51
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Doornbos ML, Vermond SC, Lavreysen H, Tresadern G, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Impact of allosteric modulation: Exploring the binding kinetics of glutamate and other orthosteric ligands of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 155:356-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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52
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Tham M, Yilmaz O, Alaverdashvili M, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM, Laprairie RB. Allosteric and orthosteric pharmacology of cannabidiol and cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl at the type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 176:1455-1469. [PMID: 29981240 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We sought to understand why (-)-cannabidiol (CBD) and (-)-cannabidiol-dimethylheptyl (CBD-DMH) exhibit distinct pharmacology, despite near identical structures. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH HEK293A cells expressing either human type 1 cannabinoid (CB1 ) receptors or CB2 receptors were treated with CBD or CBD-DMH with or without the CB1 and CB2 receptor agonist CP55,940, CB1 receptor allosteric modulator Org27569 or CB2 receptor inverse agonist SR144528. Ligand binding, cAMP levels and βarrestin1 recruitment were measured. CBD and CBD-DMH binding was simulated with models of human CB1 or CB2 receptors, based on the recently published crystal structures of agonist-bound (5XRA) or antagonist-bound (5TGZ) human CB1 receptors. KEY RESULTS At CB1 receptors, CBD was a negative allosteric modulator (NAM), and CBD-DMH was a mixed agonist/positive allosteric modulator. CBD and Org27569 shared multiple interacting residues in the antagonist-bound model of CB1 receptors (5TGZ) but shared a binding site with CP55,940 in the agonist-bound model of CB1 receptors (5XRA). The binding site for CBD-DMH in the CB1 receptor models overlapped with CP55,940 and Org27569. At CB2 receptors, CBD was a partial agonist, and CBD-DMH was a positive allosteric modulator of cAMP modulation but a NAM of βarrestin1 recruitment. CBD, CP55,940 and SR144528 shared a binding site in the CB2 receptor models that was separate from CBD-DMH. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The pharmacological activity of CBD and CBD-DMH in HEK293A cells and their modelled binding sites at CB1 and CB2 receptors may explain their in vivo effects and illuminates the difficulties associated with the development of allosteric modulators for CB1 and CB2 receptors. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on 8th European Workshop on Cannabinoid Research. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v176.10/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylyne Tham
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Orhan Yilmaz
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Mariam Alaverdashvili
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Department of Opthamology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | | | - Robert B Laprairie
- College of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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53
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Khajehali E, Valant C, Jörg M, Tobin AB, Conn PJ, Lindsley CW, Sexton PM, Scammells PJ, Christopoulos A. Probing the binding site of novel selective positive allosteric modulators at the M 1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 154:243-254. [PMID: 29777683 PMCID: PMC6066355 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Subtype-selective allosteric modulation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1 mAChR) is an attractive approach for the treatment of numerous disorders, including cognitive deficits. The discovery of benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid, BQCA, a selective M1 mAChR positive allosteric modulator (PAM), spurred the subsequent development of newer generation M1 PAMs representing diverse chemical scaffolds, different pharmacodynamic properties and, in some instances, improved pharmacokinetics. Key exemplar molecules from such efforts include PF-06767832 (N-((3R,4S)-3-hydroxytetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-yl)-5-methyl-4-(4-(thiazol-4-yl)benzyl)pyridine-2-carboxamide), VU6004256 (4,6-difluoro-N-(1S,2S)-2-hydroxycyclohexyl-1-((6-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyridine-3-yl)methyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) and MIPS1780 (3-(2-hydroxycyclohexyl)-6-(2-((4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-benzyl)oxy)phenyl)pyrimidin-4(3H)-one). Given these diverse scaffolds and pharmacodynamics, the current study combined pharmacological analysis and site-directed mutagenesis to explore the potential binding site and function of newer M1 mAChR PAMs relative to BQCA. Interestingly, the mechanism of action of the novel PAMs was consistent with a common model of allostery, as previously described for BQCA. Key residues involved in the activity of BQCA, including Y179 in the second extracellular loop (ECL) and W4007.35 in transmembrane domain (TM) 7, were critical for the activity of all PAMs tested. Overall, our data indicate that structurally distinct PAMs share a similar binding site with BQCA, specifically, an extracellular allosteric site defined by residues in TM2, TM7 and ECL2. These findings provide valuable insights into the structural basis underlying modulator binding, cooperativity and signaling at the M1 mAChR, which is essential for the rational design of PAMs with tailored pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Nashville, TN 37232, United States
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Medicinal Chemistry, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, 381 Royal Parade, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia.
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54
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Ramirez VT, van Oeffelen WEPA, Torres-Fuentes C, Chruścicka B, Druelle C, Golubeva AV, van de Wouw M, Dinan TG, Cryan JF, Schellekens H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists. FASEB J 2018; 33:518-531. [PMID: 30020830 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201800655r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ghrelin receptor [growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR)-1a] represents a promising pharmacologic target for the treatment of metabolic disorders, including obesity and cachexia, via central appetite modulation. The GHSR-1a has a complex pharmacology, highlighted by G-protein-dependent and -independent downstream signaling pathways and high basal constitutive activity. The functional selectivity and signaling bias of many GHSR-1a-specific ligands has not been fully characterized. In this study, we investigated the pharmacologic properties of ghrelin, MK-0677, L692,585, and [d-Lys3]-growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 (Dlys), JMV2959, and [d-Arg(1),d-Phe(5),d-Trp(7, 9),Leu(11)]-substance P (SP-analog). We investigated their effect on basal GHSR-1a constitutive signaling, ligand-directed downstream GHSR-1a signaling, functional selectivity, and signaling bias. Dlys behaved as a partial antagonist with a strong bias toward GHSR-1a-β-arrestin signaling, whereas JMV2959 acted as a full unbiased GHSR-1a antagonist. Moreover, the SP-analog behaved as an inverse agonist increasing G-protein-dependent signaling, but only at high concentrations, whereas, at low concentrations, the SP-analog attenuated β-arrestin-dependent signaling. Considering the limited success in the clinical development of GHSR-1a-targeted drugs so far, these findings provide a novel insight into the pharmacologic characteristics of GHSR-1a ligands and their signaling bias, which has important implications in the design of novel, more selective GHSR-1a ligands with predictable functional outcome and selectivity for preclinical and clinical drug development.-Ramirez, V. T., van Oeffelen, W. E. P. A., Torres-Fuentes, C., Chruścicka, B., Druelle, C., Golubeva, A. V., van de Wouw, M., Dinan, T. G., Cryan, J. F., Schellekens, H. Differential functional selectivity and downstream signaling bias of ghrelin receptor antagonists and inverse agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Ramirez
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Cristina Torres-Fuentes
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Barbara Chruścicka
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Clementine Druelle
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna V Golubeva
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Marcel van de Wouw
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; and
| | - John F Cryan
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Harriët Schellekens
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre (APC) Microbiome Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.,Food for Health Ireland, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
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55
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Crystal structure of the human angiotensin II type 2 receptor bound to an angiotensin II analog. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:570-576. [PMID: 29967536 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0079-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Angiotensin II (AngII) plays a central role in regulating human blood pressure, which is mainly mediated by interactions between AngII and the G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) AngII type 1 receptor (AT1R) and AngII type 2 receptor (AT2R). We have solved the crystal structure of human AT2R binding the peptide ligand [Sar1, Ile8]AngII and its specific antibody at 3.2-Å resolution. [Sar1, Ile8]AngII interacts with both the 'core' binding domain, where the small-molecule ligands of AT1R and AT2R bind, and the 'extended' binding domain, which is equivalent to the allosteric modulator binding site of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. We generated an antibody fragment to stabilize the extended binding domain that functions as a positive allosteric modulator. We also identified a signature positively charged cluster, which is conserved among peptide-binding receptors, to locate C termini at the bottom of the binding pocket. The reported results should help with designing ligands for angiotensin receptors and possibly to other peptide GPCRs.
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56
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van der Westhuizen ET, Spathis A, Khajehali E, Jörg M, Mistry SN, Capuano B, Tobin AB, Sexton PM, Scammells PJ, Valant C, Christopoulos A. Assessment of the Molecular Mechanisms of Action of Novel 4-Phenylpyridine-2-One and 6-Phenylpyrimidin-4-One Allosteric Modulators at the M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:770-783. [PMID: 29691279 PMCID: PMC7616191 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) that target the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (M1 mAChR) are potential treatments for cognitive deficits in conditions such as Alzheimer disease and schizophrenia. We recently reported novel 4-phenylpyridine-2-one and 6-phenylpyrimidin-4-one M1 mAChR PAMs with the potential to display different modes of positive allosteric modulation and/or agonism but whose molecular mechanisms of action remain undetermined. The current study compared the pharmacology of three such novel PAMs with the prototypical first-generation PAM, benzyl quinolone carboxylic acid (BQCA), in a recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line stably expressing the human M1 mAChR. Interactions between the orthosteric agonists and the novel PAMs or BQCA suggested their allosteric effects were solely governed by modulation of agonist affinity. The greatest degree of positive co-operativity was observed with higher efficacy agonists, whereas minimal potentiation was observed when the modulators were tested against the lower efficacy agonist, xanomeline. Each PAM was investigated for its effects on the endogenous agonist ACh on three different signaling pathways [extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 phosphorylation, inositol monophosphate (IP1) accumulation, and β-arrestin-2 recruitment], revealing that the allosteric potentiation generally tracked with the efficiency of stimulus-response coupling, and that there was little pathway bias in the allosteric effects. Thus, despite the identification of novel allosteric scaffolds targeting the M1 mAChR, the molecular mechanism of action of these compounds is largely consistent with a model of allostery previously described for BQCA, suggesting that this may be a more generalized mechanism for M1 mAChR PAM effects than previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma T van der Westhuizen
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Arthur Spathis
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Elham Khajehali
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Manuela Jörg
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Shailesh N Mistry
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Ben Capuano
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Peter J Scammells
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Celine Valant
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology (E.T.W., A.S., E.K., P.M.S., C.V., A.C.) and Medicinal Chemistry (M.J., S.N.M., B.C., P.J.S.), Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; and Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom (A.B.T.)
