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Forde NJ, Ronan L, Zwiers MP, Alexander-Bloch AF, Faraone SV, Oosterlaan J, Heslenfeld DJ, Hartman CA, Buitelaar JK, Hoekstra PJ. No Association between Cortical Gyrification or Intrinsic Curvature and Attention-deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:218. [PMID: 28473750 PMCID: PMC5397412 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have highlighted subcortical, cortical, and structural connectivity abnormalities associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Gyrification investigations of the cortex have been inconsistent and largely negative, potentially due to a lack of sensitivity of the previously used morphological parameters. The innovative approach of applying intrinsic curvature analysis, which is predictive of gyrification pattern, to the cortical surface applied herein allowed us greater sensitivity to determine whether the structural connectivity abnormalities thus far identified at a centimeter scale also occur at a millimeter scale within the cortical surface. This could help identify neurodevelopmental processes that contribute to ADHD. Structural MRI datasets from the NeuroIMAGE project were used [n = 306 ADHD, n = 164 controls, and n = 148 healthy siblings of individuals with ADHD (age in years, mean(sd); 17.2 (3.4), 16.8 (3.2), and 17.7 (3.8), respectively)]. Reconstructions of the cortical surfaces were computed with FreeSurfer. Intrinsic curvature (taken as a marker of millimeter-scale surface connectivity) and local gyrification index were calculated for each point on the surface (vertex) with Caret and FreeSurfer, respectively. Intrinsic curvature skew and mean local gyrification index were extracted per region; frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, cingulate, and insula. A generalized additive model was used to compare the trajectory of these measures between groups over age, with sex, scanner site, total surface area of hemisphere, and familiality accounted for. After correcting for sex, scanner site, and total surface area no group differences were found in the developmental trajectory of intrinsic curvature or local gyrification index. Despite the increased sensitivity of intrinsic curvature, compared to gyrification measures, to subtle morphological abnormalities of the cortical surface we found no milimeter-scale connectivity abnormalities associated with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie J Forde
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Lisa Ronan
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK
| | - Marcel P Zwiers
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Aaron F Alexander-Bloch
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK.,Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental HealthBethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, SUNY Upstate Medical UniversitySyracuse, NY, USA.,Department of Biomedicine, K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of BergenBergen, Norway
| | - Jaap Oosterlaan
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Dirk J Heslenfeld
- Clinical Neuropsychology Section, Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, Vrije Universiteit AmsterdamAmsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Catharina A Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical CenterNijmegen, Netherlands.,Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University CentreNijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Hoekstra
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Groningen, University Medical Center GroningenGroningen, Netherlands
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Hopkins WD, Li X, Crow T, Roberts N. Vertex- and atlas-based comparisons in measures of cortical thickness, gyrification and white matter volume between humans and chimpanzees. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:229-245. [PMID: 27100220 PMCID: PMC8401708 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1213-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
What changes in cortical organisation characterise global and localised variation between humans and chimpanzees remains a topic of considerable interest in evolutionary neuroscience. Here, we examined regional variation in cortical thickness, gyrification and white matter in samples of human and chimpanzee brains. Both species were MRI scanned on the same platform using identical procedures. The images were processed and segmented by FSL and FreeSurfer and the relative changes in cortical thickness, gyrification and white matter across the entire cortex were compared between species. In general, relative to chimpanzees, humans had significantly greater gyrification and significantly thinner cortex, particularly in the frontal lobe. Human brains also had disproportionately higher white matter volumes in the frontal lobe, particularly in prefrontal regions. Collectively, the findings suggest that after the split from the common ancestor, white matter expansion and subsequently increasing gyrification occurred in the frontal lobe possibly due to increased selection for human cognitive and motor specialisations.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, P.O. Box 5030, 30302, Atlanta, Georgia.
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 30329, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Xiang Li
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH13 0HT, UK
| | - Tim Crow
- SANE POWIC, University Department of Psychiatry, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK
| | - Neil Roberts
- Clinical Research Imaging Centre (CRIC), School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH13 0HT, UK
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53
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Zhang T, Razavi MJ, Li X, Chen H, Liu T, Wang X. Mechanism of Consistent Gyrus Formation: an Experimental and Computational Study. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37272. [PMID: 27853245 PMCID: PMC5112531 DOI: 10.1038/srep37272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
As a significant type of cerebral cortical convolution pattern, the gyrus is widely preserved across species. Although many hypotheses have been proposed to study the underlying mechanisms of gyrus formation, it is currently still far from clear which factors contribute to the regulation of consistent gyrus formation. In this paper, we employ a joint analysis scheme of experimental data and computational modeling to investigate the fundamental mechanism of gyrus formation. Experimental data on mature human brains and fetal brains show that thicker cortices are consistently found in gyral regions and gyral cortices have higher growth rates. We hypothesize that gyral convolution patterns might stem from heterogeneous regional growth in the cortex. Our computational simulations show that gyral convex patterns may occur in locations where the cortical plate grows faster than the cortex of the brain. Global differential growth can only produce a random gyrification pattern, but it cannot guarantee gyrus formation at certain locations. Based on extensive computational modeling and simulations, it is suggested that a special area in the cerebral cortex with a relatively faster growth speed could consistently engender gyri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuo Zhang
- Brain Decoding Research Center and School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, China.,Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Mir Jalil Razavi
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xiao Li
- Brain Decoding Research Center and School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 710072, China
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602, USA
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54
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Ecker C, Andrews D, Dell'Acqua F, Daly E, Murphy C, Catani M, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Baron-Cohen S, Lai MC, Lombardo MV, Bullmore ET, Suckling J, Williams S, Jones DK, Chiocchetti A, Murphy DGM. Relationship Between Cortical Gyrification, White Matter Connectivity, and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3297-309. [PMID: 27130663 PMCID: PMC4898679 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition, which is accompanied by differences in gray matter neuroanatomy and white matter connectivity. However, it is unknown whether these differences are linked or reflect independent aetiologies. Using a multimodal neuroimaging approach, we therefore examined 51 male adults with ASD and 48 neurotypical controls to investigate the relationship between gray matter local gyrification (lGI) and white matter diffusivity in associated fiber tracts. First, ASD individuals had a significant increase in gyrification around the left pre- and post-central gyrus. Second, white matter fiber tracts originating and/or terminating in the cluster of increased lGI had a significant increase in axial diffusivity. This increase in diffusivity was predominantly observed in tracts in close proximity to the cortical sheet. Last, we demonstrate that the increase in lGI was significantly correlated with increased diffusivity of short tracts. This relationship was not significantly modulated by a main effect of group (i.e., ASD), which was more closely associated with gray matter gyrification than white matter diffusivity. Our findings suggest that differences in gray matter neuroanatomy and white matter connectivity are closely linked, and may reflect common rather than distinct aetiological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ecker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D Andrews
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - F Dell'Acqua
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - E Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - C Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - M Catani
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - M Thiebaut de Schotten
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - S Baron-Cohen
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK
| | - M C Lai
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK Child and Youth Mental Health Collaborative at the Centre or Addiction and Mental Health and The Hospital for Sick Children, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, M6J 1H4, Canada Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan 100, R.O.C
| | - M V Lombardo
- Autism Research Centre, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 8AH, UK Department of Psychology and Center for Applied Neuroscience, University of Cyprus, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E T Bullmore
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - J Suckling
- Brain Mapping Unit, Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
| | - S Williams
- Centre for Neuroimaging Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - D K Jones
- Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 5HQ, UK
| | - A Chiocchetti
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - D G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, and the Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College, London SE5 8AF, UK
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55
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Rhodes CT, Sandstrom RS, Huang SWA, Wang Y, Schotta G, Berger MS, Lin CHA. Cross-species Analyses Unravel the Complexity of H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 in the Context of Neural Stem Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:10-25. [PMID: 27429906 DOI: 10.1016/j.nepig.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem progenitor cells (NSPCs) in the human subventricular zone (SVZ) potentially contribute to life-long neurogenesis, yet subtypes of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) contain NSPC signatures that highlight the importance of cell fate regulation. Among numerous regulatory mechanisms, the post-translational methylations onto histone tails are crucial regulator of cell fate. The work presented here focuses on the role of two repressive chromatin marks tri-methylations on histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and histone H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3) in the adult NSPC within the SVZ. To best model healthy human NSPCs as they exist in vivo for epigenetic profiling of H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, we utilized NSPCs isolated from the adult SVZ of baboon brain (Papio anubis) with brain structure and genomic level similar to human. The putative role of H3K27me3 in normal NSPCs predominantly falls into the regulation of gene expression, cell cycle, and differentiation, whereas H4K20me3 is involved in DNA replication/repair, metabolism, and cell cycle. Using conditional knock-out mouse models to diminish Ezh2 and Suv4-20h responsible for H3K27me3 and H4K20me3, respectively, we found that both repressive marks have irrefutable function for cell cycle regulation in the NSPC population. While both EZH2/H3K27me3 and Suv4-20h/H4K20me3 have implication in cancers, our comparative genomics approach between healthy NSPCs and human GBM specimens revealed that substantial sets of genes enriched with H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 in the NSPCs are altered in the human GBM. In sum, our integrated analyses across species highlight important roles of H3K27me3 and H4K20me3 in normal and disease conditions in the context of NSPC.
