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Bugatus L, Weiner KS, Grill-Spector K. Task alters category representations in prefrontal but not high-level visual cortex. Neuroimage 2017; 155:437-449. [PMID: 28389381 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A central question in neuroscience is how cognitive tasks affect category representations across the human brain. Regions in lateral occipito-temporal cortex (LOTC), ventral temporal cortex (VTC), and ventro-lateral prefrontal cortex (VLFPC) constitute the extended "what" pathway, which is considered instrumental for visual category processing. However, it is unknown (1) whether distributed responses across LOTC, VTC, and VLPFC explicitly represent category, task, or some combination of both, and (2) in what way representations across these subdivisions of the extended 'what' pathway may differ. To fill these gaps in knowledge, we scanned 12 participants using fMRI to test the effect of category and task on distributed responses across LOTC, VTC, and VLPFC. Results reveal that task and category modulate responses in both high-level visual regions, as well as prefrontal cortex. However, we found fundamentally different types of representations across the brain. Distributed responses in high-level visual regions are more strongly driven by category than task, and exhibit task-independent category representations. In contrast, distributed responses in prefrontal cortex are more strongly driven by task than category, and contain task-dependent category representations. Together, these findings of differential representations across the brain support a new idea that LOTC and VTC maintain stable category representations allowing efficient processing of visual information, while prefrontal cortex contains flexible representations in which category information may emerge only when relevant to the task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Bugatus
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA; Stanford Neuroscience Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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52
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Lacey S, Stilla R, Deshpande G, Zhao S, Stephens C, McCormick K, Kemmerer D, Sathian K. Engagement of the left extrastriate body area during body-part metaphor comprehension. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2017; 166:1-18. [PMID: 27951437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Grounded cognition explanations of metaphor comprehension predict activation of sensorimotor cortices relevant to the metaphor's source domain. We tested this prediction for body-part metaphors using functional magnetic resonance imaging while participants heard sentences containing metaphorical or literal references to body parts, and comparable control sentences. Localizer scans identified body-part-specific motor, somatosensory and visual cortical regions. Both subject- and item-wise analyses showed that, relative to control sentences, metaphorical but not literal sentences evoked limb metaphor-specific activity in the left extrastriate body area (EBA), paralleling the EBA's known visual limb-selectivity. The EBA focus exhibited resting-state functional connectivity with ipsilateral semantic processing regions. In some of these regions, the strength of resting-state connectivity correlated with individual preference for verbal processing. Effective connectivity analyses showed that, during metaphor comprehension, activity in some semantic regions drove that in the EBA. These results provide converging evidence for grounding of metaphor processing in domain-specific sensorimotor cortical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Lacey
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Randall Stilla
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Gopikrishna Deshpande
- AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Psychology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Alabama Advanced Imaging Consortium, Auburn University & University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sinan Zhao
- AU MRI Research Center, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Kelly McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - David Kemmerer
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - K Sathian
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA; Rehabilitation R&D Center for Visual and Neurocognitive Rehabilitation, Atlanta VAMC, Decatur, GA, USA.
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53
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Kay KN, Yeatman JD. Bottom-up and top-down computations in word- and face-selective cortex. eLife 2017; 6. [PMID: 28226243 PMCID: PMC5358981 DOI: 10.7554/elife.22341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to read a page of text or recognize a person's face depends on category-selective visual regions in ventral temporal cortex (VTC). To understand how these regions mediate word and face recognition, it is necessary to characterize how stimuli are represented and how this representation is used in the execution of a cognitive task. Here, we show that the response of a category-selective region in VTC can be computed as the degree to which the low-level properties of the stimulus match a category template. Moreover, we show that during execution of a task, the bottom-up representation is scaled by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and that the level of IPS engagement reflects the cognitive demands of the task. These results provide an account of neural processing in VTC in the form of a model that addresses both bottom-up and top-down effects and quantitatively predicts VTC responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendrick N Kay
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, United States
| | - Jason D Yeatman
- Institute for Learning and Brain Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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54
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Elbich DB, Scherf S. Beyond the FFA: Brain-behavior correspondences in face recognition abilities. Neuroimage 2017; 147:409-422. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.12.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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55
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Weiner KS, Barnett MA, Lorenz S, Caspers J, Stigliani A, Amunts K, Zilles K, Fischl B, Grill-Spector K. The Cytoarchitecture of Domain-specific Regions in Human High-level Visual Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:146-161. [PMID: 27909003 PMCID: PMC5939223 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental hypothesis in neuroscience proposes that underlying cellular architecture (cytoarchitecture) contributes to the functionality of a brain area. However, this hypothesis has not been tested in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) that contains domain-specific regions causally involved in perception. To fill this gap in knowledge, we used cortex-based alignment to register functional regions from living participants to cytoarchitectonic areas in ex vivo brains. This novel approach reveals 3 findings. First, there is a consistent relationship between domain-specific regions and cytoarchitectonic areas: each functional region is largely restricted to 1 cytoarchitectonic area. Second, extracting cytoarchitectonic profiles from face- and place-selective regions after back-projecting each region to 20-μm thick histological sections indicates that cytoarchitectonic properties distinguish these regions from each other. Third, some cytoarchitectonic areas contain more than 1 domain-specific region. For example, face-, body-, and character-selective regions are located within the same cytoarchitectonic area. We summarize these findings with a parsimonious hypothesis incorporating how cellular properties may contribute to functional specialization in human VTC. Specifically, we link computational principles to correlated axes of functional and cytoarchitectonic segregation in human VTC, in which parallel processing across domains occurs along a lateral-medial axis while transformations of information within domain occur along an anterior-posterior axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S. Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Simon Lorenz
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Julian Caspers
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty,University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Anthony Stigliani
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Katrin Amunts
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Cécile and Oskar Vogt Institute for Brain Research, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Institute of Neurosciences and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- JARA-BRAIN, Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, 52428 Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, 52062 Aachen, Germany
| | - Bruce Fischl
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and Department of Radiology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, MIT EECS/HST, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Stanford Neurosciences Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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56
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Grossi D, Longarzo M, Quarantelli M, Salvatore E, Cavaliere C, De Luca P, Trojano L, Aiello M. Altered functional connectivity of interoception in illness anxiety disorder. Cortex 2016; 86:22-32. [PMID: 27871020 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Interoception collects all information coming from the body and is sustained by several brain areas such as insula and cingulate cortex. Here, we used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate functional connectivity (FC) of networks implied in interoception in patients with Illness anxiety disorders (IADs). We observed significantly reduced FC between the left extrastriate body area (EBA) and the paracentral lobule compared to healthy controls. Moreover, the correlation analysis between behavioural questionnaires and ROI to ROI FC showed that higher levels of illness anxiety were related to hyper-connectivity between EBA and amygdala and hippocampus. Scores on a questionnaire for interoceptive awareness were significantly correlated with higher FC between right hippocampus and nucleus accumbens bilaterally, and with higher connectivity between left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and left orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Last, patients showed increased interoceptive awareness, measured by Self-Awareness Questionnaire (SAQ), and reduced capability in recognizing emotions, indicating inverse correlation between interoception and emotional awareness. Taken together our results suggested that, in absence of structural and micro-structural changes, patients with IADs show functional alteration in the neural network involved in the self-body representation; such functional alteration might be the target of possible treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Grossi
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Italy
| | | | - Mario Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Salvatore
- Department of Neuroscience Reproductive Sciences and Odontostomatology, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Luigi Trojano
- Department of Psychology, Second University of Naples, Italy
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57
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Silson EH, Groen IIA, Kravitz DJ, Baker CI. Evaluating the correspondence between face-, scene-, and object-selectivity and retinotopic organization within lateral occipitotemporal cortex. J Vis 2016; 16:14. [PMID: 27105060 PMCID: PMC4898275 DOI: 10.1167/16.6.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The organization of human lateral occipitotemporal cortex (lOTC) has been characterized largely according to two distinct principles: retinotopy and category-selectivity. Whereas category-selective regions were originally thought to exist beyond retinotopic maps, recent evidence highlights overlap. Here, we combined detailed mapping of retinotopy, using population receptive fields (pRF), and category-selectivity to examine and contrast the retinotopic profiles of scene- (occipital place area, OPA), face- (occipital face area, OFA) and object- (lateral occipital cortex, LO) selective regions of lOTC. We observe striking differences in the relationship each region has to underlying retinotopy. Whereas OPA overlapped multiple retinotopic maps (including V3A, V3B, LO1, and LO2), and LO overlapped two maps (LO1 and LO2), OFA overlapped almost none. There appears no simple consistent relationship between category-selectivity and retinotopic maps, meaning category-selective regions are not constrained spatially to retinotopic map borders consistently. The multiple maps that overlap OPA suggests it is likely not appropriate to conceptualize it as a single scene-selective region, whereas the inconsistency in any systematic map overlapping OFA suggests it may constitute a more uniform area. Beyond their relationship to retinotopy, all three regions evidenced strongly retinotopic voxels, with pRFs exhibiting a significant bias towards the contralateral lower visual field, despite differences in pRF size, contributing to an emerging literature suggesting this bias is present across much of lOTC. Taken together, these results suggest that whereas category-selective regions are not constrained to consistently contain ordered retinotopic maps, they nonetheless likely inherit retinotopic characteristics of the maps from which they draw information.