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57
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Andrade-Oliva MDLA, Aztatzi-Aguilar OG, García-Sierra F, De Vizcaya-Ruiz A, Arias-Montaño JA. Effect of in vivo exposure to ambient fine particles (PM 2.5) on the density of dopamine D 2-like receptors and dopamine-induced [ 35S]-GTPγS binding in rat prefrontal cortex and striatum membranes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 60:58-65. [PMID: 29660611 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Male Sprague-Dawley rats (8-9 weeks-old) were exposed for three days (acute exposure) or eight weeks (subchronic exposure) to purified air or concentrated ambient fine particles, PM2.5 (≤2.5 μm; 15 to 18-fold of ambient air; 370-445 μg/m3). In membranes from rat prefrontal cortex (PFC) or striatum, the density and function of dopamine D2-like receptors (D2Rs) were assessed by [3H]-spiperone binding and dopamine-stimulated [35S]-GTPγS binding, respectively. Glial activation was evaluated by immunoperoxidase labeling of the glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In the PFC, no significant changes in D2R density or signaling were observed after the acute and subchronic exposure to PM2.5. In the striatum, acute exposure to PM2.5 decreased D2R density, with no effect on signaling efficacy, whereas subchronic exposure did not affect D2R density but reduced signaling efficacy. Both acute and subchronic exposure to PM2.5 induced reactive gliosis in the striatum but not in the PFC. These results indicate that exposure to PM2.5 induces astrocyte activation and alters striatal dopaminergic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- María-de-Los-Angeles Andrade-Oliva
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México; Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Octavio-Gamaliel Aztatzi-Aguilar
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Francisco García-Sierra
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Andrea De Vizcaya-Ruiz
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México
| | - José-Antonio Arias-Montaño
- Departamento de Fisiología, Biofísica y Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav) del IPN, Av. IPN 2508, Zacatenco, 07360 Ciudad de México, México.
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58
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Bradley SJ, Molloy C, Bundgaard C, Mogg AJ, Thompson KJ, Dwomoh L, Sanger HE, Crabtree MD, Brooke SM, Sexton PM, Felder CC, Christopoulos A, Broad LM, Tobin AB, Langmead CJ. Bitopic Binding Mode of an M 1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor Agonist Associated with Adverse Clinical Trial Outcomes. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:645-656. [PMID: 29695609 PMCID: PMC5963591 DOI: 10.1124/mol.118.111872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The realization of the therapeutic potential of targeting the M1
muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) for the treatment of cognitive decline in
Alzheimer’s disease has prompted the discovery of M1 mAChR ligands
showing efficacy in alleviating cognitive dysfunction in both rodents and humans.
Among these is GSK1034702
(7-fluoro-5-methyl-3-[1-(oxan-4-yl)piperidin-4-yl]-1H-benzimidazol-2-one),
described previously as a potent M1 receptor allosteric agonist, which
showed procognitive effects in rodents and improved immediate memory in a clinical
nicotine withdrawal test but induced significant side effects. Here we provide
evidence using ligand binding, chemical biology and functional assays to establish
that rather than the allosteric mechanism claimed, GSK1034702 interacts in a bitopic
manner at the M1 mAChR such that it can concomitantly span both the
orthosteric and an allosteric binding site. The bitopic nature of GSK1034702,
together with the intrinsic agonist activity and a lack of muscarinic receptor
subtype selectivity reported here, all likely contribute to the adverse effects of
this molecule in clinical trials. Although they impart beneficial effects on learning
and memory, we conclude that these properties are undesirable in a clinical candidate
due to the likelihood of adverse side effects. Rather, our data support the notion
that “pure” positive allosteric modulators showing selectivity for the
M1 mAChR with low levels of intrinsic activity would be preferable to
provide clinical efficacy with low adverse responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie J Bradley
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Colin Molloy
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Adrian J Mogg
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Karen J Thompson
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Louis Dwomoh
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Helen E Sanger
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Michael D Crabtree
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Simon M Brooke
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christian C Felder
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Lisa M Broad
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
| | - Christopher J Langmead
- The Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary, and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland (S.J.B., C.M., K.J.T., L.D., S.M.B., A.B.T.); Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Windlesham, Surrey, United Kingdom (C.B., A.J.M., H.E.S., M.D.C., L.M.B.); Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (P.M.S., A.C., C.J.L.); and Eli Lilly & Co. Neuroscience, Indianapolis, Indiana (C.C.F.)
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Akimoto M, VanSchouwen B, Melacini G. The structure of the apo cAMP-binding domain of HCN4 - a stepping stone toward understanding the cAMP-dependent modulation of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated ion channels. FEBS J 2018; 285:2182-2192. [PMID: 29444387 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hyperpolarization-activated cyclic-nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channels control nerve impulse transmission and cardiac pacemaker activity. The modulation by cAMP is critical for the regulatory function of HCN in both neurons and cardiomyocytes, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show how the structure of the apo cAMP-binding domain of the HCN4 isoform has contributed to a model for the cAMP-dependent modulation of the HCN ion-channel. This model recapitulates the structural and dynamical changes that occur along the thermodynamic cycle arising from the coupling of cAMP-binding and HCN self-association equilibria. The proposed model addresses some of the questions previously open about the auto-inhibition of HCN and its cAMP-induced activation, while opening new opportunities for selectively targeting HCN through allosteric ligands. A remaining challenge is the investigation of HCN dimers and their regulatory role. Overcoming this challenge will require the integration of crystallography, cryo electron microscopy, NMR, electrophysiology and simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madoka Akimoto
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Bryan VanSchouwen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON, Canada
| | - Giuseppe Melacini
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, ON, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, ON, Canada
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60
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Insights from molecular dynamics simulations to exploit new trends for the development of improved opioid drugs. Neurosci Lett 2018; 700:50-55. [PMID: 29466721 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Having accidental deaths from opioid overdoses almost quadrupled over the past fifteen years, there is a strong need to develop new, non-addictive medications for chronic pain to stop one of the deadliest epidemics in American history. Given their potentially fewer on-target overdosing risks and other adverse effects compared to classical opioid drugs, attention has recently shifted to opioid allosteric modulators and G protein-biased opioid agonists as likely drug candidates to prevent and/or reverse opioid overdoses. Understanding how these molecules bind and activate their receptors at an atomistic level is key to developing them into effective new therapeutics, and molecular dynamics-based strategies are contributing tremendously to this understanding.
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Abstract
Allosteric modulation of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1R) holds great therapeutic potential. This is because allosteric modulators do not possess intrinsic efficacy, but instead augment (positive allosteric modulation) or diminish (negative allosteric modulation) the receptor's response to endogenous ligand. Consequently, CB1R allosteric modulators have an effect ceiling which allows for the tempering of CB1R signaling without the desensitization, tolerance, dependence, and psychoactivity associated with orthosteric compounds. Pain, movement disorders, epilepsy, obesity are all potential therapeutic targets for CB1R allosteric modulation. Several challenges exist for the development of CB1R allosteric modulators, such as receptor subtype specificity, translation to in vivo systems, and mixed allosteric/agonist/inverse agonist activity. Despite these challenges, elucidation of crystal structures of CB1R and compound design based on structure-activity relationships will advance the field. In this review, we will cover recent progress for CB1R allosteric modulators and discuss the future promise of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariam Alaverdashvili
- a College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
| | - Robert B Laprairie
- a College of Pharmacy and Nutrition , University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon , Canada
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62
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Brox R, Milanos L, Saleh N, Baumeister P, Buschauer A, Hofmann D, Heinrich MR, Clark T, Tschammer N. Molecular Mechanisms of Biased and Probe-Dependent Signaling at CXC-Motif Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Induced by Negative Allosteric Modulators. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 93:309-322. [PMID: 29343553 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Our recent explorations of allosteric modulators with improved properties resulted in the identification of two biased negative allosteric modulators, BD103 (N-1-{[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimi-din2yl]ethyl}-4-(4-fluorobutoxy)-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl}]butanamide) and BD064 (5-[(N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]acetamido)methyl]-2-fluorophenyl}boronic acid), that exhibited probe-dependent inhibition of CXC-motif chemokine receptor CXCR3 signaling. With the intention to elucidate the structural mechanisms underlying their selectivity and probe dependence, we used site-directed mutagenesis combined with homology modeling and docking to identify amino acids of CXCR3 that contribute to modulator binding, signaling, and transmission of cooperativity. With the use of allosteric radioligand RAMX3 ([3H]N-{1-[3-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-4-oxo-3,4-dihydropyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidin-2-yl]ethyl}-2-[4-fluoro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-N-[(1-methylpiperidin-4-yl)methyl]acetamide), we identified that F1313.32 and Y3087.43 contribute specifically to the binding pocket of BD064, whereas D1864.60 solely participates in the stabilization of binding conformation of BD103. The influence of mutations on the ability of negative allosteric modulators to inhibit chemokine-mediated activation (CXCL11 and CXCL10) was assessed with the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer-based cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment assay. Obtained data revealed complex molecular mechanisms governing biased and probe-dependent signaling at CXCR3. In particular, F1313.32, S3047.39, and Y3087.43 emerged as key residues for the compounds to modulate the chemokine response. Notably, D1864.60, W2686.48, and S3047.39 turned out to play a role in signal pathway selectivity of CXCL10, as mutations of these residues led to a G protein-active but β-arrestin-inactive conformation. These diverse effects of mutations suggest the existence of ligand- and pathway-specific receptor conformations and give new insights in the sophisticated signaling machinery between allosteric ligands, chemokines, and their receptors, which can provide a powerful platform for the development of new allosteric drugs with improved pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regine Brox
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Lampros Milanos
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Noureldin Saleh
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Paul Baumeister
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Armin Buschauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Markus R Heinrich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
| | - Nuska Tschammer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Emil Fischer Center (R.B., D.H., M.R.H., N.T.) and Computer Chemistry Center (L.M., N.S., T.C.), Friedrich Alexander University, Erlangen, Germany; and Institute of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany (P.B., A.B.)