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Key Words
- Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP)
- Cre recombinant protein
- Enhancer of zeste (Human- Gene: EZH2, Protein: EZH2) (Mouse- Gene: Ezh2, Protein: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase EZH2)
- Epigenetic Repression
- Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM)
- Neural Stem Progenitor Cells (NSPCs)
- Stereotaxic injection
- Suppressor of variegation homolog 1 (Human- Gene: KMT5B or SUV420H1, Protein: lysine methyltransferase 5B, synonym Suv4-20h1) (Mouse- Gene: Suv4-20h1, synonym Kmt5b, Protein: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5B, synonym Suv4-20h1)
- Suppressor of variegation homolog 2 (Human- Gene: KMT5C or SUV420H2, Protein: lysine methyltransferase 5C, synonym Suv4-20h2) (Mouse- Gene: Suv4-20h2, synonym Kmt5c, Protein: Histone-lysine N-methyltransferase KMT5C, synonym Suv4-20h2)
- tri-methylation at histone 3 lysine 27 (H3K27me3) and histone 4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Rhodes
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Richard S Sandstrom
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shu-Wei Angela Huang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
| | - Gunnar Schotta
- Ludwig Maximilians University and Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CiPSM), Biomedical Center, Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
| | - Chin-Hsing Annie Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA; Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA
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56
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The average baboon brain: MRI templates and tissue probability maps from 89 individuals. Neuroimage 2016; 132:526-533. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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Gregory MD, Kippenhan JS, Dickinson D, Carrasco J, Mattay VS, Weinberger DR, Berman KF. Regional Variations in Brain Gyrification Are Associated with General Cognitive Ability in Humans. Curr Biol 2016; 26:1301-5. [PMID: 27133866 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2016.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Searching for a neurobiological understanding of human intellectual capabilities has long occupied those very capabilities. Brain gyrification, or folding of the cortex, is as highly evolved and variable a characteristic in humans as is intelligence. Indeed, gyrification scales with brain size, and relationships between brain size and intelligence have been demonstrated in humans [1-3]. However, gyrification shows a large degree of variability that is independent from brain size [4-6], suggesting that the former may independently contribute to cognitive abilities and thus supporting a direct investigation of this parameter in the context of intelligence. Moreover, uncovering the regional pattern of such an association could offer insights into evolutionary and neural mechanisms. We tested for this brain-behavior relationship in two separate, independently collected, large cohorts-440 healthy adults and 662 healthy children-using high-resolution structural neuroimaging and comprehensive neuropsychometric batteries. In both samples, general cognitive ability was significantly associated (pFDR < 0.01) with increasing gyrification in a network of neocortical regions, including large portions of the prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and temporoparietal junction, as well as the insula, cingulate cortex, and fusiform gyrus, a regional distribution that was nearly identical in both samples (Dice similarity coefficient = 0.80). This neuroanatomical pattern is consistent with an existing, well-known proposal, the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence [7], and is also consistent with research in comparative evolutionary biology showing rapid neocortical expansion of these regions in humans relative to other species. These data provide a framework for understanding the neurobiology of human cognitive abilities and suggest a potential neurocellular association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Gregory
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - J Shane Kippenhan
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Dwight Dickinson
- Psychosis and Cognitive Studies Section, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jessica Carrasco
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Venkata S Mattay
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Daniel R Weinberger
- Lieber Institute for Brain Development, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience and the McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karen F Berman
- Section on Integrative Neuroimaging, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Psychosis and Cognitive Studies Section, Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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58
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Madan CR, Kensinger EA. Cortical complexity as a measure of age-related brain atrophy. Neuroimage 2016; 134:617-629. [PMID: 27103141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The structure of the human brain changes in a variety of ways as we age. While a sizeable literature has examined age-related differences in cortical thickness, and to a lesser degree, gyrification, here we examined differences in cortical complexity, as indexed by fractal dimensionality in a sample of over 400 individuals across the adult lifespan. While prior studies have shown differences in fractal dimensionality between patient populations and age-matched, healthy controls, it is unclear how well this measure would relate to age-related cortical atrophy. Initially computing a single measure for the entire cortical ribbon, i.e., unparcellated gray matter, we found fractal dimensionality to be more sensitive to age-related differences than either cortical thickness or gyrification index. We additionally observed regional differences in age-related atrophy between the three measures, suggesting that they may index distinct differences in cortical structure. We also provide a freely available MATLAB toolbox for calculating fractal dimensionality.
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59
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Klein A. Brain Graph Interface. RESEARCH IDEAS AND OUTCOMES 2016. [DOI: 10.3897/rio.2.e8817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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60
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Gómez-Robles A, Hopkins WD, Schapiro SJ, Sherwood CC. Relaxed genetic control of cortical organization in human brains compared with chimpanzees. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:14799-804. [PMID: 26627234 PMCID: PMC4672807 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1512646112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The study of hominin brain evolution has focused largely on the neocortical expansion and reorganization undergone by humans as inferred from the endocranial fossil record. Comparisons of modern human brains with those of chimpanzees provide an additional line of evidence to define key neural traits that have emerged in human evolution and that underlie our unique behavioral specializations. In an attempt to identify fundamental developmental differences, we have estimated the genetic bases of brain size and cortical organization in chimpanzees and humans by studying phenotypic similarities between individuals with known kinship relationships. We show that, although heritability for brain size and cortical organization is high in chimpanzees, cerebral cortical anatomy is substantially less genetically heritable than brain size in humans, indicating greater plasticity and increased environmental influence on neurodevelopment in our species. This relaxed genetic control on cortical organization is especially marked in association areas and likely is related to underlying microstructural changes in neural circuitry. A major result of increased plasticity is that the development of neural circuits that underlie behavior is shaped by the environmental, social, and cultural context more intensively in humans than in other primate species, thus providing an anatomical basis for behavioral and cognitive evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Gómez-Robles
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052;
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302; Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052; Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
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61
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Cortical Folding Pattern and its Consistency Induced by Biological Growth. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14477. [PMID: 26404042 PMCID: PMC4585925 DOI: 10.1038/srep14477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical folding, characterized by convex gyri and concave sulci, has an intrinsic relationship to the brain’s functional organization. Understanding the mechanism of the brain’s convoluted patterns can provide useful clues into normal and pathological brain function. In this paper, the cortical folding phenomenon is interpreted both analytically and computationally, and, in some cases, the findings are validated with experimental observations. The living human brain is modeled as a soft structure with a growing outer cortex and inner core to investigate its developmental mechanism. Analytical interpretations of differential growth of the brain model provide preliminary insight into critical growth ratios for instability and crease formation of the developing brain. Since the analytical approach cannot predict the evolution of cortical complex convolution after instability, non-linear finite element models are employed to study the crease formation and secondary morphological folds of the developing brain. Results demonstrate that the growth ratio of the cortex to core of the brain, the initial thickness, and material properties of both cortex and core have great impacts on the morphological patterns of the developing brain. Lastly, we discuss why cortical folding is highly correlated and consistent by presenting an intriguing gyri-sulci formation comparison.
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62
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Razavi MJ, Zhang T, Li X, Liu T, Wang X. Role of mechanical factors in cortical folding development. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2015; 92:032701. [PMID: 26465492 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.92.032701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Deciphering mysteries of the structure-function relationship in cortical folding has emerged as the cynosure of recent research on brain. Understanding the mechanism of convolution patterns can provide useful insight into the normal and pathological brain function. However, despite decades of speculation and endeavors the underlying mechanism of the brain folding process remains poorly understood. This paper focuses on the three-dimensional morphological patterns of a developing brain under different tissue specification assumptions via theoretical analyses, computational modeling, and experiment verifications. The living human brain is modeled with a soft structure having outer cortex and inner core to investigate the brain development. Analytical interpretations of differential growth of the brain model provide preliminary insight into the critical growth ratio for instability and crease formation of the developing brain followed by computational modeling as a way to offer clues for brain's postbuckling morphology. Especially, tissue geometry, growth ratio, and material properties of the cortex are explored as the most determinant parameters to control the morphogenesis of a growing brain model. As indicated in results, compressive residual stresses caused by the sufficient growth trigger instability and the brain forms highly convoluted patterns wherein its gyrification degree is specified with the cortex thickness. Morphological patterns of the developing brain predicted from the computational modeling are consistent with our neuroimaging observations, thereby clarifying, in part, the reason of some classical malformation in a developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Jalil Razavi
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | - Xianqiao Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
