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Sulima A, Bień J, Savijoki K, Näreaho A, Sałamatin R, Conn DB, Młocicki D. Identification of immunogenic proteins of the cysticercoid of Hymenolepis diminuta. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:577. [PMID: 29157281 PMCID: PMC5697066 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2519-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A wide range of molecules are used by tapeworm metacestodes to establish successful infection in the hostile environment of the host. Reports indicating the proteins in the cestode-host interactions are limited predominantly to taeniids, with no previous data available for non-taeniid species. A non-taeniid, Hymenolepis diminuta, represents one of the most important model species in cestode biology and exhibits an exceptional developmental plasticity in its life-cycle, which involves two phylogenetically distant hosts, arthropod and vertebrate. Results We identified H. diminuta cysticercoid proteins that were recognized by sera of H. diminuta-infected rats using two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2DE), 2D-immunoblotting, and LC-MS/MS mass spectrometry. Proteomic analysis of 42 antigenic spots revealed 70 proteins. The largest number belonged to structural proteins and to the heat-shock protein (HSP) family. These results show a number of the antigenic proteins of the cysticercoid stage, which were present already in the insect host prior to contact with the mammal host. These are the first parasite antigens that the mammal host encounters after the infection, therefore they may represent some of the molecules important in host-parasite interactions at the early stage of infection. Conclusions These results could help in understanding how H. diminuta and other cestodes adapt to their diverse and complex parasitic life-cycles and show universal molecules used among diverse groups of cestodes to escape the host response to infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-017-2519-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sulima
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Bień
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kirsi Savijoki
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu Näreaho
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rusłan Sałamatin
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Department of Medical Parasitology, National Institute of Public Health - National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland
| | - David Bruce Conn
- One Health Center, Berry College, Mount Berry, GA, USA.,Department of Invertebrate Zoology, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Młocicki
- Department of General Biology and Parasitology, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland. .,Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Zeghir-Bouteldja R, Polomé A, Bousbata S, Touil-Boukoffa C. Comparative proteome profiling of hydatid fluid from Algerian patients reveals cyst location-related variation in Echinococcus granulosus. Acta Trop 2017; 171:199-206. [PMID: 28412048 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis, an endemic zoonosis in Algeria, is caused by larvae of the cestode Echinococcus granulosus. Parasitic modulation of the immune response allows E. granulosus to persist in intermediate hosts. Previous in vitro and in vivo immunological studies have shown differences in host immune responses according to the status and location of the hydatid cysts in the body. In this study, a proteomic analysis of human hydatid fluids was performed to identify the proteins in hydatid cyst fluids. Hydatid fluid was obtained after cystic surgical removal from three patients with these cysts. The study was conducted on fertile hydatid fluids from lungs, vertebra, and infertile paravertebral fluids. Comparisons of the protein compositions of these fluids revealed differences in their protein profiles. These differences are probably related to the cyst location and fertility status of the parasite. Notably, our analysis identified new proteins from the parasite and human host. The identification of host proteins in hydatid fluids indicates that the hydatid walls are permeable allowing a high protein exchange rate between the metacestode and the affected tissue. Interestingly, our study also revealed that parasite antigenic protein expression variations reflect the differences observed in host immunostimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razika Zeghir-Bouteldja
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria; Department of Biological Science, Akli Mohand Oulhadj University, Bouira, Algeria.
| | - Andy Polomé
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Sabrina Bousbata
- Proteomic Platform, Microbiology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Chafia Touil-Boukoffa
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Team 'Cytokines and NO Synthases' Faculty of Biological Science University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, USTHB, PB 32 El-Alia, Algiers 16111, Algeria.
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Ancarola ME, Marcilla A, Herz M, Macchiaroli N, Pérez M, Asurmendi S, Brehm K, Poncini C, Rosenzvit M, Cucher M. Cestode parasites release extracellular vesicles with microRNAs and immunodiagnostic protein cargo. Int J Parasitol 2017; 47:675-686. [PMID: 28668323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Intercellular communication is crucial in multiple aspects of cell biology. This interaction can be mediated by several mechanisms including extracellular vesicle (EV) transfer. EV secretion by parasites has been reported in protozoans, trematodes and nematodes. Here we report that this mechanism is present in three different species of cestodes, Taenia crassiceps, Mesocestoides corti and Echinococcus multilocularis. To confirm this we determined, in vitro, the presence of EVs in culture supernatants by transmission electron microscopy. Interestingly, while T. crassiceps and M. corti metacestodes secrete membranous structures into the culture media, similar vesicles were observed in the interface of the germinal and laminated layers of E. multilocularis metacestodes and were hardly detected in culture supernatants. We then determined the protein cargo in the EV-enriched secreted fractions of T. crassiceps and M. corti conditioned media by LC-MS/MS. Among the identified proteins, eukaryotic vesicle-enriched proteins were identified as expected, but also proteins used for cestode disease diagnosis, proteins related to neurotransmission, lipid binding proteins as well as host immunoglobulins and complement factors. Finally, we confirmed by capillary electrophoresis the presence of intravesicular RNA for both parasites and detected microRNAs by reverse transcription-PCR. This is the first report of EV secretion in cestode parasites and of an RNA secretion mechanism. These findings will provide valuable data not only for basic cestode biology but also for the rational search for new diagnostic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Eugenia Ancarola
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Antonio Marcilla
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica y Parasitología, Universitat de València, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain; Joint Research Unit on Endocrinology, Nutrition and Clinical Dietetics, Health Research Institute-La Fe, Universitat de València, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Michaela Herz
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Natalia Macchiaroli
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Matías Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sebastián Asurmendi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, CICVyA-INTA, Dr. N. Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, 1686 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Hygiene and Microbiology, Josef-Schneider-Strasse 2, D-97080 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carolina Poncini
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mara Rosenzvit
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcela Cucher
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), Paraguay 2155, Piso 13, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Comparative study on secretome and transmembranome of immature and mature metacestodes of Echinococcus multilocularis. Vet Parasitol 2017. [PMID: 28637587 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is a worldwide zoonosis caused by E. multilocularis. Humans become infected through oral ingestion of the eggs. Host of E. multilocularis produces immune responses that help to either reject and/or limit the growth of this parasite, and in response the parasite produces molecules against this immune attack. This study identifies candidate key molecules in the early infection phase and the chronic stage of the parasite infestation, through comparison of gene expression of 4- and 16-week metacestodes. First, RNA was isolated from 4- and 16-weeks metacestodes of E. multilocularis (Nemuro strain). Thereafter, clean reads with lengths of 50bp or longer were compared against a reference genome using TopHat. Functional annotation of transcripts of E. multilocularis were investigated using multi-step bioinformatics tools. At the gene ontology (GO) level, 356 and 1774 transmembrane (TM) predicted proteins of the E. multilocularis were mapped to an enhanced 'hydrolase activity' and increased 'transmembrane transporter activity', respectively. In addition, comparison of gene expression level between 4- and 16-week metacestode revealed 168 different expression (DE) genes. This study has demonstrated that, the expression levels of predicted ES and TM proteins in E. multilocularis change in the transformation from one stage to another. Genes that are highly expressed in immature or mature metacestode could be explored as novel candidates for diagnostic antigens and vaccine targets.
