51
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Wang Y, Fu AKY, Ip NY. IL-33/ST2 Signaling Regulates Synaptic Plasticity and Homeostasis in the Adult Hippocampal Circuitry. DNA Cell Biol 2021; 40:1125-1130. [PMID: 34297618 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2021.0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to neuronal activity changes, the adult hippocampal circuits undergo continuous synaptic remodeling, which is essential for information processing, learning, and memory encoding. Glial cells, including astrocytes and microglia, actively regulate hippocampal synaptic plasticity by coordinating the neuronal activity-induced synaptic changes at the circuit level. Emerging evidence suggests that the crosstalk between neurons and glia in the adult hippocampus is region specific and that the mechanisms controlling this process are critically dependent on secreted factors. Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a cytokine of the IL-1 family, is a key factor that modulates such glia-driven neuromodulations in two distinct hippocampal circuits. The activation of IL-33 and its receptor complex is important for maintaining the excitatory synaptic activity in the cornu ammonis 1 subregion and the remodeling of dentate gyrus synapses through activity-dependent astrocyte-synapse and microglia-synapse interactions, respectively. Meanwhile, the dysregulation of this signaling is implicated in multiple neurological disorders, especially Alzheimer's disease. Further investigations of how IL-33/ST2 signaling is regulated in a region-specific manner as well as its diverse functions in glia-synapse communications in the adult hippocampal circuitry will provide insights into the nature of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K Y Fu
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nancy Y Ip
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science, Shenzhen, China
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52
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Vuillaume R, Lorenzo J, Binczak S, Jacquir S. A Computational Study on Synaptic Plasticity Regulation and Information Processing in Neuron-Astrocyte Networks. Neural Comput 2021; 33:1970-1992. [PMID: 34411271 DOI: 10.1162/neco_a_01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Postsynaptic ionotropic receptors critically shape synaptic currents and underpin their activity-dependent plasticity. In recent years, regulation of expression of these receptors by slow inward and outward currents mediated by gliotransmitter release from astrocytes has come under scrutiny as a potentially important mechanism for the regulation of synaptic information transfer. In this study, we consider a model of astrocyte-regulated synapses to investigate this hypothesis at the level of layered networks of interacting neurons and astrocytes. Our simulations hint that gliotransmission sustains the transfer function across layers, although it decorrelates the neuronal activity from the signal pattern. Overall, our results make clear how astrocytes could transform neuronal activity by inducing a lowfrequency modulation of postsynaptic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Vuillaume
- Laboratory ImViA EA 7535, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Jhunlyn Lorenzo
- Laboratory ImViA EA 7535, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Stéphane Binczak
- Laboratory ImViA EA 7535, Université Bourgogne, Franche-Comté, 21078 Dijon, France
| | - Sabir Jacquir
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Neurosciences Paris-Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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53
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Matejuk A, Vandenbark AA, Offner H. Cross-Talk of the CNS With Immune Cells and Functions in Health and Disease. Front Neurol 2021; 12:672455. [PMID: 34135852 PMCID: PMC8200536 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.672455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system's role is much more than merely recognizing self vs. non-self and involves maintaining homeostasis and integrity of the organism starting from early development to ensure proper organ function later in life. Unlike other systems, the central nervous system (CNS) is separated from the peripheral immune machinery that, for decades, has been envisioned almost entirely as detrimental to the nervous system. New research changes this view and shows that blood-borne immune cells (both adaptive and innate) can provide homeostatic support to the CNS via neuroimmune communication. Neurodegeneration is mostly viewed through the lens of the resident brain immune populations with little attention to peripheral circulation. For example, cognition declines with impairment of peripheral adaptive immunity but not with the removal of microglia. Therapeutic failures of agents targeting the neuroinflammation framework (inhibiting immune response), especially in neurodegenerative disorders, call for a reconsideration of immune response contributions. It is crucial to understand cross-talk between the CNS and the immune system in health and disease to decipher neurodestructive and neuroprotective immune mechanisms for more efficient therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matejuk
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Arthur A Vandenbark
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
| | - Halina Offner
- Neuroimmunology Research, VA Portland Health Care System, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States
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54
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Astrocytic IGF-IRs Induce Adenosine-Mediated Inhibitory Downregulation and Improve Sensory Discrimination. J Neurosci 2021; 41:4768-4781. [PMID: 33911021 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0005-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays a key role in learning and memory processes. While the effects of IGF-I on neurons have been studied extensively, the involvement of astrocytes in IGF-I signaling and the consequences on synaptic plasticity and animal behavior remain unknown. We have found that IGF-I induces long-term potentiation (LTPIGFI) of the postsynaptic potentials that is caused by a long-term depression of inhibitory synaptic transmission in mice. We have demonstrated that this long-lasting decrease in the inhibitory synaptic transmission is evoked by astrocytic activation through its IGF-I receptors (IGF-IRs). We show that LTPIGFI not only increases the output of pyramidal neurons, but also favors the NMDAR-dependent LTP, resulting in the crucial information processing at the barrel cortex since specific deletion of IGF-IR in cortical astrocytes impairs the whisker discrimination task. Our work reveals a novel mechanism and functional consequences of IGF-I signaling on cortical inhibitory synaptic plasticity and animal behavior, revealing that astrocytes are key elements in these processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) signaling plays key regulatory roles in multiple processes of brain physiology, such as learning and memory. Yet, the underlying mechanisms remain largely undefined. Here we demonstrate that astrocytes respond to IGF-I signaling, elevating their intracellular Ca2+ and stimulating the release of ATP/adenosine, which triggers the LTD of cortical inhibitory synapses, thus regulating the behavioral task performance related to cortical sensory information processing. Therefore, the present work represents a major conceptual advance in our knowledge of the cellular basis of IGF-I signaling in brain function, by including for the first time astrocytes as key mediators of IGF-I actions on synaptic plasticity, cortical sensory information discrimination and animal behavior.
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55
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Gordleeva SY, Tsybina YA, Krivonosov MI, Ivanchenko MV, Zaikin AA, Kazantsev VB, Gorban AN. Modeling Working Memory in a Spiking Neuron Network Accompanied by Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:631485. [PMID: 33867939 PMCID: PMC8044545 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.631485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We propose a novel biologically plausible computational model of working memory (WM) implemented by a spiking neuron network (SNN) interacting with a network of astrocytes. The SNN is modeled by synaptically coupled Izhikevich neurons with a non-specific architecture connection topology. Astrocytes generating calcium signals are connected by local gap junction diffusive couplings and interact with neurons via chemicals diffused in the extracellular space. Calcium elevations occur in response to the increased concentration of the neurotransmitter released by spiking neurons when a group of them fire coherently. In turn, gliotransmitters are released by activated astrocytes modulating the strength of the synaptic connections in the corresponding neuronal group. Input information is encoded as two-dimensional patterns of short applied current pulses stimulating neurons. The output is taken from frequencies of transient discharges of corresponding neurons. We show how a set of information patterns with quite significant overlapping areas can be uploaded into the neuron-astrocyte network and stored for several seconds. Information retrieval is organized by the application of a cue pattern representing one from the memory set distorted by noise. We found that successful retrieval with the level of the correlation between the recalled pattern and ideal pattern exceeding 90% is possible for the multi-item WM task. Having analyzed the dynamical mechanism of WM formation, we discovered that astrocytes operating at a time scale of a dozen of seconds can successfully store traces of neuronal activations corresponding to information patterns. In the retrieval stage, the astrocytic network selectively modulates synaptic connections in the SNN leading to successful recall. Information and dynamical characteristics of the proposed WM model agrees with classical concepts and other WM models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Yu Gordleeva
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia
| | - Yuliya A Tsybina
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Krivonosov
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Ivanchenko
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey A Zaikin
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Center for Analysis of Complex Systems, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.,Institute for Women's Health and Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Victor B Kazantsev
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Neuroscience and Cognitive Technology Laboratory, Center for Technologies in Robotics and Mechatronics Components, Innopolis University, Innopolis, Russia.,Neuroscience Research Institute, Samara State Medical University, Samara, Russia
| | - Alexander N Gorban
- Scientific and Educational Mathematical Center "Mathematics of Future Technology," Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Mathematics, University of Leicester, Leicester, United Kingdom
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56