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Gonzales LA, Benefit BR, McCrossin ML, Spoor F. Cerebral complexity preceded enlarged brain size and reduced olfactory bulbs in Old World monkeys. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7580. [PMID: 26138795 PMCID: PMC4506532 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the only complete early cercopithecoid (Old World monkey) endocast currently known, that of 15-million-year (Myr)-old Victoriapithecus, reveals an unexpectedly small endocranial volume (ECV) relative to body size and a large olfactory bulb volume relative to ECV, similar to extant lemurs and Oligocene anthropoids. However, the Victoriapithecus brain has principal and arcuate sulci of the frontal lobe not seen in the stem catarrhine Aegyptopithecus, as well as a distinctive cercopithecoid pattern of gyrification, indicating that cerebral complexity preceded encephalization in cercopithecoids. Since larger ECVs, expanded frontal lobes, and reduced olfactory bulbs are already present in the 17- to 18-Myr-old ape Proconsul these features evolved independently in hominoids (apes) and cercopithecoids and much earlier in the former. Moreover, the order of encephalization and brain reorganization was apparently different in hominoids and cercopithecoids, showing that brain size and cerebral organization evolve independently. The evolution of the brain in Old World monkeys (cercopithecoids) is poorly understood. Here the authors describe a complete endocast of Victoriapithecus, a 15 Myr old cercopithecoid, which shows that the brain size was much smaller and the olfactory bulbs much larger than in any extant catarrhine primate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren A Gonzales
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, 104 Biological Sciences Building, Box 90383, Durham, North Carolina 27708-9976, USA
| | - Brenda R Benefit
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001, USA
| | - Monte L McCrossin
- Department of Anthropology, New Mexico State University, PO Box 30001, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003-8001, USA
| | - Fred Spoor
- 1] Department of Human Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig 04103, Germany [2] Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Palaniyappan L, Park B, Balain V, Dangi R, Liddle P. Abnormalities in structural covariance of cortical gyrification in schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 220:2059-71. [PMID: 24771247 PMCID: PMC4481329 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0772-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The highly convoluted shape of the adult human brain results from several well-coordinated maturational events that start from embryonic development and extend through the adult life span. Disturbances in these maturational events can result in various neurological and psychiatric disorders, resulting in abnormal patterns of morphological relationship among cortical structures (structural covariance). Structural covariance can be studied using graph theory-based approaches that evaluate topological properties of brain networks. Covariance-based graph metrics allow cross-sectional study of coordinated maturational relationship among brain regions. Disrupted gyrification of focal brain regions is a consistent feature of schizophrenia. However, it is unclear if these localized disturbances result from a failure of coordinated development of brain regions in schizophrenia. We studied the structural covariance of gyrification in a sample of 41 patients with schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls by constructing gyrification-based networks using a 3-dimensional index. We found that several key regions including anterior insula and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex show increased segregation in schizophrenia, alongside reduced segregation in somato-sensory and occipital regions. Patients also showed a lack of prominence of the distributed covariance (hubness) of cingulate cortex. The abnormal segregated folding pattern in the right peri-sylvian regions (insula and fronto-temporal cortex) was associated with greater severity of illness. The study of structural covariance in cortical folding supports the presence of subtle deviation in the coordinated development of cortical convolutions in schizophrenia. The heterogeneity in the severity of schizophrenia could be explained in part by aberrant trajectories of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Palaniyappan
- Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, University of Nottingham, Room-09, C Floor, Institute of Mental Health Building, Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2TU, England, UK,
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Wu J, Awate SP, Licht DJ, Clouchoux C, du Plessis AJ, Avants BB, Vossough A, Gee JC, Limperopoulos C. Assessment of MRI-Based Automated Fetal Cerebral Cortical Folding Measures in Prediction of Gestational Age in the Third Trimester. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2015; 36:1369-74. [PMID: 26045578 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a4357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Traditional methods of dating a pregnancy based on history or sonographic assessment have a large variation in the third trimester. We aimed to assess the ability of various quantitative measures of brain cortical folding on MR imaging in determining fetal gestational age in the third trimester. MATERIALS AND METHODS We evaluated 8 different quantitative cortical folding measures to predict gestational age in 33 healthy fetuses by using T2-weighted fetal MR imaging. We compared the accuracy of the prediction of gestational age by these cortical folding measures with the accuracy of prediction by brain volume measurement and by a previously reported semiquantitative visual scale of brain maturity. Regression models were constructed, and measurement biases and variances were determined via a cross-validation procedure. RESULTS The cortical folding measures are accurate in the estimation and prediction of gestational age (mean of the absolute error, 0.43 ± 0.45 weeks) and perform better than (P = .024) brain volume (mean of the absolute error, 0.72 ± 0.61 weeks) or sonography measures (SDs approximately 1.5 weeks, as reported in literature). Prediction accuracy is comparable with that of the semiquantitative visual assessment score (mean, 0.57 ± 0.41 weeks). CONCLUSIONS Quantitative cortical folding measures such as global average curvedness can be an accurate and reliable estimator of gestational age and brain maturity for healthy fetuses in the third trimester and have the potential to be an indicator of brain-growth delays for at-risk fetuses and preterm neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wu
- From the Department of Radiology (J.W., B.B.A., A.V., J.C.G.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - S P Awate
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering (S.P.A.), Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
| | - D J Licht
- Neurovascular Imaging Lab (D.J.L.), Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C Clouchoux
- Advanced Pediatric Brain Imaging Research Laboratory (C.C., C.L.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Pediatrics (C.C., A.J.d.P., C.L.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - A J du Plessis
- Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Pediatrics (C.C., A.J.d.P., C.L.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
| | - B B Avants
- From the Department of Radiology (J.W., B.B.A., A.V., J.C.G.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - A Vossough
- From the Department of Radiology (J.W., B.B.A., A.V., J.C.G.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - J C Gee
- From the Department of Radiology (J.W., B.B.A., A.V., J.C.G.), Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - C Limperopoulos
- Advanced Pediatric Brain Imaging Research Laboratory (C.C., C.L.), Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC Departments of Neurology, Radiology, and Pediatrics (C.C., A.J.d.P., C.L.), George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC
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Cortical Folding of the Primate Brain: An Interdisciplinary Examination of the Genetic Architecture, Modularity, and Evolvability of a Significant Neurological Trait in Pedigreed Baboons (Genus Papio). Genetics 2015; 200:651-65. [PMID: 25873632 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.173443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Folding of the primate brain cortex allows for improved neural processing power by increasing cortical surface area for the allocation of neurons. The arrangement of folds (sulci) and ridges (gyri) across the cerebral cortex is thought to reflect the underlying neural network. Gyrification, an adaptive trait with a unique evolutionary history, is affected by genetic factors different from those affecting brain volume. Using a large pedigreed population of ∼1000 Papio baboons, we address critical questions about the genetic architecture of primate brain folding, the interplay between genetics, brain anatomy, development, patterns of cortical-cortical connectivity, and gyrification's potential for future evolution. Through Mantel testing and cluster analyses, we find that the baboon cortex is quite evolvable, with high integration between the genotype and phenotype. We further find significantly similar partitioning of variation between cortical development, anatomy, and connectivity, supporting the predictions of tension-based models for sulcal development. We identify a significant, moderate degree of genetic control over variation in sulcal length, with gyrus-shape features being more susceptible to environmental effects. Finally, through QTL mapping, we identify novel chromosomal regions affecting variation in brain folding. The most significant QTL contain compelling candidate genes, including gene clusters associated with Williams and Down syndromes. The QTL distribution suggests a complex genetic architecture for gyrification with both polygeny and pleiotropy. Our results provide a solid preliminary characterization of the genetic basis of primate brain folding, a unique and biomedically relevant phenotype with significant implications in primate brain evolution.
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Strike LT, Couvy-Duchesne B, Hansell NK, Cuellar-Partida G, Medland SE, Wright MJ. Genetics and Brain Morphology. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:63-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9281-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Ek CJ, Nathanielsz P, Li C, Mallard C. Transcriptomal changes and functional annotation of the developing non-human primate choroid plexus. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:82. [PMID: 25814924 PMCID: PMC4357249 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexuses are small organs that protrude into each brain ventricle producing cerebrospinal fluid that constantly bathes the brain. These organs differentiate early in development just after neural closure at a stage when the brain is little vascularized. In recent years the plexus has been shown to have a much more active role in brain development than previously appreciated thereby it can influence both neurogenesis and neural migration by secreting factors into the CSF. However, much of choroid plexus developmental function is still unclear. Most previous studies on this organ have been undertaken in rodents but translation into humans is not straightforward since they have a different timing of brain maturation processes. We have collected choroid plexus from three fetal gestational ages of a non-human primate, the baboon, which has much closer brain development to humans. The transcriptome of the plexuses was determined by next generation sequencing and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis software was used to annotate functions and enrichment of pathways of changes in the transcriptome. The number of unique transcripts decreased with development and the majority of differentially expressed transcripts were down-regulated through development suggesting a more complex and active plexus earlier in fetal development. The functional annotation indicated changes across widespread biological functions in plexus development. In particular we find age-dependent regulation of genes associated with annotation categories: Gene Expression, Development of Cardiovascular System, Nervous System Development and Molecular Transport. Our observations support the idea that the choroid plexus has roles in shaping brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Joakim Ek
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Peter Nathanielsz
- Department of Obstetrics, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Cun Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Center for Pregnancy and Newborn Research, The University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Carina Mallard