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55
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Hasona NA, Amer OH, Morsi A, Raef A. Comparative biochemical, parasitological, and histopathological studies on cystic echinococcosis in infected sheep. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-017-2450-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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56
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Siles-Lucas M, Sánchez-Ovejero C, González-Sánchez M, González E, Falcón-Pérez JM, Boufana B, Fratini F, Casulli A, Manzano-Román R. Isolation and characterization of exosomes derived from fertile sheep hydatid cysts. Vet Parasitol 2017; 236:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Bulashev AK, Suranshiev ZA, Akibekov OS, Akanova ZZ, Abulgazimova GA. Serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in cattle. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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59
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Zheng Y, Guo X, Su M, Guo A, Ding J, Yang J, Xiang H, Cao X, Zhang S, Ayaz M, Luo X. Regulatory effects of Echinococcus multilocularis extracellular vesicles on RAW264.7 macrophages. Vet Parasitol 2017; 235:29-36. [PMID: 28215864 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a role in intercellular communications via exchanging biological molecules, being involved in host-parasite interplay. Little is to date known about E. multilocularis EVs and their biological activities. Here spherical EVs secreted by E. multilocularis metacestodes were shown to range predominately from 34nm to 95nm in diameter. A total of 433 proteins were identified in the EVs, and the proteins involved in binding (42%) and catalytic activity (41%) were most frequently represented. Moreover, the proteins associated with EV biogenesis and trafficking, including annexin, 14-3-3, tetraspanin and heat shock protein 70kDa, were highly enriched. It was shown that the EVs remarkably suppressed NO produced by activated RAW macrophages via downregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase expression (p <0.01). Suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1α and IL-1β, was also observed post treatment with the EVs. Conversely, increased expression of the majority (10/11) of key components involved in the LPS/TLR4 pathway was induced by the EVs. These results demonstrate a regulatory effect of E. multilocularis EVs on macrophages, suggesting a role in parasite-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Meng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Aijiang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaoan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Shaohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Xuenong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, CAAS, Lanzhou 730046, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009, China
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60
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Brehm K, Koziol U. Echinococcus-Host Interactions at Cellular and Molecular Levels. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 95:147-212. [PMID: 28131363 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The potentially lethal zoonotic diseases alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by the metacestode larval stages of the tapeworms Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus, respectively. In both cases, metacestode growth and proliferation occurs within the inner organs of mammalian hosts, which is associated with complex molecular host-parasite interactions that regulate nutrient uptake by the parasite as well as metacestode persistence and development. Using in vitro cultivation systems for parasite larvae, and informed by recently released, comprehensive genome and transcriptome data for both parasites, these molecular host-parasite interactions have been subject to significant research during recent years. In this review, we discuss progress in this field, with emphasis on parasite development and proliferation. We review host-parasite interaction mechanisms that occur early during an infection, when the invading oncosphere stage undergoes a metamorphosis towards the metacestode, and outline the decisive role of parasite stem cells during this process. We also discuss special features of metacestode morphology, and how this parasite stage takes up nutrients from the host, utilizing newly evolved or expanded gene families. We comprehensively review mechanisms of host-parasite cross-communication via evolutionarily conserved signalling systems and how the parasite signalling systems might be exploited for the development of novel chemotherapeutics. Finally, we point to an urgent need for the development of functional genomic techniques in this parasite, which will be imperative for hypothesis-driven analyses into Echinococcus stem cell biology, developmental mechanisms and immunomodulatory activities, which are all highly relevant for the development of anti-infective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - U Koziol
- University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany; Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Ahn CS, Kim JG, Han X, Bae YA, Park WJ, Kang I, Wang H, Kong Y. Biochemical Characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis Antigen B3 Reveals Insight into Adaptation and Maintenance of Parasitic Homeostasis at the Host-Parasite Interface. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:806-823. [PMID: 27959569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode is frequently associated with deleterious zoonotic helminthiasis. The growth patterns and morphological features of AE, such as invasion of the liver parenchyme and multiplication into multivesiculated masses, are similar to those of malignant tumors. AE has been increasingly detected in several regions of Europe, North America, Central Asia, and northwestern China. An isoform of E. multilocularis antigen B3 (EmAgB3) shows a specific immunoreactivity against patient sera of active-stage AE, suggesting that EmAgB3 might play important roles during adaptation of the parasite to hosts. However, expression patterns and biochemical properties of EmAgB3 remained elusive. The protein profile and nature of component proteins of E. multilocularis hydatid fluid (EmHF) have never been addressed. In this study, we conducted proteome analysis of EmHF of AE cysts harvested from immunocompetent mice. We observed the molecular and biochemical properties of EmAgB3, including differential transcription patterns of paralogous genes, macromolecular protein status by self-assembly, distinct oligomeric states according to individual anatomical compartments of the worm, and hydrophobic ligand-binding protein activity. We also demonstrated tissue expression patterns of EmAgB3 transcript and protein. EmAgB3 might participate in immune response and recruitment of essential host lipids at the host-parasite interface. Our results might contribute to an in depth understanding of the biophysical and biological features of EmAgB3, thus providing insights into the design of novel targets to control AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control , Xining 811602, China
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control , Xining 811602, China
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
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Díaz A, Casaravilla C, Barrios AA, Ferreira AM. Parasite molecules and host responses in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:193-205. [PMID: 26425838 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis is the infection by the larvae of cestode parasites belonging to the Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato species complex. Local host responses are strikingly subdued in relation to the size and persistence of these larvae, which develop within mammalian organs as 'hydatid cysts' measuring up to tens of cm in diameter. In a context in which helminth-derived immune-suppressive, as well as Th2-inducing, molecules garner much interest, knowledge on the interactions between E. granulosus molecules and the immune system lags behind. Here, we discuss what is known and what are the open questions on E. granulosus molecules and structures interacting with the innate and adaptive immune systems, potentially or in demonstrated form. We attempt a global biological approach on molecules that have been given consideration primarily as protective (Eg95) or diagnostic antigens (antigen B, antigen 5). We integrate glycobiological information, which traverses the discussions on antigen 5, the mucin-based protective laminated layer and immunologically active preparations from protoscoleces. We also highlight some less well-known molecules that appear as promising candidates to possess immune-regulatory activities. Finally, we point out gaps in the molecular-level knowledge of this infectious agent that hinder our understanding of its immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Díaz
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - C Casaravilla
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A A Barrios
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - A M Ferreira
- Cátedra de Inmunología, Departamento de Biociencias (Facultad de Química) and Instituto de Química Biológica (Facultad de Ciencias), Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Multifunctional Thioredoxin-Like Protein from the Gastrointestinal Parasitic Nematodes Strongyloides ratti and Trichuris suis Affects Mucosal Homeostasis. J Parasitol Res 2016; 2016:8421597. [PMID: 27872753 PMCID: PMC5107843 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8421597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular redox state is important for the regulation of multiple functions and is essential for the maintenance of cellular homeostasis and antioxidant defense. In the excretory/secretory (E/S) products of Strongyloides ratti and Trichuris suis sequences for thioredoxin (Trx) and Trx-like protein (Trx-lp) were identified. To characterize the antioxidant Trx-lp and its interaction with the parasite's mucosal habitat, S. ratti and T. suis Trx-lps were cloned and recombinantly expressed. The primary antioxidative activity was assured by reduction of insulin and IgM. Further analysis applying an in vitro mucosal 3D-cell culture model revealed that the secreted Trx-lps were able to bind to monocytic and intestinal epithelial cells and induce the time-dependent release of cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-22, and TSLP. In addition, the redox proteins also possessed chemotactic activity for monocytic THP-1 cells and fostered epithelial wound healing activity. These results confirm that the parasite-secreted Trx-lps are multifunctional proteins that can affect the host intestinal mucosa.