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Moro N, Ghavim SS, Sutton RL. Massive efflux of adenosine triphosphate into the extracellular space immediately after experimental traumatic brain injury. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:575. [PMID: 33850547 PMCID: PMC8027727 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to determine effects of mild traumatic brain injury (TBI), with or without blockade of purinergic ATP Y1 (P2Y1) receptors or store-operated calcium channels, on extracellular levels of ATP, glutamate, glucose and lactate. Concentrations of ATP, glutamate, glucose and lactate were measured in cerebral microdialysis samples obtained from the ipsilateral cortex and underlying hippocampus of rats with mild unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) or sham injury. Immediately after CCI, a large release of ATP was observed in the cortex (3.53-fold increase of pre-injury value) and hippocampus (2.97-fold increase of pre-injury value), with ATP returning to the baseline levels within 20 min post-injury and remaining stable for during the 3-h sampling period. In agreement with the results of previous studies, there was a significant increase in glutamate 20 min after CCI, which was concomitant with a decrease in extracellular glucose (20 min) and an increase in lactate (40-60 min) in both brain regions after CCI. Addition of a selective P2Y1 receptor blocker (MRS2179 ammonium salt hydrate) to the microdialysis perfusate significantly lowered pre-injury ATP and glutamate levels, and eliminated the post-CCI peaks. Addition of a blocker of store-operated calcium channels [2-aminoethoxy diphenylborinate (2-APB)] to the microdialysis perfusate significantly lowered pre-injury ATP in the hippocampus, and attenuated the post-CCI peak in both the cortex and hippocampus. 2-APB treatment significantly increased baseline glutamate levels, but the values post-injury did not differ from those in the sham group. Pre-injury glucose levels, but not lactate levels, were increased by MRS2179 and decreased by 2-APB. However, none of these treatments substantially altered the CCI-induced reduction in glucose and increase in lactate in the cortex. In conclusion, the results of the present study demonstrated that a short although extensive release of ATP immediately after experimental TBI can be significantly attenuated by blockade of P2Y1 receptors or store-operated calcium channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Moro
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, LA 90095-6901, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Nihon University School of Medicine, Tokyo 173-8610, Japan
| | - Sima S Ghavim
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, LA 90095-6901, USA
| | - Richard L Sutton
- Brain Injury Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, LA 90095-6901, USA
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57
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Verisokin AY, Verveyko DV, Postnov DE, Brazhe AR. Modeling of Astrocyte Networks: Toward Realistic Topology and Dynamics. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:645068. [PMID: 33746715 PMCID: PMC7973220 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.645068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal firing and neuron-to-neuron synaptic wiring are currently widely described as orchestrated by astrocytes—elaborately ramified glial cells tiling the cortical and hippocampal space into non-overlapping domains, each covering hundreds of individual dendrites and hundreds thousands synapses. A key component to astrocytic signaling is the dynamics of cytosolic Ca2+ which displays multiscale spatiotemporal patterns from short confined elemental Ca2+ events (puffs) to Ca2+ waves expanding through many cells. Here, we synthesize the current understanding of astrocyte morphology, coupling local synaptic activity to astrocytic Ca2+ in perisynaptic astrocytic processes and morphology-defined mechanisms of Ca2+ regulation in a distributed model. To this end, we build simplified realistic data-driven spatial network templates and compile model equations as defined by local cell morphology. The input to the model is spatially uncorrelated stochastic synaptic activity. The proposed modeling approach is validated by statistics of simulated Ca2+ transients at a single cell level. In multicellular templates we observe regular sequences of cell entrainment in Ca2+ waves, as a result of interplay between stochastic input and morphology variability between individual astrocytes. Our approach adds spatial dimension to the existing astrocyte models by employment of realistic morphology while retaining enough flexibility and scalability to be embedded in multiscale heterocellular models of neural tissue. We conclude that the proposed approach provides a useful description of neuron-driven Ca2+-activity in the astrocyte syncytium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darya V Verveyko
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Kursk State University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Dmitry E Postnov
- Department of Optics and Biophotonics, Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - Alexey R Brazhe
- Department of Biophysics, Biological Faculty, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry RAS, Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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58
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Tereshko L, Gao Y, Cary BA, Turrigiano GG, Sengupta P. Ciliary neuropeptidergic signaling dynamically regulates excitatory synapses in postnatal neocortical pyramidal neurons. eLife 2021; 10:e65427. [PMID: 33650969 PMCID: PMC7952091 DOI: 10.7554/elife.65427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are compartmentalized sensory organelles present on the majority of neurons in the mammalian brain throughout adulthood. Recent evidence suggests that cilia regulate multiple aspects of neuronal development, including the maintenance of neuronal connectivity. However, whether ciliary signals can dynamically modulate postnatal circuit excitability is unknown. Here we show that acute cell-autonomous knockdown of ciliary signaling rapidly strengthens glutamatergic inputs onto cultured rat neocortical pyramidal neurons and increases spontaneous firing. This increased excitability occurs without changes to passive neuronal properties or intrinsic excitability. Further, the neuropeptide receptor somatostatin receptor 3 (SSTR3) is localized nearly exclusively to excitatory neuron cilia both in vivo and in culture, and pharmacological manipulation of SSTR3 signaling bidirectionally modulates excitatory synaptic inputs onto these neurons. Our results indicate that ciliary neuropeptidergic signaling dynamically modulates excitatory synapses and suggest that defects in this regulation may underlie a subset of behavioral and cognitive disorders associated with ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren Tereshko
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | - Brian A Cary
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
| | | | - Piali Sengupta
- Department of Biology, Brandeis UniversityWalthamUnited States
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59
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Osemwegie O, Butler L, Subbiah S, Smith E. Effects of in vitro exposure of perfluorooctanoic acid and monocrotophos on astroglia SVG p12 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:1380-1389. [PMID: 33569802 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Glia cells provide supportive functions to the central nervous system and can be compromised by environmental contaminants. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the effects of in vitro exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid, a persistent environmental contaminant and/or monocrotophos (MCP), a neurotoxic organophosphate that is rapidly metabolized, to astroglia SVG p12 cells. The endpoints evaluated include cell viability, intracellular glutamate levels as a marker of astrocyte homeostasis function, differential gene expression for selected proteins, which include inflammatory markers (tachykinin), astrocytosis (nestin), S100B, and metabolism enzymes (CYP1A1). The results from cell viability revealed significant differences from the controls at some of the concentrations tested. Also, intracellular glutamate levels were elevated at the 10-μM concentration for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) as well as the 10-μM PFOA/5-μM MCP concentration. Gene expression results at 80-μM PFOA concentration revealed a significant increase in the expression of S100B, tachykinin and CYP1A1. A combination of 10-μM PFOA/20-μM MCP caused a significant decrease in the expression of tachykinin. Gene expression for MCP exposures produced a decrease at the 20-μM MCP concentration. Immunofluorescence results indicated an increase in nestin protein expression for the 20-μM concentration of MCP, which contradicted the gene expression at the same concentration tested. The results indicate that toxicity to glia cells can compromise critical glia functions and could be implicated in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odia Osemwegie
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Landon Butler
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Seenivasan Subbiah
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| | - Ernest Smith
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, USA
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60
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Necula D, Riviere-Cazaux C, Shen Y, Zhou M. Insight into the roles of CCR5 in learning and memory in normal and disordered states. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 92:1-9. [PMID: 33276089 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As cognitive impairments continue to rise in prevalence, there is an urgent need to understand the mechanisms of learning and memory in normal and disordered states. C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) has been implicated in the regulation of multiple forms of learning and memory via its regulation on learning-related cell signaling and neuronal plasticity. As a chemokine receptor and a co-receptor for HIV, CCR5's role in immune response and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) has been widely studied. In contrast, CCR5 is less understood in cognitive deficits associated with other disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), stroke and certain psychiatric disorders. A broad overview of the present literature shows that CCR5 acts as a potent suppressor of synaptic plasticity and learning and memory, although a few studies have reported the opposite effect of CCR5 in stroke or AD animal models. By summarizing the current literature of CCR5 in animal and human studies of cognition, this review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the role of CCR5 in learning and memory in both normal and disordered states and to discuss the possibility of CCR5 suppression as an effective therapeutic to alleviate cognitive deficits in HAND, AD, and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna Necula
- Department of Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cecile Riviere-Cazaux
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - Yang Shen
- Neurobiology, Psychiatry and Psychology Departments & Integrative Center for Learning and Memory, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Miou Zhou
- Graduate College of Biomedical Sciences, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA.
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61
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Hwang SN, Lee JS, Seo K, Lee H. Astrocytic Regulation of Neural Circuits Underlying Behaviors. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020296. [PMID: 33535587 PMCID: PMC7912785 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, characterized by a satellite-like morphology, are the most abundant type of glia in the central nervous system. Their main functions have been thought to be limited to providing homeostatic support for neurons, but recent studies have revealed that astrocytes actually actively interact with local neural circuits and play a crucial role in information processing and generating physiological and behavioral responses. Here, we review the emerging roles of astrocytes in many brain regions, particularly by focusing on intracellular changes in astrocytes and their interactions with neurons at the molecular and neural circuit levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Nyoung Hwang
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea;
| | - Jae Seung Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (J.S.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Kain Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (J.S.L.); (K.S.)
| | - Hyosang Lee
- Convergence Research Advanced Centre for Olfaction, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Korea;
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu 42988, Korea; (J.S.L.); (K.S.)
- Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu 41062, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-785-6147
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62
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Tang F, Xiao D, Chen L, Gao H, Li X. Role of Munc18-1 in the biological functions and pathogenesis of neurological disorders (Review). Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:198. [PMID: 33495808 PMCID: PMC7821349 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The release of neurotransmitters following the fusion of synaptic vesicles and the presynaptic membrane is an important process in the transmission of neuronal information. Syntaxin-binding protein 1 (Munc18-1) is a synaptic fusion protein binding protein, which mainly regulates synaptic vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release by interacting with soluble N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor attachment protein receptor. In addition to affecting neurotransmitter transmission, Munc18-1 is also involved in regulating neurosynaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment and neuroendocrine cell release functions (including thyroxine and insulin release). A number of previous studies have demonstrated that Munc18-1 has diverse and vital biological functions, and that its abnormal expression serves an important role in the pathogenesis of a variety of neurological diseases, including epileptic encephalopathy, schizophrenia, autism, Parkinsons disease, Alzheimers disease, multiple sclerosis, Duchennes muscular dystrophy and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. The present review summarizes the function of Munc18-1 and its possible relationship to the pathogenesis of various neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fajuan Tang
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Dongqiong Xiao
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hu Gao
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Xihong Li
- Department of Emergency, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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63
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Abstract
Animal behavior was classically considered to be determined exclusively by neuronal activity, whereas surrounding glial cells such as astrocytes played only supportive roles. However, astrocytes are as numerous as neurons in the mammalian brain, and current findings indicate a chemically based dialog between astrocytes and neurons. Activation of astrocytes by synaptically released neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+ in astrocytes, which then can regulate the efficacy of near and distant tripartite synapses at diverse timescales through gliotransmitter release. Here, we discuss recent evidence on how diverse behaviors are impacted by this dialog. These recent findings support a paradigm shift in neuroscience, in which animal behavior does not result exclusively from neuronal activity but from the coordinated activity of both astrocytes and neurons. Decoding how astrocytes and neurons interact with each other in various brain circuits will be fundamental to fully understanding how behaviors originate and become dysregulated in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Kofuji
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
| | - Alfonso Araque
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA;
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Ren F, Guo R. Synaptic Microenvironment in Depressive Disorder: Insights from Synaptic Plasticity. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:157-165. [PMID: 33519203 PMCID: PMC7838013 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s268012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression is a major disease that can affect both mental and physical health, limits psychosocial functioning and diminishes the quality of life. But its complex pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The dynamic changes of synaptic structure and function, known as synaptic plasticity, occur with the changes of different cellular microenvironment and are closely related to learning and memory function. Accumulating evidence implies that synaptic plasticity is integrally involved in the pathological changes of mood disorders, especially in depressive disorder. However, the complex dynamic process of synaptic plasticity is influenced by many factors. Here, we reviewed and discussed various factors affecting synaptic plasticity in depression, and proposed a specific framework named synaptic microenvironment, which may be critical for synaptic plasticity under pathological conditions. Based on this concept, we will show how we understand the balance between the synaptic microenvironment and the synaptic plasticity network in depression. Finally, we point out the clinical significance of the synaptic microenvironment in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Ren
- Second Clinical Medical College, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongjuan Guo
- Department of Neurology, Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, People's Republic of China
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65
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Astrocyte-secreted IL-33 mediates homeostatic synaptic plasticity in the adult hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 118:2020810118. [PMID: 33443211 PMCID: PMC7817131 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2020810118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus is important for learning and memory formation. In particular, homeostatic synaptic plasticity enables neurons to restore their activity levels in response to chronic neuronal activity changes. While astrocytes modulate synaptic functions via the secretion of factors, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that suppression of hippocampal neuronal activity increases cytokine IL-33 release from astrocytes in the CA1 region. Activation of IL-33 and its neuronal ST2 receptor complex promotes functional excitatory synapse formation. Moreover, IL-33/ST2 signaling is important for the neuronal activity blockade-induced increase of CA1 excitatory synapses in vivo and spatial memory formation. This study suggests that astrocyte-secreted IL-33 acts as a negative feedback control signal to regulate hippocampal homeostatic synaptic plasticity. Hippocampal synaptic plasticity is important for learning and memory formation. Homeostatic synaptic plasticity is a specific form of synaptic plasticity that is induced upon prolonged changes in neuronal activity to maintain network homeostasis. While astrocytes are important regulators of synaptic transmission and plasticity, it is largely unclear how they interact with neurons to regulate synaptic plasticity at the circuit level. Here, we show that neuronal activity blockade selectively increases the expression and secretion of IL-33 (interleukin-33) by astrocytes in the hippocampal cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) subregion. This IL-33 stimulates an increase in excitatory synapses and neurotransmission through the activation of neuronal IL-33 receptor complex and synaptic recruitment of the scaffold protein PSD-95. We found that acute administration of tetrodotoxin in hippocampal slices or inhibition of hippocampal CA1 excitatory neurons by optogenetic manipulation increases IL-33 expression in CA1 astrocytes. Furthermore, IL-33 administration in vivo promotes the formation of functional excitatory synapses in hippocampal CA1 neurons, whereas conditional knockout of IL-33 in CA1 astrocytes decreases the number of excitatory synapses therein. Importantly, blockade of IL-33 and its receptor signaling in vivo by intracerebroventricular administration of its decoy receptor inhibits homeostatic synaptic plasticity in CA1 pyramidal neurons and impairs spatial memory formation in mice. These results collectively reveal an important role of astrocytic IL-33 in mediating the negative-feedback signaling mechanism in homeostatic synaptic plasticity, providing insights into how astrocytes maintain hippocampal network homeostasis.
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66
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Verhoog QP, Holtman L, Aronica E, van Vliet EA. Astrocytes as Guardians of Neuronal Excitability: Mechanisms Underlying Epileptogenesis. Front Neurol 2020; 11:591690. [PMID: 33324329 PMCID: PMC7726323 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.591690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are key homeostatic regulators in the central nervous system and play important roles in physiology. After brain damage caused by e.g., status epilepticus, traumatic brain injury, or stroke, astrocytes may adopt a reactive phenotype. This process of reactive astrogliosis is important to restore brain homeostasis. However, persistent reactive astrogliosis can be detrimental for the brain and contributes to the development of epilepsy. In this review, we will focus on physiological functions of astrocytes in the normal brain as well as pathophysiological functions in the epileptogenic brain, with a focus on acquired epilepsy. We will discuss the role of astrocyte-related processes in epileptogenesis, including reactive astrogliosis, disturbances in energy supply and metabolism, gliotransmission, and extracellular ion concentrations, as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction and dysregulation of blood flow. Since dysfunction of astrocytes can contribute to epilepsy, we will also discuss their role as potential targets for new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn P. Verhoog
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda Holtman
- Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN), Heemstede, Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of Neuropathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Center for Neuroscience, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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67
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Lee SH, Park HL, Kim MH, Kim MH, Park BG, Lee SD. Realization of Biomimetic Synaptic Functions in a One-Cell Organic Resistive Switching Device Using the Diffusive Parameter of Conductive Filaments. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:51719-51728. [PMID: 33151051 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toward the successful development of artificial intelligence, artificial synapses based on resistive switching devices are essential ingredients to perform information processing in spiking neural networks. In neural processes, synaptic plasticity related to the history of neuron activity plays a critical role during learning. In resistive switching devices, it is barely possible to emulate both short-term plasticity and long-term plasticity due to the uncontrollable dynamics of the conductive filaments (CFs). Despite extensive effort to realize synaptic plasticity in such devices, it is still challenging to achieve reliable synaptic functions due to the overgrowth of CFs in a random fashion. Herein, we propose an organic resistive switching device with bio-realistic synaptic functions by adjusting the CF diffusive parameter. In the proposed device, complete synaptic plasticity provides the history-dependent change in the conductance. Moreover, the homeostatic feedback, which resembles the biological process, regulates CF growth in our device, which enhances the reliability of synaptic plasticity. This novel concept for realizing synaptic functions in organic resistive switching devices may provide a physical platform to advance the fundamental understanding of learning and memory mechanisms and develop a variety of neural circuits and neuromorphic systems that can be linked to artificial intelligence and next-generation computing paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sin-Hyung Lee
- School of Electronics Engineering, and School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 80 Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea-Lim Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hoi Kim
- Department of Creative Convergence Engineering, Hanbat National University, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Hwi Kim
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Gook Park
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sin-Doo Lee
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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68