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Panlilio LV, Justinova Z. Preclinical Studies of Cannabinoid Reward, Treatments for Cannabis Use Disorder, and Addiction-Related Effects of Cannabinoid Exposure. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:116-141. [PMID: 28845848 PMCID: PMC5719102 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use has become increasingly accepted socially and legally, for both recreational and medicinal purposes. Without reliable information about the effects of cannabis, people cannot make informed decisions regarding its use. Like alcohol and tobacco, cannabis can have serious adverse effects on health, and some people have difficulty discontinuing their use of the drug. Many cannabis users progress to using and becoming addicted to other drugs, but the reasons for this progression are unclear. The natural cannabinoid system of the brain is complex and involved in many functions, including brain development, reward, emotion, and cognition. Animal research provides an objective and controlled means of obtaining information about: (1) how cannabis affects the brain and behavior, (2) whether medications can be developed to treat cannabis use disorder, and (3) whether cannabis might produce lasting changes in the brain that increase the likelihood of becoming addicted to other drugs. This review explains the tactics used to address these issues, evaluates the progress that has been made, and offers some directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zuzana Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, USA
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64
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Livingston KE, Stanczyk MA, Burford NT, Alt A, Canals M, Traynor JR. Pharmacologic Evidence for a Putative Conserved Allosteric Site on Opioid Receptors. Mol Pharmacol 2017; 93:157-167. [PMID: 29233847 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.109561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Allosteric modulators of G protein-coupled receptors, including opioid receptors, have been proposed as possible therapeutic agents with enhanced selectivity. BMS-986122 is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the μ-opioid receptor (µ-OR). BMS-986187 is a structurally distinct PAM for the δ-opioid receptor (δ-OR) that has been reported to exhibit 100-fold selectivity in promoting δ-OR over μ-OR agonism. We used ligand binding and second-messenger assays to show that BMS-986187 is an effective PAM at the μ-OR and at the κ-opioid receptor (κ-OR), but it is ineffective at the nociceptin receptor. The affinity of BMS-986187 for δ-ORs and κ-ORs is approximately 20- to 30-fold higher than for μ-ORs, determined using an allosteric ternary complex model. Moreover, we provide evidence, using a silent allosteric modulator as an allosteric antagonist, that BMS-986187 and BMS-986122 bind to a similar region on all three traditional opioid receptor types (µ-OR, δ-OR, and κ-OR). In contrast to the dogma surrounding allosteric modulators, the results indicate a possible conserved allosteric binding site across the opioid receptor family that can accommodate structurally diverse molecules. These findings have implications for the development of selective allosteric modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Livingston
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
| | - M Alexander Stanczyk
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
| | - Neil T Burford
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
| | - Andrew Alt
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
| | - John R Traynor
- Department of Pharmacology and Edward F. Domino Research Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (K.E.L., M.A.S., J.R.T.); Research and Development/Discovery, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Wallingford, Connecticut (N.T.B., A.A.); and Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (M.C.)
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65
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Goulding J, May LT, Hill SJ. Characterisation of endogenous A 2A and A 2B receptor-mediated cyclic AMP responses in HEK 293 cells using the GloSensor™ biosensor: Evidence for an allosteric mechanism of action for the A 2B-selective antagonist PSB 603. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 147:55-66. [PMID: 29106905 PMCID: PMC5770336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous adenosine A2B receptors (A2BAR) mediate cAMP accumulation in HEK 293 cells. Here we have used a biosensor to investigate the mechanism of action of the A2BAR antagonist PSB 603 in HEK 293 cells. The A2A agonist CGS 21680 elicited a small response in these cells (circa 20% of that obtained with NECA), suggesting that they also contain a small population of A2A receptors. The responses to NECA and adenosine were antagonised by PSB 603, but not by the selective A2AAR antagonist SCH 58261. In contrast, CGS 21680 responses were not antagonised by high concentrations of PSB 603, but were sensitive to inhibition by SCH 58261. Analysis of the effect of increasing concentrations of PSB 603 on the response to NECA indicated a non-competitive mode of action yielding a marked reduction in the NECA EMAX with no significant effect on EC50 values. Kinetics analysis of the effect of PSB 603 on the A2BAR-mediated NECA responses confirmed a saturable effect that was consistent with an allosteric mode of antagonism. The possibility that PSB 603 acts as a negative allosteric modulator of A2BAR suggests new approaches to the development of therapeutic agents to treat conditions where adenosine levels are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joelle Goulding
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK
| | - Lauren T May
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham and University of Nottingham, Midlands, UK.
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66
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Changeux JP, Christopoulos A. Allosteric modulation as a unifying mechanism for receptor function and regulation. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017; 19 Suppl 1:4-21. [PMID: 28880476 DOI: 10.1111/dom.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Four major receptor families enable cells to respond to chemical and physical signals from their proximal environment. The ligand- and voltage-gated ion channels, G-protein-coupled receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases are all allosteric proteins that carry multiple, spatially distinct, yet conformationally linked ligand-binding sites. Recent studies point to common mechanisms governing the allosteric transitions of these receptors, including the impact of oligomerization, pre-existing and functionally distinct conformational ensembles, intrinsically disordered regions, and the occurrence of allosteric modulatory sites. Importantly, synthetic allosteric modulators are being discovered for these receptors, providing an enriched, yet challenging, landscape for novel therapeutics.
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MESH Headings
- Allosteric Regulation/drug effects
- Allosteric Site/drug effects
- Animals
- Binding Sites/drug effects
- Dimerization
- Drug Discovery/trends
- Drugs, Investigational/chemistry
- Drugs, Investigational/pharmacology
- Humans
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/agonists
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/chemistry
- Ligand-Gated Ion Channels/metabolism
- Ligands
- Models, Molecular
- Protein Conformation/drug effects
- Protein Multimerization/drug effects
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/agonists
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/chemistry
- Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/agonists
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/chemistry
- Receptors, Cytoplasmic and Nuclear/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/agonists
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/chemistry
- Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, VIC 3052 Parkville, Australia
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Schubert M, Stichel J, Du Y, Tough IR, Sliwoski G, Meiler J, Cox HM, Weaver CD, Beck-Sickinger AG. Identification and Characterization of the First Selective Y4 Receptor Positive Allosteric Modulator. J Med Chem 2017; 60:7605-7612. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Schubert
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
| | - Yu Du
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Iain R. Tough
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - Gregory Sliwoski
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Jens Meiler
- Department
of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Helen M. Cox
- Wolfson
Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King’s College London, Guy’s Campus, London SE1 1UL, U.K
| | - C. David Weaver
- Department
of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
- Vanderbilt
Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty
of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig 04103, Germany
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68
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A kinetic view of GPCR allostery and biased agonism. Nat Chem Biol 2017; 13:929-937. [DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.2431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Doornbos MLJ, Cid JM, Haubrich J, Nunes A, van de Sande JW, Vermond SC, Mulder-Krieger T, Trabanco AA, Ahnaou A, Drinkenburg WH, Lavreysen H, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP, Tresadern G. Discovery and Kinetic Profiling of 7-Aryl-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-a]pyridines: Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 2. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6704-6720. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L. J. Doornbos
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - José María Cid
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Jordi Haubrich
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandro Nunes
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper W. van de Sande
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie C. Vermond
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andrés A. Trabanco
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
| | - Abdellah Ahnaou
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | | | - Hilde Lavreysen
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division
of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, 2300RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gary Tresadern
- Janssen Research and Development, Calle Jarama 75A, 45007, Toledo, Spain
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Cairns EA, Szczesniak AM, Straiker AJ, Kulkarni PM, Pertwee RG, Thakur GA, Baldridge WH, Kelly MEM. The In Vivo Effects of the CB 1-Positive Allosteric Modulator GAT229 on Intraocular Pressure in Ocular Normotensive and Hypertensive Mice. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:582-590. [PMID: 28719234 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Orthosteric cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) activation leads to decreases in intraocular pressure (IOP). However, use of orthosteric CB1 agonists chronically has several disadvantages, limiting their usefulness as clinically relevant drugs. Allosteric modulators interact with topographically distinct sites to orthosteric ligands and may be useful to circumvent some of these disadvantages. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the novel CB1-positive allosteric modulator (PAM) GAT229 on IOP. METHODS IOP was measured using rebound tonometry in anesthetized normotensive C57Bl/6 mice and in a genetic model of ocular hypertension [nose, eyes, ears (nee) mice] before drug administration, and at 1, 6, and 12 h thereafter. RESULTS In normotensive mice, topical administration of 5 μL GAT229 alone at either 0.2% or 2% did not reduce IOP. However, a subthreshold dose (0.25%) of the nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist WIN 55,212-2, when combined with 0.2% GAT229, significantly reduced IOP compared with vehicle at 6 and 12 h. Similarly, combination of subthreshold Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (a nonselective orthosteric CB1 agonist; 1 mg/kg) with topical 0.2% GAT229 produced IOP lowering at 6 h. In nee mice, administration of topical 0.2% GAT229 or 10 mg/kg GAT229 alone was sufficient to lower IOP at 6 and 12 h, and 12 h, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The CB1 PAM GAT229 reduces IOP in ocular hypertensive mice and enhanced CB1-mediated IOP reduction when combined with subthreshold CB1 orthosteric ligands in normotensive mice. Administration of CB1 PAMs may provide a novel approach to reduce IOP with fewer of the disadvantages associated with orthosteric CB1 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Cairns
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | | | - Alex J Straiker
- 2 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Pushkar M Kulkarni