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58
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Integration of Visual and Proprioceptive Limb Position Information in Human Posterior Parietal, Premotor, and Extrastriate Cortex. J Neurosci 2016; 36:2582-9. [PMID: 26937000 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3987-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The brain constructs a flexible representation of the body from multisensory information. Previous work on monkeys suggests that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and ventral premotor cortex (PMv) represent the position of the upper limbs based on visual and proprioceptive information. Human experiments on the rubber hand illusion implicate similar regions, but since such experiments rely on additional visuo-tactile interactions, they cannot isolate visuo-proprioceptive integration. Here, we independently manipulated the position (palm or back facing) of passive human participants' unseen arm and of a photorealistic virtual 3D arm. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) revealed that matching visual and proprioceptive information about arm position engaged the PPC, PMv, and the body-selective extrastriate body area (EBA); activity in the PMv moreover reflected interindividual differences in congruent arm ownership. Further, the PPC, PMv, and EBA increased their coupling with the primary visual cortex during congruent visuo-proprioceptive position information. These results suggest that human PPC, PMv, and EBA evaluate visual and proprioceptive position information and, under sufficient cross-modal congruence, integrate it into a multisensory representation of the upper limb in space. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The position of our limbs in space constantly changes, yet the brain manages to represent limb position accurately by combining information from vision and proprioception. Electrophysiological recordings in monkeys have revealed neurons in the posterior parietal and premotor cortices that seem to implement and update such a multisensory limb representation, but this has been difficult to demonstrate in humans. Our fMRI experiment shows that human posterior parietal, premotor, and body-selective visual brain areas respond preferentially to a virtual arm seen in a position corresponding to one's unseen hidden arm, while increasing their communication with regions conveying visual information. These brain areas thus likely integrate visual and proprioceptive information into a flexible multisensory body representation.
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59
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Jacques C, Retter TL, Rossion B. A single glance at natural face images generate larger and qualitatively different category-selective spatio-temporal signatures than other ecologically-relevant categories in the human brain. Neuroimage 2016; 137:21-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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60
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Gilaie-Dotan S. Visual motion serves but is not under the purview of the dorsal pathway. Neuropsychologia 2016; 89:378-392. [PMID: 27444880 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Visual motion processing is often attributed to the dorsal visual pathway despite visual motion's involvement in almost all visual functions. Furthermore, some visual motion tasks critically depend on the structural integrity of regions outside the dorsal pathway. Here, based on numerous studies, I propose that visual motion signals are swiftly transmitted via multiple non-hierarchical routes to primary motion-dedicated processing regions (MT/V5 and MST) that are not part of the dorsal pathway, and then propagated to a multiplicity of brain areas according to task demands, reaching these regions earlier than the dorsal/ventral hierarchical flow. This not only places MT/V5 at the same or even earlier visual processing stage as that of V1, but can also elucidate many findings with implications to visual awareness. While the integrity of the non-hierarchical motion pathway is necessary for all visual motion perception, it is insufficient on its own, and the transfer of visual motion signals to additional brain areas is crucial to allow the different motion perception tasks (e.g. optic flow, visuo-vestibular balance, movement observation, dynamic form detection and perception, and even reading). I argue that this lateral visual motion pathway can be distinguished from the dorsal pathway not only based on faster response latencies and distinct anatomical connections, but also based on its full field representation. I also distinguish between this primary lateral visual motion pathway sensitive to all motion in the visual field, and a much less investigated optic flow sensitive medial processing pathway (from V1 to V6 and V6A) that appears to be part of the dorsal pathway. Multiple additional predictions are provided that allow testing this proposal and distinguishing between the visual pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Gilaie-Dotan
- UCL Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Visual Science and Optometry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.
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61
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Lescroart MD, Kanwisher N, Golomb JD. No Evidence for Automatic Remapping of Stimulus Features or Location Found with fMRI. Front Syst Neurosci 2016; 10:53. [PMID: 27378866 PMCID: PMC4904027 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2016.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The input to our visual system shifts every time we move our eyes. To maintain a stable percept of the world, visual representations must be updated with each saccade. Near the time of a saccade, neurons in several visual areas become sensitive to the regions of visual space that their receptive fields occupy after the saccade. This process, known as remapping, transfers information from one set of neurons to another, and may provide a mechanism for visual stability. However, it is not clear whether remapping transfers information about stimulus features in addition to information about stimulus location. To investigate this issue, we recorded blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) responses while human subjects viewed images of faces and houses (two visual categories with many feature differences). Immediately after some image presentations, subjects made a saccade that moved the previously stimulated location to the opposite side of the visual field. We then used a combination of univariate analyses and multivariate pattern analyses to test whether information about stimulus location and stimulus features were remapped to the ipsilateral hemisphere after the saccades. We found no reliable indication of stimulus feature remapping in any region. However, we also found no reliable indication of stimulus location remapping, despite the fact that our paradigm was highly similar to previous fMRI studies of remapping. The absence of location remapping in our study precludes strong conclusions regarding feature remapping. However, these results also suggest that measurement of location remapping with fMRI depends strongly on the details of the experimental paradigm used. We highlight differences in our approach from the original fMRI studies of remapping, discuss potential reasons for the failure to generalize prior location remapping results, and suggest directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Lescroart
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nancy Kanwisher
- McGovern Center for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julie D Golomb
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Ohio State University Columbus, OH, USA
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62
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Kadipasaoglu CM, Conner CR, Whaley ML, Baboyan VG, Tandon N. Category-Selectivity in Human Visual Cortex Follows Cortical Topology: A Grouped icEEG Study. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157109. [PMID: 27272936 PMCID: PMC4896492 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies suggest that category-selective regions in higher-order visual cortex are topologically organized around specific anatomical landmarks: the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS) in the ventral temporal cortex (VTC) and lateral occipital sulcus (LOS) in the lateral occipital cortex (LOC). To derive precise structure-function maps from direct neural signals, we collected intracranial EEG (icEEG) recordings in a large human cohort (n = 26) undergoing implantation of subdural electrodes. A surface-based approach to grouped icEEG analysis was used to overcome challenges from sparse electrode coverage within subjects and variable cortical anatomy across subjects. The topology of category-selectivity in bilateral VTC and LOC was assessed for five classes of visual stimuli-faces, animate non-face (animals/body-parts), places, tools, and words-using correlational and linear mixed effects analyses. In the LOC, selectivity for living (faces and animate non-face) and non-living (places and tools) classes was arranged in a ventral-to-dorsal axis along the LOS. In the VTC, selectivity for living and non-living stimuli was arranged in a latero-medial axis along the MFS. Written word-selectivity was reliably localized to the intersection of the left MFS and the occipito-temporal sulcus. These findings provide direct electrophysiological evidence for topological information structuring of functional representations within higher-order visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Mehmet Kadipasaoglu
- Vivian Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Christopher Richard Conner
- Vivian Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Meagan Lee Whaley
- Vivian Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Vatche George Baboyan
- Vivian Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Nitin Tandon
- Vivian Smith Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX, United States of America
- Memorial Hermann Hospital, Texas Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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63
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Thurman SM, van Boxtel JJA, Monti MM, Chiang JN, Lu H. Neural adaptation in pSTS correlates with perceptual aftereffects to biological motion and with autistic traits. Neuroimage 2016; 136:149-61. [PMID: 27164327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive nature of biological motion perception has been documented in behavioral studies, with research showing that prolonged viewing of an action can bias judgments of subsequent actions towards the opposite of its attributes. However, the neural mechanisms underlying action adaptation aftereffects remain unknown. We examined adaptation-induced changes in brain responses to an ambiguous action after adapting to walking or running actions within two bilateral regions of interest: 1) human middle temporal area (hMT+), a lower-level motion-sensitive region of cortex, and 2) posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), a higher-level action-selective area. We found a significant correlation between neural adaptation strength in right pSTS and perceptual aftereffects to biological motion measured behaviorally, but not in hMT+. The magnitude of neural adaptation in right pSTS was also strongly correlated with individual differences in the degree of autistic traits. Participants with more autistic traits exhibited less adaptation-induced modulations of brain responses in right pSTS and correspondingly weaker perceptual aftereffects. These results suggest a direct link between perceptual aftereffects and adaptation of neural populations in right pSTS after prolonged viewing of a biological motion stimulus, and highlight the potential importance of this brain region for understanding differences in social-cognitive processing along the autistic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
| | - Jeroen J A van Boxtel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Vic, Australia
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Chiang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Hongjing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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64