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska Academy Gothenburg, Sweden
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Hopkins WD, Reamer L, Mareno MC, Schapiro SJ. Genetic basis in motor skill and hand preference for tool use in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20141223. [PMID: 25520351 PMCID: PMC4298198 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.1223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimpanzees are well known for their tool using abilities. Numerous studies have documented variability in tool use among chimpanzees and the role that social learning and other factors play in their development. There are also findings on hand use in both captive and wild chimpanzees; however, less understood are the potential roles of genetic and non-genetic mechanisms in determining individual differences in tool use skill and laterality. Here, we examined heritability in tool use skill and handedness for a probing task in a sample of 243 captive chimpanzees. Quantitative genetic analysis, based on the extant pedigrees, showed that overall both tool use skill and handedness were significantly heritable. Significant heritability in motor skill was evident in two genetically distinct populations of apes, and between two cohorts that received different early social rearing experiences. We further found that motor skill decreased with age and that males were more commonly left-handed than females. Collectively, these data suggest that though non-genetic factors do influence tool use performance and handedness in chimpanzees, genetic factors also play a significant role, as has been reported in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and the Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Lisa Reamer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Mary Catherine Mareno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Panum, Blegdamsvej 3B, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Zheng ZL, Morykwas M, Campbell D, McGee M, Hollingsworth C, Adams F, Mays J, Tatter S, Argenta L. Mechanical tissue resuscitation at the site of traumatic brain injuries reduces the volume of injury and hemorrhage in a swine model. Neurosurgery 2014; 75:152-62; discussion 161-2. [PMID: 24618796 DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) continue to be a devastating problem with limited treatment options. Previous research applying controlled vacuum to TBI in a rat model resulted in smaller injuries and more rapid recovery. OBJECTIVE To examine the effects of the application of a controlled vacuum (mechanical tissue resuscitation) to TBI in a large-animal model. The magnitude of vacuum, length of application, and length of delay between injury and the application of mechanical tissue resuscitation were investigated. METHODS Localized, controlled cortical injuries were created in swine. Vacuums of -50 and -100 mm Hg were compared. Mechanical tissue resuscitation for 3 or 5 days was compared. Delays of 0, 3, or 6 hours between the creation of the TBI and the initiation of mechanical tissue resuscitation were examined. Analysis included histological assessments, computed tomographic perfusion, and magnetic resonance imaging (T2, proton magnetic spectra). RESULTS A -100 mm Hg vacuum resulted in significantly smaller mean contused brain and hemorrhage volumes compared with -50 mm Hg and controls. Magnetic resonance spectra of treated animals returned to near baseline values. All 10 animals with 5-day mechanical tissue resuscitation treatment survived. Three of 6 animals treated for 3 days died after the discontinuation of treatment. A 3-hour delay resulted in similar results as immediate treatment. A 6-hour delay produced significant, but lesser responses. CONCLUSION Application of mechanical tissue resuscitation to TBI was efficacious in the large-animal model. Application of -100 mm Hg for 5 days resulted in significantly improved outcomes. Delays of up to 3 hours between injury and the initiation of treatment did not diminish the efficacy of the mechanical tissue resuscitation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-lin Zheng
- *Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; ‡Department of General Surgery, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina; §Department of Neurosurgery, Wake Forest University Health Sciences, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
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71
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Lewitus E, Kelava I, Kalinka AT, Tomancak P, Huttner WB. An adaptive threshold in mammalian neocortical evolution. PLoS Biol 2014; 12:e1002000. [PMID: 25405475 PMCID: PMC4236020 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A study of the evolutionary history of cortical folding in mammals, its relationship to physiological and life-history traits and the underlying cortical progenitor behavior during embryogenesis, explains the diversity of folding we see across modern mammals. The diversity of neocortical folding among mammals can be explained by two distinct neurogenic programs, which give rise to mammals with a highly folded neocortex and mammals with slightly folded or unfolded neocortex, each occupying a distinct ecological niche. Expansion of the neocortex is a hallmark of human evolution. However, determining which adaptive mechanisms facilitated its expansion remains an open question. Here we show, using the gyrencephaly index (GI) and other physiological and life-history data for 102 mammalian species, that gyrencephaly is an ancestral mammalian trait. We find that variation in GI does not evolve linearly across species, but that mammals constitute two principal groups above and below a GI threshold value of 1.5, approximately equal to 109 neurons, which may be characterized by distinct constellations of physiological and life-history traits. By integrating data on neurogenic period, neuroepithelial founder pool size, cell-cycle length, progenitor-type abundances, and cortical neuron number into discrete mathematical models, we identify symmetric proliferative divisions of basal progenitors in the subventricular zone of the developing neocortex as evolutionarily necessary for generating a 14-fold increase in daily prenatal neuron production, traversal of the GI threshold, and thus establishment of two principal groups. We conclude that, despite considerable neuroanatomical differences, changes in the length of the neurogenic period alone, rather than any novel neurogenic progenitor lineage, are sufficient to explain differences in neuron number and neocortical size between species within the same principal group. What are the key differences in the development and evolution of the cerebral cortex that underlie the differences in its size and degree of folding across mammals? Here, we present phylogenetic evidence that the Jurassic era mammalian ancestor may have been a relatively large-brained species with a folded neocortex. We then show that variation in the degree of cortical folding (gyrencephaly index [GI]) does not evolve linearly across species, as previously assumed, but that mammals fall into two principal groups associated with distinct ecological niches: low-GI mammals (such as mice and tarsiers) and high-GI mammals (such as dolphins and humans), which are found to generate on average 14-fold more brain weight per day of gestation. This greater daily brain weight production in mammals with a highly folded neocortex requires a specific class of progenitor cell-type to adopt a special mode of cell division, which is absent in mammals with slightly folded or unfolded neocortices. Differences among mammals within the same GI group (high or low) are not due to different programming, but rather the result of differences in the length of the neurogenic period. So, the impressively large and folded human neocortex, which is three times the size of the chimpanzee neocortex, can be explained by a modest evolutionary extension of the neurogenic period with respect to its closest primate ancestors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Lewitus
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EL); (WBH)
| | - Iva Kelava
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alex T. Kalinka
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pavel Tomancak
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail: (EL); (WBH)
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Autrey MM, Reamer LA, Mareno MC, Sherwood CC, Herndon JG, Preuss T, Schapiro SJ, Hopkins WD. Age-related effects in the neocortical organization of chimpanzees: gray and white matter volume, cortical thickness, and gyrification. Neuroimage 2014; 101:59-67. [PMID: 24983715 PMCID: PMC4165649 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Among primates, humans exhibit the most profound degree of age-related brain volumetric decline in particular regions, such as the hippocampus and the frontal lobe. Recent studies have shown that our closest living relatives, the chimpanzees, experience little to no volumetric decline in gray and white matter over the adult lifespan. However, these previous studies were limited with a small sample of chimpanzees of the most advanced ages. In the present study, we sought to further test for potential age-related decline in cortical organization in chimpanzees by expanding the sample size of aged chimpanzees. We used the BrainVisa software to measure total brain volume, gray and white matter volumes, gray matter thickness, and gyrification index in a cross-sectional sample of 219 captive chimpanzees (8-53 years old), with 38 subjects being 40 or more years of age. Mean depth and cortical fold opening of 11 major sulci of the chimpanzee brains were also measured. We found that chimpanzees showed increased gyrification with age and a cubic relationship between age and white matter volume. For the association between age and sulcus depth and width, the results were mostly non-significant with the exception of one negative correlation between age and the fronto-orbital sulcus. In short, results showed that chimpanzees exhibit few age-related changes in global cortical organization, sulcus folding and sulcus width. These findings support previous studies and the theory that the age-related changes in the human brain is due to an extended lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle M Autrey
- Department of Psychology, Agnes Scott College, Decatur, GA 30030, USA
| | - Lisa A Reamer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Mary Catherine Mareno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, The George Washington University, Washington DC 20052, USA
| | - James G Herndon
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Todd Preuss
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Steve J Schapiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, TX 78602, USA
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA 30302, USA; Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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Grey-matter texture abnormalities and reduced hippocampal volume are distinguishing features of schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2014; 223:179-86. [PMID: 25028155 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2014.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental processes are widely believed to underlie schizophrenia. Analysis of brain texture from conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect disturbance in brain cytoarchitecture. We tested the hypothesis that patients with schizophrenia manifest quantitative differences in brain texture that, alongside discrete volumetric changes, may serve as an endophenotypic biomarker. Texture analysis (TA) of grey matter distribution and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) of regional brain volumes were applied to MRI scans of 27 patients with schizophrenia and 24 controls. Texture parameters (uniformity and entropy) were also used as covariates in VBM analyses to test for correspondence with regional brain volume. Linear discriminant analysis tested if texture and volumetric data predicted diagnostic group membership (schizophrenia or control). We found that uniformity and entropy of grey matter differed significantly between individuals with schizophrenia and controls at the fine spatial scale (filter width below 2mm). Within the schizophrenia group, these texture parameters correlated with volumes of the left hippocampus, right amygdala and cerebellum. The best predictor of diagnostic group membership was the combination of fine texture heterogeneity and left hippocampal size. This study highlights the presence of distributed grey-matter abnormalities in schizophrenia, and their relation to focal structural abnormality of the hippocampus. The conjunction of these features has potential as a neuroimaging endophenotype of schizophrenia.