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Roger G Pertwee
- 4 School of Medicine, Medical Sciences, and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen , Aberdeen, Scotland
| | - Ganesh A Thakur
- 3 Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences School of Pharmacy, Bouvé College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - William H Baldridge
- 5 Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Melanie E M Kelly
- 1 Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada .,6 Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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71
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Congreve M, Oswald C, Marshall FH. Applying Structure-Based Drug Design Approaches to Allosteric Modulators of GPCRs. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28648526 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Structural insights have been revealed from X-ray co-complexes of a range of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and their allosteric ligands. The understanding of how small molecules can modulate the function of this important class of receptors by binding to a diverse range of pockets on and inside the proteins has had a profound impact on the structure-based drug design (SBDD) of new classes of therapeutic agents. The types of allosteric pockets and the mode of modulation as well as the advantages and disadvantages of targeting allosteric pockets (as opposed to the natural orthosteric site) are considered in the context of these new structural findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miles Congreve
- Heptares Therapeutics Ltd, Biopark, Welwyn Garden City, UK
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Remesic M, Hruby VJ, Porreca F, Lee YS. Recent Advances in the Realm of Allosteric Modulators for Opioid Receptors for Future Therapeutics. ACS Chem Neurosci 2017; 8:1147-1158. [PMID: 28368571 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.7b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioids, and more specifically μ-opioid receptor (MOR) agonists such as morphine, have long been clinically used as therapeutics for severe pain states but often come with serious side effects such as addiction and tolerance. Many studies have focused on bringing about analgesia from the MOR with attenuated side effects, but its underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Recently, focus has been geared toward the design and elucidation of the orthosteric site with ligands of various biological profiles and mixed subtype opioid activities and selectivities, but targeting the allosteric site is an area of increasing interest. It has been shown that allosteric modulators play key roles in influencing receptor function such as its tolerance to a ligand and affect downstream pathways. There has been a high variance of chemical structures that provide allosteric modulation at a given receptor, but recent studies and reviews tend to focus on the altered cellular mechanisms instead of providing a more rigorous description of the allosteric ligand's structure-function relationship. In this review, we aim to explore recent developments in the structural motifs that potentiate orthosteric binding and their influences on cellular pathways in an effort to present novel approaches to opioid therapeutic design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Remesic
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Frank Porreca
- Department
of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719, United States
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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Molecular Pharmacology of Phytocannabinoids. PROGRESS IN THE CHEMISTRY OF ORGANIC NATURAL PRODUCTS 2017; 103:61-101. [PMID: 28120231 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45541-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa has been used for recreational, therapeutic and other uses for thousands of years. The plant contains more than 120 C21 terpenophenolic constituents named phytocannabinoids. The Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol type class of phytocannabinoids comprises the largest proportion of the phytocannabinoid content. Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol was first discovered in 1971. This led to the discovery of the endocannabinoid system in mammals, including the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2. Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol exerts its well-known psychotropic effects through the CB1 receptor but this effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol has limited the use of cannabis medicinally, despite the therapeutic benefits of this phytocannabinoid. This has driven research into other targets outside the endocannabinoid system and has also driven research into the other non-psychotropic phytocannabinoids present in cannabis. This chapter presents an overview of the molecular pharmacology of the seven most thoroughly investigated phytocannabinoids, namely Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabidivarin, cannabigerol, and cannabichromene. The targets of these phytocannabinoids are defined both within the endocannabinoid system and beyond. The pharmacological effect of each individual phytocannabinoid is important in the overall therapeutic and recreational effect of cannabis and slight structural differences can elicit diverse and competing physiological effects. The proportion of each phytocannabinoid can be influenced by various factors such as growing conditions and extraction methods. It is therefore important to investigate the pharmacology of these seven phytocannabinoids further, and characterise the large number of other phytocannabinoids in order to better understand their contributions to the therapeutic and recreational effects claimed for the whole cannabis plant and its extracts.
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Jensen AA, McCorvy JD, Leth-Petersen S, Bundgaard C, Liebscher G, Kenakin TP, Bräuner-Osborne H, Kehler J, Kristensen JL. Detailed Characterization of the In Vitro Pharmacological and Pharmacokinetic Properties of N-(2-Hydroxybenzyl)-2,5-Dimethoxy-4-Cyanophenylethylamine (25CN-NBOH), a Highly Selective and Brain-Penetrant 5-HT 2A Receptor Agonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 361:441-453. [PMID: 28360333 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.239905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interest in augmentation of 5-hydroxytryptamine2A (5-HT2A) receptor signaling has been renewed by the effectiveness of psychedelic drugs in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions. In this study, we have further characterized the pharmacological properties of the recently developed 5-HT2 receptor agonist N-2-hydroxybenzyl)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-cyanophenylethylamine (25CN-NBOH) and three structural analogs at recombinant 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, and 5-HT2C receptors and investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of the compound. 25CN-NBOH displayed robust 5-HT2A selectivity in [3H]ketanserin/[3H]mesulergine, [3H]lysergic acid diethylamide and [3H]Cimbi-36 binding assays (Ki2C/Ki2A ratio range of 52-81; Ki2B/Ki2A ratio of 37). Moreover, in inositol phosphate and intracellular Ca2+ mobilization assays 25CN-NBOH exhibited 30- to 180-fold 5-HT2A/5-HT2C selectivities and 54-fold 5-HT2A/5-HT2B selectivity as measured by Δlog(Rmax/EC50) values. In an off-target screening 25CN-NBOH (10 μM) displayed either substantially weaker activity or inactivity at a plethora of other receptors, transporters, and kinases. In a toxicological screening, 25CN-NBOH (100 μM) displayed a benign acute cellular toxicological profile. 25CN-NBOH displayed high in vitro permeability (Papp = 29 × 10-6 cm/s) and low P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux in a conventional model of cellular transport barriers. In vivo, administration of 25CN-NBOH (3 mg/kg, s.c.) in C57BL/6 mice mice produced plasma and brain concentrations of the free (unbound) compound of ∼200 nM within 15 minutes, further supporting that 25CN-NBOH rapidly penetrates the blood-brain barrier and is not subjected to significant efflux. In conclusion, 25CN-NBOH appears to be a superior selective and brain-penetrant 5-HT2A receptor agonist compared with (±)-2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodoamphetamine (DOI), and thus we propose that the compound could be a valuable tool for future investigations of physiologic functions mediated by this receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Jensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - John D McCorvy
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Sebastian Leth-Petersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Christoffer Bundgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Gudrun Liebscher
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Terry P Kenakin
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Hans Bräuner-Osborne
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Jan Kehler
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
| | - Jesper Langgaard Kristensen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark (A.A.J., S.L-P., G.L., H.B.-O., J.L.K.); Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina (J.D.M., T.P.K.); and Department of Discovery Chemistry and DMPK, H. Lundbeck A/S, Valby, Denmark (C.B., J.K.)
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Graaf CD, Donnelly D, Wootten D, Lau J, Sexton PM, Miller LJ, Ahn JM, Liao J, Fletcher MM, Yang D, Brown AJH, Zhou C, Deng J, Wang MW. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Its Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors: A Long March to Therapeutic Successes. Pharmacol Rev 2017; 68:954-1013. [PMID: 27630114 PMCID: PMC5050443 DOI: 10.1124/pr.115.011395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor (GLP-1R) is a class B G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that mediates the action of GLP-1, a peptide hormone secreted from three major tissues in humans, enteroendocrine L cells in the distal intestine, α cells in the pancreas, and the central nervous system, which exerts important actions useful in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, including glucose homeostasis and regulation of gastric motility and food intake. Peptidic analogs of GLP-1 have been successfully developed with enhanced bioavailability and pharmacological activity. Physiologic and biochemical studies with truncated, chimeric, and mutated peptides and GLP-1R variants, together with ligand-bound crystal structures of the extracellular domain and the first three-dimensional structures of the 7-helical transmembrane domain of class B GPCRs, have provided the basis for a two-domain-binding mechanism of GLP-1 with its cognate receptor. Although efforts in discovering therapeutically viable nonpeptidic GLP-1R agonists have been hampered, small-molecule modulators offer complementary chemical tools to peptide analogs to investigate ligand-directed biased cellular signaling of GLP-1R. The integrated pharmacological and structural information of different GLP-1 analogs and homologous receptors give new insights into the molecular determinants of GLP-1R ligand selectivity and functional activity, thereby providing novel opportunities in the design and development of more efficacious agents to treat metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris de Graaf
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dan Donnelly
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Denise Wootten
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jesper Lau
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jung-Mo Ahn
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiayu Liao
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Madeleine M Fletcher
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Dehua Yang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Alastair J H Brown
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Caihong Zhou
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Jiejie Deng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
| | - Ming-Wei Wang
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands (C.d.G.); School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom (D.D.); Drug Discovery Biology Theme and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia (D.W., P.M.S., M.M.F.); Protein and Peptide Chemistry, Global Research, Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (J.La.); Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, Arizona (L.J.M.); Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas (J.-M.A.); Department of Bioengineering, Bourns College of Engineering, University of California at Riverside, Riverside, California (J.Li.); National Center for Drug Screening and CAS Key Laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China (D.Y., C.Z., J.D., M.-W.W.); Heptares Therapeutics, BioPark, Welwyn Garden City, United Kingdom (A.J.H.B.); and School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Zhangjiang High-Tech Park, Shanghai, China (M.-W.W.)