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de Borst AW, de Gelder B. Clear signals or mixed messages: inter-individual emotion congruency modulates brain activity underlying affective body perception. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2016; 11:1299-309. [PMID: 27025242 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsw039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural basis of emotion perception has mostly been investigated with single face or body stimuli. However, in daily life one may also encounter affective expressions by groups, e.g. an angry mob or an exhilarated concert crowd. In what way is brain activity modulated when several individuals express similar rather than different emotions? We investigated this question using an experimental design in which we presented two stimuli simultaneously, with same or different emotional expressions. We hypothesized that, in the case of two same-emotion stimuli, brain activity would be enhanced, while in the case of two different emotions, one emotion would interfere with the effect of the other. The results showed that the simultaneous perception of different affective body expressions leads to a deactivation of the amygdala and a reduction of cortical activity. It was revealed that the processing of fearful bodies, compared with different-emotion bodies, relied more strongly on saliency and action triggering regions in inferior parietal lobe and insula, while happy bodies drove the occipito-temporal cortex more strongly. We showed that this design could be used to uncover important differences between brain networks underlying fearful and happy emotions. The enhancement of brain activity for unambiguous affective signals expressed by several people simultaneously supports adaptive behaviour in critical situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W de Borst
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - B de Gelder
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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65
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Di Nota PM, Levkov G, Bar R, DeSouza JFX. Lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) activity is greatest while viewing dance compared to visualization and movement: learning and expertise effects. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2007-2023. [PMID: 26960739 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The lateral occipitotemporal cortex (LOTC) is comprised of subregions selectively activated by images of human bodies (extrastriate body area, EBA), objects (lateral occipital complex, LO), and motion (MT+). However, their role in motor imagery and movement processing is unclear, as are the influences of learning and expertise on its recruitment. The purpose of our study was to examine putative changes in LOTC activation during action processing following motor learning of novel choreography in professional ballet dancers. Subjects were scanned with functional magnetic resonance imaging up to four times over 34 weeks and performed four tasks: viewing and visualizing a newly learned ballet dance, visualizing a dance that was not being learned, and movement of the foot. EBA, LO, and MT+ were activated most while viewing dance compared to visualization and movement. Significant increases in activation were observed over time in left LO only during visualization of the unlearned dance, and all subregions were activated bilaterally during the viewing task after 34 weeks of performance, suggesting learning-induced plasticity. Finally, we provide novel evidence for modulation of EBA with dance experience during the motor task, with significant activation elicited in a comparison group of novice dancers only. These results provide a composite of LOTC activation during action processing of newly learned ballet choreography and movement of the foot. The role of these areas is confirmed as primarily subserving observation of complex sequences of whole-body movement, with new evidence for modification by experience and over the course of real world ballet learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula M Di Nota
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Gabriella Levkov
- Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada.,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Rachel Bar
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Canada's National Ballet School, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Joseph F X DeSouza
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Neuroscience Graduate Diploma Program, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Centre for Vision Research, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, ON, M3J 1P3, Canada. .,Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Canadian Action and Perception Network (CAPnet), Toronto, ON, Canada.
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66
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Thurman SM, Lu H. A comparison of form processing involved in the perception of biological and nonbiological movements. J Vis 2016; 16:1. [PMID: 26746875 PMCID: PMC5089218 DOI: 10.1167/16.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is evidence for specialization in the human brain for processing biological motion per se, few studies have directly examined the specialization of form processing in biological motion perception. The current study was designed to systematically compare form processing in perception of biological (human walkers) to nonbiological (rotating squares) stimuli. Dynamic form-based stimuli were constructed with conflicting form cues (position and orientation), such that the objects were perceived to be moving ambiguously in two directions at once. In Experiment 1, we used the classification image technique to examine how local form cues are integrated across space and time in a bottom-up manner. By comparing with a Bayesian observer model that embodies generic principles of form analysis (e.g., template matching) and integrates form information according to cue reliability, we found that human observers employ domain-general processes to recognize both human actions and nonbiological object movements. Experiments 2 and 3 found differential top-down effects of spatial context on perception of biological and nonbiological forms. When a background does not involve social information, observers are biased to perceive foreground object movements in the direction opposite to surrounding motion. However, when a background involves social cues, such as a crowd of similar objects, perception is biased toward the same direction as the crowd for biological walking stimuli, but not for rotating nonbiological stimuli. The model provided an accurate account of top-down modulations by adjusting the prior probabilities associated with the internal templates, demonstrating the power and flexibility of the Bayesian approach for visual form perception.
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67
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Abstract
Regions in human lateral and ventral occipitotemporal cortices (OTC) respond selectively to pictures of the human body and its parts. What are the organizational principles underlying body part responses in these regions? Here we used representational similarity analysis (RSA) of fMRI data to test multiple possible organizational principles: shape similarity, physical proximity, cortical homunculus proximity, and semantic similarity. Participants viewed pictures of whole persons, chairs, and eight body parts (hands, arms, legs, feet, chests, waists, upper faces, and lower faces). The similarity of multivoxel activity patterns for all body part pairs was established in whole person-selective OTC regions. The resulting neural similarity matrices were then compared with similarity matrices capturing the hypothesized organizational principles. Results showed that the semantic similarity model best captured the neural similarity of body parts in lateral and ventral OTC, which followed an organization in three clusters: (1) body parts used as action effectors (hands, feet, arms, and legs), (2) noneffector body parts (chests and waists), and (3) face parts (upper and lower faces). Whole-brain RSA revealed, in addition to OTC, regions in parietal and frontal cortex in which neural similarity was related to semantic similarity. In contrast, neural similarity in occipital cortex was best predicted by shape similarity models. We suggest that the semantic organization of body parts in high-level visual cortex relates to the different functions associated with the three body part clusters, reflecting the unique processing and connectivity demands associated with the different types of information (e.g., action, social) different body parts (e.g., limbs, faces) convey. Significance statement: While the organization of body part representations in motor and somatosensory cortices has been well characterized, the principles underlying body part representations in visual cortex have not yet been explored. In the present fMRI study we used multivoxel pattern analysis and representational similarity analysis to characterize the organization of body maps in human occipitotemporal cortex (OTC). Results indicate that visual and shape dimensions do not fully account for the organization of body part representations in OTC. Instead, the representational structure of body maps in OTC appears strongly related to functional-semantic properties of body parts. We suggest that this organization reflects the unique processing and connectivity demands associated with the different types of information different body parts convey.
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68
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Abstract
Prevailing hierarchical models propose that temporal processing capacity--the amount of information that a brain region processes in a unit time--decreases at higher stages in the ventral stream regardless of domain. However, it is unknown if temporal processing capacities are domain general or domain specific in human high-level visual cortex. Using a novel fMRI paradigm, we measured temporal capacities of functional regions in high-level visual cortex. Contrary to hierarchical models, our data reveal domain-specific processing capacities as follows: (1) regions processing information from different domains have differential temporal capacities within each stage of the visual hierarchy and (2) domain-specific regions display the same temporal capacity regardless of their position in the processing hierarchy. In general, character-selective regions have the lowest capacity, face- and place-selective regions have an intermediate capacity, and body-selective regions have the highest capacity. Notably, domain-specific temporal processing capacities are not apparent in V1 and have perceptual implications. Behavioral testing revealed that the encoding capacity of body images is higher than that of characters, faces, and places, and there is a correspondence between peak encoding rates and cortical capacities for characters and bodies. The present evidence supports a model in which the natural statistics of temporal information in the visual world may affect domain-specific temporal processing and encoding capacities. These findings suggest that the functional organization of high-level visual cortex may be constrained by temporal characteristics of stimuli in the natural world, and this temporal capacity is a characteristic of domain-specific networks in high-level visual cortex. Significance statement: Visual stimuli bombard us at different rates every day. For example, words and scenes are typically stationary and vary at slow rates. In contrast, bodies are dynamic and typically change at faster rates. Using a novel fMRI paradigm, we measured temporal processing capacities of functional regions in human high-level visual cortex. Contrary to prevailing theories, we find that different regions have different processing capacities, which have behavioral implications. In general, character-selective regions have the lowest capacity, face- and place-selective regions have an intermediate capacity, and body-selective regions have the highest capacity. These results suggest that temporal processing capacity is a characteristic of domain-specific networks in high-level visual cortex and contributes to the segregation of cortical regions.