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Abstract
Cystic and alveolar echinococcosis are severe chronic helminthic diseases caused by the cystic growth or the intrahepatic tumour-like growth of the metacestode of Echinococcus granulosus or Echinococcus multilocularis, respectively. Both parasites have evolved sophisticated strategies to escape host immune responses, mainly by manipulating and directing this immune response towards anergy and/or tolerance. Recent research studies have revealed a number of respective immunoregulatory mechanisms related to macrophages and dendritic cell as well as T cell activities (regulatory T cells, Tregs). A better understanding of this complex parasite-host relationship, and the elucidation of specific crucial events that lead to disease, represents targets towards the development of novel treatment strategies and options.
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Santos GBD, Monteiro KM, da Silva ED, Battistella ME, Ferreira HB, Zaha A. Excretory/secretory products in the Echinococcus granulosus metacestode: is the intermediate host complacent with infection caused by the larval form of the parasite? Int J Parasitol 2016; 46:843-856. [PMID: 27771257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The genus Echinococcus consists of parasites that have a life cycle with two mammalian hosts. Their larval stage, called the hydatid cyst, develops predominantly in the liver and lungs of intermediate hosts. The hydatid cyst is the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease and the species Echinococcus granulosus, G1 haplotype, is responsible for the vast majority of cases in humans, cattle and sheep. Protein characterization in hydatid cysts is essential for better understanding of the host-parasite relationship and the fertility process of Echinococcus. The aims of this work were the identification and quantitative comparison of proteins found in hydatid fluid from fertile and infertile cysts from E. granulosus, in order to highlight possible mechanisms involved in cyst fertility or infertility. Hydatid fluid samples containing proteins from both E. granulosus and Bos taurus were analysed by LC-MS/MS. Our proteomic analysis of fertile and infertile cysts allowed identification of a total of 498 proteins, of which 153 proteins were exclusively identified in the fertile cyst, 271 in the infertile cyst, and 74 in both. Functional in silico analysis allowed us to highlight some important aspects: (i) clues about the possible existence of an "arms race" involving parasite and host responses in fertile and infertile cysts; (ii) a number of proteins in hydatid fluid without functional annotation or with possible alternative functions; (iii) the presence of extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, which was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme B Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina M Monteiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edileuza Danieli da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Eduarda Battistella
- Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15005, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Vendelova E, Camargo de Lima J, Lorenzatto KR, Monteiro KM, Mueller T, Veepaschit J, Grimm C, Brehm K, Hrčková G, Lutz MB, Ferreira HB, Nono JK. Proteomic Analysis of Excretory-Secretory Products of Mesocestoides corti Metacestodes Reveals Potential Suppressors of Dendritic Cell Functions. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0005061. [PMID: 27736880 PMCID: PMC5063416 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidences have assigned a central role to parasite-derived proteins in immunomodulation. Here, we report on the proteomic identification and characterization of immunomodulatory excretory-secretory (ES) products from the metacestode larva (tetrathyridium) of the tapeworm Mesocestoides corti (syn. M. vogae). We demonstrate that ES products but not larval homogenates inhibit the stimuli-driven release of the pro-inflammatory, Th1-inducing cytokine IL-12p70 by murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs). Within the ES fraction, we biochemically narrowed down the immunosuppressive activity to glycoproteins since active components were lipid-free, but sensitive to heat- and carbohydrate-treatment. Finally, using bioassay-guided chromatographic analyses assisted by comparative proteomics of active and inactive fractions of the ES products, we defined a comprehensive list of candidate proteins released by M. corti tetrathyridia as potential suppressors of DC functions. Our study provides a comprehensive library of somatic and ES products and highlight some candidate parasite factors that might drive the subversion of DC functions to facilitate the persistence of M. corti tetrathyridia in their hosts. The metacestode larval stages of life-threatening tapeworms grow within the organs of its mammalian hosts, thus causing severe and long-lasting morbidity. Immunosuppression, which mainly depends on factors that are released or leaking from the parasite, plays an important role in both survival and proliferation of the larvae. These parasite-derived molecules are potential targets for developing new anti-parasitic drugs and/or improving the effectiveness of current therapies. Moreover, an optimized use of such factors could help to minimize pathologies resulting from uncontrolled immune responses, like allergies and autoimmune diseases. The authors herein demonstrate that larvae from a parasitic cestode release factors that sufficiently support the suppression of dendritic cells, a set of innate immune cells that recognizes and initiates host immune responses against invading pathogens. Employing modern analytic proteomic tools combined with immunological bioassays, several cestode-derived candidate immunomodulators were identified. This is the first bioassay-guided comprehensive library of candidate immunomodulators from a tissue-dwelling cestode larva. This work validates the unmet value of the Mesocestoides corti system in characterizing the mechanisms of host immunomodulation by metacestodes and reveals the largest database of candidate metacestode-derived immunomodulators until date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Vendelova
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Rodrigues Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von-Sachs Institut der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Clemens Grimm
- Lehrstuhl für Biochemie, Biozentrum der Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Brehm
- University of Würzburg, Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Gabriela Hrčková
- Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Manfred B. Lutz
- University of Würzburg, Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Henrique B. Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Biociências, (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail: (JKN); (HBF)
| | - Justin Komguep Nono
- Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Immunology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies (IMPM), Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation, Yaoundé, Cameroon
- * E-mail: (JKN); (HBF)
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Hui W, Jiang S, Liu X, Ban Q, Chen S, Jia B. Gene Expression Profile in the Liver of Sheep Infected with Cystic Echinococcosis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160000. [PMID: 27467147 PMCID: PMC4965101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic Echinococcosis (CE), caused by infection with the Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus), represents considerable health problems in both humans and livestock. Nevertheless, the genetic program that regulates the host response to E. granulosus infection is largely unknown. Previously, using microarray analysis, we found that the innate immunity played a vital role in the E. granulosus defense of the intestine tissue where E. granulosus first invaded. Subsequently, we turned our attention to investigating the molecular immune mechanism in its organ target, the liver, which is where the E. granulosus metacestodes are established and live for very long periods. In this work, the microarray-based methodology was used to study gene expression profiles in the liver of sheep infected with E. granulosus at 8 weeks post infection, corresponding to the early cystic established phase. Methods A total of 6 female-1-year-old healthy Kazakh sheep were used for the experiments. Three Kazakh sheep were orally infected with E. granulosus eggs, and the others remained untreated and served as controls. Sheep were humanely euthanized and necropsized at 8 weeks post-infection (the early stage of cyst established). The microarray was used to detect differential hepatic gene expression between CE infection sheep and healthy controls at this time point. Real-time PCR was used to validate the microarray data. Results We found that E. granulosus infection induces 153 differentially expressed genes in the livers of infected sheep compared with healthy controls. Among them, 87 genes were up-regulated, and 66 genes were notably down-regulated. Functional analysis showed that these genes were associated with three major functional categories: (a) metabolism, (b) the immune system and (c) signaling and transport. Deeper analysis indicated that complement together with other genes associated with metabolism, played important roles in the defense of E. granulosus infection. Conclusion The present study identified genes profiling in the liver tissue of E. granulosus infection in sheep. The expression pattern obtained here could be helpful for understanding the molecular immunity mechanisms of host responses to E. granulosus infection. However, it is necessary to carry out further studies to evalute the role of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiao Hui
- Institute of Animal Husbandary and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Road Nongkenan, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Song Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianxia Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Ban