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Lundström L, Bissantz C, Beck J, Dellenbach M, Woltering TJ, Wichmann J, Gatti S. Reprint of Pharmacological and molecular characterization of the positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Neuropharmacology 2017; 115:115-127. [PMID: 28216000 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2) plays an important role in the presynaptic control of glutamate release and several mGlu2 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) have been under assessment for their potential as antipsychotics. The binding mode of mGlu2 PAMs is better characterized in functional terms while few data are available on the relationship between allosteric and orthosteric binding sites. Pharmacological studies characterizing binding and effects of two different chemical series of mGlu2 PAMs are therefore carried out here using the radiolabeled mGlu2 agonist 3[H]-LY354740 and mGlu2 PAM 3[H]-2,2,2-TEMPS. A multidimensional approach to the PAM mechanism of action shows that mGlu2 PAMs increase the affinity of 3[H]-LY354740 for the orthosteric site of mGlu2 as well as the number of 3[H]-LY354740 binding sites. 3[H]-2,2,2-TEMPS binding is also enhanced by the presence of LY354740. New residues in the allosteric rat mGlu2 binding pocket are identified to be crucial for the PAMs ligand binding, among these Tyr3.40 and Asn5.46. Also of remark, in the described experimental conditions S731A (Ser5.42) residue is important only for the mGlu2 PAM LY487379 and not for the compound PAM-1: an example of the structural differences among these mGlu2 PAMs. This study provides a summary of the information generated in the past decade on mGlu2 PAMs adding a detailed molecular investigation of PAM binding mode. Differences among mGlu2 PAM compounds are discussed as well as the mGlu2 regions interacting with mGlu2 PAM and NAM agents and residues driving mGlu2 PAM selectivity. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Lundström
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - C Bissantz
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - J Beck
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - M Dellenbach
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland
| | - T J Woltering
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - J Wichmann
- Discovery Chemistry, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel, CH4070, Switzerland
| | - S Gatti
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, pRED, Pharma Research & Early Development, NORD Neuroscience, Switzerland.
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77
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Model-Based Discovery of Synthetic Agonists for the Zn 2+-Sensing G-Protein-Coupled Receptor 39 (GPR39) Reveals Novel Biological Functions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:886-898. [PMID: 28045522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor 39 (GPR39) is a G-protein-coupled receptor activated by Zn2+. We used a homology model-based approach to identify small-molecule pharmacological tool compounds for the receptor. The method focused on a putative binding site in GPR39 for synthetic ligands and knowledge of ligand binding to other receptors with similar binding pockets to select iterative series of minilibraries. These libraries were cherry-picked from all commercially available synthetic compounds. A total of only 520 compounds were tested in vitro, making this method broadly applicable for tool compound development. The compounds of the initial library were inactive when tested alone, but lead compounds were identified using Zn2+ as an allosteric enhancer. Highly selective, highly potent Zn2+-independent GPR39 agonists were found in subsequent minilibraries. These agonists identified GPR39 as a novel regulator of gastric somatostatin secretion.
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Pérez-Sen R, Gómez-Villafuertes R, Ortega F, Gualix J, Delicado EG, Miras-Portugal MT. An Update on P2Y 13 Receptor Signalling and Function. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1051:139-168. [PMID: 28815513 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of nucleotide P2Y receptors across different tissues suggests that they fulfil key roles in a number of physiological and pathological conditions. P2Y13 is one of the latest P2Y receptors identified, a novel member of the Gi-coupled P2Y receptor subfamily that responds to ADP, together with P2Y12 and P2Y14. Pharmacological studies drew attention to this new ADP receptor, with a pharmacology that overlaps that of P2Y12 receptors but with unique features and roles. The P2RY12-14 genes all reside on human chromosome 3 at 3q25.1 and their strong sequence homology supports their evolutionary origin through gene duplication. Polymorphisms of P2Y13 receptors have been reported in different human populations, yet their consequences remain unknown. The P2Y13 receptor is versatile in its signalling, extending beyond the canonical signalling of a Gi-coupled receptor. Not only can it couple to different G proteins (Gs/Gq) but the P2Y13 receptor can also trigger several intracellular pathways related to the activation of MAPKs (mitogen-activated protein kinases) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/glycogen synthase kinase 3 axis. Moreover, the availability of P2Y13 receptor knockout mice has highlighted the specific functions in which it is involved, mainly in the regulation of cholesterol and glucose metabolism, bone homeostasis and aspects of central nervous system function like pain transmission and neuroprotection. This review summarizes our current understanding of this elusive receptor, not only at the pharmacological and molecular level but also, in terms of its signalling properties and specific functions, helping to clarify the involvement of P2Y13 receptors in pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pérez-Sen
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gómez-Villafuertes
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Ortega
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gualix
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esmerilda G Delicado
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Miras-Portugal
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular IV, Facultad de Veterinaria, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Neuroquímica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Universidad Complutense Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Lundström L, Bissantz C, Beck J, Dellenbach M, Woltering T, Wichmann J, Gatti S. Pharmacological and molecular characterization of the positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 2. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:253-265. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Svensson KA, Heinz BA, Schaus JM, Beck JP, Hao J, Krushinski JH, Reinhard MR, Cohen MP, Hellman SL, Getman BG, Wang X, Menezes MM, Maren DL, Falcone JF, Anderson WH, Wright RA, Morin SM, Knopp KL, Adams BL, Rogovoy B, Okun I, Suter TM, Statnick MA, Gehlert DR, Nelson DL, Lucaites VL, Emkey R, DeLapp NW, Wiernicki TR, Cramer JW, Yang CR, Bruns RF. An Allosteric Potentiator of the Dopamine D1 Receptor Increases Locomotor Activity in Human D1 Knock-In Mice without Causing Stereotypy or Tachyphylaxis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 360:117-128. [PMID: 27811173 PMCID: PMC5193077 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Allosteric potentiators amplify the sensitivity of physiologic control circuits, a mode of action that could provide therapeutic advantages. This hypothesis was tested with the dopamine D1 receptor potentiator DETQ [2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-1-((1S,3R)-3-(hydroxymethyl)-5-(2-hydroxypropan-2-yl)-1-methyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)ethan-1-one]. In human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells expressing the human D1 receptor, DETQ induced a 21-fold leftward shift in the cAMP response to dopamine, with a Kb of 26 nM. The maximum response to DETQ alone was ∼12% of the maximum response to dopamine, suggesting weak allosteric agonist activity. DETQ was ∼30-fold less potent at rat and mouse D1 receptors and was inactive at the human D5 receptor. To enable studies in rodents, an hD1 knock-in mouse was generated. DETQ (3–20 mg/kg orally) caused a robust (∼10-fold) increase in locomotor activity (LMA) in habituated hD1 mice but was inactive in wild-type mice. The LMA response to DETQ was blocked by the D1 antagonist SCH39166 and was dependent on endogenous dopamine. LMA reached a plateau at higher doses (30–240 mg/kg) even though free brain levels of DETQ continued to increase over the entire dose range. In contrast, the D1 agonists SKF 82958, A-77636, and dihydrexidine showed bell-shaped dose-response curves with a profound reduction in LMA at higher doses; video-tracking confirmed that the reduction in LMA caused by SKF 82958 was due to competing stereotyped behaviors. When dosed daily for 4 days, DETQ continued to elicit an increase in LMA, whereas the D1 agonist A-77636 showed complete tachyphylaxis by day 2. These results confirm that allosteric potentiators may have advantages compared with direct-acting agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell A Svensson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Beverly A Heinz
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - John M Schaus
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - James P Beck
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Junliang Hao
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Joseph H Krushinski
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Matthew R Reinhard
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michael P Cohen
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Sarah L Hellman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Brian G Getman
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Xushan Wang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michelle M Menezes
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Deanna L Maren
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Julie F Falcone
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Wesley H Anderson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Rebecca A Wright
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - S Michelle Morin
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Kelly L Knopp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Benjamin L Adams
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Borys Rogovoy
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Ilya Okun
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Todd M Suter
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Michael A Statnick
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Donald R Gehlert
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - David L Nelson
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Virginia L Lucaites
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Renee Emkey
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Neil W DeLapp
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Todd R Wiernicki
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Jeffrey W Cramer
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Charles R Yang
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
| | - Robert F Bruns
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly & Co., Indianapolis, Indiana (K.A.S., B.A.H., J.M.S., J.P.B., J.H., J.H.K., M.R.R., M.P.C., S.L.H., B.G.G., X.W., M.M.M., D.L.M., J.F.F., W.H.A., R.A.W., S.M.M., K.L.K., B.L.A., T.M.S., M.A.S., D.R.G., D.L.N., V.L.L., R.E., N.W.D., T.R.W., J.W.C., C.R.Y., R.F.B.); Chemical Diversity, Inc., San Diego, California (B.R., I.O.)