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Nanda P, Tandon N, Mathew IT, Giakoumatos CI, Abhishekh HA, Clementz B, Pearlson G, Sweeney J, Tamminga C, Keshavan MS. Local gyrification index in probands with psychotic disorders and their first-degree relatives. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:447-55. [PMID: 24369266 PMCID: PMC4032376 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2013.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychotic disorders are characterized by aberrant neural connectivity. Alterations in gyrification, the pattern and degree of cortical folding, may be related to the early development of connectivity. Past gyrification studies have relatively small sample sizes, yield mixed results for schizophrenia, and are scant for psychotic bipolar and schizoaffective (SZA) disorders and for relatives of these conditions. Here, we examine gyrification in psychotic disorder patients and their first-degree relatives as a possible endophenotype. METHODS Regional local gyrification index (LGI) values, as measured by FreeSurfer software, were compared between 243 control subjects, 388 psychotic disorder probands, and 300 of their first-degree relatives. For patients, LGI values were examined grouped across psychotic diagnoses and then separately for schizophrenia, SZA, and bipolar disorder. Familiality (heritability) values and correlations with clinical measures were also calculated for regional LGI values. RESULTS Probands exhibited significant hypogyria compared with control subjects in three brain regions and relatives with Axis II cluster A disorders showed nearly significant hypogyria in these same regions. Local gyrification index values in these locations were significantly heritable and uncorrelated with any clinical measure. Observations of significant hypogyria were most widespread in SZA. CONCLUSIONS Psychotic disorders appear to be characterized by significant regionally localized hypogyria, particularly in cingulate cortex. This abnormality may be a structural endophenotype marking risk for psychotic illness and it may help elucidate etiological underpinnings of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav Nanda
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, Columbia University College of Physicians & Surgeons, New York, NY
| | - Neeraj Tandon
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, Baylor College ofMedicine, Houston, TX
| | - Ian T Mathew
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | | | | | - Brett Clementz
- Department of Psychology, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, Department of Neuroscience, BioImaging Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
| | - Godfrey Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute ofLiving, Hartford, Connecticut, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - John Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Carol Tamminga
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Matcheri S Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Hopkins WD, Meguerditchian A, Coulon O, Bogart S, Mangin JF, Sherwood CC, Grabowski MW, Bennett AJ, Pierre PJ, Fears S, Woods R, Hof PR, Vauclair J. Evolution of the central sulcus morphology in primates. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2014; 84:19-30. [PMID: 25139259 PMCID: PMC4166656 DOI: 10.1159/000362431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The central sulcus (CS) divides the pre- and postcentral gyri along the dorsal-ventral plane of which all motor and sensory functions are topographically organized. The motor-hand area of the precentral gyrus or KNOB has been described as the anatomical substrate of the hand in humans. Given the importance of the hand in primate evolution, here we examine the evolution of the motor-hand area by comparing the relative size and pattern of cortical folding of the CS surface area from magnetic resonance images in 131 primates, including Old World monkeys, apes and humans. We found that humans and great apes have a well-formed motor-hand area that can be seen in the variation in depth of the CS along the dorsal-ventral plane. We further found that great apes have relatively large CS surface areas compared to Old World monkeys. However, relative to great apes, humans have a small motor-hand area in terms of both adjusted and absolute surface areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- William D. Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | - Adrien Meguerditchian
- Laboratoire de Psychologie Cognitive, Aix-Marseille University/CNRS, UMR7290, Marseille, France
| | - Olivier Coulon
- Laboratoire des Sciences de l'Information et des Systèmes, Aix-Marseille Universite, Marseille, France
| | - Stephanie Bogart
- Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, 954 Gatewood Road, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
| | | | - Chet C. Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Mark W. Grabowski
- Department of Anthropology and Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
| | - Allyson J. Bennett
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53715
| | - Peter J. Pierre
- Department of Behavioral Management, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, Wisconsin 53115
| | - Scott Fears
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Roger Woods
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York 10029
- New York Consortium in Evolutionary Primatology, New York, New York 10029
| | - Jacques Vauclair
- Department of Psychology, Research Center in Psychology of Cognition, Language & Emotion, Aix-Marseille University, Aix-en-Provence, France
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76
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Foret MR, Sandstrom RS, Rhodes CT, Wang Y, Berger MS, Lin CHA. Molecular targets of chromatin repressive mark H3K9me3 in primate progenitor cells within adult neurogenic niches. Front Genet 2014; 5:252. [PMID: 25126093 PMCID: PMC4115620 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2014.00252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone 3 Lysine 9 (H3K9) methylation is known to be associated with pericentric heterochromatin and important in genomic stability. In this study, we show that trimethylation at H3K9 (H3K9me3) is enriched in an adult neural stem cell niche- the subventricular zone (SVZ) on the walls of the lateral ventricle in both rodent and non-human primate baboon brain. Previous studies have shown that there is significant correlation between baboon and human regarding genomic similarity and brain structure, suggesting that findings in baboon are relevant to human. To understand the function of H3K9me3 in this adult neurogenic niche, we performed genome-wide analyses using ChIP-Seq (chromatin immunoprecipitation and deep-sequencing) and RNA-Seq for in vivo SVZ cells purified from baboon brain. Through integrated analyses of ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq, we found that H3K9me3-enriched genes associated with cellular maintenance, post-transcriptional and translational modifications, signaling pathways, and DNA replication are expressed, while genes involved in axon/neuron, hepatic stellate cell, or immune-response activation are not expressed. As neurogenesis progresses in the adult SVZ, cell fate restriction is essential to direct proper lineage commitment. Our findings highlight that H3K9me3 repression in undifferentiated SVZ cells is engaged in the maintenance of cell type integrity, implicating a role for H3K9me3 as an epigenetic mechanism to control cell fate transition within this adult germinal niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Foret
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | | | | | - Yufeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Mitchel S Berger
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California at San Francisco San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Chin-Hsing Annie Lin
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA ; Neurobiology, Neuroscience Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio San Antonio, TX, USA
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77
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Epigenetic regulation by chromatin activation mark H3K4me3 in primate progenitor cells within adult neurogenic niche. Sci Rep 2014; 4:5371. [PMID: 24947819 PMCID: PMC4064326 DOI: 10.1038/srep05371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) is known to be associated with transcriptionally active or poised genes and required for postnatal neurogenesis within the subventricular zone (SVZ) in the rodent model. Previous comparisons have shown significant correlation between baboon (Papio anubis) and human brain. In this study, we demonstrate that chromatin activation mark H3K4me3 is present in undifferentiated progenitor cells within the SVZ of adult baboon brain. To identify the targets and regulatory role of H3K4me3 within the baboon SVZ, we developed a technique to purify undifferentiated SVZ cells while preserving the endogenous nature without introducing culture artifact to maintain the in vivo chromatin state for genome-wide studies (ChIP-Seq and RNA-Seq). Overall, H3K4me3 is significantly enriched for genes involved in cell cycle, metabolism, protein synthesis, signaling pathways, and cancer mechanisms. Additionally, we found elevated levels of H3K4me3 in the MRI-classified SVZ-associated Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM), which has a transcriptional profile that reflects the H3K4me3 modifications in the undifferentiated progenitor cells of the baboon SVZ. Our findings highlight the importance of H3K4me3 in coordinating distinct networks and pathways for life-long neurogenesis, and suggest that subtypes of GBM could occur, at least in part, due to aberrant H3K4me3 epigenetic regulation.
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78
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Mapping longitudinal development of local cortical gyrification in infants from birth to 2 years of age. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4228-38. [PMID: 24647943 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3976-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Human cortical folding is believed to correlate with cognitive functions. This likely correlation may have something to do with why abnormalities of cortical folding have been found in many neurodevelopmental disorders. However, little is known about how cortical gyrification, the cortical folding process, develops in the first 2 years of life, a period of dynamic and regionally heterogeneous cortex growth. In this article, we show how we developed a novel infant-specific method for mapping longitudinal development of local cortical gyrification in infants. By using this method, via 219 longitudinal 3T magnetic resonance imaging scans from 73 healthy infants, we systemically and quantitatively characterized for the first time the longitudinal cortical global gyrification index (GI) and local GI (LGI) development in the first 2 years of life. We found that the cortical GI had age-related and marked development, with 16.1% increase in the first year and 6.6% increase in the second year. We also found marked and regionally heterogeneous cortical LGI development in the first 2 years of life, with the high-growth regions located in the association cortex, whereas the low-growth regions located in sensorimotor, auditory, and visual cortices. Meanwhile, we also showed that LGI growth in most cortical regions was positively correlated with the brain volume growth, which is particularly significant in the prefrontal cortex in the first year. In addition, we observed gender differences in both cortical GIs and LGIs in the first 2 years, with the males having larger GIs than females at 2 years of age. This study provides valuable information on normal cortical folding development in infancy and early childhood.
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79
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Bogart SL, Bennett AJ, Schapiro SJ, Reamer LA, Hopkins WD. Different early rearing experiences have long-term effects on cortical organization in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Dev Sci 2014; 17:161-74. [PMID: 24206013 PMCID: PMC3959747 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Consequences of rearing history in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) have been explored in relation to behavioral abnormalities and cognition; however, little is known about the effects of rearing conditions on anatomical brain development. Human studies have revealed that experiences of maltreatment and neglect during infancy and childhood can have detrimental effects on brain development and cognition. In this study, we evaluated the effects of early rearing experience on brain morphology in 92 captive chimpanzees (ages 11-43) who were either reared by their mothers (n = 46) or in a nursery (n = 46) with age-group peers. Magnetic resonance brain images were analyzed with a processing program (BrainVISA) that extracts cortical sulci. We obtained various measurements from 11 sulci located throughout the brain, as well as whole brain gyrification and white and grey matter volumes. We found that mother-reared chimpanzees have greater global white-to-grey matter volume, more cortical folding and thinner grey matter within the cortical folds than nursery-reared animals. The findings reported here are the first to demonstrate that differences in early rearing conditions have significant consequences on brain morphology in chimpanzees and suggests potential differences in the development of white matter expansion and myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Bogart
- Neuroscience Institute and the Language Research Center, Georgia State University, USA; Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, USA; Department of Anthropology, Lawrence University, USA
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80