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Stem Cell and Translational Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Anhui University, Road Jiulong, Hefei, 230000, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
| | - Sheng Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandary and Veterinary Medicine, Anhui Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Road Nongkenan, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
| | - Bin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Shihezi University, Road Beisi, Shihezi, 832003, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (QB); (SC); (BJ)
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Bień J, Sałamatin R, Sulima A, Savijoki K, Bruce Conn D, Näreaho A, Młocicki D. Mass spectrometry analysis of the excretory-secretory (E-S) products of the model cestode Hymenolepis diminut a reveals their immunogenic properties and the presence of new E-S proteins in cestodes. Acta Parasitol 2016; 61:429-42. [PMID: 27078671 DOI: 10.1515/ap-2016-0058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Hymenolepis diminuta is an important model species in studies of therapeutics, biochemical processes, immune responses and other aspects of cestodiasis. The parasite produces numerous excretory-secretory (E-S) proteins and a glycocalyx covering its body. Our study focused on the mass spectrometry analysis of the E-S material with an objective to determine if E-S contains any new proteins, in particular those that can be identified as: antigens, vaccine candidates and drug targets. These proteins might engage directly in host-parasite interactions. Adult parasites collected from experimentally infected rats were cultured in vitro for 5 and 18h. Immunoblotting was used to verify which E-S protein bands separated in SDS-PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis) react with specific antibodies from sera of infected rats. We identified thirty-nine proteins by LC-MS/MS (liquid chromatography mass spectrometry). Results indicated the presence of proteins that have never been identified in cestode E-S material. Immunoblotting showed the immunogenicity of E-S products of H. diminuta, most probably associated with the presence of proteins known as antigens in other flatworm species. Among identified proteins are those engaged in immunomodulatory processes (eg. HSP), in response to oxidative stress (peroxidasin) or metabolism (eg. GAPDH). The predominant functions are associated with metabolism and catalytic activity. This is the first study identifying E-S-proteins in adult tapeworms, thus providing information for better understanding host-parasite interrelationships, and may point out potential targets for vaccines or drug discovery studies, as among the proteins observed in our study are those known to be antigens.
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69
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Song X, Hu D, Zhong X, Wang N, Gu X, Wang T, Peng X, Yang G. Characterization of a Secretory Annexin in Echinococcus granulosus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 94:626-33. [PMID: 26787154 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is a widespread parasitic zoonosis causing economic loss and public health problems. Annexins are important proteins usually present in the plasma membrane, but previous studies have shown that an annexin B33 protein of E. granulosus (Eg-ANX) could be detected in the excretory/secretory products and cyst fluid. In this study, we cloned and characterized Eg-ANX. In silico analysis showed that the amino acid sequence of Eg-ANX was conserved and lacked any signal peptides. The phospholipid-binding activity of recombinant Eg-ANX (rEg-ANX) was tested; liposomes could bind to rEg-ANX only in the presence of Ca(2+). In addition, we performed western blotting and immunohistochemical analyses to further validate the secretory properties of Eg-ANX. The protein could be detected in the cyst fluid of E. granulosus and was also present in the intermediate host tissues, which suggested that Eg-ANX might play an important role in parasite-host interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingju Song
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Dandan Hu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiuqin Zhong
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiaobin Gu
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xuerong Peng
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guangyou Yang
- Department of Parasitology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Chemistry, College of Life and Basic Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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Hidalgo C, García MP, Stoore C, Ramírez JP, Monteiro KM, Hellman U, Zaha A, Ferreira HB, Galanti N, Landerer E, Paredes R. Proteomics analysis of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex stage. Vet Parasitol 2016; 218:43-5. [PMID: 26872926 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus protoscolex proteins were separated using two-dimensional electrophoresis and then identified using mass spectrometry; we identified 61 proteins, 28 which are newly described of which 4 could be involved in hydatid cyst fertility molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hidalgo
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Pía García
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Caroll Stoore
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Ramírez
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Mariante Monteiro
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ulf Hellman
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research Ltd., Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique Bunselmeyer Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Eduardo Landerer
- Escuela de Medicina, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.
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Lorenzatto KR, Kim K, Ntai I, Paludo GP, Camargo de Lima J, Thomas PM, Kelleher NL, Ferreira HB. Top Down Proteomics Reveals Mature Proteoforms Expressed in Subcellular Fractions of the Echinococcus granulosus Preadult Stage. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:4805-14. [PMID: 26465659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease, a neglected zoonosis responsible for high morbidity and mortality. Several molecular mechanisms underlying parasite biology remain poorly understood. Here, E. granulosus subcellular fractions were analyzed by top down and bottom up proteomics for protein identification and characterization of co-translational and post-translational modifications (CTMs and PTMs, respectively). Nuclear and cytosolic extracts of E. granulosus protoscoleces were fractionated by 10% GELFrEE and proteins under 30 kDa were analyzed by LC-MS/MS. By top down analysis, 186 proteins and 207 proteoforms were identified, of which 122 and 52 proteoforms were exclusively detected in nuclear and cytosolic fractions, respectively. CTMs were evident as 71% of the proteoforms had methionine excised and 47% were N-terminal acetylated. In addition, in silico internal acetylation prediction coupled with top down MS allowed the characterization of 9 proteins differentially acetylated, including histones. Bottom up analysis increased the overall number of identified proteins in nuclear and cytosolic fractions to 154 and 112, respectively. Overall, our results provided the first description of the low mass proteome of E. granulosus subcellular fractions and highlighted proteoforms with CTMs and PTMS whose characterization may lead to another level of understanding about molecular mechanisms controlling parasitic flatworm biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina R Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Kyunggon Kim
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ioanna Ntai
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Gabriela P Paludo
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Camargo de Lima
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paul M Thomas
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, and the Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University , 2145 North Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrique B Ferreira
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul , Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500 Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
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Immune recognition of excretory and secretory products of the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi in cattle and human sera. J Helminthol 2015; 94:e90. [PMID: 26361043 DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x15000796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Excretory-secretory (ES) products of nematodes and other helminths are the first molecules to interact with cell surfaces and soluble proteins within the host. In the present study, ES products of the filarial nematode Onchocerca ochengi were investigated as a model for Onchocerca volvulus, the causative agent of river blindness. These products were collected from adult and larval stages in vitro over a period of 7 days, to compare their immunological recognition in cattle and human sera, infected with species of Onchocerca. From the 156 sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) ES products or extracts, protein bands showed different patterns between female and male products. A comparison of antibody recognition of the different ES products by sera from infected cattle and humans, when analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), revealed a relatively higher reactivity of the female somatic extract to human and cattle sera compared to ES products of both genders. Nevertheless, similar reactivity of the O. ochengi male and female ES products to human and cattle sera was noticed. As a result, the interaction of ES products with the surface of the host and immune system often led to host responses, including the generation of antibodies. The O. ochengi ES products are therefore good sources of potential immunogenic proteins. The identification of these ES products is in progress, with the aim of developing vaccine candidates against human onchocerciasis.