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81
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Abstract
Allostery is a regulation at a distance by conveying information from one site to another and an intrinsic property of dynamic proteins. Allostery plays an essential role in receptor trafficking, signal transmission, controlled catalysis, gene turn on/off, or cell apoptosis. Allosteric mutations are considered as one of causes responsible for cancer development, leading to "allosteric diseases" by stabilizing an active or inactive conformation or changing the dynamic distribution of preexisting propagation pathways. The present article mainly focuses on the potential of allosteric therapies for lung cancer. Allosteric drugs may have several advantages over traditional drugs. The epidermal growth factor receptor mutations and signaling pathways downstream (such as PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK pathways) were suggested to play a key role in lung cancer and considered as targets of allosteric therapy. Some allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer-specific targets and a series of preclinical trials of allosteric inhibitors for lung cancer have been developed and reported. We expect that allosteric therapies will gain more attentions to develop combinatorial strategies for lung cancer and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ling
- Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Clinical Bioinformatics, Fudan University Center for Clinical Bioinformatics, Biomedical Research Center of Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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82
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Lu M, Wu B. Structural studies of G protein-coupled receptors. IUBMB Life 2016; 68:894-903. [PMID: 27766738 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise the largest membrane protein family. These receptors sense a variety of signaling molecules, activate multiple intracellular signal pathways, and act as the targets of over 40% of marketed drugs. Recent progress on GPCR structural studies provides invaluable insights into the structure-function relationship of the GPCR superfamily, deepening our understanding about the molecular mechanisms of GPCR signal transduction. Here, we review recent breakthroughs on GPCR structure determination and the structural features of GPCRs, and take the structures of chemokine receptor CCR5 and purinergic receptors P2Y1 R and P2Y12 R as examples to discuss the importance of GPCR structures on functional studies and drug discovery. In addition, we discuss the prospect of GPCR structure-based drug discovery. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 68(11):894-903, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Lu
- CAS Key laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Beili Wu
- CAS Key laboratory of Receptor Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Pudong, Shanghai, China.
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83
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Alt A. Overview of Critical Parameters for the Design and Execution of a High-Throughput Screen for Allosteric Ligands. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 74:9.20.1-9.20.23. [PMID: 27636112 DOI: 10.1002/cpph.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Allosteric ligands modulate the activity of receptor targets by binding to sites that are distinct from the orthosteric (native agonist) binding site. Allosteric modulators have potential therapeutic advantages over orthosteric agonists and antagonists, including improved selectivity, and maintenance of the spatial and temporal fidelity of native signaling patterns. The identification of allosteric ligands presents unique challenges because of the requirement for screening in the presence of an orthosteric agonist, the small signal window that is produced by many allosteric modulators, the proclivity of allosteric modulators to exhibit activity switching within a chemotype (e.g., one compound may be a positive allosteric modulator while a close analog is a negative allosteric modulator), and probe dependence (differential interactions with different orthosteric agonists). Described in this unit are emerging strategies for the identification of allosteric ligands by high-throughput screening (HTS), including the use of multiple-add/multiple-read HTS assays and tool molecule-based screening formats. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Alt
- Leads Discovery and Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Wallingford, Connecticut
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84
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See Hoe LE, May LT, Headrick JP, Peart JN. Sarcolemmal dependence of cardiac protection and stress-resistance: roles in aged or diseased hearts. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:2966-91. [PMID: 27439627 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Disruption of the sarcolemmal membrane is a defining feature of oncotic death in cardiac ischaemia-reperfusion (I-R), and its molecular makeup not only fundamentally governs this process but also affects multiple determinants of both myocardial I-R injury and responsiveness to cardioprotective stimuli. Beyond the influences of membrane lipids on the cytoprotective (and death) receptors intimately embedded within this bilayer, myocardial ionic homeostasis, substrate metabolism, intercellular communication and electrical conduction are all sensitive to sarcolemmal makeup, and critical to outcomes from I-R. As will be outlined in this review, these crucial sarcolemmal dependencies may underlie not only the negative effects of age and common co-morbidities on myocardial ischaemic tolerance but also the on-going challenge of implementing efficacious cardioprotection in patients suffering accidental or surgically induced I-R. We review evidence for the involvement of sarcolemmal makeup changes in the impairment of stress-resistance and cardioprotection observed with ageing and highly prevalent co-morbid conditions including diabetes and hypercholesterolaemia. A greater understanding of membrane changes with age/disease, and the inter-dependences of ischaemic tolerance and cardioprotection on sarcolemmal makeup, can facilitate the development of strategies to preserve membrane integrity and cell viability, and advance the challenging goal of implementing efficacious 'cardioprotection' in clinically relevant patient cohorts. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise E See Hoe
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.,Critical Care Research Group, The Prince Charles Hospital and The University of Queensland, Chermside, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lauren T May
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - John P Headrick
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Jason N Peart
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Australia.
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85
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The neuroprotective effects of orthosteric agonists of group II and III mGluRs in primary neuronal cell cultures are dependent on developmental stage. Neuropharmacology 2016; 111:195-211. [PMID: 27600687 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) modulates neuronal excitability. Here, we evaluated the neuroprotective potential of four structurally diverse activators of group II and III mGluRs: an orthosteric agonist of group II (LY354740), an orthosteric agonist of group III (ACPT-I), an allosteric agonist of mGluR7 (AMN082) and a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGluR4 (VU0361737). Neurotoxicity was induced by the pro-apoptotic agents: staurosporine (St) and doxorubicin (Dox) or the excitotoxic factor glutamate (Glu). The effects were analyzed in primary hippocampal (HIP) and cerebellar granule cell (CGC) cultures at two developmental stages, at 7 and 12 days in vitro (DIV). The data reveal a general neuroprotective effect of group II and III mGluR activators against the St- and Glu- but not Dox-induced cell damage. We found that neuroprotective effects of group II and III mGluR orthosteric agonists (LY354740 and ACPT-I) were higher at 12 DIV when compared to 7 DIV cells. In contrast, the efficiency of allosteric mGluR agents (AMN082 and VU0361737) did not differ between 7 and 12 DIV in both, St and Glu models of neuronal cell damage. Interestingly, the protective effects of activators of group II and III mGluRs were blocked by relevant antagonists only against Glu-induced neurotoxicity. Moreover, the observed neuroprotective action of group II and III mGluR activators in the St model was associated with a decreased number of PI-positive cells and no alterations in the caspase-3 activity. Finally, we showed that MAPK/ERK pathway activation was potentially involved in the mechanism of ACPT-I- and AMN082-induced neuroprotection against the St-evoked cellular damage. Our comparative study demonstrated the developmental stage-dependent neuroprotective effect of orthosteric group II and III mGluR agonists. In comparison to allosteric modulators, orthosteric compounds may provide more specific tools for suppression of neuronal cell loss associated with various chronic neurodegenerative conditions. Our results also suggest that the inhibition of intracellular pathways mediating necrotic, rather than apoptotic cascades, may be involved in neuroprotective effects of activators of group II and III mGluRs.