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Manninen T, Saudargiene A, Linne ML. Astrocyte-mediated spike-timing-dependent long-term depression modulates synaptic properties in the developing cortex. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008360. [PMID: 33170856 PMCID: PMC7654831 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have been shown to modulate synaptic transmission and plasticity in specific cortical synapses, but our understanding of the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms remains limited. Here we present a new biophysicochemical model of a somatosensory cortical layer 4 to layer 2/3 synapse to study the role of astrocytes in spike-timing-dependent long-term depression (t-LTD) in vivo. By applying the synapse model and electrophysiological data recorded from rodent somatosensory cortex, we show that a signal from a postsynaptic neuron, orchestrated by endocannabinoids, astrocytic calcium signaling, and presynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors coupled with calcineurin signaling, induces t-LTD which is sensitive to the temporal difference between post- and presynaptic firing. We predict for the first time the dynamics of astrocyte-mediated molecular mechanisms underlying t-LTD and link complex biochemical networks at presynaptic, postsynaptic, and astrocytic sites to the time window of t-LTD induction. During t-LTD a single astrocyte acts as a delay factor for fast neuronal activity and integrates fast neuronal sensory processing with slow non-neuronal processing to modulate synaptic properties in the brain. Our results suggest that astrocytes play a critical role in synaptic computation during postnatal development and are of paramount importance in guiding the development of brain circuit functions, learning and memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiina Manninen
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ausra Saudargiene
- Neuroscience Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
- Department of Informatics, Vytautas Magnus University, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Marja-Leena Linne
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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69
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Reddaway J, Brydges NM. Enduring neuroimmunological consequences of developmental experiences: From vulnerability to resilience. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 109:103567. [PMID: 33068720 PMCID: PMC7556274 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is crucial for normal neuronal development and function (neuroimmune system). Both immune and neuronal systems undergo significant postnatal development and are sensitive to developmental programming by environmental experiences. Negative experiences from infection to psychological stress at a range of different time points (in utero to adolescence) can permanently alter the function of the neuroimmune system: given its prominent role in normal brain development and function this dysregulation may increase vulnerability to psychiatric illness. In contrast, positive experiences such as exercise and environmental enrichment are protective and can promote resilience, even restoring the detrimental effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system. This suggests the neuroimmune system is a viable therapeutic target for treatment and prevention of psychiatric illnesses, especially those related to stress. In this review we will summarise the main cells, molecules and functions of the immune system in general and with specific reference to central nervous system development and function. We will then discuss the effects of negative and positive environmental experiences, especially during development, in programming the long-term functioning of the neuroimmune system. Finally, we will review the sparse but growing literature on sex differences in neuroimmune development and response to environmental experiences. The immune system is essential for development and function of the central nervous system (neuroimmune system) Environmental experiences can permanently alter neuroimmune function and associated brain development Altered neuroimmune function following negative developmental experiences may play a role in psychiatric illnesses Positive experiences can promote resilience and rescue the effects of negative experiences on the neuroimmune system The neuroimmune system is therefore a viable therapeutic target for preventing and treating psychiatric illnesses
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nichola M Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, Hadyn Ellis Building, Maindy Road, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK.
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70
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Testen A, Kim R, Reissner KJ. High-Resolution Three-Dimensional Imaging of Individual Astrocytes Using Confocal Microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 91:e92. [PMID: 32068976 DOI: 10.1002/cpns.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play numerous vital roles in the central nervous system. Accordingly, it is of merit to identify structural and functional properties of astrocytes in both health and disease. The majority of studies examining the morphology of astrocytes have employed immunoassays for markers such as glial fibrillary acidic protein, which are insufficient to encapsulate the considerable structural complexity of these cells. Herein, we describe a method utilizing a commercially available and validated, genetically encoded membrane-associated fluorescent marker of astrocytes, AAV5-GfaABC1D-Lck-GFP. This tool and approach allow for visualization of a single isolated astrocyte in its entirety, including fine peripheral processes. Astrocytes are imaged using confocal microscopy and reconstructed in three dimensions to obtain detailed morphometric data. We further provide an immunohistochemistry procedure to assess colocalization of isolated astrocytes with synaptic markers throughout the z-plane. This technique, which can be utilized via a standard laboratory confocal microscope and Imaris software, allows for detailed analysis of the morphology and synaptic colocalization of astrocytes in fixed tissue. © 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Basic Protocol 1: Microinjection of AAV5-GfaABC1D-Lck-GFP into the nucleus accumbens of rats Basic Protocol 2: Tissue processing and immunohistochemistry for post-synaptic density-95 Basic Protocol 3: Single-cell image acquisition Basic Protocol 4: Three-dimensional reconstruction of single cells Basic Protocol 5: Three-dimensional colocalization analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anze Testen
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Ronald Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Neuroscience Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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71
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Fossati G, Matteoli M, Menna E. Astrocytic Factors Controlling Synaptogenesis: A Team Play. Cells 2020; 9:E2173. [PMID: 32993090 PMCID: PMC7600026 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are essential players in brain circuit development and homeostasis, controlling many aspects of synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination both during development and adulthood. Accordingly, alterations in astrocyte morphogenesis and physiology may severely affect proper brain development, causing neurological or neuropsychiatric conditions. Recent findings revealed a huge astrocyte heterogeneity among different brain areas, which is likely at the foundation of the different synaptogenic potential of these cells in selected brain regions. This review highlights recent findings on novel mechanisms that regulate astrocyte-mediated synaptogenesis during development, and the control of synapse number in the critical period or upon synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Fossati
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS—NeuroCenter, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; (G.F.); (M.M.)
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS—NeuroCenter, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; (G.F.); (M.M.)
- CNR, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience—URT Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Menna
- Humanitas Clinical and Research Center—IRCCS—NeuroCenter, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy; (G.F.); (M.M.)
- CNR, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience—URT Humanitas, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Italy
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72
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Du Preez A, Law T, Onorato D, Lim YM, Eiben P, Musaelyan K, Egeland M, Hye A, Zunszain PA, Thuret S, Pariante CM, Fernandes C. The type of stress matters: repeated injection and permanent social isolation stress in male mice have a differential effect on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, and associated biological alterations. Transl Psychiatry 2020; 10:325. [PMID: 32958745 PMCID: PMC7505042 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-020-01000-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic stress can alter the immune system, adult hippocampal neurogenesis and induce anxiety- and depressive-like behaviour in rodents. However, previous studies have not discriminated between the effect(s) of different types of stress on these behavioural and biological outcomes. We investigated the effect(s) of repeated injection vs. permanent social isolation on behaviour, stress responsivity, immune system functioning and hippocampal neurogenesis, in young adult male mice, and found that the type of stress exposure does indeed matter. Exposure to 6 weeks of repeated injection resulted in an anxiety-like phenotype, decreased systemic inflammation (i.e., reduced plasma levels of TNFα and IL4), increased corticosterone reactivity, increased microglial activation and decreased neuronal differentiation in the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, exposure to 6 weeks of permanent social isolation resulted in a depressive-like phenotype, increased plasma levels of TNFα, decreased plasma levels of IL10 and VEGF, decreased corticosterone reactivity, decreased microglial cell density and increased cell density for radial glia, s100β-positive cells and mature neuroblasts-all in the DG. Interestingly, combining the two distinct stress paradigms did not have an additive effect on behavioural and biological outcomes, but resulted in yet a different phenotype, characterized by increased anxiety-like behaviour, decreased plasma levels of IL1β, IL4 and VEGF, and decreased hippocampal neuronal differentiation, without altered neuroinflammation or corticosterone reactivity. These findings demonstrate that different forms of chronic stress can differentially alter both behavioural and biological outcomes in young adult male mice, and that combining multiple stressors may not necessarily cause more severe pathological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Du Preez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Thomas Law
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Diletta Onorato
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Yau M Lim
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paola Eiben
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ksenia Musaelyan
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Martin Egeland
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Abdul Hye
- Department of Old Age Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Patricia A Zunszain
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sandrine Thuret
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Carmine M Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Cathy Fernandes
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
- MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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73
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Grigorovsky V, Breton VL, Bardakjian BL. Glial Modulation of Electrical Rhythms in a Neuroglial Network Model of Epilepsy. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 2020; 68:2076-2087. [PMID: 32894704 DOI: 10.1109/tbme.2020.3022332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE An important EEG-based biomarker for epilepsy is the phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling (PAC) of electrical rhythms; however, the underlying pathways of these pathologic markers are not always clear. Since glial cells have been shown to play an active role in neuroglial networks, it is likely that some of these PAC markers are modulated via glial effects. METHODS We developed a 4-unit hybrid model of a neuroglial network, consisting of 16 sub-units, that combines a mechanistic representation of neurons with an oscillator-based Cognitive Rhythm Generator (CRG) representation of glial cells-astrocytes and microglia. The model output was compared with recorded generalized tonic-clonic patient data, both in terms of PAC features, and state classification using an unsupervised hidden Markov model (HMM). RESULTS The neuroglial model output showed PAC features similar to those observed in epileptic seizures. These generated PAC features were able to accurately identify spontaneous epileptiform discharges (SEDs) as seizure-like states, as well as a postictal-like state following the long-duration SED, when applied to the HMM machine learning algorithm trained on patient data. The evolution profile of the maximal PAC during the SED compared well with patient data, showing similar association with the duration of the postictal state. CONCLUSION The hybrid neuroglial network model was able to generate PAC features similar to those observed in ictal and postictal epileptic states, which has been used for state classification and postictal state duration prediction. SIGNIFICANCE Since PAC biomarkers are important for epilepsy research and postictal state duration has been linked with risk of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy, this model suggests glial synaptic effects as potential targets for further analysis and treatment.