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69
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Goldberg H, Christensen A, Flash T, Giese MA, Malach R. Brain activity correlates with emotional perception induced by dynamic avatars. Neuroimage 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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70
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Silson EH, Chan AWY, Reynolds RC, Kravitz DJ, Baker CI. A Retinotopic Basis for the Division of High-Level Scene Processing between Lateral and Ventral Human Occipitotemporal Cortex. J Neurosci 2015; 35:11921-35. [PMID: 26311774 PMCID: PMC4549403 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0137-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 07/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, there is a repeated category-selective organization across the lateral and ventral surfaces of the occipitotemporal cortex. This apparent redundancy is often explained as a feedforward hierarchy, with processing within lateral areas preceding the processing within ventral areas. Here, we tested the alternative hypothesis that this structure better reflects distinct high-level representations of the upper (ventral surface) and lower (lateral surface) contralateral quadrants of the visual field, consistent with anatomical projections from early visual areas to these surfaces in monkey. Using complex natural scenes, we provide converging evidence from three independent functional imaging and behavioral studies. First, population receptive field mapping revealed strong biases for the contralateral upper and lower quadrant within the ventral and lateral scene-selective regions, respectively. Second, these same biases were observed in the position information available both in the magnitude and multivoxel response across these areas. Third, behavioral judgments of a scene property strongly represented within the ventral scene-selective area (open/closed), but not another equally salient property (manmade/natural), were more accurate in the upper than the lower field. Such differential representation of visual space poses a substantial challenge to the idea of a strictly hierarchical organization between lateral and ventral scene-selective regions. Moreover, such retinotopic biases seem to extend beyond these regions throughout both surfaces. Thus, the large-scale organization of high-level extrastriate cortex likely reflects the need for both specialized representations of particular categories and constraints from the structure of early vision. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT One of the most striking findings in fMRI has been the presence of matched category-selective regions on the lateral and ventral surfaces of human occipitotemporal cortex. Here, we focus on scene-selective regions and provide converging evidence for a retinotopic explanation of this organization. Specifically, we demonstrate that scene-selective regions exhibit strong biases for different portions of the visual field, with the lateral region representing the contralateral lower visual field and the ventral region the contralateral upper visual field. These biases are consistent with the retinotopy found in the early visual areas that lie directly antecedent to category-selective areas on both surfaces. Furthermore, these biases extend beyond scene-selective cortex and provide a retinotopic basis for the large-scale organization of occipitotemporal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Annie Wai-Yiu Chan
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition and Department of Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, and
| | - Richard Craig Reynolds
- Scientific and Statistical Computing Core, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1366
| | - Dwight Jacob Kravitz
- Laboratory of Brain and Cognition and Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052
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71
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Jacques C, Witthoft N, Weiner KS, Foster BL, Rangarajan V, Hermes D, Miller KJ, Parvizi J, Grill-Spector K. Corresponding ECoG and fMRI category-selective signals in human ventral temporal cortex. Neuropsychologia 2015. [PMID: 26212070 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electrocorticography (ECoG) research have been influential in revealing the functional characteristics of category-selective responses in human ventral temporal cortex (VTC). One important, but unanswered, question is how these two types of measurements might be related with respect to the VTC. Here we examined which components of the ECoG signal correspond to the fMRI response by using a rare opportunity to measure both fMRI and ECoG responses from the same individuals to images of exemplars of various categories including faces, limbs, cars and houses. Our data reveal three key findings. First, we discovered that the coupling between fMRI and ECoG responses is frequency and time dependent. The strongest and most sustained correlation is observed between fMRI and high frequency broadband (HFB) ECoG responses (30-160 hz). In contrast, the correlation between fMRI and ECoG signals in lower frequency bands is temporally transient, where the correlation is initially positive, but then tapers off or becomes negative. Second, we find that the strong and positive correlation between fMRI and ECoG signals in all frequency bands emerges rapidly around 100 ms after stimulus onset, together with the onset of the first stimulus-driven neural signals in VTC. Third, we find that the spatial topology and representational structure of category-selectivity in VTC reflected in ECoG HFB responses mirrors the topology and structure observed with fMRI. These findings of a strong and rapid coupling between fMRI and HFB responses validate fMRI measurements of functional selectivity with recordings of direct neural activity and suggest that fMRI category-selective signals in VTC are associated with feed-forward neural processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Jacques
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Psychological Sciences Research Institute (IPSY), Université Catholique de Louvain, 10 Place du Cardinal Mercier, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA.
| | - Nathan Witthoft
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA
| | - Brett L Foster
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA
| | - Vinitha Rangarajan
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA
| | - Dora Hermes
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA
| | - Kai J Miller
- Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Josef Parvizi
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA; Stanford Neuroscience Institute, SNI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kalanit Grill-Spector
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Stanford Human Intracranial Cognitive Electrophysiology Program (SHICEP), USA; Stanford Neuroscience Institute, SNI, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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72
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Body selectivity in occipitotemporal cortex: Causal evidence. Neuropsychologia 2015; 83:138-148. [PMID: 26044771 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Perception of others' bodies provides information that is useful for a number of important social-cognitive processes. Evidence from neuroimaging methods has identified focal cortical regions that are highly selective for perceiving bodies and body parts, including the extrastriate body area (EBA) and fusiform body area (FBA). Our understanding of the functional properties of these regions, and their causal contributions to behavior, has benefitted from the study of neuropsychological patients and particularly from investigations using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We review this evidence, focusing on TMS studies that are revealing of how (and when) activity in EBA contributes to detecting people in natural scenes; to resolving their body shape, movements, actions, individual parts, and identities; and to guiding goal-directed behavior. These findings are considered in reference to a framework for body perception in which the patterns of neural activity in EBA and FBA jointly serve to make explicit the elements of the visual scene that correspond to the body and its parts. These representations are modulated by other sources of information such as prior knowledge, and are shared with wider brain networks involved in many aspects of social cognition.