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86
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Allosteric Modulation as a Unifying Mechanism for Receptor Function and Regulation. Cell 2016; 166:1084-1102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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87
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Bolognini D, Moss CE, Nilsson K, Petersson AU, Donnelly I, Sergeev E, König GM, Kostenis E, Kurowska-Stolarska M, Miller A, Dekker N, Tobin AB, Milligan G. A Novel Allosteric Activator of Free Fatty Acid 2 Receptor Displays Unique Gi-functional Bias. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:18915-31. [PMID: 27385588 PMCID: PMC5009265 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.736157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The short chain fatty acid receptor FFA2 is able to stimulate signaling via both Gi- and Gq/G11-promoted pathways. These pathways are believed to control distinct physiological end points but FFA2 receptor ligands appropriate to test this hypothesis have been lacking. Herein, we characterize AZ1729, a novel FFA2 regulator that acts as a direct allosteric agonist and as a positive allosteric modulator, increasing the activity of the endogenously produced short chain fatty acid propionate in Gi-mediated pathways, but not at those transduced by Gq/G11. Using AZ1729 in combination with direct inhibitors of Gi and Gq/G11 family G proteins demonstrated that although both arms contribute to propionate-mediated regulation of phospho-ERK1/2 MAP kinase signaling in FFA2-expressing 293 cells, the Gq/G11-mediated pathway is predominant. We extend these studies by employing AZ1729 to dissect physiological FFA2 signaling pathways. The capacity of AZ1729 to act at FFA2 receptors to inhibit β-adrenoreceptor agonist-promoted lipolysis in primary mouse adipocytes and to promote chemotaxis of isolated human neutrophils confirmed these as FFA2 processes mediated by Gi signaling, whereas, in concert with blockade by the Gq/G11 inhibitor FR900359, the inability of AZ1729 to mimic or regulate propionate-mediated release of GLP-1 from mouse colonic preparations defined this physiological response as an end point transduced via activation of Gq/G11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bolognini
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Catherine E Moss
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, the Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Annika U Petersson
- Respiratory, Inflammatory and Autoimmune Diseases Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, and
| | - Iona Donnelly
- the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Eugenia Sergeev
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele M König
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany, and
| | - Evi Kostenis
- the Molecular, Cellular and Pharmacobiology Section
| | - Mariola Kurowska-Stolarska
- the Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Miller
- the Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom
| | - Niek Dekker
- the Discovery Sciences, Reagents and Assay Development, AstraZeneca, Mölndal, Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Andrew B Tobin
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom, the Medical Research Council Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Milligan
- From the Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland, United Kingdom,
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88
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Sliwoski G, Schubert M, Stichel J, Weaver D, Beck-Sickinger AG, Meiler J. Discovery of Small-Molecule Modulators of the Human Y4 Receptor. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157146. [PMID: 27294784 PMCID: PMC4905667 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The human neuropeptide Y4 receptor (Y4R) and its native ligand, pancreatic polypeptide, are critically involved in the regulation of human metabolism by signaling satiety and regulating food intake, as well as increasing energy expenditure. Thus, this receptor represents a putative target for treatment of obesity. With respect to new approaches to treat complex metabolic disorders, especially in multi-receptor systems, small molecule allosteric modulators have been in the focus of research in the last years. However, no positive allosteric modulators or agonists of the Y4R have been described so far. In this study, small molecule compounds derived from the Niclosamide scaffold were identified by high-throughput screening to increase Y4R activity. Compounds were characterized for their potency and their effects at the human Y4R and as well as their selectivity towards Y1R, Y2R and Y5R. These compounds provide a structure-activity relationship profile around this common scaffold and lay the groundwork for hit-to-lead optimization and characterization of positive allosteric modulators of the Y4R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Sliwoski
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Mario Schubert
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Stichel
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Weaver
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Annette G. Beck-Sickinger
- Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, Institute of Biochemistry, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
| | - Jens Meiler
- Center for Structural Biology, Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JM); (ABS)
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89
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Guo D, Heitman LH, IJzerman AP. Kinetic Aspects of the Interaction between Ligand and G Protein-Coupled Receptor: The Case of the Adenosine Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:38-66. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Guo
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H. Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Adriaan P. IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry,
Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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90
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Wootten D, Miller LJ, Koole C, Christopoulos A, Sexton PM. Allostery and Biased Agonism at Class B G Protein-Coupled Receptors. Chem Rev 2016; 117:111-138. [PMID: 27040440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Class B G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) respond to paracrine or endocrine peptide hormones involved in control of bone homeostasis, glucose regulation, satiety, and gastro-intestinal function, as well as pain transmission. These receptors are targets for existing drugs that treat osteoporosis, hypercalcaemia, Paget's disease, type II diabetes, and obesity and are being actively pursued as targets for numerous other diseases. Exploitation of class B receptors has been limited by difficulties with small molecule drug discovery and development and an under appreciation of factors governing optimal therapeutic efficacy. Recently, there has been increasing awareness of novel attributes of GPCR function that offer new opportunity for drug development. These include the presence of allosteric binding sites on the receptor that can be exploited as drug binding pockets and the ability of individual drugs to enrich subpopulations of receptor conformations to selectively control signaling, a phenomenon termed biased agonism. In this review, current knowledge of biased signaling and small molecule allostery within class B GPCRs is discussed, highlighting areas that have progressed significantly over the past decade, in addition to those that remain largely unexplored with respect to these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Wootten
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Laurence J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic , Scottsdale, Arizona 85259, United States
| | - Cassandra Koole
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.,Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Signal Transduction, The Rockefeller University , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University , Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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91
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Panlilio LV, Justinova Z, Trigo JM, Le Foll B. Screening Medications for the Treatment of Cannabis Use Disorder. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 126:87-120. [PMID: 27055612 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis use has been increasingly accepted legally and in public opinion. However, cannabis has the potential to produce adverse physical and mental health effects, and cannabis use disorder (CUD) occurs in a substantial percentage of both occasional and daily cannabis users. Many people have difficulty discontinuing use despite receiving treatment. Therefore, it would be beneficial to develop safe and effective medications for treating CUD. To achieve this, methods have been developed for screening and evaluating potential medications using animal models and controlled experimental protocols in human volunteers. In this chapter, we describe: (1) animal models available for assessing the effect of potential medications on specific aspects of CUD, (2) the main findings obtained so far with these animal models, (3) the approaches used to assess potential medications in humans in laboratory experiments and clinical trials, and (4) the effectiveness of several potential pharmacotherapies on particular aspects of CUD modeled in these human studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L V Panlilio
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Z Justinova
- Preclinical Pharmacology Section, Behavioral Neuroscience Research Branch, NIDA, NIH, DHHS, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - J M Trigo
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - B Le Foll
- Translational Addiction Research Laboratory, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH), Toronto, ON, Canada; Addiction Medicine Service, Ambulatory Care and Structured Treatments, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada; University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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92
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Thal DM, Sun B, Feng D, Nawaratne V, Leach K, Felder CC, Bures MG, Evans DA, Weis WI, Bachhawat P, Kobilka TS, Sexton PM, Kobilka BK, Christopoulos A. Crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Nature 2016; 531:335-40. [PMID: 26958838 DOI: 10.1038/nature17188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic M1-M5 acetylcholine receptors are G-protein-coupled receptors that regulate many vital functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems. In particular, the M1 and M4 receptor subtypes have emerged as attractive drug targets for treatments of neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia, but the high conservation of the acetylcholine-binding pocket has spurred current research into targeting allosteric sites on these receptors. Here we report the crystal structures of the M1 and M4 muscarinic receptors bound to the inverse agonist, tiotropium. Comparison of these structures with each other, as well as with the previously reported M2 and M3 receptor structures, reveals differences in the orthosteric and allosteric binding sites that contribute to a role in drug selectivity at this important receptor family. We also report identification of a cluster of residues that form a network linking the orthosteric and allosteric sites of the M4 receptor, which provides new insight into how allosteric modulation may be transmitted between the two spatially distinct domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bingfa Sun
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Dan Feng
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Vindhya Nawaratne
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Katie Leach
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Mark G Bures
- Computational Chemistry and Chemoinformatics, Eli Lilly, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | - David A Evans
- Computational Chemistry and Chemoinformatics, Eli Lilly, Sunninghill Road, Windlesham GU20 6PH, UK
| | - William I Weis
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA.,Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Priti Bachhawat
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Tong Sun Kobilka
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA
| | - Patrick M Sexton
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Brian K Kobilka
- ConfometRx, 3070 Kenneth Street, Santa Clara, California 95054, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Arthur Christopoulos
- Drug Discovery Biology and Department of Pharmacology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, 3052, Victoria, Australia
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93
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Unravelling intrinsic efficacy and ligand bias at G protein coupled receptors: A practical guide to assessing functional data. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 101:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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94
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Butcher AJ, Bradley SJ, Prihandoko R, Brooke SM, Mogg A, Bourgognon JM, Macedo-Hatch T, Edwards JM, Bottrill AR, Challiss RAJ, Broad LM, Felder CC, Tobin AB. An Antibody Biosensor Establishes the Activation of the M1 Muscarinic Acetylcholine Receptor during Learning and Memory. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:8862-75. [PMID: 26826123 PMCID: PMC4861454 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.681726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing the in vivo activation status of G protein-coupled receptors would not only indicate physiological roles of G protein-coupled receptors but would also aid drug discovery by establishing drug/receptor engagement. Here, we develop a phospho-specific antibody-based biosensor to detect activation of the M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M1 mAChR) in vitro and in vivo. Mass spectrometry phosphoproteomics identified 14 sites of phosphorylation on the M1 mAChR. Phospho-specific antibodies to four of these sites established that serine at position 228 (Ser228) on the M1 mAChR showed extremely low levels of basal phosphorylation that were significantly up-regulated by orthosteric agonist stimulation. In addition, the M1 mAChR-positive allosteric modulator, 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid, enhanced acetylcholine-mediated phosphorylation at Ser228. These data supported the hypothesis that phosphorylation at Ser228 was an indicator of M1 mAChR activation. This was further supported in vivo by the identification of phosphorylated Ser228 on the M1 mAChR in the hippocampus of mice following administration of the muscarinic ligands xanomeline and 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-4-oxo-1,4-dihydroquinoline-3-carboxylic acid. Finally, Ser228 phosphorylation was seen to increase in the CA1 region of the hippocampus following memory acquisition, a response that correlated closely with up-regulation of CA1 neuronal activity. Thus, determining the phosphorylation status of the M1 mAChR at Ser228 not only provides a means of establishing receptor activation following drug treatment both in vitro and in vivo but also allows for the mapping of the activation status of the M1 mAChR in the hippocampus following memory acquisition thereby establishing a link between M1 mAChR activation and hippocampus-based memory and learning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Adrian Mogg
- Eli Lilly and Co. Neuroscience, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Andrew R Bottrill
- Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Laboratory, University of Leicester, Hodgkin Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - R A John Challiss
- the Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Leicester, Henry Wellcome Building, Lancaster Road, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa M Broad
- Eli Lilly and Co. Neuroscience, Erl Wood Manor, Windlesham, Surrey GU20 6PH, United Kingdom
| | - Christian C Felder
- Eli Lilly and Co. Neuroscience, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, and
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95
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Computational approaches to detect allosteric pathways in transmembrane molecular machines. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1652-62. [PMID: 26806157 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Many of the functions of transmembrane proteins involved in signal processing and transduction across the cell membrane are determined by allosteric couplings that propagate the functional effects well beyond the original site of activation. Data gathered from breakthroughs in biochemistry, crystallography, and single molecule fluorescence have established a rich basis of information for the study of molecular mechanisms in the allosteric couplings of such transmembrane proteins. The mechanistic details of these couplings, many of which have therapeutic implications, however, have only become accessible in synergy with molecular modeling and simulations. Here, we review some recent computational approaches that analyze allosteric coupling networks (ACNs) in transmembrane proteins, and in particular the recently developed Protein Interaction Analyzer (PIA) designed to study ACNs in the structural ensembles sampled by molecular dynamics simulations. The power of these computational approaches in interrogating the functional mechanisms of transmembrane proteins is illustrated with selected examples of recent experimental and computational studies pursued synergistically in the investigation of secondary active transporters and GPCRs. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Membrane Proteins edited by J.C. Gumbart and Sergei Noskov.