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Wang Y, Zhou H, Shen Y, Wang Y, Wu W, Liu H, Yuan Z, Xu Y, Hu Y, Cao J. Impairment of dendritic cell function and induction of CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T cells by excretory-secretory products: a potential mechanism of immune evasion adopted by Echinococcus granulosus. BMC Immunol 2015; 16:44. [PMID: 26268402 PMCID: PMC4535532 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-015-0110-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis, caused by infection with Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminth diseases. Modulation of host responses is an important strategy used by helminth parasites to promote infection. To better understand the mechanisms adopted by E. granulosus to escape host immune responses, we investigated the effects of excretory–secretory products (ES) and adult worm antigen (AWA) derived from adult E. granulosus on murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC). Results Compared with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), AWA, but not ES, induced BMDC maturation or stimulated BMDC cytokine production and co-stimulatory molecule expression (CD40, CD80 and MHC class II). Furthermore, ES-treated BMDCs pulsed with ovalbumin exhibited reduced co-stimulatory molecule expression in comparison with untreated BMDC, even in the presence of the strong Th1 inducer, CpG. Moreover, we detected the effects of ES-treated DC on T cell activation by an in vitro T cell priming assay. We observed that ES-treated BMDC co-cultured with DO11.10 transgenic CD4+ T cells induced the generation of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells. In addition, in contrast to AWA-treated BMDCs, which had markedly induced IFN-γ secretion and reduced of IL-4 levels in co-cultured T cells, ES-treated BMDCs did not modify their capacity to stimulate IFN-γ or IL-4 production by T cells. Conclusions We conclude that ES of adult E. granulosus inhibited DC function, impaired the development of Th1 cells induced by CpG, and induced CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in an IL-10-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Hejun Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Haipeng Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Zhongying Yuan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China, WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, PR China.
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An Echinococcus multilocularis Antigen B3 Proteoform That Shows Specific Antibody Responses to Active-Stage Alveolar Echinococcosis. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:3310-7. [PMID: 26269620 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01362-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by the Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode, represents one of the most frequently fatal zoonoses. Early diagnosis significantly reduces morbidity and mortality associated with AE. Diagnosis of AE largely depends on a combination of imaging and serological tests due to its minimal clinical manifestations. Several antigens derived from the whole worm and protoscolex have been targeted for AE serodiagnosis, while the antigenic properties of E. multilocularis hydatid fluid (EmHF) are unclear. We observed two AE-specific 6- and 8-kDa antigen proteoforms through an immunoproteome array of the EmHF. We identified these proteins as representing an E. multilocularis antigen B3 (EmAgB3) isoform, and the proteins were shown to be encoded by the same gene. We cloned the gene and expressed the recombinant EmAgB3 protein (rEmAgB3) in Escherichia coli. rEmAgB3 exhibited sensitivity of 90.9% (80/88 cases) and specificity of 98.5% (597/606 samples) by immunoblotting. The positive and negative predictive values were 89.9% and 98.6%, respectively. The protein did not show antibody responses to 33 AE sera collected during posttreatment follow-up monitoring. Mouse sera experimentally infected with AE protoscoleces began to demonstrate specific antibody responses to native and recombinant EmAgB3 6 months after infection. At that stage, fully mature metacestode vesicles that harbored the brood capsule, primary cell, and protoscolex were observed within an AE mass(es). The response declined along with worm degeneration. Our results demonstrate that the immune responses to this EmAgB3 isoform were highly correlated with worm viability accompanied with AE progression. rEmAgB3 is a promising biomarker for serological assessment of AE patients.
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Boubaker G, Hemphill A, Huber CO, Spiliotis M, Babba H, Gottstein B. Prevention and Immunotherapy of Secondary Murine Alveolar Echinococcosis Employing Recombinant EmP29 Antigen. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003795. [PMID: 26053794 PMCID: PMC4460070 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) is caused by infection with the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis. An increasing understanding of immunological events that account for the metacestode survival in human and murine AE infection prompted us to undertake explorative experiments tackling the potential of novel preventive and/or immunotherapeutic measures. In this study, the immunoprotective and immunotherapeutic ability of recombinant EmP29 antigen (rEmP29) was assessed in mice that were intraperitoneally infected with E. multilocularis metacestodes. For vaccination, three intraperitoneal injections with 20μg rEmP29 emulsified in saponin adjuvants were applied over 6 weeks. 2 weeks after the last boost, mice were infected, and at 90 days post-infection, rEmP29-vaccinated mice exhibited a median parasite weight that was reduced by 75% and 59% when compared to NaCl- or saponin–treated control mice, respectively. For immunotherapeutical application, the rEmP29 (20μg) vaccine was administered to experimentally infected mice, starting at 1 month post-infection, three times with 2 weeks intervals. Mice undergoing rEmP29 immunotherapy exhibited a median parasite load that was reduced by 53% and 49% when compared to NaCl- and saponin–treated control mice, respectively. Upon analysis of spleen cells, both, vaccination and treatment with rEmP29, resulted in low ratios of Th2/Th1 (IL-4/IFN-γ) cytokine mRNA and low levels of mRNA coding for IL-10 and IL-2. These results suggest that reduction of the immunosuppressive environment takes place in vaccinated as well as immunotreated mice, and a shift towards a Th1 type of immune response may be responsible for the observed increased restriction of parasite growth. The present study provides the first evidence that active immunotherapy may present a sustainable route for the control of AE. Current medical management of AE that relies on surgery and continuous benzimidazole administration is of limited effectiveness. Therefore, alternative preventive and therapeutic tools need to be explored. Here, we demonstrate that vaccination with recombinant antigen EmP29 (rEmP29), prior or after secondary infection of BALB/c mice, resulted in a significant reduction of the median parasite weight when compared to different control groups. We then characterized the transcription level of splenic IL-4 and IFN-γ cytokines as hallmarks for AE-anti-protective humoral immune reaction (Th2) and for AE-effective (restrictive) cellular response (Th1), respectively. Results revealed that vaccinated mice in pre- or post-infection situation exhibited the lowest IL-4/IFN-γ mRNA ratios. In addition, those groups showed also significantly low levels of IL-10-encoding mRNA coding (immunosuppressive cytokine), as well as IL-2. These findings suggest that reduction of parasite load in rEmP29-vaccinated mice (in pre- or post-infection status) might be triggered by a decline of the immunosuppressive environment and a change of the host immune reaction towards a Th1-re-oriented cell-mediated immune defense. A similar non-specific effect appears also to be yielded by the immunostimulating adjuvants. This study provides the first insight into the potential benefits of antigen-specific immunotherapy as new treatment option of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology–Mycology (LR12ES08), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Andrew Hemphill
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Spiliotis
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Medical and Molecular Parasitology–Mycology (LR12ES08), University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Wang Y, Xiao D, Shen Y, Han X, Zhao F, Li X, Wu W, Zhou H, Zhang J, Cao J. Proteomic analysis of the excretory/secretory products and antigenic proteins of Echinococcus granulosus adult worms from infected dogs. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:119. [PMID: 25994522 PMCID: PMC4438526 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0423-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic echinococcosis, which is caused by Echinococcus granulosus, is one of the most widespread zoonotic helminth diseases that affects humans and livestock. Dogs, which harbor adult worms in their small intestines, are a pivotal source of E. granulosus infection in humans and domestic animals. Therefore, novel molecular approaches for the prevention and diagnosis of this parasite infection in dogs need to be developed. Results In this study, we performed proteomic analysis to identify excretory/secretory products (ES) and antigenic proteins of E. granulosus adult worms using two-dimensional electrophoresis, tandem matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF), and Western blotting of sera from infected dogs. This study identified 33 ES product spots corresponding to 9 different proteins and 21 antigenic protein spots corresponding to 13 different proteins. Six antigenic proteins were identified for the first time. Conclusions The present study extended the existing proteomic data of E. granulosus and provides further information regarding host-parasite interactions and survival mechanisms. The results of this study contribute to vaccination and immunodiagnoses for E. granulosus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Di Xiao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Xiuming Han
- Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Xining, 811602, China.