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73
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Moreno I, de Vega M, León I, Bastiaansen M, Glen Lewis A, Magyari L. Brain dynamics in the comprehension of action-related language. A time-frequency analysis of mu rhythms. Neuroimage 2015; 109:50-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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74
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Cytoarchitecture of the human lateral occipital cortex: mapping of two extrastriate areas hOc4la and hOc4lp. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:1877-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1009-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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75
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Candidi M, Stienen BMC, Aglioti SM, de Gelder B. Virtual lesion of right posterior superior temporal sulcus modulates conscious visual perception of fearful expressions in faces and bodies. Cortex 2015; 65:184-94. [PMID: 25835522 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The posterior Superior Temporal Suclus (pSTS) represents a central hub in the complex cerebral network for person perception and emotion recognition as also suggested by its heavy connections with face- and body-specific cortical (e.g., the fusiform face area, FFA and the extrastriate body area, EBA) and subcortical structures (e.g., amygdala). Information on whether pSTS is causatively involved in sustaining conscious visual perception of emotions expressed by faces and bodies is lacking. We explored this issue by combining a binocular rivalry procedure (where emotional and neutral face and body postures rivaled with house images) with off-line, 1-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS). We found that temporary inhibition of the right pSTS reduced perceptual dominance of fearful faces and increased perceptual dominance of fearful bodies, while leaving unaffected the perception of neutral face and body images. Inhibition of the vertex had no effect on conscious visual perception of neutral or emotional face or body stimuli. Thus, the right pSTS plays a causal role in shortening conscious vision of fearful faces and in prolonging conscious vision of fearful bodies. These results suggest that pSTS selectively modulates the activity of segregated networks involved in the conscious visual perception of emotional faces or bodies. We speculate that the opposite role of the right pSTS for conscious perception of fearful face and body may be explained by the different connections that this region entertains with face- and body-selective visual areas as well as with amygdalae and premotor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Candidi
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Bernard M C Stienen
- Cognitive and Affective Neurosciences Laboratory, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Salvatore M Aglioti
- Department of Psychology, University "Sapienza", Rome, Italy; IRCCS, Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Cognitive and Affective Neurosciences Laboratory, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands; Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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76
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Ventral aspect of the visual form pathway is not critical for the perception of biological motion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E361-70. [PMID: 25583504 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1414974112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying the movements of those around us is fundamental for many daily activities, such as recognizing actions, detecting predators, and interacting with others socially. A key question concerns the neurobiological substrates underlying biological motion perception. Although the ventral "form" visual cortex is standardly activated by biologically moving stimuli, whether these activations are functionally critical for biological motion perception or are epiphenomenal remains unknown. To address this question, we examined whether focal damage to regions of the ventral visual cortex, resulting in significant deficits in form perception, adversely affects biological motion perception. Six patients with damage to the ventral cortex were tested with sensitive point-light display paradigms. All patients were able to recognize unmasked point-light displays and their perceptual thresholds were not significantly different from those of three different control groups, one of which comprised brain-damaged patients with spared ventral cortex (n > 50). Importantly, these six patients performed significantly better than patients with damage to regions critical for biological motion perception. To assess the necessary contribution of different regions in the ventral pathway to biological motion perception, we complement the behavioral findings with a fine-grained comparison between the lesion location and extent, and the cortical regions standardly implicated in biological motion processing. This analysis revealed that the ventral aspects of the form pathway (e.g., fusiform regions, ventral extrastriate body area) are not critical for biological motion perception. We hypothesize that the role of these ventral regions is to provide enhanced multiview/posture representations of the moving person rather than to represent biological motion perception per se.
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77
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Caeyenberghs K, Siugzdaite R, Drijkoningen D, Marinazzo D, Swinnen SP. Functional Connectivity Density and Balance in Young Patients with Traumatic Axonal Injury. Brain Connect 2014; 5:423-32. [PMID: 25327385 DOI: 10.1089/brain.2014.0293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study provided some evidence for the relationship between abnormal structural connectivity and poor balance performance in young traumatic axonal injury (TAI) patients. An enhanced understanding of the functional connectivity following TAI may allow targeted treatments geared toward improving brain function and postural control. Twelve patients with TAI and 28 normally developing children (aged 9-19 years) performed the sensory organization test (SOT) protocol of the EquiTest (Neurocom). All participants were scanned using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging series along with anatomical scans. We applied "functional connectivity density mapping" (FCDM), a voxel-wise data-driven method that calculates individual functional connectivity maps to obtain both short-range and long-range FCD. Findings revealed that the TAI group scored generally lower than the control group on the SOT, especially when proprioceptive feedback was compromised. Between-group maps noted significantly decreased long-range FCD in the TAI group in frontal and subcortical regions and significantly increased short-range FCD in frontal regions, left inferior parietal, and cerebellar lobules. Moreover, lower balance levels in TAI patients were associated with a lower long-range FCD in left putamen and cerebellar vermis. These findings suggest that long-range connections may be more vulnerable to TAI than short-range connections. Moreover, higher values of short-range FCD may suggest adaptive mechanisms in the TAI group. Finally, this study supports the view that FCDM is a valuable tool for selectively predicting functional motor deficits in TAI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Caeyenberghs
- 1 Department of Physical Therapy and Motor Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium .,2 Department of Movement and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Roma Siugzdaite
- 3 Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium
| | - David Drijkoningen
- 4 Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniele Marinazzo
- 3 Department of Data Analysis, Faculty of Psychological and Pedagogical Sciences, University of Ghent , Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- 4 Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Group, Group Biomedical Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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78
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Ross PD, de Gelder B, Crabbe F, Grosbras MH. Body-selective areas in the visual cortex are less active in children than in adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:941. [PMID: 25484863 PMCID: PMC4240043 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Our ability to read other people's non-verbal signals gets refined throughout childhood and adolescence. How this is paralleled by brain development has been investigated mainly with regards to face perception, showing a protracted functional development of the face-selective visual cortical areas. In view of the importance of whole-body expressions in interpersonal communication it is important to understand the development of brain areas sensitive to these social signals. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to compare brain activity in a group of 24 children (age 6-11) and 26 adults while they passively watched short videos of body or object movements. We observed activity in similar regions in both groups; namely the extra-striate body area (EBA), fusiform body area (FBA), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), amygdala and premotor regions. Adults showed additional activity in the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG). Within the main body-selective regions (EBA, FBA and pSTS), the strength and spatial extent of fMRI signal change was larger in adults than in children. Multivariate Bayesian (MVB) analysis showed that the spatial pattern of neural representation within those regions did not change over age. Our results indicate, for the first time, that body perception, like face perception, is still maturing through the second decade of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paddy D Ross
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
| | - Beatrice de Gelder
- Brain and Emotion Laboratory, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Frances Crabbe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow Glasgow, UK
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79
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The vertical occipital fasciculus: a century of controversy resolved by in vivo measurements. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5214-23. [PMID: 25404310 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418503111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The vertical occipital fasciculus (VOF) is the only major fiber bundle connecting dorsolateral and ventrolateral visual cortex. Only a handful of studies have examined the anatomy of the VOF or its role in cognition in the living human brain. Here, we trace the contentious history of the VOF, beginning with its original discovery in monkey by Wernicke (1881) and in human by Obersteiner (1888), to its disappearance from the literature, and recent reemergence a century later. We introduce an algorithm to identify the VOF in vivo using diffusion-weighted imaging and tractography, and show that the VOF can be found in every hemisphere (n = 74). Quantitative T1 measurements demonstrate that tissue properties, such as myelination, in the VOF differ from neighboring white-matter tracts. The terminations of the VOF are in consistent positions relative to cortical folding patterns in the dorsal and ventral visual streams. Recent findings demonstrate that these same anatomical locations also mark cytoarchitectonic and functional transitions in dorsal and ventral visual cortex. We conclude that the VOF is likely to serve a unique role in the communication of signals between regions on the ventral surface that are important for the perception of visual categories (e.g., words, faces, bodies, etc.) and regions on the dorsal surface involved in the control of eye movements, attention, and motion perception.
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80
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Guthier T, Willert V, Eggert J. Topological sparse learning of dynamic form patterns. Neural Comput 2014; 27:42-73. [PMID: 25248088 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Motion is a crucial source of information for a variety of tasks in social interactions. The process of how humans recognize complex articulated movements such as gestures or face expressions remains largely unclear. There is an ongoing discussion if and how explicit low-level motion information, such as optical flow, is involved in the recognition process. Motivated by this discussion, we introduce a computational model that classifies the spatial configuration of gradient and optical flow patterns. The patterns are learned with an unsupervised learning algorithm based on translation-invariant nonnegative sparse coding called VNMF that extracts prototypical optical flow patterns shaped, for example, as moving heads or limb parts. A key element of the proposed system is a lateral inhibition term that suppresses activations of competing patterns in the learning process, leading to a low number of dominant and topological sparse activations. We analyze the classification performance of the gradient and optical flow patterns on three real-world human action recognition and one face expression recognition data set. The results indicate that the recognition of human actions can be achieved by gradient patterns alone, but adding optical flow patterns increases the classification performance. The combined patterns outperform other biological-inspired models and are competitive with current computer vision approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Guthier
- TU Darmstadt, 64283 Darmstadt, Germany
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81
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The brain network underlying the recognition of hand gestures in the blind: the supramodal role of the extrastriate body area. J Neurosci 2014; 34:10096-108. [PMID: 25057211 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0500-14.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The visual perception of others' body parts is critical for understanding and imitating their behavior. The visual cortex in humans includes the extrastriate body area (EBA), which is a large portion of the occipitotemporal cortex that is selectively responsive to visually perceived body parts. Previous neuroimaging studies showed that the EBA not only receives sensory inputs regarding others' body information but also receives kinesthetic feedback regarding one's own actions. This finding raised the possibility that the EBA could be formed via nonvisual sensory modalities. However, the effect of visual deprivation on the formation of the EBA has remained largely unknown. Here, we used fMRI to investigate the effect of vision loss on the development of the EBA. Blind and sighted human subjects performed equally well in a haptic-identification task involving three categories of objects (hand shapes, toy cars, and teapots). The superior part (i.e., the middle temporal gyrus and angular gyrus) of the EBA and the supramarginal gyrus showed greater sensitivity to recognized hand shapes than to inanimate objects, regardless of the sensory modality and visual experience. Unlike the superior part of the EBA, the sensitivity of the inferior part (i.e., the inferior temporal sulcus and middle occipital gyrus) depended on visual experience. However, this vision-dependent sensitivity explained minor individual differences in hand-recognition performance. These results indicate that nonvisual modalities drive the development of the cortical network underlying the recognition of hand gestures with a node in the visual cortex.