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96
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Doornbos MLJ, Pérez-Benito L, Tresadern G, Mulder-Krieger T, Biesmans I, Trabanco AA, Cid JM, Lavreysen H, IJzerman AP, Heitman LH. Molecular mechanism of positive allosteric modulation of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 by JNJ-46281222. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:588-600. [PMID: 26589404 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Allosteric modulation of the mGlu2 receptor is a potential strategy for treatment of various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of the mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) JNJ-46281222 and its radiolabelled counterpart [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222. Using this novel tool, we also describe the allosteric effect of orthosteric glutamate binding and the presence of a bound G protein on PAM binding and use computational approaches to further investigate the binding mode. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We have used radioligand binding studies, functional assays, site-directed mutagenesis, homology modelling and molecular dynamics to study the binding of JNJ-46281222. KEY RESULTS JNJ-46281222 is an mGlu2 -selective, highly potent PAM with nanomolar affinity (KD = 1.7 nM). Binding of [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 was increased by the presence of glutamate and greatly reduced by the presence of GTP, indicating the preference for a G protein bound state of the receptor for PAM binding. Its allosteric binding site was visualized and analysed by a computational docking and molecular dynamics study. The simulations revealed amino acid movements in regions expected to be important for activation. The binding mode was supported by [(3) H]-JNJ-46281222 binding experiments on mutant receptors. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our results obtained with JNJ-46281222 in unlabelled and tritiated form further contribute to our understanding of mGlu2 allosteric modulation. The computational simulations and mutagenesis provide a plausible binding mode with indications of how the ligand permits allosteric activation. This study is therefore of interest for mGlu2 and class C receptor drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten L J Doornbos
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura Pérez-Benito
- Janssen Research and Development, Toledo, Spain.,Laboratori de Medicina Computacional Unitat de Bioestadistica, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Thea Mulder-Krieger
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Adriaan P IJzerman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Laura H Heitman
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research (LACDR), Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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97
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Wood M, Ates A, Andre VM, Michel A, Barnaby R, Gillard M. In Vitro and In Vivo Identification of Novel Positive Allosteric Modulators of the Human Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:303-12. [PMID: 26655303 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Agonists at dopamine D2 and D3 receptors are important therapeutic agents in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Compared with the use of agonists, allosteric potentiators offer potential advantages such as temporal, regional, and phasic potentiation of natural signaling, and that of receptor subtype selectivity. We report the identification of a stereoselective interaction of a benzothiazol racemic compound that acts as a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of the rat and human dopamine D2 and D3 receptors. The R isomer did not directly stimulate the dopamine D2 receptor but potentiated the effects of dopamine. In contrast the S isomer attenuated the effects of the PAM and the effects of dopamine. In radioligand binding studies, these compounds do not compete for binding of orthosteric ligands, but indeed the R isomer increased the number of high-affinity sites for [(3)H]-dopamine without affecting K(d). We went on to identify a more potent PAM for use in native receptor systems. This compound potentiated the effects of D2/D3 signaling in vitro in electrophysiologic studies on dissociated striatal neurons and in vivo on the effects of L-dopa in the 6OHDA (6-hydroxydopamine) contralateral turning model. These PAMs lacked activity at a wide variety of receptors, lacked PAM activity at related Gi-coupled G protein-coupled receptors, and lacked activity at D1 receptors. However, the PAMs did potentiate [(3)H]-dopamine binding at both D2 and D3 receptors. Together, these studies show that we have identified PAMs of the D2 and D3 receptors both in vitro and in vivo. Such compounds may have utility in the treatment of hypodopaminergic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Wood
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Ali Ates
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | | | - Anne Michel
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Robert Barnaby
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Michel Gillard
- UCB Biopharma SPRL, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
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98
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Sengmany K, Gregory KJ. Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5: molecular pharmacology, allosteric modulation and stimulus bias. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 173:3001-17. [PMID: 26276909 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5 ) is a family C GPCR that has been implicated in various neuronal processes and, consequently, in several CNS disorders. Over the past few decades, GPCR-based drug discovery, including that for mGlu5 receptors, has turned considerable attention to targeting allosteric binding sites. Modulation of endogenous agonists by allosteric ligands offers the advantages of spatial and temporal fine-tuning of receptor activity, increased selectivity and reduced adverse effects with the potential to elicit improved clinical outcomes. Further, with greater appreciation of the multifaceted nature of the transduction of mGlu5 receptor signalling, it is increasingly apparent that drug discovery must take into consideration unique receptor conformations and the potential for stimulus-bias. This novel paradigm proposes that different ligands may differentially modulate distinct signalling pathways arising from the same receptor. We review our current understanding of the complexities of mGlu5 receptor signalling and regulation, and how these relate to allosteric ligands. Ultimately, a deeper appreciation of these relationships will provide the foundation for targeted drug design of compounds with increased selectivity, not only for the desired receptor but also for the desired signalling outcome from the receptor. Linked Articles This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein-Coupled Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v173.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sengmany
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - K J Gregory
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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99
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Laprairie RB, Bagher AM, Kelly MEM, Denovan-Wright EM. Cannabidiol is a negative allosteric modulator of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. Br J Pharmacol 2015. [PMID: 26218440 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabidiol has been reported to act as an antagonist at cannabinoid CB1 receptors. We hypothesized that cannabidiol would inhibit cannabinoid agonist activity through negative allosteric modulation of CB1 receptors. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Internalization of CB1 receptors, arrestin2 recruitment, and PLCβ3 and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, were quantified in HEK 293A cells heterologously expressing CB1 receptors and in the STHdh(Q7/Q7) cell model of striatal neurons endogenously expressing CB1 receptors. Cells were treated with 2-arachidonylglycerol or Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol alone and in combination with different concentrations of cannabidiol. KEY RESULTS Cannabidiol reduced the efficacy and potency of 2-arachidonylglycerol and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol on PLCβ3- and ERK1/2-dependent signalling in cells heterologously (HEK 293A) or endogenously (STHdh(Q7/Q7)) expressing CB1 receptors. By reducing arrestin2 recruitment to CB1 receptors, cannabidiol treatment prevented internalization of these receptors. The allosteric activity of cannabidiol depended upon polar residues being present at positions 98 and 107 in the extracellular amino terminus of the CB1 receptor. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Cannabidiol behaved as a non-competitive negative allosteric modulator of CB1 receptors. Allosteric modulation, in conjunction with effects not mediated by CB1 receptors, may explain the in vivo effects of cannabidiol. Allosteric modulators of CB1 receptors have the potential to treat CNS and peripheral disorders while avoiding the adverse effects associated with orthosteric agonism or antagonism of these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Laprairie
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - A M Bagher
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - M E M Kelly
- Departments of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.,Opthamology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Furman CA, Roof RA, Moritz AE, Miller BN, Doyle TB, Free RB, Banala AK, Paul NM, Kumar V, Sibley CD, Newman AH, Sibley DR. Investigation of the binding and functional properties of extended length D3 dopamine receptor-selective antagonists. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 25:1448-61. [PMID: 25583363 PMCID: PMC4449328 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The D3 dopamine receptor represents an important target in drug addiction in that reducing receptor activity may attenuate the self-administration of drugs and/or disrupt drug or cue-induced relapse. Medicinal chemistry efforts have led to the development of D3 preferring antagonists and partial agonists that are >100-fold selective vs. the closely related D2 receptor, as best exemplified by extended-length 4-phenylpiperazine derivatives. Based on the D3 receptor crystal structure, these molecules are known to dock to two sites on the receptor where the 4-phenylpiperazine moiety binds to the orthosteric site and an extended aryl amide moiety docks to a secondary binding pocket. The bivalent nature of the receptor binding of these compounds is believed to contribute to their D3 selectivity. In this study, we examined if such compounds might also be "bitopic" such that their aryl amide moieties act as allosteric modulators to further enhance the affinities of the full-length molecules for the receptor. First, we deconstructed several extended-length D3-selective ligands into fragments, termed "synthons", representing either orthosteric or secondary aryl amide pharmacophores and investigated their effects on D3 receptor binding and function. The orthosteric synthons were found to inhibit radioligand binding and to antagonize dopamine activation of the D3 receptor, albeit with lower affinities than the full-length compounds. Notably, the aryl amide-based synthons had no effect on the affinities or potencies of the orthosteric synthons, nor did they have any effect on receptor activation by dopamine. Additionally, pharmacological investigation of the full-length D3-selective antagonists revealed that these compounds interacted with the D3 receptor in a purely competitive manner. Our data further support that the 4-phenylpiperazine D3-selective antagonists are bivalent and that their enhanced affinity for the D3 receptor is due to binding at both the orthosteric site as well as a secondary binding pocket. Importantly, however, their interactions at the secondary site do not allosterically modulate their binding to the orthosteric site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryse A Furman
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca A Roof
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amy E Moritz
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brittney N Miller
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Trevor B Doyle
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - R Benjamin Free
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ashwini K Banala
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Noel M Paul
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Vivek Kumar
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Christopher D Sibley
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amy Hauck Newman
- Medicinal Chemistry Section, Molecular Targets and Medications Discovery Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - David R Sibley
- Molecular Neuropharmacology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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