| | - Fei Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Xiaohong Li
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Weiping Wu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Hejun Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, 200025, China.
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77
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Gomez S, Adalid-Peralta L, Palafox-Fonseca H, Cantu-Robles VA, Soberón X, Sciutto E, Fragoso G, Bobes RJ, Laclette JP, Yauner LDP, Ochoa-Leyva A. Genome analysis of Excretory/Secretory proteins in Taenia solium reveals their Abundance of Antigenic Regions (AAR). Sci Rep 2015; 5:9683. [PMID: 25989346 PMCID: PMC4437048 DOI: 10.1038/srep09683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Excretory/Secretory (ES) proteins play an important role in the host-parasite interactions. Experimental identification of ES proteins is time-consuming and expensive. Alternative bioinformatics approaches are cost-effective and can be used to prioritize the experimental analysis of therapeutic targets for parasitic diseases. Here we predicted and functionally annotated the ES proteins in T. solium genome using an integration of bioinformatics tools. Additionally, we developed a novel measurement to evaluate the potential antigenicity of T. solium secretome using sequence length and number of antigenic regions of ES proteins. This measurement was formalized as the Abundance of Antigenic Regions (AAR) value. AAR value for secretome showed a similar value to that obtained for a set of experimentally determined antigenic proteins and was different to the calculated value for the non-ES proteins of T. solium genome. Furthermore, we calculated the AAR values for known helminth secretomes and they were similar to that obtained for T. solium. The results reveal the utility of AAR value as a novel genomic measurement to evaluate the potential antigenicity of secretomes. This comprehensive analysis of T. solium secretome provides functional information for future experimental studies, including the identification of novel ES proteins of therapeutic, diagnosis and immunological interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gomez
- Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., C.P. 14269, México
| | - Laura Adalid-Peralta
- 1] Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., C.P. 14269, México [2] Unidad Periférica del Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en el Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, México, D.F., C.P. 14269, México
| | | | - Vito Adrian Cantu-Robles
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Delegación Tlalpan, México, D.F. C.P. 14610, México
| | - Xavier Soberón
- 1] Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Delegación Tlalpan, México, D.F. C.P. 14610, México [2] Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Avenida Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos, C.P. 62210, México
| | - Edda Sciutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., C.P. 04510, México
| | - Gladis Fragoso
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., C.P. 04510, México
| | - Raúl J Bobes
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., C.P. 04510, México
| | - Juan P Laclette
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México, D.F., C.P. 04510, México
| | - Luis del Pozo Yauner
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Delegación Tlalpan, México, D.F. C.P. 14610, México
| | - Adrián Ochoa-Leyva
- Unidad de Genómica de Poblaciones Aplicada a la Salud, Facultad de Química, UNAM-Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Periférico Sur No. 4809, Col. Arenal Tepepan, Delegación Tlalpan México, D.F. C.P. 14610, México
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Teichmann A, Vargas DM, Monteiro KM, Meneghetti BV, Dutra CS, Paredes R, Galanti N, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Characterization of 14-3-3 Isoforms Expressed in the Echinococcus granulosus Pathogenic Larval Stage. J Proteome Res 2015; 14:1700-15. [DOI: 10.1021/pr5010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aline Teichmann
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Daiani M. Vargas
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Karina M. Monteiro
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna V. Meneghetti
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristine S. Dutra
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Paredes
- Escuela
de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Andrés Bello, 8370251 Santiago, Chile
| | - Norbel Galanti
- Programa
de Biología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas,
Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 8389100 Santiago, Chile
| | - Arnaldo Zaha
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Henrique B. Ferreira
- Laboratório
de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de
Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), 91501-970 Porto
Alegre, RS, Brazil
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79
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Franchini GR, Pórfido JL, Ibáñez Shimabukuro M, Rey Burusco MF, Bélgamo JA, Smith BO, Kennedy MW, Córsico B. The unusual lipid binding proteins of parasitic helminths and their potential roles in parasitism and as therapeutic targets. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2015; 93:31-6. [PMID: 25282399 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2014.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review paper we aim at presenting the current knowledge on structural aspects of soluble lipid binding proteins (LBPs) found in parasitic helminths and to discuss their potential role as novel drug targets. Helminth parasites produce and secrete a great variety of LBPs that may participate in the acquisition of nutrients from their host, such as fatty acids and cholesterol. It is also postulated that LBPs might interfere in the regulation of the host׳s immune response by sequestering lipidic intermediates or delivering bioactive lipids. A detailed comprehension of the structure of these proteins, as well as their interactions with ligands and membranes, is important to understand host-parasite relationships that they may mediate. This information could also contribute to determining the role that these proteins may play in the biology of parasitic helminths and how they modulate the immune systems of their hosts, and also towards the development of new therapeutics and prevention of the diseases caused by these highly pathogenic parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela R Franchini
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina.