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74
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Duriez P, Bou Khalil R, Chamoun Y, Maatoug R, Strumila R, Seneque M, Gorwood P, Courtet P, Guillaume S. Brain Stimulation in Eating Disorders: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2358. [PMID: 32717984 PMCID: PMC7465000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of eating disorders (EDs) is still difficult and few treatments are effective. Recently, several studies have described the important contribution of non-invasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and electroconvulsive therapy) and invasive brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation) for ED management. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in ED. All published studies on brain stimulation in ED as well as ongoing trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov were examined. Articles on neuromodulation research and perspective articles were also included. This analysis indicates that brain stimulation in EDs is still in its infancy. Literature data consist mainly of case reports, cases series, open studies, and only a few randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in EDs remains weak. Finally, this review discusses future directions in this research domain (e.g., sites of modulation, how to enhance neuromodulation efficacy, personalized protocols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yara Chamoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Redwan Maatoug
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Robertas Strumila
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Maude Seneque
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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75
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Matejuk A, Ransohoff RM. Crosstalk Between Astrocytes and Microglia: An Overview. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1416. [PMID: 32765501 PMCID: PMC7378357 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on discoveries enabled by new technologies and analysis using novel computational tools, neuroscience can be re-conceived in terms of information exchange in dense networks of intercellular connections rather than in the context of individual populations, such as glia or neurons. Cross-talk between neurons and microglia or astrocytes has been addressed, however, the manner in which non-neuronal cells communicate and interact remains less well-understood. We review this intriguing crosstalk among CNS cells, focusing on astrocytes and microglia and how it contributes to brain development and neurodegenerative diseases. The goal of studying these intercellular communications is to promote our ability to combat incurable neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Matejuk
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Richard M Ransohoff
- Third Rock Ventures, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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76
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Abstract
While neurons and circuits are almost unequivocally considered to be the computational units and actuators of behavior, a complete understanding of the nervous system must incorporate glial cells. Far beyond a copious but passive substrate, glial influence is inextricable from neuronal physiology, whether during developmental guidance and synaptic shaping or through the trophic support, neurotransmitter and ion homeostasis, cytokine signaling and immune function, and debris engulfment contributions that this class provides throughout an organism's life. With such essential functions, among a growing literature of nuanced roles, it follows that glia are consequential to behavior in adult animals, with novel genetic tools allowing for the investigation of these phenomena in living organisms. We discuss here the relevance of glia for maintaining circadian rhythms and also for serving functions of sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Artiushin
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
| | - Amita Sehgal
- Chronobiology and Sleep Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA;
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77
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Raman S, Srinivasan G, Brookhouser N, Nguyen T, Henson T, Morgan D, Cutts J, Brafman DA. A Defined and Scalable Peptide-Based Platform for the Generation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Astrocytes. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:3477-3490. [PMID: 32550261 PMCID: PMC7284803 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.0c00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Astrocytes
comprise the most abundant cell type in the central
nervous system (CNS) and play critical roles in maintaining neural
tissue homeostasis. In addition, astrocyte dysfunction and death has
been implicated in numerous neurological disorders such as multiple
sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
(ALS), and Parkinson’s disease (PD). As such, there is much
interest in using human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived astrocytes
for drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine applications.
However, current protocols for generation of astrocytes from hPSCs
are limited by the use of undefined xenogeneic components and two-dimensional
(2D) culture surfaces, which limits their downstream applications
where large-quantities of cells generated under defined conditions
are required. Here, we report the use of a completely synthetic, peptide-based
substrate that allows for the differentiation of highly pure populations
of astrocytes from several independent hPSC lines, including those
derived from patients with neurodegenerative disease. This substrate,
which we demonstrate is compatible with both conventional 2D culture
formats and scalable microcarrier (MC)-based technologies, leads to
the generation of cells that express high levels of canonical astrocytic
markers as well as display properties characteristic of functionally
mature cells including production of apolipoprotein E (ApoE), responsiveness
to inflammatory stimuli, ability to take up amyloid-β (Aβ),
and appearance of robust calcium transients. Finally, we show that
these astrocytes can be cryopreserved without any loss of functionality.
In the future, we anticipate that these methods will enable the development
of bioprocesses for the production of hPSC-derived astrocytes needed
for biomedical research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreedevi Raman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Gayathri Srinivasan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Nicholas Brookhouser
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States.,Graduate Program in Clinical Translational Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Phoenix, Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Toan Nguyen
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Tanner Henson
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Daylin Morgan
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Joshua Cutts
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - David A Brafman
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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78
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Sherwood CC, Miller SB, Karl M, Stimpson CD, Phillips KA, Jacobs B, Hof PR, Raghanti MA, Smaers JB. Invariant Synapse Density and Neuronal Connectivity Scaling in Primate Neocortical Evolution. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:5604-5615. [PMID: 32488266 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are involved in the communication of information from one neuron to another. However, a systematic analysis of synapse density in the neocortex from a diversity of species is lacking, limiting what can be understood about the evolution of this fundamental aspect of brain structure. To address this, we quantified synapse density in supragranular layers II-III and infragranular layers V-VI from primary visual cortex and inferior temporal cortex in a sample of 25 species of primates, including humans. We found that synapse densities were relatively constant across these levels of the cortical visual processing hierarchy and did not significantly differ with brain mass, varying by only 1.9-fold across species. We also found that neuron densities decreased in relation to brain enlargement. Consequently, these data show that the number of synapses per neuron significantly rises as a function of brain expansion in these neocortical areas of primates. Humans displayed the highest number of synapses per neuron, but these values were generally within expectations based on brain size. The metabolic and biophysical constraints that regulate uniformity of synapse density, therefore, likely underlie a key principle of neuronal connectivity scaling in primate neocortical evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Sarah B Miller
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Molly Karl
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | - Cheryl D Stimpson
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052, USA
| | | | - Bob Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, Laboratory of Quantitative Neuromorphology, Colorado College, Colorado Springs, CO 80946, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Mary Ann Raghanti
- Department of Anthropology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
| | - Jeroen B Smaers
- Department of Anthropology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY 10024, USA
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79
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Whitwell HJ, Bacalini MG, Blyuss O, Chen S, Garagnani P, Gordleeva SY, Jalan S, Ivanchenko M, Kanakov O, Kustikova V, Mariño IP, Meyerov I, Ullner E, Franceschi C, Zaikin A. The Human Body as a Super Network: Digital Methods to Analyze the Propagation of Aging. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:136. [PMID: 32523526 PMCID: PMC7261843 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological aging is a complex process involving multiple biological processes. These can be understood theoretically though considering them as individual networks-e.g., epigenetic networks, cell-cell networks (such as astroglial networks), and population genetics. Mathematical modeling allows the combination of such networks so that they may be studied in unison, to better understand how the so-called "seven pillars of aging" combine and to generate hypothesis for treating aging as a condition at relatively early biological ages. In this review, we consider how recent progression in mathematical modeling can be utilized to investigate aging, particularly in, but not exclusive to, the context of degenerative neuronal disease. We also consider how the latest techniques for generating biomarker models for disease prediction, such as longitudinal analysis and parenclitic analysis can be applied to as both biomarker platforms for aging, as well as to better understand the inescapable condition. This review is written by a highly diverse and multi-disciplinary team of scientists from across the globe and calls for greater collaboration between diverse fields of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J Whitwell
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Oleg Blyuss
- School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Harfield, United Kingdom.,Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Shangbin Chen
- Britton Chance Centre for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Paolo Garagnani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine (DIMES), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Susan Yu Gordleeva
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Sarika Jalan
- Complex Systems Laboratory, Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India.,Centre for Bio-Science and Bio-Medical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Indore, India
| | - Mikhail Ivanchenko
- Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Oleg Kanakov
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Valentina Kustikova
- Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ines P Mariño
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | - Iosif Meyerov
- Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Ekkehard Ullner
- Department of Physics (SUPA), Institute for Complex Systems and Mathematical Biology, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio Franceschi
- Laboratory of Systems Medicine of Healthy Aging, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia.,Institute of Information Technologies, Mathematics and Mechanics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Department of Mathematics, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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80
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Tong R, Emptage NJ, Padamsey Z. A two-compartment model of synaptic computation and plasticity. Mol Brain 2020; 13:79. [PMID: 32434549 PMCID: PMC7238589 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00617-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The synapse is typically viewed as a single compartment, which acts as a linear gain controller on incoming input. Traditional plasticity rules enable this gain control to be dynamically optimized by Hebbian activity. Whilst this view nicely captures postsynaptic function, it neglects the non-linear dynamics of presynaptic function. Here we present a two-compartment model of the synapse in which the presynaptic terminal first acts to filter presynaptic input before the postsynaptic terminal, acting as a gain controller, amplifies or depresses transmission. We argue that both compartments are equipped with distinct plasticity rules to enable them to optimally adapt synaptic transmission to the statistics of pre- and postsynaptic activity. Specifically, we focus on how presynaptic plasticity enables presynaptic filtering to be optimally tuned to only transmit information relevant for postsynaptic firing. We end by discussing the advantages of having a presynaptic filter and propose future work to explore presynaptic function and plasticity in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudi Tong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK. .,Current address: McGill University, Montreal Neurological Institute, 3801 University Street, Montreal, H3A 2B4, Canada.