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Schultz CC, Mühleisen TW, Nenadic I, Koch K, Wagner G, Schachtzabel C, Siedek F, Nöthen MM, Rietschel M, Deufel T, Kiehntopf M, Cichon S, Reichenbach JR, Sauer H, Schlösser RGM. Common variation in NCAN, a risk factor for bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, influences local cortical folding in schizophrenia. Psychol Med 2014; 44:811-820. [PMID: 23795679 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291713001414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have provided strong evidence that variation in the gene neurocan (NCAN, rs1064395) is a common risk factor for bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia. However, the possible relevance of NCAN variation to disease mechanisms in the human brain has not yet been explored. Thus, to identify a putative pathomechanism, we tested whether the risk allele has an influence on cortical thickness and folding in a well-characterized sample of patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls. METHOD Sixty-three patients and 65 controls underwent T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and were genotyped for the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs1064395. Folding and thickness were analysed on a node-by-node basis using a surface-based approach (FreeSurfer). RESULTS In patients, NCAN risk status (defined by AA and AG carriers) was found to be associated with higher folding in the right lateral occipital region and at a trend level for the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Controls did not show any association (p > 0.05). For cortical thickness, there was no significant effect in either patients or controls. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to describe an effect of the NCAN risk variant on brain structure. Our data show that the NCAN risk allele influences cortical folding in the occipital and prefrontal cortex, which may establish disease susceptibility during neurodevelopment. The findings suggest that NCAN is involved in visual processing and top-down cognitive functioning. Both major cognitive processes are known to be disturbed in schizophrenia. Moreover, our study reveals new evidence for a specific genetic influence on local cortical folding in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Schultz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - T W Mühleisen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - I Nenadic
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - K Koch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - G Wagner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - C Schachtzabel
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - F Siedek
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - M M Nöthen
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - M Rietschel
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology in Psychiatry, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim/Heidelberg University, Germany
| | - T Deufel
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - M Kiehntopf
- Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - S Cichon
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - J R Reichenbach
- Medical Physics Group, Institute for Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology I, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - H Sauer
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
| | - R G M Schlösser
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Jena University Hospital, Germany
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81
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Klein D, Rotarska-Jagiela A, Genc E, Sritharan S, Mohr H, Roux F, Han CE, Kaiser M, Singer W, Uhlhaas PJ. Adolescent brain maturation and cortical folding: evidence for reductions in gyrification. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84914. [PMID: 24454765 PMCID: PMC3893168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence from anatomical and functional imaging studies have highlighted major modifications of cortical circuits during adolescence. These include reductions of gray matter (GM), increases in the myelination of cortico-cortical connections and changes in the architecture of large-scale cortical networks. It is currently unclear, however, how the ongoing developmental processes impact upon the folding of the cerebral cortex and how changes in gyrification relate to maturation of GM/WM-volume, thickness and surface area. In the current study, we acquired high-resolution (3 Tesla) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from 79 healthy subjects (34 males and 45 females) between the ages of 12 and 23 years and performed whole brain analysis of cortical folding patterns with the gyrification index (GI). In addition to GI-values, we obtained estimates of cortical thickness, surface area, GM and white matter (WM) volume which permitted correlations with changes in gyrification. Our data show pronounced and widespread reductions in GI-values during adolescence in several cortical regions which include precentral, temporal and frontal areas. Decreases in gyrification overlap only partially with changes in the thickness, volume and surface of GM and were characterized overall by a linear developmental trajectory. Our data suggest that the observed reductions in GI-values represent an additional, important modification of the cerebral cortex during late brain maturation which may be related to cognitive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Klein
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Anna Rotarska-Jagiela
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Erhan Genc
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sharmili Sritharan
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Harald Mohr
- Department of Neurocognitive Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Frederic Roux
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Cheol E. Han
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcus Kaiser
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Computing Science and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Wolf Singer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J. Uhlhaas
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max-Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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82
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Batouli SAH, Trollor JN, Wen W, Sachdev PS. The heritability of volumes of brain structures and its relationship to age: a review of twin and family studies. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 13:1-9. [PMID: 24211464 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2013.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Total brain volume (BV) and the volumes of brain substructures are influenced by genes, the magnitude of which changes with age. One approach to the examination of genetic influences on the volumes of brain structures is to determine their heritability using twin and family studies. We reviewed published cross-sectional studies which examined heritability in healthy subjects at different ages. We identified 32 studies, which examined a total of 77 brain volumetric measures. The findings of our review showed that BVs are under significant genetic influence at all ages, although different brain regions showed different heritability levels. Furthermore, the cross-sectional approach of our review found that heritability factor for the majority of BVs declined with age, such as in the total brain and cerebrum, followed by subsequent increment of environmental influences. Overall, this study identified for the first time a cross-sectional pattern for brain structures' heritability changes with age, and suggests the potential for longitudinal investigations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Amir Hossein Batouli
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Julian N Trollor
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Department of Developmental Disability Neuropsychiatry, School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Wen
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia; Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Medicine, School of Psychiatry, NSW, Australia
| | - Perminder S Sachdev
- Center for Healthy Brain Ageing (CHeBA), School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; Neuropsychiatric Institute, Prince of Wales Hospital, NSW, Australia; Primary Dementia Collaborative Research Centre, University of New South Wales Medicine, School of Psychiatry, NSW, Australia.
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83
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Zhang D, Guo L, Zhu D, Li K, Li L, Chen H, Zhao Q, Hu X, Liu T. Diffusion tensor imaging reveals evolution of primate brain architectures. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 218:1429-50. [PMID: 23135357 PMCID: PMC3663907 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-012-0468-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of the brain has been an inherently interesting problem for centuries. Recent studies have indicated that neuroimaging is a powerful technique for studying brain evolution. In particular, a variety of reports have demonstrated that consistent white matter fiber connection patterns derived from diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) tractography reveal common brain architecture and are predictive of brain functions. In this paper, based on our recently discovered 358 dense individualized and common connectivity-based cortical landmarks (DICCCOL) defined by consistent fiber connection patterns in DTI datasets of human brains, we derived 65 DICCCOLs that are common in macaque monkey, chimpanzee and human brains and 175 DICCCOLs that exhibit significant discrepancies amongst these three primate species. Qualitative and quantitative evaluations not only demonstrated the consistencies of anatomical locations and structural fiber connection patterns of these 65 common DICCCOLs across three primates, suggesting an evolutionarily preserved common brain architecture but also revealed regional patterns of evolutionarily induced complexity and variability of those 175 discrepant DICCCOLs across the three species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Degang Zhang
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Physics and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Lei Guo
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
| | - Dajiang Zhu
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kaiming Li
- School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an, China
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Longchuan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Hanbo Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Qun Zhao
- Department of Physics and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Tianming Liu
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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84
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Yoon S, Jun CS, Jeong HS, Lee S, Lim SM, Ma J, Ko E, Cho HB, Yeum TS, Lyoo IK. Altered cortical gyrification patterns in panic disorder: deficits and potential compensation. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1446-54. [PMID: 23871448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal gyrification patterns may reflect aberrant cortical connectivity during an early period of brain maturation. We here investigated anatomical distribution of cortical gyrification deficits underlying panic disorder and the relationships of these potential neurodevelopmental markers with panic symptom severity. High-resolution three-dimensional T1-weighted structural images were obtained from 23 patients with panic disorder and 33 matched healthy individuals. Local gyrification indices were measured in each genetically-based parcellated cortical subregion and regional gyrification patterns were compared between groups. Cortical areas in which gyrification patterns were associated with panic symptom severity were also determined. Significant reductions in cortical gyrification were observed in panic patients compared with healthy individuals, which were mainly distributed in the lateral brain extending from the fronto-parietal to the temporal areas. In contrast, hyper-gyrification in the posteromedial cortical regions which exert interconnecting roles in the default mode network, was associated with less severe panic symptoms. Post-hoc analysis for the inter-regional covariance of local gyrification indices revealed that interconnections of the posteromedial cortical regions with other cortical areas which belong to the default mode network were reduced in panic patients with severe symptoms relative to either less severe patients or healthy individuals. Our findings suggest not only substantial perturbation in cortical gyrification patterns in panic disorder but also potential contribution of integrated cortical folding pattern of the default mode network to alleviated panic severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujung Yoon
- Department of Psychiatry, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
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85
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McKay DR, Kochunov P, Cykowski MD, Kent JW, Laird AR, Lancaster JL, Blangero J, Glahn DC, Fox PT. Sulcal depth-position profile is a genetically mediated neuroscientific trait: description and characterization in the central sulcus. J Neurosci 2013; 33:15618-25. [PMID: 24068828 PMCID: PMC3782630 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1616-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and environmental influences on brain morphology were assessed in an extended-pedigree design by extracting depth-position profiles (DPP) of the central sulcus (CS). T1-weighted magnetic resonance images were used to measure CS length and depth in 467 human subjects from 35 extended families. Three primary forms of DPPs were observed. The most prevalent form, present in 70% of subjects, was bimodal, with peaks near hand and mouth regions. Trimodal and unimodal configurations accounted for 15 and 8%, respectively. Genetic control accounted for 56 and 66% of between-subject variance in average CS depth and length, respectively, and was not significantly influenced by environmental factors. Genetic control over CS depth ranged from 1 to 50% across the DPP. Areas of peak heritability occurred at locations corresponding to hand and mouth areas. Left and right analogous CS depth measurements were strongly pleiotropic. Shared genetic influence lessened as the distance between depth measurements was increased. We argue that DPPs are powerful phenotypes that should inform genetic influence of more complex brain regions and contribute to gene discovery efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Reese McKay
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106
| | - Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201
| | - Matthew D. Cykowski
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - Jack W. Kent
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, and
| | - Jack L. Lancaster
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - John Blangero
- Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas 78245
| | - David C. Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06511
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, Connecticut 06106
| | - Peter T. Fox
- Research Imaging Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- South Texas Veterans Health System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
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86
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Lewitus E, Kelava I, Huttner WB. Conical expansion of the outer subventricular zone and the role of neocortical folding in evolution and development. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:424. [PMID: 23914167 PMCID: PMC3729979 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