| | - Jorge L Pórfido
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina Ibáñez Shimabukuro
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - María F Rey Burusco
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Julián A Bélgamo
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | - Brian O Smith
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology & School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Malcolm W Kennedy
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology & School of Life Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary & Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, UK
| | - Betina Córsico
- INIBIOLP, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
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Ahn CS, Han X, Bae YA, Ma X, Kim JT, Cai H, Yang HJ, Kang I, Wang H, Kong Y. Alteration of immunoproteome profile of Echinococcus granulosus hydatid fluid with progression of cystic echinococcosis. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:10. [PMID: 25566682 PMCID: PMC4311513 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0610-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), caused by Echinococcus granulosus metacestode, invokes a serious public health concern. Early diagnosis has great impacts on reduction of disability-adjusted life years. Several antigen B-related molecules (EgAgB; EgAgB1-5) are known to be immunopotent, but detection of EgAgB is variable in many patients and may not allow reliable interpretation of its immunological relevance. More importantly, the immunoproteome profile of hydatid fluid (HF) has not been addressed. METHODS We conducted a proteome analysis of the HF of a single fertile cyst of CE1 and CE2 stages through two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE). Each protein spot was analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS). We subsequently determined the immunoproteome profile employing patient sera of entire disease spectrum from CE1 to CE5 stages. RESULTS We identified 40 parasite proteins, of which EgAgB (28 spots) and antigen 5 (EgAg5; 5 molecules) were abundant. EgAgB proteoforms constituted the majority, mostly EgAgB1 (24 spots), followed by EgAgB2 and EgAgB4 (2 spots each). EgAgB3 was detected only by liquid chromatography-MS/MS. EgAgB5 was not recognized. We also detected 38 host proteins, which were largely composed of serum components, antioxidant/xenobiotic enzymes, and enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism. CE1 and CE2 HF exhibited comparable spotting patterns, but CE2 HF harbored greater amounts of EgAgB and EgAg5 complexes. CE sera demonstrated complicated immune recognition patterns according to the disease progression; CE2 and CE3 stages exhibited strong antibody responses against diverse EgAgB and EgAg5 proteoforms, while CE1, CE4, and CE5 stages mainly reacted to EgAg5 and cathepsin B. Patient sera of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) cross-reacted with diverse EgAgB isoforms (36%). EgAg5 and cathepsin B also demonstrated cross-reactions with sera from neurocysticercosis and sparganosis. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that detection of a single defined molecule may not properly diagnose CE, since specific immunodominant epitopes changed as the disease progresses. Immunoproteome analysis combined with imaging studies may be practical in the differential diagnosis of CE from AE and other cystic lesions, as well as for staging CE, which are pertinent to establish appropriate patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Jin-Taek Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
| | - Huixia Cai
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Hyun-Jong Yang
- Department of Parasitology, Ewha Womans University, School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Xining, Qinghai, China.
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine and Center for Molecular Medicine, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Suwon, 440-746, Korea.
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Pan W, Shen Y, Han X, Wang Y, Liu H, Jiang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu Y, Cao J. Transcriptome profiles of the protoscoleces of Echinococcus granulosus reveal that excretory-secretory products are essential to metabolic adaptation. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2014; 8:e3392. [PMID: 25500817 PMCID: PMC4263413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic hydatid disease (CHD) is caused by the larval stages of the cestode and affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Protoscoleces (PSCs) are one component of the larval stages that can interact with both definitive and intermediate hosts. Previous genomic and transcriptomic data have provided an overall snapshot of the genomics of the growth and development of this parasite. However, our understanding of how PSCs subvert the immune response of hosts and maintains metabolic adaptation remains unclear. In this study, we used Roche 454 sequencing technology and in silico secretome analysis to explore the transcriptome profiles of the PSCs from E. granulosus and elucidate the potential functions of the excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) released by the parasite. Methodology/Principal Findings A large number of nonredundant sequences as unigenes were generated (26,514), of which 22,910 (86.4%) were mapped to the newly published E. granulosus genome and 17,705 (66.8%) were distributed within the coding sequence (CDS) regions. Of the 2,280 ESPs predicted from the transcriptome, 138 ESPs were inferred to be involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, while 124 ESPs were inferred to be involved in the metabolism of protein. Eleven ESPs were identified as intracellular enzymes that regulate glycolysis/gluconeogenesis (GL/GN) pathways, while a further 44 antigenic proteins, 25 molecular chaperones and four proteases were highly represented. Many proteins were also found to be significantly enriched in development-related signaling pathways, such as the TGF-β receptor pathways and insulin pathways. Conclusions/Significance This study provides valuable information on the metabolic adaptation of parasites to their hosts that can be used to aid the development of novel intervention targets for hydatid treatment and control. The successful infection establishment of parasites depends on their ability to combat their host's immune system while maintaining metabolic adaptation to their hosts. The mechanisms of these processes are not well understood. We used the protoscoleces (PSCs) of E. granulosus as a model system to study this complex host-parasite interaction by investigating the role of excretory-secretory proteins (ESPs) in the physiological adaptation of the parasite. Using Roche 454 sequencing technology and in silico secretome analysis, we predicted 2280 ESPs and analyzed their biological functions. Our analysis of the bioinformatic data suggested that ESPs are integral to the metabolism of carbohydrates and proteins within the parasite and/or hosts. We also found that ESPs are involved in mediating the immune responses of hosts and function within key development-related signaling pathways. We found 11 intracellular enzymes, 25 molecular chaperones and four proteases that were highly represented in the ESPs, in addition to 44 antigenic proteins that showed promise as candidates for vaccine or serodiagnostic development purposes. These findings provide valuable information on the mechanisms of metabolic adaptation in parasites that will aid the development of novel hydatid treatment and control targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Pan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujuan Shen
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JC)
| | - Xiuming Han
- Department of Parasitic Diseases, Qinghai Institute for Endemic Disease Prevention and Control, Zong Zhai, Xining, Qinghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Liu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Zhang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjuan Wang
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Xu
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Cao
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail: (YS); (JC)
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82
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Identification and pharmacological induction of autophagy in the larval stages of Echinococcus granulosus: an active catabolic process in calcareous corpuscles. Int J Parasitol 2014; 44:415-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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83
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Reynoso-Ducoing O, Valverde-Islas L, Paredes-Salomon C, Pérez-Reyes A, Landa A, Robert L, Mendoza G, Ambrosio JR. Analysis of the expression of cytoskeletal proteins of Taenia crassiceps ORF strain cysticerci (Cestoda). Parasitol Res 2014; 113:1955-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-014-3846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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84
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Oikonomopoulou K, Brinc D, Hadjisavvas A, Christofi G, Kyriacou K, Diamandis EP. The bifacial role of helminths in cancer: Involvement of immune and non-immune mechanisms. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2014; 51:138-48. [DOI: 10.3109/10408363.2014.886180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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85