| | - Nigel J Emptage
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3QT, UK.
| | - Zahid Padamsey
- Centre of Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, 9 George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
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81
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Heller JP, Odii T, Zheng K, Rusakov DA. Imaging tripartite synapses using super-resolution microscopy. Methods 2020; 174:81-90. [PMID: 31153907 PMCID: PMC7144327 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Astroglia are vital facilitators of brain development, homeostasis, and metabolic support. In addition, they are also essential to the formation and regulation of synaptic circuits. Due to the extraordinary complex, nanoscopic morphology of astrocytes, the underlying cellular mechanisms have been poorly understood. In particular, fine astrocytic processes that can be found in the vicinity of synapses have been difficult to study using traditional imaging techniques. Here, we describe a 3D three-colour super-resolution microscopy approach to unravel the nanostructure of tripartite synapses. The method is based on the SMLM technique direct stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (dSTORM) which uses conventional fluorophore-labelled antibodies. This approach enables reconstructing the nanoscale localisation of individual astrocytic glutamate transporter (GLT-1) molecules surrounding presynaptic (bassoon) and postsynaptic (Homer1) protein localisations in fixed mouse brain sections. However, the technique is readily adaptable to other types of targets and tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janosch Peter Heller
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; FutureNeuro Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Tuamoru Odii
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Alex Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike Ikwo, PMB 1010 Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Kaiyu Zheng
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dmitri A Rusakov
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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82
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Martinez-Banaclocha M. Astroglial Isopotentiality and Calcium-Associated Biomagnetic Field Effects on Cortical Neuronal Coupling. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020439. [PMID: 32069981 PMCID: PMC7073214 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmission is necessary but does not sufficiently explain superior cognitive faculties. Growing evidence has shown that neuron-astroglial chemical crosstalk plays a critical role in the processing of information, computation, and memory. In addition to chemical and electrical communication among neurons and between neurons and astrocytes, other nonsynaptic mechanisms called ephaptic interactions can contribute to the neuronal synchronization from different brain regions involved in the processing of information. New research on brain astrocytes has clearly shown that the membrane potential of these cells remains very stable among neighboring and distant astrocytes due to the marked bioelectric coupling between them through gap junctions. This finding raises the possibility that the neocortical astroglial network exerts a guiding template modulating the excitability and synchronization of trillions of neurons by astroglial Ca2+-associated bioelectromagnetic interactions. We propose that bioelectric and biomagnetic fields of the astroglial network equalize extracellular local field potentials (LFPs) and associated local magnetic field potentials (LMFPs) in the cortical layers of the brain areas involved in the processing of information, contributing to the adequate and coherent integration of external and internal signals. This article reviews the current knowledge of ephaptic interactions in the cerebral cortex and proposes that the isopotentiality of cortical astrocytes is a prerequisite for the maintenance of the bioelectromagnetic crosstalk between neurons and astrocytes in the neocortex.
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83
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Heidarpur M, Khosravifar P, Ahmadi A, Ahmadi M. CORDIC-Astrocyte: Tripartite Glutamate-IP3-Ca 2+ Interaction Dynamics on FPGA. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON BIOMEDICAL CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS 2020; 14:36-47. [PMID: 31751284 DOI: 10.1109/tbcas.2019.2953631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Real-time, large-scale simulation of biological systems is challenging due to different types of nonlinear functions describing biochemical reactions in the cells. The promise of the high speed, cost effectiveness, and power efficiency in addition to parallel processing has made application-specific hardware an attractive simulation platform. This paper proposes high-speed and low-cost digital hardware to emulate a biological-plausible astrocyte and glutamate-release mechanism. The nonlinear terms of these models were calculated using a high-precision and cost-effective algorithm. Subsequently, the modified models were simulated to study and validate their functions. We developed several hardware versions by setting different constraints to investigate trade-offs and find the best possible design. FPGA implementation results confirmed the ability of the design to emulate biological cell behaviours in detail with high accuracy. As for performance, the proposed design turned out to be faster and more efficient than previously published works that targeted digital hardware for biological-plausible astrocytes.
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84
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Intertwined ROS and Metabolic Signaling at the Neuron-Astrocyte Interface. Neurochem Res 2020; 46:23-33. [PMID: 31989468 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-02965-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Metabolism and redox signalling share critical nodes in the nervous system. In the last years, a series of major findings have challenged the current vision on how neural reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced and handled in the nervous system. Once regarded as deleterious by-products, ROS are now shown to be essential for a metabolic and redox crosstalk. In turn, this coupling defines neural viability and function to control behaviour or leading to neurodegeneration when compromised. Findings like a different assembly of mitochondrial respiratory supercomplexes in neurons and astrocytes stands behind a divergent production of ROS in either cell type, more prominent in astrocytes. ROS levels are however tightly controlled by an antioxidant machinery in astrocytes, assumed as more efficient than that of neurons, to regulate redox signalling. By exerting this control in ROS abundance, metabolic functions are finely tuned in both neural cells. Further, a higher engagement of mitochondrial respiration and oxidative function in neurons, underpinned by redox equivalents supplied from the pentose phosphate pathway and from glia, differs from the otherwise strong glycolytic capacity of astrocytes. Here, we recapitulate major findings on how ROS and metabolism differ between neural cells but merge to define reciprocal signalling pathways, ultimately defining neural function and fate.
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85
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Wang H, Han J. The endocannabinoid system regulates the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory in mice. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2020; 60:320-328. [PMID: 31974335 DOI: 10.23736/s0022-4707.19.10235-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise has been reported to enhance cognitive functions via mechanism(s) yet to be fully understood. The endogenous cannabinoid system (ECS) is involved in regulating cognitive function, including learning and memory. This system may also be involved in enhancing learning and memory after exercise. The objective of this study is to explore whether and how ECS participates in the enhancement of learning and memory after exercise. METHODS In this study, a treadmill exercise training model was established. Wild-type C57BL/6J mice and those deficient in the cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1R) coding gene, Cnr1, specifically in the glutamatergic neurons, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurons or glial cells were randomly grouped for 4 weeks' moderate treadmill exercise. The Morris water maze was used to evaluate the spatial learning and memory abilities of mice in each group. The expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and CB1R in hippocampus was detected by western blot. The dendritic spine density of pyramidal cells in the hippocampal CA1 region was analyzed by quantitative Golgi staining. This study consisted of eight single-factor inter-subject designs, and each batch of experiments was divided into two groups. Corresponding experimental items and data analysis were carried out according to the experimental objectives. RESULTS CB1R antagonist administration or CB1R knockout in glutamatergic neurons eliminated the effect of exercise on learning and memory, and counteracted exercise-elicited upregulation of BDNF in the hippocampus; CB1R-specific knockout on GABAergic neurons and glial cells did not affect the moderate exercise-induced enhancement of learning and memory. In addition, the results of Golgi staining showed that exercise increased dendritic spine density in hippocampal neurons, which was abolished by specific CB1R depletion in glutamatergic neurons. CONCLUSIONS The ECS, particularly CB1R signaling in glutamatergic neurons, mediates the enhancement of learning and memory by exercise, which involves increased BDNF production and dendritic spine density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoquan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Teaching Technology, Ministry Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, China.,Medical School, Shangqiu Institute of Technology, Shangqiu, China
| | - Jing Han
- Key Laboratory of Teaching Technology, Ministry Education, Shaanxi Normal University, Xian, China -
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86
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Lenk K, Satuvuori E, Lallouette J, Ladrón-de-Guevara A, Berry H, Hyttinen JAK. A Computational Model of Interactions Between Neuronal and Astrocytic Networks: The Role of Astrocytes in the Stability of the Neuronal Firing Rate. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 13:92. [PMID: 32038210 PMCID: PMC6987305 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research in neuroscience indicates the importance of tripartite synapses and gliotransmission mediated by astrocytes in neuronal system modulation. Although the astrocyte and neuronal network functions are interrelated, they are fundamentally different in their signaling patterns and, possibly, the time scales at which they operate. However, the exact nature of gliotransmission and the effect of the tripartite synapse function at the network level are currently elusive. In this paper, we propose a computational model of interactions between an astrocyte network and a neuron network, starting from tripartite synapses and spanning to a joint network level. Our model focuses on a two-dimensional setup emulating a mixed in vitro neuron-astrocyte cell culture. The model depicts astrocyte-released gliotransmitters exerting opposing effects on the neurons: increasing the release probability of the presynaptic neuron while hyperpolarizing the post-synaptic one at a longer time scale. We simulated the joint networks with various levels of astrocyte contributions and neuronal activity levels. Our results indicate that astrocytes prolong the burst duration of neurons, while restricting hyperactivity. Thus, in our model, the effect of astrocytes is homeostatic; the firing rate of the network stabilizes to an intermediate level independently of neuronal base activity. Our computational model highlights the plausible roles of astrocytes in interconnected astrocytic and neuronal networks. Our simulations support recent findings in neurons and astrocytes in vivo and in vitro suggesting that astrocytic networks provide a modulatory role in the bursting of the neuronal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Lenk
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
| | - Eero Satuvuori
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland.,Institute for Complex Systems (ISC), National Research Council (CNR), Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy.,Department of Human Movement Sciences, MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jules Lallouette
- INRIA, Villeurbanne, France.,LIRIS UMR5205, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Hugues Berry