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82
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Brandman T, Yovel G. Bodies are Represented as Wholes Rather Than Their Sum of Parts in the Occipital-Temporal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:530-43. [PMID: 25217470 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies suggested that bodies are represented as wholes rather than in a part-based manner. However, neural selectivity for body stimuli is found for both whole bodies and body parts. It is therefore undetermined whether the neural representation of bodies is configural or part-based. We used functional MRI to test the role of first-order configuration on body representation in the human occipital-temporal cortex by comparing the response to a whole body versus the sum of its parts. Results show that body-selective areas, whether defined by selectivity to headless bodies or body parts, preferred whole bodies over their sum of parts and successfully decoded body configuration. This configural representation was specific to body stimuli and not found for faces. In contrast, general object areas showed no preference for wholes over parts and decoded the configuration of both bodies and faces. Finally, whereas effects of inversion on configural face representation were specific to face-selective mechanisms, effects of body inversion were not unique to body-selective mechanisms. We conclude that the neural representation of body parts is strengthened by their arrangement into an intact body, thereby demonstrating a central role of first-order configuration in the neural representation of bodies in their category-selective areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talia Brandman
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 6997801, Israel
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83
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Okamoto Y, Kitada R, Tanabe HC, Hayashi MJ, Kochiyama T, Munesue T, Ishitobi M, Saito DN, Yanaka HT, Omori M, Wada Y, Okazawa H, Sasaki AT, Morita T, Itakura S, Kosaka H, Sadato N. Attenuation of the contingency detection effect in the extrastriate body area in autism spectrum disorder. Neurosci Res 2014; 87:66-76. [PMID: 25066523 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Revised: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Detection of the contingency between one's own behavior and consequent social events is important for normal social development, and impaired contingency detection may be a cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To depict the neural underpinnings of this contingency effect, 19 adults with ASD and 22 control participants underwent functional MRI while imitating another's actions and their actions being imitated by the other. As the extrastriate body area (EBA) receives efference copies of one's own movements, we predicted that the EBA would show an atypical response during contingency detection in ASD. We manipulated two factors: the congruency of the executed and observed actions, and the order of action execution and observation. Both groups showed the congruency effect in the bilateral EBA during imitation. When action preceded observation, the left EBA of the control group showed the congruency effect, representing the response to being imitated, indicating contingency detection. The ASD group showed a reduced contingency effect in the left EBA. These results indicate that the function of the EBA in the contingency detection is altered in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Okamoto
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Japan; Department of Education, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitada
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Japan
| | - Hiroki C Tanabe
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Social and Human Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Japan
| | - Masamichi J Hayashi
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Japan; Institute of Biomedicine, Physiology, University of Helsinki, Finland; Brain Research Unit, O.V. Lounasmaa Laboratory, Aalto University School of Science, Finland
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Brain Activity Imaging Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toshio Munesue
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Kanazawa University, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishitobi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan; Department of Child and Adolescent Mental Health, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Japan
| | - Daisuke N Saito
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan; Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Hisakazu T Yanaka
- Department of Education, Faculty of Regional Sciences, Tottori University, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan; Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Masao Omori
- Faculty of Nursing and Social Welfare Sciences, Fukui Prefectural University, Japan
| | - Yuji Wada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Okazawa
- Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan; Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Akihiro T Sasaki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Japan; Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Pathophysiological and Health Science Team, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Japan
| | - Tomoyo Morita
- Division of Sensori-Motor Integration, Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Adaptive Machine System, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan
| | - Shoji Itakura
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Letters, Kyoto University, Japan; Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Intelligent Robotics and Communication Laboratories, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Kosaka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan; Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, Department of Cerebral Research, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Japan; Department of Physiological Sciences, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai), Japan; Biomedical Imaging Research Center, University of Fukui, Japan.
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84
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The functional architecture of the ventral temporal cortex and its role in categorization. Nat Rev Neurosci 2014; 15:536-48. [PMID: 24962370 DOI: 10.1038/nrn3747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Visual categorization is thought to occur in the human ventral temporal cortex (VTC), but how this categorization is achieved is still largely unknown. In this Review, we consider the computations and representations that are necessary for categorization and examine how the microanatomical and macroanatomical layout of the VTC might optimize them to achieve rapid and flexible visual categorization. We propose that efficient categorization is achieved by organizing representations in a nested spatial hierarchy in the VTC. This spatial hierarchy serves as a neural infrastructure for the representational hierarchy of visual information in the VTC and thereby enables flexible access to category information at several levels of abstraction.
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85
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Rajimehr R, Bilenko NY, Vanduffel W, Tootell RBH. Retinotopy versus face selectivity in macaque visual cortex. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2691-700. [PMID: 24893745 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Retinotopic organization is a ubiquitous property of lower-tier visual cortical areas in human and nonhuman primates. In macaque visual cortex, the retinotopic maps extend to higher-order areas in the ventral visual pathway, including area TEO in the inferior temporal (IT) cortex. Distinct regions within IT cortex are also selective to specific object categories such as faces. Here we tested the topographic relationship between retinotopic maps and face-selective patches in macaque visual cortex using high-resolution fMRI and retinotopic face stimuli. Distinct subregions within face-selective patches showed either (1) a coarse retinotopic map of eccentricity and polar angle, (2) a retinotopic bias to a specific location of visual field, or (3) nonretinotopic selectivity. In general, regions along the lateral convexity of IT cortex showed more overlap between retinotopic maps and face selectivity, compared with regions within the STS. Thus, face patches in macaques can be subdivided into smaller patches with distinguishable retinotopic properties.
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86
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Hands in motion: an upper-limb-selective area in the occipitotemporal cortex shows sensitivity to viewed hand kinematics. J Neurosci 2014; 34:4882-95. [PMID: 24695707 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3352-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Regions in the occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) show clear selectivity to static images of human body parts, and upper limbs in particular, with respect to other object categories. Such selectivity was previously attributed to shape aspects, which presumably vary across categories. Alternatively, it has been proposed that functional selectivity for upper limbs is driven by processing of their distinctive motion features. In the present study we show that selectivity to static upper-limb images and motion processing go hand in hand. Using resting-state and task-based functional MRI, we demonstrate that OTC voxels showing greater preference to static images of arms and hands also show stronger functional connectivity with motion coding regions within the human middle temporal complex (hMT+), but not with shape-selective midtier areas, such as hV4 or LO-1, suggesting a tight link between upper-limb selectivity and motion processing. To test this directly, we created a set of natural arm-movement videos where kinematic patterns were parametrically manipulated, while keeping shape information constant. Using multivariate pattern analysis, we show that the degree of (dis)similarity in arm-velocity profiles across the video set predicts, to a significant extent, the degree of (dis)similarity in multivoxel activation patterns in both upper-limb-selective OTC regions and the hMT+. Together, these results suggest that the functional specificity of upper-limb-selective regions may be partially determined by their involvement in the processing of upper-limb dynamics. We propose that the selectivity to static upper-limb images in the OTC may be a result of experience-dependent association between shape elements, which characterize upper limbs, and upper-limb-specific motion patterns.