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Victor B, Dorny P, Kanobana K, Polman K, Lindh J, Deelder AM, Palmblad M, Gabriël S. Use of expressed sequence tags as an alternative approach for the identification of Taenia solium metacestode excretion/secretion proteins. BMC Res Notes 2013; 6:224. [PMID: 23742691 PMCID: PMC3686625 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-6-224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Taenia solium taeniasis/cysticercosis is a zoonotic helminth infection mainly found in rural regions of Africa, Asia and Latin America. In endemic areas, diagnosis of cysticercosis largely depends on serology, but these methods have their drawbacks and require improvement. This implies better knowledge of the proteins secreted and excreted by the parasite. In a previous study, we used a custom protein database containing protein sequences from related helminths to identify T. solium metacestode excretion/secretion proteins. An alternative or complementary approach would be to use expressed sequence tags combined with BLAST and protein mapping to supercontigs of Echinococcus granulosus, a closely related cestode. In this study, we evaluate this approach and compare the results to those obtained in the previous study. Findings We report 297 proteins organized in 106 protein groups based on homology. Additional classification was done using Gene Ontology information on biological process and molecular function. Of the 106 protein groups, 58 groups were newly identified, while 48 groups confirmed previous findings. Blast2GO analysis revealed that the majority of the proteins were involved in catalytic activities and binding. Conclusions In this study, we used translated expressed sequence tags combined with BLAST and mapping strategies to both confirm and complement previous research. Our findings are comparable to recent studies on other helminth genera like Echinococcus, Schistosoma and Clonorchis, indicating similarities between helminth excretion/secretion proteomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjorn Victor
- Veterinary Helminthology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
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86
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Cui SJ, Xu LL, Zhang T, Xu M, Yao J, Fang CY, Feng Z, Yang PY, Hu W, Liu F. Proteomic characterization of larval and adult developmental stages in Echinococcus granulosus reveals novel insight into host-parasite interactions. J Proteomics 2013; 84:158-75. [PMID: 23603110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cystic hydatid disease is an important zoonosis caused by Echinococcus granulosus infection. The expression profiles of its parasitic life stages and host-Echinococcus interactions remain to be elucidated. Here, we identified 157 adult and 1588 protoscolex proteins (1610 in all), including 1290 novel identifications. Paramyosins and an antigen B (AgB) were the dominant adult proteins. Dog proteins (30) identified in adults indicated diminished local inflammation caused by adult infection. The protoscolex expresses proteins that have been reported to be antigens in other parasites, such as 6-phosphofructokinase and calcineurin B. Pathway analyses suggested that E. granulosus uses both aerobic and anaerobic carbohydrate metabolisms to generate ATP. E. granulosus expresses proteins involved in synthesis and metabolism of lipids or steroids. At least 339 of 390 sheep proteins identified in protoscolex were novel identifications not seen in previous analyses. IgGs and lambda light chains were the most abundant antibody species. Sheep proteins were enriched for detoxification pathways, implying that host detoxification effects play a central role during host-parasite interactions. Our study provides valuable data on E. granulosus expression characteristics, allowing novel insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in host-parasite interactions. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE In this study, the Echinococcus granulosus adult worm proteome was analyzed for the first time. The protein identification of E. granulosus protoscoleces was extended dramatically. We also identified the most abundant host proteins co-purified with Echinococcus. The results provide useful information pertaining to the molecular mechanisms behind host-Echinococcus interaction and Echinococcus biology. This data also increases the potential for identifying vaccine candidates and new therapeutic targets, and may aid in the development of protein probes for selective and sensitive diagnosis of echinococcosis infection. In addition, the data collected here represents a valuable proteomic resource for subsequent genome annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jian Cui
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, 131 Dongan Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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87
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Porfido JL, Alvite G, Silva V, Kennedy MW, Esteves A, Corsico B. Direct interaction between EgFABP1, a fatty acid binding protein from Echinococcus granulosus, and phospholipid membranes. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1893. [PMID: 23166848 PMCID: PMC3499409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Growth and maintenance of hydatid cysts produced by Echinococcus granulosus have a high requirement for host lipids for biosynthetic processes, membrane building and possibly cellular and developmental signalling. This requires a high degree of lipid trafficking facilitated by lipid transporter proteins. Members of the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family have been identified in Echinococcus granulosus, one of which, EgFABP1 is expressed at the tegumental level in the protoscoleces, but it has also been described in both hydatid cyst fluid and secretions of protoscoleces. In spite of a considerable amount of structural and biophysical information on the FABPs in general, their specific functions remain mysterious. Methodology/Principal Findings We have investigated the way in which EgFABP1 may interact with membranes using a variety of fluorescence-based techniques and artificial small unilamellar vesicles. We first found that bacterial recombinant EgFABP1 is loaded with fatty acids from the synthesising bacteria, and that fatty acid binding increases its resistance to proteinases, possibly due to subtle conformational changes induced on EgFABP1. By manipulating the composition of lipid vesicles and the ionic environment, we found that EgFABP1 interacts with membranes in a direct contact, collisional, manner to exchange ligand, involving both ionic and hydrophobic interactions. Moreover, we observed that the protein can compete with cytochrome c for association with the surface of small unilamellar vesicles (SUVs). Conclusions/Significance This work constitutes a first approach to the understanding of protein-membrane interactions of EgFABP1. The results suggest that this protein may be actively involved in the exchange and transport of fatty acids between different membranes and cellular compartments within the parasite. Echinococcus granulosus is the causative agent of hydatidosis, a zoonotic infection that affects humans and livestock, representing a public health and economic burden in many countries. Since the parasites are unable to synthesise most of their lipids de novo, they must acquire them from the host and then deliver them by carrier proteins to specific destinations. E. granulosus produces in abundance proteins of the fatty acid binding protein (FABP) family, one of which, EgFABP1 has been characterised at the structural and ligand binding levels, but it has not been studied in terms of the mechanism of its interaction with membranes. We have investigated the lipid transport properties and protein-membrane interaction characteristics of EgFABP1 by applying biophysical techniques. We found that EgFABP1 interacts with membranes by a mechanism which involves direct contact with them to exchange their cargo. Given that the protein has been found in the secretions of the parasite, the implications of its direct interactions with host membranes should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L. Porfido
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Alvite
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Valeria Silva
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malcolm W. Kennedy
- Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, and Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Adriana Esteves
- Sección Bioquímica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Betina Corsico
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- * E-mail:
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Lorenzatto KR, Monteiro KM, Paredes R, Paludo GP, da Fonsêca MM, Galanti N, Zaha A, Ferreira HB. Fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and enolase from Echinococcus granulosus: genes, expression patterns and protein interactions of two potential moonlighting proteins. Gene 2012; 506:76-84. [PMID: 22750316 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Glycolytic enzymes, such as fructose-bisphosphate aldolase (FBA) and enolase, have been described as complex multifunctional proteins that may perform non-glycolytic moonlighting functions, but little is known about such functions, especially in parasites. We have carried out in silico genomic searches in order to identify FBA and enolase coding sequences in Echinococcus granulosus, the causative agent of cystic hydatid disease. Four FBA genes and 3 enolase genes were found, and their sequences and exon-intron structures were characterized and compared to those of their orthologs in Echinococcus multilocularis, the causative agent of alveolar hydatid disease. To gather evidence of possible non-glycolytic functions, the expression profile of FBA and enolase isoforms detected in the E. granulosus pathogenic larval form (hydatid cyst) (EgFBA1 and EgEno1) was assessed. Using specific antibodies, EgFBA1 and EgEno1 were detected in protoscolex and germinal layer cells, as expected, but they were also found in the hydatid fluid, which contains parasite's excretory-secretory (ES) products. Besides, both proteins were found in protoscolex tegument and in vitro ES products, further suggesting possible non-glycolytic functions in the host-parasite interface. EgFBA1 modeled 3D structure predicted a F-actin binding site, and the ability of EgFBA1 to bind actin was confirmed experimentally, which was taken as an additional evidence of FBA multifunctionality in E. granulosus. Overall, our results represent the first experimental evidences of alternative functions performed by glycolytic enzymes in E. granulosus and provide relevant information for the understanding of their roles in host-parasite interplay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Rodrigues Lorenzatto
- Laboratório de Genômica Estrutural e Funcional and Laboratório de Biologia Molecular de Cestódeos, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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