- INRIA, Villeurbanne, France.,LIRIS UMR5205, University of Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jari A K Hyttinen
- BioMediTech, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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87
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Kozachkov L, Michmizos KP. Sequence Learning in Associative Neuronal-Astrocytic Networks. Brain Inform 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-59277-6_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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88
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Brydges NM, Reddaway J. Neuroimmunological effects of early life experiences. Brain Neurosci Adv 2020; 4:2398212820953706. [PMID: 33015371 PMCID: PMC7513403 DOI: 10.1177/2398212820953706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to adverse experiences during development increases the risk of psychiatric illness later in life. Growing evidence suggests a role for the neuroimmune system in this relationship. There is now substantial evidence that the immune system is critical for normal brain development and behaviour, and responds to environmental perturbations experienced early in life. Severe or chronic stress results in dysregulated neuroimmune function, concomitant with abnormal brain morphology and function. Positive experiences including environmental enrichment and exercise exert the opposite effect, promoting normal brain and immune function even in the face of early life stress. The neuroimmune system may therefore provide a viable target for prevention and treatment of psychiatric illness. This review will briefly summarise the neuroimmune system in brain development and function, and review the effects of stress and positive environmental experiences during development on neuroimmune function. There are also significant sex differences in how the neuroimmune system responds to environmental experiences early in life, which we will briefly review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichola M. Brydges
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Jack Reddaway
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research
Institute, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
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89
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Tlaie A, Leyva I, Sendiña-Nadal I. High-order couplings in geometric complex networks of neurons. Phys Rev E 2019; 100:052305. [PMID: 31869909 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.100.052305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
We explore the consequences of introducing higher-order interactions in a geometric complex network of Morris-Lecar neurons. We focus on the regime where traveling synchronization waves are observed from a first-neighbors-based coupling to evaluate the changes induced when higher-order dynamical interactions are included. We observe that the traveling-wave phenomenon gets enhanced by these interactions, allowing the activity to travel further in the system without generating pathological full synchronization states. This scheme could be a step toward a simple phenomenological modelization of neuroglial networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tlaie
- Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, ETSIT Aeronáuticos, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - I Leyva
- Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Sendiña-Nadal
- Complex Systems Group & GISC, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.,Center for Biomedical Technology, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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90
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Spatiotemporal model of tripartite synapse with perinodal astrocytic process. J Comput Neurosci 2019; 48:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s10827-019-00734-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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91
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Neuromodulators and Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity in Learning and Memory: A Steered-Glutamatergic Perspective. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9110300. [PMID: 31683595 PMCID: PMC6896105 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9110300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular pathways underlying the induction and maintenance of long-term synaptic plasticity have been extensively investigated revealing various mechanisms by which neurons control their synaptic strength. The dynamic nature of neuronal connections combined with plasticity-mediated long-lasting structural and functional alterations provide valuable insights into neuronal encoding processes as molecular substrates of not only learning and memory but potentially other sensory, motor and behavioural functions that reflect previous experience. However, one key element receiving little attention in the study of synaptic plasticity is the role of neuromodulators, which are known to orchestrate neuronal activity on brain-wide, network and synaptic scales. We aim to review current evidence on the mechanisms by which certain modulators, namely dopamine, acetylcholine, noradrenaline and serotonin, control synaptic plasticity induction through corresponding metabotropic receptors in a pathway-specific manner. Lastly, we propose that neuromodulators control plasticity outcomes through steering glutamatergic transmission, thereby gating its induction and maintenance.
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92
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Yuan Y, Liu J, Zhao P, Xing F, Huo H, Fang T. Structural Insights Into the Dynamic Evolution of Neuronal Networks as Synaptic Density Decreases. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:892. [PMID: 31507365 PMCID: PMC6714520 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The human brain is thought to be an extremely complex but efficient computing engine, processing vast amounts of information from a changing world. The decline in the synaptic density of neuronal networks is one of the most important characteristics of brain development, which is closely related to synaptic pruning, synaptic growth, synaptic plasticity, and energy metabolism. However, because of technical limitations in observing large-scale neuronal networks dynamically connected through synapses, how neuronal networks are organized and evolve as their synaptic density declines remains unclear. Here, by establishing a biologically reasonable neuronal network model, we show that despite a decline in the synaptic density, the connectivity, and efficiency of neuronal networks can be improved. Importantly, by analyzing the degree distribution, we also find that both the scale-free characteristic of neuronal networks and the emergence of hub neurons rely on the spatial distance between neurons. These findings may promote our understanding of neuronal networks in the brain and have guiding significance for the design of neuronal network models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Yuan
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Xing
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Huo
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
| | - Tao Fang
- Department of Automation, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
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93
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Galland F, Seady M, Taday J, Smaili SS, Gonçalves CA, Leite MC. Astrocyte culture models: Molecular and function characterization of primary culture, immortalized astrocytes and C6 glioma cells. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104538. [PMID: 31430518 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of the physiology of astrocytes and their role in brain function progresses continuously. Primary astrocyte culture is an alternative method to study these cells in an isolated system: in their physiologic and pathologic states. Cell lines are often used as an astrocyte model, since they are easier and faster to manipulate and cost less. However, there are a few studies evaluating the different features of these cells which may put into question the validity of using them as astrocyte models. The aim of this study was to compare primary cultures (PC) with two cell lines - immortalized astrocytes and C6 cells, in terms of protein characterization, morphology and metabolic functional activity. Our results showed, under the same culture condition, that immortalized astrocytes and C6 are positive for differentiated astrocytic markers (eg. GFAP, S100B, AQP4 and ALDH1L1), although expressing them in less quantities then primary astrocyte cultures. Glutamate metabolism and cell communication are reduced in proliferative cells. However, glucose uptake is elevated in C6 lineage cells in comparison with primary astrocytes, probably due to their tumorigenic origin and high proliferation rate. Immortalized astrocytes presented a lower growth rate than C6 cells, and a similar basal morphology as primary astrocytes. However, they did not prove to be as good reproductive models of some of the classic astrocytic functions, such as S100B secretion and GFAP content, especially while under stimulation. In contrast, C6 cells presented similar results in comparison to primary astrocytes in response to stimuli. Here we provide a functional comparison of three astrocytic models, in an attempt to select the most suitable model for the study of astrocytes, optimizing the research in this area of knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Galland
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Seady
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Jessica Taday
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Soraya Soubhi Smaili
- Departamento de Farmacologia da Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Concli Leite
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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94
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Fultot
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut
| | - P. Adrian Frazier
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut
| | - M. T. Turvey
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut
| | - Claudia Carello
- Center for the Ecological Study of Perception and Action, University of Connecticut
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95
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Interleukin-10 Facilitates Glutamatergic Synaptic Transmission and Homeostatic Plasticity in Cultured Hippocampal Neurons. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20133375. [PMID: 31324059 PMCID: PMC6650830 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Anti-inflammatory cytokines are known to exert neuroprotective action ameliorating aberrant neuronal network activity associated with inflammatory responses. Yet, it is still not fully understood if anti-inflammatory cytokines play a significant role in the regulation of synaptic activity under normal conditions. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the effect of Interleukin-10 (IL-10) on neuronal synaptic transmission and plasticity. For this we tested the effect of IL-10 on miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSC) and intracellular Ca2+ responses using whole-cell patch clamp and fluorescence microscopy in 13–15 DIV primary hippocampal neuroglial culture. We found that IL-10 significantly potentiated basal glutamatergic excitatory synaptic transmission within 15 min after application. Obtained results revealed a presynaptic nature of the effect, as IL-10 in a dose-dependent manner significantly increased the frequency but not the amplitude of mEPSC. Further, we tested the effect of IL-10 on mEPSC in a model of homeostatic synaptic plasticity (HSP) induced by treatment of primary hippocampal culture with 1 µM of tetrodotoxin (TTX) for a 24 h. It was found that 15 min application of IL-10 at established HSP resulted in enhanced mEPSC frequency, thus partially compensating for a decrease in the mEPSC frequency associated with TTX-induced HSP. Next, we studied if IL-10 can influence induction of HSP. We found that co-incubation of IL-10 with 1 µM of TTX for 24 h induced synaptic scaling, significantly increasing the amplitude of mEPSC and Ca2+ responses to application of the AMPA agonist, 5-Fluorowillardiine, thus facilitating a compensatory postsynaptic mechanism at HSP condition. Our results indicate that IL-10 potentiates synaptic activity in a dose- and time-dependent manner exerting both presynaptic (short-term exposure) and postsynaptic (long-term exposure) action. Obtained results demonstrate involvement of IL-10 in the regulation of basal glutamatergic synaptic transmission and plasticity at normal conditions.
