collective movement of the epithelium in response to wounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Menko
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 Wills Vision Research Center at Jefferson, Philadelphia, PA 19107 Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20037
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Beyond expectations: novel insights into epidermal keratin function and regulation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 311:265-306. [PMID: 24952920 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800179-0.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The epidermis is a stratified epithelium that relies on its cytoskeleton and cell junctions to protect the body against mechanical injury, dehydration, and infections. Keratin intermediate filament proteins are involved in many of these functions by forming cell-specific cytoskeletal scaffolds crucial for the maintenance of cell and tissue integrity. In response to various stresses, the expression and organization of keratins are altered at transcriptional and posttranslational levels to restore tissue homeostasis. Failure to restore tissue homeostasis in the presence of keratin gene mutations results in acute and chronic skin disorders for which currently no rational therapies are available. Here, we review the recent progress on the role of keratins in cytoarchitecture, adhesion, signaling, and inflammation. By focusing on epidermal keratins, we illustrate the contribution of keratin isotypes to differentiated epithelial functions.
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Dumaual CM, Steere BA, Walls CD, Wang M, Zhang ZY, Randall SK. Integrated analysis of global mRNA and protein expression data in HEK293 cells overexpressing PRL-1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72977. [PMID: 24019887 PMCID: PMC3760866 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The protein tyrosine phosphatase PRL-1 represents a putative oncogene with wide-ranging cellular effects. Overexpression of PRL-1 can promote cell proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, and metastasis, but the underlying mechanisms by which it influences these processes remain poorly understood. METHODOLOGY To increase our comprehension of PRL-1 mediated signaling events, we employed transcriptional profiling (DNA microarray) and proteomics (mass spectrometry) to perform a thorough characterization of the global molecular changes in gene expression that occur in response to stable PRL-1 overexpression in a relevant model system (HEK293). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Overexpression of PRL-1 led to several significant changes in the mRNA and protein expression profiles of HEK293 cells. The differentially expressed gene set was highly enriched in genes involved in cytoskeletal remodeling, integrin-mediated cell-matrix adhesion, and RNA recognition and splicing. In particular, members of the Rho signaling pathway and molecules that converge on this pathway were heavily influenced by PRL-1 overexpression, supporting observations from previous studies that link PRL-1 to the Rho GTPase signaling network. In addition, several genes not previously associated with PRL-1 were found to be significantly altered by its expression. Most notable among these were Filamin A, RhoGDIα, SPARC, hnRNPH2, and PRDX2. CONCLUSIONS AND SIGNIFICANCE This systems-level approach sheds new light on the molecular networks underlying PRL-1 action and presents several novel directions for future, hypothesis-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Dumaual
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Boyd A. Steere
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Chad D. Walls
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Zhong-Yin Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Stephen K. Randall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
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Fay N, Panté N. The intermediate filament network protein, vimentin, is required for parvoviral infection. Virology 2013; 444:181-90. [PMID: 23838001 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Intermediate filaments (IFs) have recently been shown to serve novel roles during infection by many viruses. Here we have begun to study the role of IFs during the early steps of infection by the parvovirus minute virus of mice (MVM). We found that during early infection with MVM, after endosomal escape, the vimentin IF network was considerably altered, yielding collapsed immunofluorescence staining near the nuclear periphery. Furthermore, we found that vimentin plays an important role in the life cycle of MVM. The number of cells, which successfully replicated MVM, was reduced in infected cells in which the vimentin network was genetically or pharmacologically modified; viral endocytosis, however, remained unaltered. Perinuclear accumulation of MVM-containing vesicles was reduced in cells lacking vimentin. Our data suggests that vimentin is required for the MVM life cycle, presenting possibly a dual role: (1) following MVM escape from endosomes and (2) during endosomal trafficking of MVM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikta Fay
- Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, 6270 University Boulevard, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4
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58
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Kim DH, Chambliss AB, Wirtz D. The multi-faceted role of the actin cap in cellular mechanosensation and mechanotransduction. SOFT MATTER 2013; 9:5516-5523. [PMID: 23930135 PMCID: PMC3733260 DOI: 10.1039/c3sm50798j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The perinuclear actin cap (or actin cap) is a recently characterized cytoskeletal organelle composed of thick, parallel, and highly contractile acto-myosin filaments that are specifically anchored to the apical surface of the interphase nucleus. The actin cap is present in a wide range of adherent eukaryotic cells, but is disrupted in several human diseases, including laminopathies and cancer. Through its large terminating focal adhesions and anchorage to the nuclear lamina and nuclear envelope through LINC complexes, the perinuclear actin cap plays a critical role both in mechanosensation and mechanotransduction, the ability of cells to sense changes in matrix compliance and to respond to mechanical forces, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hwee Kim
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences - Oncology Center, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA ; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, USA
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60
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Su PH, Chen CC, Chang YF, Wong ZR, Chang KW, Huang BM, Yang HY. Identification and cytoprotective function of a novel nestin isoform, Nes-S, in dorsal root ganglia neurons. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:8391-8404. [PMID: 23319587 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.408179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the first nestin isoform, Nes-S, was identified in neurons of dorsal root ganglia (DRG) of adult rats. Nes-S cannot form filaments by itself in cytoplasmic intermediate filament-free SW13 cells. Instead, it co-assembles into filaments with vimentin when transfected into vimentin(+) SW13 cells, and with peripherin and neurofilament proteins when transfected into N2a cells. In primary DRG neurons, endogenous Nes-S co-assembles with peripherin and neurofilament proteins. The expression of Nes-S first appears in DRG at postnatal day 5 and persists to adulthood. Among the adult tissues we examined, the expression of Nes-S is restricted to the sensory and motor neurons. Finally, exogenous Nes-S enhances viability when transfected into N2a cells, and knockdown of endogenous Nes-S impairs the survival of DRG neurons in primary cultures. Taken together, Nes-S is a new neuronal intermediate filament protein that exerts a cytoprotective function in mature sensory and motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Han Su
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Fan Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Zong-Ruei Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Wei Chang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Bu-Miin Huang
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Yuan Yang
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.
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