THERE IS A BASIC RULE TO MAMMALIAN NEOCORTICAL EXPANSION as it expands, so does it fold. The degree to which it folds, however, cannot strictly be attributed to its expansion. Across species, cortical volume does not keep pace with cortical surface area, but rather folds appear more rapidly than expected. As a result, larger brains quickly become disproportionately more convoluted than smaller brains. Both the absence (lissencephaly) and presence (gyrencephaly) of cortical folds is observed in all mammalian orders and, while there is likely some phylogenetic signature to the evolutionary appearance of gyri and sulci, there are undoubtedly universal trends to the acquisition of folds in an expanding neocortex. Whether these trends are governed by conical expansion of neocortical germinal zones, the distribution of cortical connectivity, or a combination of growth- and connectivity-driven forces remains an open question. But the importance of cortical folding for evolution of the uniquely mammalian neocortex, as well as for the incidence of neuropathologies in humans, is undisputed. In this hypothesis and theory article, we will summarize the development of cortical folds in the neocortex, consider the relative influence of growth- vs. connectivity-driven forces for the acquisition of cortical folds between and within species, assess the genetic, cell-biological, and mechanistic implications for neocortical expansion, and discuss the significance of these implications for human evolution, development, and disease. We will argue that evolutionary increases in the density of neuron production, achieved via maintenance of a basal proliferative niche in the neocortical germinal zones, drive the conical migration of neurons toward the cortical surface and ultimately lead to the establishment of cortical folds in large-brained mammal species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and GeneticsDresden, Germany
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87
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Hagler DJ. Optimization of retinotopy constrained source estimation constrained by prior. Hum Brain Mapp 2013; 35:1815-33. [PMID: 23868690 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying how the timing and amplitude of visual evoked responses (VERs) vary between visual areas is important for understanding visual processing but is complicated by difficulties in reliably estimating VERs in individual visual areas using noninvasive brain measurements. Retinotopy constrained source estimation (RCSE) addresses this challenge by using multiple, retinotopically mapped stimulus locations to simultaneously constrain estimates of VERs in visual areas V1, V2, and V3, taking advantage of the spatial precision of fMRI retinotopy and the temporal resolution of magnetoencephalography (MEG) or electroencephalography (EEG). Nonlinear optimization of dipole locations, guided by a group-constrained RCSE solution as a prior, improved the robustness of RCSE. This approach facilitated the analysis of differences in timing and amplitude of VERs between V1, V2, and V3, elicited by stimuli with varying luminance contrast in a sample of eight adult humans. The V1 peak response was 37% larger than that of V2 and 74% larger than that of V3, and also ~10-20 ms earlier. Normalized contrast response functions were nearly identical for the three areas. Results without dipole optimization, or with other nonlinear methods not constrained by prior estimates were similar but suffered from greater between-subject variability. The increased reliability of estimates offered by this approach may be particularly valuable when using a smaller number of stimulus locations, enabling a greater variety of stimulus and task manipulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald J Hagler
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory and Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
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88
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Regional and hemispheric variation in cortical thickness in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). J Neurosci 2013; 33:5241-8. [PMID: 23516289 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2996-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in structural magnetic resonance imaging technology and analysis now allows for accurate in vivo measurement of cortical thickness, an important aspect of cortical organization that has historically only been conducted on postmortem brains. In this study, for the first time, we examined regional and lateralized cortical thickness in a sample of 71 chimpanzees for comparison with previously reported findings in humans. We also measured gray and white matter volumes for each subject. The results indicated that chimpanzees showed significant regional variation in cortical thickness with lower values in primary motor and sensory cortex compared with association cortex. Furthermore, chimpanzees showed significant rightward asymmetries in cortical thickness for a number of regions of interest throughout the cortex and leftward asymmetries in white but not gray matter volume. We also found that total and region-specific cortical thickness was significantly negatively correlated with white matter volume. Thus, chimpanzees with greater white matter volumes had thinner cortical thickness. The collective findings are discussed within the context of previous findings in humans and theories on the evolution of cortical organization and lateralization in primates.
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89
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Burgaleta M, Baus C, Díaz B, Sebastián-Gallés N. Brain structure is related to speech perception abilities in bilinguals. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:1405-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0576-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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90
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Colom R, Burgaleta M, Román FJ, Karama S, Álvarez-Linera J, Abad FJ, Martínez K, Quiroga MÁ, Haier RJ. Neuroanatomic overlap between intelligence and cognitive factors: Morphometry methods provide support for the key role of the frontal lobes. Neuroimage 2013; 72:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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91
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Zilles K, Palomero-Gallagher N, Amunts K. Development of cortical folding during evolution and ontogeny. Trends Neurosci 2013; 36:275-84. [PMID: 23415112 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2013.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 357] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cortical folding is a hallmark of many, but not all, mammalian brains. The degree of folding increases with brain size across mammals, but at different scales between orders and families. In this review we summarize recent studies that have shed light on cortical folding and discuss new models that arise from these data. Genetic analyses argue for an independent development of brain volume and gyrification, but more recent data on the cellular development of the cortex and its connectivity highlight the role of these processes in cortical folding (grey matter hypothesis). This, and the widely discussed tension hypothesis, further tested by analyzing the mechanical properties of maturing nerve fibers, synapses, and dendrites, can provide the basis for a future integrative view on cortical folding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Juelich, Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Juelich, Germany.
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92
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Violante IR, Ribeiro MJ, Silva ED, Castelo-Branco M. Gyrification, cortical and subcortical morphometry in neurofibromatosis type 1: an uneven profile of developmental abnormalities. J Neurodev Disord 2013; 5:3. [PMID: 23406822 PMCID: PMC3599251 DOI: 10.1186/1866-1955-5-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a monogenic disorder associated with cognitive impairments. In order to understand how mutations in the NF1 gene impact brain structure it is essential to characterize in detail the brain structural abnormalities in patients with NF1. Previous studies have reported contradictory findings and have focused only on volumetric measurements. Here, we investigated the volumes of subcortical structures and the composite dimensions of the cortex through analysis of cortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area and gyrification. METHODS We studied 14 children with NF1 and 14 typically developing children matched for age, gender, IQ and right/left-handedness. Regional subcortical volumes and cortical gyral measurements were obtained using the FreeSurfer software. Between-group differences were evaluated while controlling for the increase in total intracranial volume observed in NF1. RESULTS Subcortical analysis revealed disproportionately larger thalami, right caudate and middle corpus callosum in patients with NF1. Cortical analyses on volume, thickness and surface area were however not indicative of significant alterations in patients. Interestingly, patients with NF1 had significantly lower gyrification indices than typically developing children primarily in the frontal and temporal lobes, but also affecting the insula, cingulate cortex, parietal and occipital regions. CONCLUSIONS The neuroanatomic abnormalities observed were localized to specific brain regions, indicating that particular areas might constitute selective targets for NF1 gene mutations. Furthermore, the lower gyrification indices were accompanied by a disproportionate increase in brain size without the corresponding increase in folding in patients with NF1. Taken together these findings suggest that specific neurodevelopmental processes, such as gyrification, are more vulnerable to NF1 dysfunction than others. The identified changes in brain organization are consistent with the patterns of cognitive dysfunction in the NF1 phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês R Violante
- Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Coimbra 3000-548, Portugal.
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93
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Kim YJ, Lee J, Han K. Transposable Elements: No More 'Junk DNA'. Genomics Inform 2012; 10:226-33. [PMID: 23346034 PMCID: PMC3543922 DOI: 10.5808/gi.2012.10.4.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the advent of whole-genome sequencing, transposable elements (TEs), just thought to be 'junk' DNA, have been noticed because of their numerous copies in various eukaryotic genomes. Many studies about TEs have been conducted to discover their functions in their host genomes. Based on the results of those studies, it has been generally accepted that they have a function to cause genomic and genetic variations. However, their infinite functions are not fully elucidated. Through various mechanisms, including de novo TE insertions, TE insertion-mediated deletions, and recombination events, they manipulate their host genomes. In this review, we focus on Alu, L1, human endogenous retrovirus, and short interspersed element/variable number of tandem repeats/Alu (SVA) elements and discuss how they have affected primate genomes, especially the human and chimpanzee genomes, since their divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ji Kim
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science, WCU Research Center, Dankook University, Cheonan 330-714, Korea
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94
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Abstract
The degree to which genes and environment determine variations in brain structure and function is fundamentally important to understanding normal and disease-related patterns of neural organization and activity. We studied genetic contributions to the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum (CC) in pedigreed baboons (68 males, 112 females) to replicate findings of high genetic contribution to that area of the CC reported in humans, and to determine if the heritability of the CC midsagittal area in adults was modulated by fetal development rate. Measurements of callosal area were obtained from high-resolution MRI scans. Heritability was estimated from pedigree-based maximum likelihood estimation of genetic and non-genetic variance components as implemented in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR). Our analyses revealed significant heritability for the total area of the CC and all of its subdivisions, with h2 = .46 for the total CC, and h2 = .54, .37, .62, .56, and .29 for genu, anterior midbody, medial midbody, posterior midbody and splenium, respectively. Genetic correlation analysis demonstrated that the individual subdivisions shared between 41% and 98% of genetic variability. Combined with previous research reporting high heritability of other brain structures in baboons, these results reveal a consistent pattern of high heritability for brain morphometric measures in baboons.
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95
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Brain SCALE: brain structure and cognition: an adolescent longitudinal twin study into the genetic etiology of individual differences. Twin Res Hum Genet 2012; 15:453-67. [PMID: 22856378 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2012.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
From childhood into adolescence, the child's brain undergoes considerable changes in both structure and function. Twin studies are of great value to explore to what extent genetic and environmental factors explain individual differences in brain development and cognition. In The Netherlands, we initiated a longitudinal study in which twins, their siblings and their parents are assessed at three year intervals. The participants were recruited from The Netherlands Twin Register (NTR) and at baseline consisted of 112 families, with 9-year-old twins and an older sibling. Three years later, 89 families returned for follow-up assessment. Data collection included psychometric IQ tests, a comprehensive neuropsychological testing protocol, and parental and self-ratings of behavioral and emotional problems. Physical maturation was measured through assessment of Tanner stages. Hormonal levels (cortisol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, testosterone, and estrogens) were assessed in urine and saliva. Brain scans were acquired using 1.5 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), which provided volumetric measures and measures of cortical thickness. Buccal swabs were collected for DNA isolation for future candidate gene and genome-wide analysis studies. This article gives an overview of the study and the main findings. Participants will return for a third assessment when the twins are around 16 years old. Longitudinal twin-sibling studies that map brain development and cognitive function at well-defined ages aid in the understanding of genetic influences on normative brain development.