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96
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Wen M, Jin Y, Zhang H, Sun X, Kuai Y, Tan W. Proteomic Analysis of Rat Cerebral Cortex in the Subacute to Long-Term Phases of Focal Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:3099-3118. [PMID: 31265301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of mortality and disability, and ischemic stroke accounts for more than 80% of the disease occurrence. Timely reperfusion is essential in the treatment of ischemic stroke, but it is known to cause ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and the relevant studies have mostly focused on the acute phase. Here we reported on a global proteomic analysis to investigate the development of cerebral I/R injury in the subacute and long-term phases. A rat model was used, with 2 h-middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) followed with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion. The proteins of cerebral cortex were analyzed by SDS-PAGE, whole-gel slicing, and quantitative LC-MS/MS. Totally 5621 proteins were identified, among which 568, 755, and 492 proteins were detected to have significant dys-regulation in the model groups with 1, 7, and 14 days of reperfusion, respectively, when compared with the corresponding sham groups (n = 4, fold change ≥1.5 or ≤0.67 and p ≤ 0.05). Bioinformatic analysis on the functions and reperfusion time-dependent dys-regulation profiles of the proteins exhibited changes of structures and biological processes in cytoskeleton, synaptic plasticity, energy metabolism, inflammation, and lysosome from subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury. Disruption of cytoskeleton and synaptic structures, impairment of energy metabolism processes, and acute inflammation responses were the most significant features in the subacute phase. With the elongation of reperfusion time to the long-term phase, a tendency of recovery was detected on cytoskeleton, while inflammation pathways different from the subacute phase were activated. Also, lysosomal structures and functions might be restored. This is the first work reporting the proteome changes that occurred at different time points from the subacute to long-term phases of cerebral I/R injury and we expect it would provide useful information to improve the understanding of the mechanisms involved in the development of cerebral I/R injury and suggest candidates for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiling Wen
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Ya Jin
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Xiaoou Sun
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Yihe Kuai
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
| | - Wen Tan
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Guangdong University of Technology , Guangzhou 510006 , P. R. China
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97
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Wang MM, Feng YS, Yang SD, Xing Y, Zhang J, Dong F, Zhang F. The Relationship Between Autophagy and Brain Plasticity in Neurological Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 13:228. [PMID: 31244604 PMCID: PMC6542992 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, a catabolic degradation system, is utilized for destroying and recycling the damaged or unnecessary cellular components. Brain plasticity refers to the remarkable characteristics of brain neurons that change their structure and function according to previous experience. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in databases of SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science, from respective inception to January 2019. Here, we review the neuroprotective effect of autophagy in neurological diseases and the mechanism of autophagy in brain plasticity. Moreover, the mechanism of autophagy in the process of brain plasticity can provide the possibility for the development of new treatment methods in the future, thus benefiting patients with neurological diseases. In summary, autophagy and brain plasticity play important roles in neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Si-Dong Yang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China.,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
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98
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Sigl-Glöckner J, Seibt J. Peeking into the sleeping brain: Using in vivo imaging in rodents to understand the relationship between sleep and cognition. J Neurosci Methods 2019; 316:71-82. [PMID: 30208306 PMCID: PMC6390172 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sleep is well known to benefit cognitive function. In particular, sleep has been shown to enhance learning and memory in both humans and animals. While the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, it has been suggested that brain activity during sleep modulates neuronal communication through synaptic plasticity. These insights were mostly gained using electrophysiology to monitor ongoing large scale and single cell activity. While these efforts were instrumental in the characterisation of important network and cellular activity during sleep, several aspects underlying cognition are beyond the reach of this technology. Neuronal circuit activity is dynamically regulated via the precise interaction of different neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and relies on subtle modifications of individual synapses. In contrast to established electrophysiological approaches, recent advances in imaging techniques, mainly applied in rodents, provide unprecedented access to these aspects of neuronal function in vivo. In this review, we describe various techniques currently available for in vivo brain imaging, from single synapse to large scale network activity. We discuss the advantages and limitations of these approaches in the context of sleep research and describe which particular aspects related to cognition lend themselves to this kind of investigation. Finally, we review the few studies that used in vivo imaging in rodents to investigate the sleeping brain and discuss how the results have already significantly contributed to a better understanding on the complex relation between sleep and plasticity across development and adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Sigl-Glöckner
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, D-10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Julie Seibt
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, GU2 7XP, Guildford, UK.
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99
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Kanakov O, Gordleeva S, Ermolaeva A, Jalan S, Zaikin A. Astrocyte-induced positive integrated information in neuron-astrocyte ensembles. Phys Rev E 2019; 99:012418. [PMID: 30780273 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.99.012418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Integrated information is a quantitative measure from information theory of how tightly all parts of a system are interconnected in terms of information exchange. In this study we show that astrocytes, playing an important role in regulation of information transmission between neurons, may contribute to a generation of positive integrated information in neuronal ensembles. Analytically and numerically we show that the presence of astrocytic regulation of neurotransmission may be essential for this information attribute in neuroastrocytic ensembles. Moreover, the proposed "spiking-bursting" mechanism of generating positive integrated information is shown to be generic and not limited to neuron-astrocyte networks and is given a complete analytic description.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oleg Kanakov
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Susanna Gordleeva
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | | | - Sarika Jalan
- Complex Systems Lab, Discipline of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Indore, Simrol, Indore 453552, India
| | - Alexey Zaikin
- Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia.,Institute for Women's Health and Department of Mathematics, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Pediatrics, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
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100
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Sears SMS, Hewett JA, Hewett SJ. Decreased epileptogenesis in mice lacking the System x c - transporter occurs in association with a reduction in AMPA receptor subunit GluA1. Epilepsia Open 2019; 4:133-143. [PMID: 30868123 PMCID: PMC6398109 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although the cystine/glutamate antiporter System xc - (Sxc -) plays a permissive role in glioma-associated seizures, its contribution to other acquired epilepsies has not been determined. As such, the present study investigates whether and how Sxc - contributes to the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ) chemical kindling model of epileptogenesis. METHODS Male Sxc - null (sut/sut) mice and their wild-type littermates were administered PTZ (i.p.) daily for up to 21 days (kindling paradigm). Seizure severity was scored on a 5-point behavioral scale. Mossy fiber sprouting, cellular degeneration, and Sxc - light chain (xCT) messenger RNA (mRNA) were explored using Timm staining, thionin staining, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), respectively. Levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione and cysteine were determined via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Plasma membrane protein levels of glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subunits as well as the K+/Cl- co-transporter KCC2 were quantified via western blot analysis. RESULTS Repeated administration of PTZ produced chemical kindling in only 50% of Sxc - null mice as compared to 82% of wild-type littermate control mice. Kindling did not result in any changes in xCT mRNA levels assessed in wild-type mice. No cellular degeneration or mossy fiber sprouting was discernible in either genotype. Except for a small, but significant, decrease in oxidized cysteine in the hippocampus, no other change in measured redox couples was determined in Sxc - null mice. Cortical levels of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor subunit GluA1 were decreased in Sxc - null mice as compared to wild-type littermates, whereas all other proteins tested showed no difference between genotypes. SIGNIFICANCE This study provides the first evidence that Sxc - signaling contributes to epileptogenesis in the PTZ kindling model of acquired epilepsy. Further data indicate that a reduction in AMPA receptor signaling could underlie the resistance to PTZ kindling uncovered in Sxc - null mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila M. S. Sears
- Department of BiologyProgram in NeuroscienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - James A. Hewett
- Department of BiologyProgram in NeuroscienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
| | - Sandra J. Hewett
- Department of BiologyProgram in NeuroscienceSyracuse UniversitySyracuseNew York
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