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87
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Striem-Amit E, Amedi A. Visual cortex extrastriate body-selective area activation in congenitally blind people "seeing" by using sounds. Curr Biol 2014; 24:687-92. [PMID: 24613309 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vision is by far the most prevalent sense for experiencing others' body shapes, postures, actions, and intentions, and its congenital absence may dramatically hamper body-shape representation in the brain. We investigated whether the absence of visual experience and limited exposure to others' body shapes could still lead to body-shape selectivity. We taught congenitally fully-blind adults to perceive full-body shapes conveyed through a sensory-substitution algorithm topographically translating images into soundscapes [1]. Despite the limited experience of the congenitally blind with external body shapes (via touch of close-by bodies and for ~10 hr via soundscapes), once the blind could retrieve body shapes via soundscapes, they robustly activated the visual cortex, specifically the extrastriate body area (EBA; [2]). Furthermore, body selectivity versus textures, objects, and faces in both the blind and sighted control groups was not found in the temporal (auditory) or parietal (somatosensory) cortex but only in the visual EBA. Finally, resting-state data showed that the blind EBA is functionally connected to the temporal cortex temporal-parietal junction/superior temporal sulcus Theory-of-Mind areas [3]. Thus, the EBA preference is present without visual experience and with little exposure to external body-shape information, supporting the view that the brain has a sensory-independent, task-selective supramodal organization rather than a sensory-specific organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ella Striem-Amit
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel.
| | - Amir Amedi
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, The Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel; The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel; The Cognitive Science Program, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91220, Israel.
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88
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Abstract
Actions can be understood based on form cues (e.g., static body posture) as well as motion cues (e.g., gait patterns). A fundamental debate centers on the question of whether the functional and neural mechanisms processing these two types of cues are dissociable. Here, using fMRI, psychophysics, and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), all within the same human participants, we show that mechanisms underlying body form and body motion processing are functionally and neurally distinct. Multivoxel fMRI activity patterns in the extrastriate body area (EBA), but not in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), carried cue invariant information about the body form of an acting human. Conversely, multivoxel patterns in pSTS, but not in EBA, carried information about the body motion of the same actor. In a psychophysical experiment, we selectively impaired body form and body motion discriminations by manipulating different visual cues: misaligning the ellipses that made up a dynamic walker stimulus selectively disrupted body form discriminations, while varying the presentation duration of the walker selectively affected body motion discriminations. Finally, a TMS experiment revealed causal evidence for a double-dissociation between neural mechanisms underlying body form and body motion discriminations: TMS over EBA selectively disrupted body form discrimination, whereas TMS over pSTS selectively disrupted body motion discrimination. Together, these findings reveal complementing but dissociable functions of EBA and pSTS during action perception. They provide constraints for theoretical and computational models of action perception by showing that action perception involves at least two parallel pathways that separately contribute to the understanding of others' behavior.
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89
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Disintegration of multisensory signals from the real hand reduces default limb self-attribution: an fMRI study. J Neurosci 2013; 33:13350-66. [PMID: 23946393 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1363-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of our limbs in space is built upon the integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive signals. Accumulating evidence suggests that these signals are combined in areas of premotor, parietal, and cerebellar cortices. However, it remains to be determined whether neuronal populations in these areas integrate hand signals according to basic temporal and spatial congruence principles of multisensory integration. Here, we developed a setup based on advanced 3D video technology that allowed us to manipulate the spatiotemporal relationships of visuotactile (VT) stimuli delivered on a healthy human participant's real hand during fMRI and investigate the ensuing neural and perceptual correlates. Our experiments revealed two novel findings. First, we found responses in premotor, parietal, and cerebellar regions that were dependent upon the spatial and temporal congruence of VT stimuli. This multisensory integration effect required a simultaneous match between the seen and felt postures of the hand, which suggests that congruent visuoproprioceptive signals from the upper limb are essential for successful VT integration. Second, we observed that multisensory conflicts significantly disrupted the default feeling of ownership of the seen real limb, as indexed by complementary subjective, psychophysiological, and BOLD measures. The degree to which self-attribution was impaired could be predicted from the attenuation of neural responses in key multisensory areas. These results elucidate the neural bases of the integration of multisensory hand signals according to basic spatiotemporal principles and demonstrate that the disintegration of these signals leads to "disownership" of the seen real hand.
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90
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Visual processing in anorexia nervosa and body dysmorphic disorder: similarities, differences, and future research directions. J Psychiatr Res 2013; 47:1483-91. [PMID: 23810196 PMCID: PMC3786585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2013.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) and body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) are psychiatric disorders that involve distortion of the experience of one's physical appearance. In AN, individuals believe that they are overweight, perceive their body as "fat," and are preoccupied with maintaining a low body weight. In BDD, individuals are preoccupied with misperceived defects in physical appearance, most often of the face. Distorted visual perception may contribute to these cardinal symptoms, and may be a common underlying phenotype. This review surveys the current literature on visual processing in AN and BDD, addressing lower- to higher-order stages of visual information processing and perception. We focus on peer-reviewed studies of AN and BDD that address ophthalmologic abnormalities, basic neural processing of visual input, integration of visual input with other systems, neuropsychological tests of visual processing, and representations of whole percepts (such as images of faces, bodies, and other objects). The literature suggests a pattern in both groups of over-attention to detail, reduced processing of global features, and a tendency to focus on symptom-specific details in their own images (body parts in AN, facial features in BDD), with cognitive strategy at least partially mediating the abnormalities. Visuospatial abnormalities were also evident when viewing images of others and for non-appearance related stimuli. Unfortunately no study has directly compared AN and BDD, and most studies were not designed to disentangle disease-related emotional responses from lower-order visual processing. We make recommendations for future studies to improve the understanding of visual processing abnormalities in AN and BDD.
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91
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Weiner KS, Golarai G, Caspers J, Chuapoco MR, Mohlberg H, Zilles K, Amunts K, Grill-Spector K. The mid-fusiform sulcus: a landmark identifying both cytoarchitectonic and functional divisions of human ventral temporal cortex. Neuroimage 2013; 84:453-65. [PMID: 24021838 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.08.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Revised: 08/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a pivotal role in high-level vision. An under-studied macroanatomical feature of VTC is the mid-fusiform sulcus (MFS), a shallow longitudinal sulcus separating the lateral and medial fusiform gyrus (FG). Here, we quantified the morphological features of the MFS in 69 subjects (ages 7-40), and investigated its relationship to both cytoarchitectonic and functional divisions of VTC with four main findings. First, despite being a minor sulcus, we found that the MFS is a stable macroanatomical structure present in all 138 hemispheres with morphological characteristics developed by age 7. Second, the MFS is the locus of a lateral-medial cytoarchitectonic transition within the posterior FG serving as the boundary between cytoarchitectonic regions FG1 and FG2. Third, the MFS predicts a lateral-medial functional transition in eccentricity bias representations in children, adolescents, and adults. Fourth, the anterior tip of the MFS predicts the location of a face-selective region, mFus-faces/FFA-2. These findings are the first to illustrate that a macroanatomical landmark identifies both cytoarchitectonic and functional divisions of high-level sensory cortex in humans and have important implications for understanding functional and structural organization in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin S Weiner
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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92
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The role of kinematics in cortical regions for continuous human motion perception. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2013; 14:307-18. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-013-0192-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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93
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Show me how you walk and I tell you how you feel - a functional near-infrared spectroscopy study on emotion perception based on human gait. Neuroimage 2013; 85 Pt 1:380-90. [PMID: 23921096 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to recognize and adequately interpret emotional states in others plays a fundamental role in regulating social interaction. Body language presents an essential element of nonverbal communication which is often perceived prior to mimic expression. However, the neural networks that underlie the processing of emotionally expressive body movement and body posture are poorly understood. 33 healthy subjects have been investigated using the optically based imaging method functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) during the performance of a newly developed emotion discrimination paradigm consisting of faceless avatars expressing fearful, angry, sad, happy or neutral gait patterns. Participants were instructed to judge (a) the presented emotional state (emotion task) and (b) the observed walking speed of the respective avatar (speed task). We measured increases in cortical oxygenated haemoglobin (O2HB) in response to visual stimulation during emotion discrimination. These O2HB concentration changes were enhanced for negative emotions in contrast to neutral gait sequences in right occipito-temporal and left temporal and temporo-parietal brain regions. Moreover, fearful and angry bodies elicited higher activation increases during the emotion task compared to the speed task. Haemodynamic responses were correlated with a number of behavioural measures, whereby a positive relationship between emotion regulation strategy preference and O2HB concentration increases after sad walks was mediated by the ability to accurately categorize sad walks. Our results support the idea of a distributed brain network involved in the recognition of bodily emotion expression that comprises visual association areas as well as body/movement perception specific cortical regions that are also sensitive to emotion. This network is activated less when the emotion is not intentionally processed (i.e. during the speed task). Furthermore, activity of this perceptive network is, mediated by the ability to correctly recognize emotions, indirectly connected to active emotion regulation processes. We conclude that a full understanding of emotion perception and its neural substrate requires the investigation of dynamic representations and means of expression other than the face.