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96
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Bogart SL, Mangin JF, Schapiro SJ, Reamer L, Bennett AJ, Pierre PJ, Hopkins WD. Cortical sulci asymmetries in chimpanzees and macaques: a new look at an old idea. Neuroimage 2012; 61:533-41. [PMID: 22504765 PMCID: PMC3358493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Functional and neuroanatomical asymmetries are an important characteristic of the human brain. The evolution of such specializations in the human cortex has provoked great interest in primate brain evolution. Most research on cortical sulci has revolved around linear measurements, which represent only one dimension of sulci organization. Here, we used a software program (BrainVISA) to quantify asymmetries in cortical depth and surface area from magnetic resonance images in a sample of 127 chimpanzees and 49 macaques. Population brain asymmetries were determined from 11 sulci in chimpanzees and seven sulci in macaques. Sulci were taken from the frontal, temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes. Population-level asymmetries were evident in chimpanzees for several sulci, including the fronto-orbital, superior precentral, and sylvian fissure sulci. The macaque population did not reveal significant population-level asymmetries, except for surface area of the superior temporal sulcus. The overall results are discussed within the context of the evolution of higher order cognition and motor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L. Bogart
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Neuroscience Institute, , Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
| | | | - Steven J. Schapiro
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas 78602
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lisa Reamer
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas 78602
| | - Allyson J Bennett
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, Psychology Department, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53715
| | - Peter J. Pierre
- Department of Behavior Management, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, Madison, WI 53115
| | - William D. Hopkins
- Division of Developmental and Cognitive Neuroscience, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, Georgia 30322
- Neuroscience Institute, , Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia 30302
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97
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Razlighi QR, Stern Y. Blob-like feature extraction and matching for brain MR images. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2012; 2011:7799-802. [PMID: 22256147 DOI: 10.1109/iembs.2011.6091922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The cerebral cortex of the human brain is highly folded. It is useful for neuroscientists and clinical researchers to identify and/or quantify cortical folding patterns across individuals. The top (gyri) and bottom (sulci) of these folds resemble the "blob-like" features used in computer vision. In this article, we evaluate different blob detectors and descriptors on brain MR images, and introduce our own, the "brain blob detector and descriptor (BBDD)." For the first time blob detectors are considered as spatial filters under the scale-space framework and their impulse responses are manipulated for detecting the structures in our interest. The BBDD detector is tailored to the scale and structure of blob-like features that coincide with cortical folds, and its descriptors performed well at discriminating these features in our evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qolamreza R Razlighi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, the Taub Institute, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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98
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Chen H, Zhang T, Guo L, Li K, Yu X, Li L, Hu X, Han J, Hu X, Liu T. Coevolution of gyral folding and structural connection patterns in primate brains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:1208-17. [PMID: 22586139 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Both cortical folding and structural connection patterns are more elaborated during the evolution of primate neocortex. For instance, cortical gyral shapes and structural connection patterns in humans are more complex and variable than those in chimpanzees and macaques. However, the intrinsic relationship between gyral folding and structural connection and their coevolution patterns across primates remain unclear. Here, our qualitative and quantitative analyses of in vivo diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data consistently demonstrate that structural fiber connection patterns closely follow gyral folding patterns in the direction "tangent" to the cortical sphere, and this close relationship is well preserved in the neocortices of macaque, chimpanzee, and human brains, despite the progressively increasing complexity and variability of cortical folding and structural connection patterns. The findings suggest a hypothesis that a common axonal fiber pushing mechanism sculpts the curved patterns of gyri in the tangent direction during primate brain evolution. Our DTI/MRI data analysis provides novel insights into the structural architecture of primate brains, a new viewpoint of the relationship between cortical morphology and connection, and a basis for future elucidation of the functional implication of coevolution of cortical folding and structural connection patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbo Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Bioimaging Research Center, The University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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99
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Kochunov P, Rogers W, Mangin JF, Lancaster J. A library of cortical morphology analysis tools to study development, aging and genetics of cerebral cortex. Neuroinformatics 2012; 10:81-96. [PMID: 21698393 DOI: 10.1007/s12021-011-9127-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Sharing of analysis techniques and tools is among the main driving forces of modern neuroscience. We describe a library of tools developed to quantify global and regional differences in cortical anatomy in high resolution structural MR images. This library is distributed as a plug-in application for popular structural analysis software, BrainVisa (BV). It contains tools to measure global and regional gyrification, gray matter thickness and sulcal and gyral white matter spans. We provide a description of each tool and examples for several case studies to demonstrate their use. These examples show how the BV library was used to study cortical folding process during antenatal development and recapitulation of this process during cerebral aging. Further, the BV library was used to perform translation research in humans and non-human primates on the genetics of cerebral gyrification. This library, including source code and self-contained binaries for popular computer platforms, is available from the NIH-Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse (NITRC) resource ( http://www.nitrc.org/projects/brainvisa_ext ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Kochunov
- Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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100
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Stein JL, Medland SE, Vasquez AA, Hibar DP, Senstad RE, Winkler AM, Toro R, Appel K, Bartecek R, Bergmann Ø, Bernard M, Brown AA, Cannon DM, Chakravarty MM, Christoforou A, Domin M, Grimm O, Hollinshead M, Holmes AJ, Homuth G, Hottenga JJ, Langan C, Lopez LM, Hansell NK, Hwang KS, Kim S, Laje G, Lee PH, Liu X, Loth E, Lourdusamy A, Mattingsdal M, Mohnke S, Maniega SM, Nho K, Nugent AC, O'Brien C, Papmeyer M, Pütz B, Ramasamy A, Rasmussen J, Rijpkema M, Risacher SL, Roddey JC, Rose EJ, Ryten M, Shen L, Sprooten E, Strengman E, Teumer A, Trabzuni D, Turner J, van Eijk K, van Erp TGM, van Tol MJ, Wittfeld K, Wolf C, Woudstra S, Aleman A, Alhusaini S, Almasy L, Binder EB, Brohawn DG, Cantor RM, Carless MA, Corvin A, Czisch M, Curran JE, Davies G, de Almeida MAA, Delanty N, Depondt C, Duggirala R, Dyer TD, Erk S, Fagerness J, Fox PT, Freimer NB, Gill M, Göring HHH, Hagler DJ, Hoehn D, Holsboer F, Hoogman M, Hosten N, Jahanshad N, Johnson MP, Kasperaviciute D, Kent JW, Kochunov P, Lancaster JL, Lawrie SM, Liewald DC, Mandl R, Matarin M, Mattheisen M, Meisenzahl E, Melle I, Moses EK, Mühleisen TW, Nauck M, Nöthen MM, Olvera RL, Pandolfo M, Pike GB, Puls R, Reinvang I, Rentería ME, Rietschel M, Roffman JL, Royle NA, Rujescu D, Savitz J, Schnack HG, Schnell K, Seiferth N, Smith C, Steen VM, Valdés Hernández MC, Van den Heuvel M, van der Wee NJ, Van Haren NEM, Veltman JA, Völzke H, Walker R, Westlye LT, Whelan CD, Agartz I, Boomsma DI, Cavalleri GL, Dale AM, Djurovic S, Drevets WC, Hagoort P, Hall J, Heinz A, Jack CR, Foroud TM, Le Hellard S, Macciardi F, Montgomery GW, Poline JB, Porteous DJ, Sisodiya SM, Starr JM, Sussmann J, Toga AW, Veltman DJ, Walter H, Weiner MW, Bis JC, Ikram MA, Smith AV, Gudnason V, Tzourio C, Vernooij MW, Launer LJ, DeCarli C, Seshadri S, Andreassen OA, Apostolova LG, Bastin ME, Blangero J, Brunner HG, Buckner RL, Cichon S, Coppola G, de Zubicaray GI, Deary IJ, Donohoe G, de Geus EJC, Espeseth T, Fernández G, Glahn DC, Grabe HJ, Hardy J, Hulshoff Pol HE, Jenkinson M, Kahn RS, McDonald C, McIntosh AM, McMahon FJ, McMahon KL, Meyer-Lindenberg A, Morris DW, Müller-Myhsok B, Nichols TE, Ophoff RA, Paus T, Pausova Z, Penninx BW, Potkin SG, Sämann PG, Saykin AJ, Schumann G, Smoller JW, Wardlaw JM, Weale ME, Martin NG, Franke B, Wright MJ, Thompson PM. Identification of common variants associated with human hippocampal and intracranial volumes. Nat Genet 2012; 44:552-61. [PMID: 22504417 PMCID: PMC3635491 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 524] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Identifying genetic variants influencing human brain structures may reveal new biological mechanisms underlying cognition and neuropsychiatric illness. The volume of the hippocampus is a biomarker of incipient Alzheimer's disease and is reduced in schizophrenia, major depression and mesial temporal lobe epilepsy. Whereas many brain imaging phenotypes are highly heritable, identifying and replicating genetic influences has been difficult, as small effects and the high costs of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have led to underpowered studies. Here we report genome-wide association meta-analyses and replication for mean bilateral hippocampal, total brain and intracranial volumes from a large multinational consortium. The intergenic variant rs7294919 was associated with hippocampal volume (12q24.22; N = 21,151; P = 6.70 × 10(-16)) and the expression levels of the positional candidate gene TESC in brain tissue. Additionally, rs10784502, located within HMGA2, was associated with intracranial volume (12q14.3; N = 15,782; P = 1.12 × 10(-12)). We also identified a suggestive association with total brain volume at rs10494373 within DDR2 (1q23.3; N = 6,500; P = 5.81 × 10(-7)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason L Stein
- Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
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