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94
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Baldassano C, Beck DM, Fei-Fei L. Differential connectivity within the Parahippocampal Place Area. Neuroimage 2013; 75:228-237. [PMID: 23507385 PMCID: PMC3683120 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA) has traditionally been considered a homogeneous region of interest, but recent evidence from both human studies and animal models has suggested that PPA may be composed of functionally distinct subunits. To investigate this hypothesis, we utilize a functional connectivity measure for fMRI that can estimate connectivity differences at the voxel level. Applying this method to whole-brain data from two experiments, we provide the first direct evidence that anterior and posterior PPA exhibit distinct connectivity patterns, with anterior PPA more strongly connected to regions in the default mode network (including the parieto-medial temporal pathway) and posterior PPA more strongly connected to occipital visual regions. We show that object sensitivity in PPA also has an anterior-posterior gradient, with stronger responses to abstract objects in posterior PPA. These findings cast doubt on the traditional view of PPA as a single coherent region, and suggest that PPA is composed of one subregion specialized for the processing of low-level visual features and object shape, and a separate subregion more involved in memory and scene context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane M Beck
- Beckman Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Li Fei-Fei
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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95
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Chan AWY. Functional organization and visual representations of human ventral lateral prefrontal cortex. Front Psychol 2013; 4:371. [PMID: 23847558 PMCID: PMC3705197 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent neuroimaging studies in both human and non-human primates have identified face selective activation in the ventral lateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC) even in the absence of working memory (WM) demands. Further, research has suggested that this face-selective response is largely driven by the presence of the eyes. However, the nature and origin of visual category responses in the VLPFC remain unclear. In a broader sense, how do these findings relate to our current understandings of lateral prefrontal cortex? What do these findings tell us about the underlying function and organization principles of the VLPFC? What is the future direction for investigating visual representations in this cortex? This review focuses on the function, topography, and circuitry of the VLPFC to enhance our understanding of the evolution and development of this cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie W-Y Chan
- Unit on Learning and Plasticity, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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96
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Engell AD, McCarthy G. Probabilistic atlases for face and biological motion perception: an analysis of their reliability and overlap. Neuroimage 2013; 74:140-51. [PMID: 23435213 PMCID: PMC3690657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging research has identified several category-selective regions in visual cortex that respond most strongly when viewing an exemplar image from a preferred category, such as faces. Recent studies, however, have suggested a more complex pattern of activation that has been heretofore unrecognized, e.g., the presence of additional patches of activation to faces beyond the well-studied fusiform face area, and the activation of ostensible face selective regions by animate motion of non-biological forms. Here, we characterize the spatial pattern of brain activity evoked by viewing faces or biological motion in large fMRI samples (N>120). We create probabilistic atlases for both face and biological motion activation, and directly compare their spatial patterns of activation. Our findings support the suggestion that the fusiform face area is composed of at least two separable foci of activation. The face-evoked response in the fusiform and nearby ventral temporal cortex has good reliability across runs; however, we found surprisingly high variability in lateral brain regions by faces, and for all brain regions by biological motion, which had an overall much lower effect size. We found that faces and biological motion evoke substantially overlapping activation distributions in both ventral and lateral occipitotemporal cortices. The peaks of activation for these different categories within these overlapping regions were close but distinct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D. Engell
- Human Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Gregory McCarthy
- Human Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
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97
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Maieron M, Marin D, Fabbro F, Skrap M. Seeking a bridge between language and motor cortices: a PPI study. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:249. [PMID: 23761753 PMCID: PMC3675382 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation between the sensorimotor cortex and the language network has been widely discussed but still remains controversial. Two independent theories compete to explain how this area is involved during action-related verbs processing. The embodied view assumes that action word representations activate sensorimotor representations which are accessed when an action word is processed or when an action is observed. The abstract hypothesis states that the mental representations of words are abstract and independent of the objects' sensorimotor properties they refer to. We combined neuropsychological and fMRI-PPI connectivity data, to address action-related verbs processing in neurosurgical patients with lesions involving (N = 5) or sparing (N = 5) the primary motor cortex and healthy controls (N = 12). A lack of significant changes in the functional coupling between the left M1 cortex and functional nodes of the linguistic network during the verb generation task was found for all the groups. In addition, we found that the ability to perform an action verb naming task was not related to a damaged M1. These data showed that there was not a task-specific functional interaction active between M1 and the inferior frontal gyrus. We will discuss how these findings indicate that action words do not automatically activate the M1 cortex; we suggest rather that its enrolment could be related to other not strictly linguistic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Maieron
- Fisica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Santa Maria Della MisericordiaUdine, Italy
| | - Dario Marin
- IRCCS “E. Medea”San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
| | - Franco Fabbro
- IRCCS “E. Medea”San Vito al Tagliamento, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Umane, Università degli Studi di UdineUdine, Italy
| | - Miran Skrap
- Unità Operativa di Neurochirurgia, AOUD Santa Maria della MisericordiaUdine, Italy
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98
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Yovel G, Freiwald WA. Face recognition systems in monkey and human: are they the same thing? F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013. [PMID: 23585928 DOI: 10.12703/p5-10)] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primate societies are based on face recognition. Face recognition mechanisms have been studied most extensively in humans and macaque monkeys. In both species, multiple brain areas specialized for face processing have been found, and their functional properties are characterized with increasing detail, so we can now begin to address questions about similarities and differences of face-recognition systems across species with 25 million years of separate evolution. Both systems are organized into multiple face-selective cortical areas in spatial arrangements and with functional specializations, implying both hierarchical and parallel modes of information processing. Yet open questions about homologies remain. To address these, future studies employing similar techniques and experimental designs across multiple species are needed to identify a putative core primate face processing system and to understand its differentiations into the multiple branches of the primate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69987 Israel ; Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065 USA
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99
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Gallivan JP, Chapman CS, McLean DA, Flanagan JR, Culham JC. Activity patterns in the category-selective occipitotemporal cortex predict upcoming motor actions. Eur J Neurosci 2013; 38:2408-24. [PMID: 23581683 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 03/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Converging lines of evidence point to the occipitotemporal cortex (OTC) as a critical structure in visual perception. For instance, human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has revealed a modular organisation of object-selective, face-selective, body-selective and scene-selective visual areas in the OTC, and disruptions to the processing within these regions, either in neuropsychological patients or through transcranial magnetic stimulation, can produce category-specific deficits in visual recognition. Here we show, using fMRI and pattern classification methods, that the activity in the OTC also represents how stimuli will be interacted with by the body--a level of processing more traditionally associated with the preparatory activity in sensorimotor circuits of the brain. Combining functional mapping of different OTC areas with a real object-directed delayed movement task, we found that the pre-movement spatial activity patterns across the OTC could be used to predict both the action of an upcoming hand movement (grasping vs. reaching) and the effector (left hand vs. right hand) to be used. Interestingly, we were able to extract this wide range of predictive movement information even though nearly all OTC areas showed either baseline-level or below baseline-level activity prior to action onset. Our characterisation of different OTC areas according to the features of upcoming movements that they could predict also revealed a general gradient of effector-to-action-dependent movement representations along the posterior-anterior OTC axis. These findings suggest that the ventral visual pathway, which is well known to be involved in object recognition and perceptual processing, plays a larger than previously expected role in preparing object-directed hand actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, ON, Canada.
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100
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Yovel G, Freiwald WA. Face recognition systems in monkey and human: are they the same thing? F1000PRIME REPORTS 2013; 5:10. [PMID: 23585928 PMCID: PMC3619156 DOI: 10.12703/p5-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Primate societies are based on face recognition. Face recognition mechanisms have been studied most extensively in humans and macaque monkeys. In both species, multiple brain areas specialized for face processing have been found, and their functional properties are characterized with increasing detail, so we can now begin to address questions about similarities and differences of face-recognition systems across species with 25 million years of separate evolution. Both systems are organized into multiple face-selective cortical areas in spatial arrangements and with functional specializations, implying both hierarchical and parallel modes of information processing. Yet open questions about homologies remain. To address these, future studies employing similar techniques and experimental designs across multiple species are needed to identify a putative core primate face processing system and to understand its differentiations into the multiple branches of the primate order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Galit Yovel
- School of Psychological Sciences & Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityRamat Aviv, Tel Aviv, 69987Israel
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065USA
| | - Winrich A. Freiwald
- Laboratory of Neural Systems, The Rockefeller University1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065USA
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