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Ghavami S, Asoodeh A, Klonisch T, Halayko AJ, Kadkhoda K, Kroczak TJ, Gibson SB, Booy EP, Naderi-Manesh H, Los M. Brevinin-2R(1) semi-selectively kills cancer cells by a distinct mechanism, which involves the lysosomal-mitochondrial death pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 12:1005-22. [PMID: 18494941 PMCID: PMC4401144 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Brevinin-2R is a novel non-hemolytic defensin that was isolated from the skin of the frog Rana ridibunda. It exhibits preferential cytotoxicity towards malignant cells, including Jurkat (T-cell leukemia), BJAB (B-cell lymphoma), HT29/219, SW742 (colon carcinomas), L929 (fibrosarcoma), MCF-7 (breast adenocarcinoma), A549 (lung carcinoma), as compared to primary cells including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), T cells and human lung fibroblasts. Jurkat and MCF-7 cells overexpressing Bcl2, and L929 and MCF-7 over-expressing a dominant-negative mutant of a pro-apoptotic BNIP3 (DeltaTM-BNIP3) were largely resistant towards Brevinin-2R treatment. The decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (DeltaPsim), or total cellular ATP levels, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, but not caspase activation or the release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) or endonuclease G (Endo G), were early indicators of Brevinin-2R-triggered death. Brevinin-2R interacts with both early and late endosomes. Lysosomal membrane permeabilization inhibitors and inhibitors of cathepsin-B and cathepsin-L prevented Brevinin-2R-induced cell death. Autophagosomes have been detected upon Brevinin-2R treatment. Our results show that Brevinin-2R activates the lysosomalmitochondrial death pathway, and involves autophagy-like cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Ahmad Asoodeh
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemistry Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Thomas Klonisch
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Andrew J Halayko
- Department of Physiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Kamran Kadkhoda
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Tadeusz J Kroczak
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Spencer B Gibson
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- BioApplications Enterprises, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Evan P Booy
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, Manitoba Institute of Cell Biology, Cancer Care Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Hossein Naderi-Manesh
- Department of Biophysics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marek Los
- BioApplications Enterprises, Winnipeg, Canada
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Liu S, Zhou L, Li J, Suresh A, Verma C, Foo YH, Yap EPH, Tan DTH, Beuerman RW. Linear analogues of human beta-defensin 3: concepts for design of antimicrobial peptides with reduced cytotoxicity to mammalian cells. Chembiochem 2008; 9:964-73. [PMID: 18350527 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200700560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of engineered linear analogues [coded as F6, W6, Y6, A6, S6 and C(Acm)6] were modeled, designed, synthesized and structurally characterized by mass spectra, circular dichroism, hydrophobicity analysis and molecular modeling. We have screened antimicrobial activity, hemolysis to rabbit erythrocytes, and cytotoxicity to human conjunctival epithelial cells. No significant hemolytic effect was observed for hBD3 or from five of the six analogues [F6, Y6, A6, S6 and C(Acm)6] over the range of 3-100 microg mL(-1). The six linear analogues have reduced cytotoxicity to human conjunctival epithelial cells over the range of 6-100 microg mL(-1) compared to hBD3. By tuning the overall hydrophobicity of linear hBD3 analogues, reduced cytotoxicity and hemolysis were obtained while preserving the antimicrobial properties. The decreased cytotoxicity of the linear analogues is suggested to be structurally related to the removal of disulfide bridges, and the flexible structure of the linear forms, which seem to be associated with loss of secondary structure. These results suggest a new approach for guiding the design of new linear analogues of defensin peptides with strong antibiotic properties and reduced cytotoxicity to mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Liu
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, 11 Third Hospital Avenue, #06-00, Singapore 16875, Singapore
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53
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Pag U, Oedenkoven M, Sass V, Shai Y, Shamova O, Antcheva N, Tossi A, Sahl HG. Analysis of in vitro activities and modes of action of synthetic antimicrobial peptides derived from an alpha-helical 'sequence template'. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 61:341-52. [PMID: 18174202 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are indispensable components of innate immune systems and promising candidates for novel anti-infective strategies. We rationally designed a series of peptides based on a template derived from known alpha-helical AMPs, which were then analysed regarding efficacy against clinical isolates and antibiotic mechanisms. METHODS Efficacy tests included standard MIC and synergy assays. Whole cell assays with staphylococcal strains included killing kinetics, efflux experiments and determination of membrane depolarization. The transcriptional response of AMP-treated Staphylococcus aureus SG511 was analysed using a Scienion genomic microarray covering (approximately 90% of) the S. aureus N315 genome and AMP P16(6|E). RESULTS The AMPs showed remarkable broad-spectrum activity against bacteria and fungi regardless of any pre-existing antibiotic resistance mechanism. Whole cell assays indicated that the AMPs target the cytoplasmic membrane; however, significant membrane leakage and depolarization was only observed with a standard laboratory test strain. Transcriptional profiling identified up-regulation of putative efflux pumps and of aerobic energy generation mechanisms as major counter activities. Important components of the staphylococcal cell wall stress stimulon were up-regulated and the lipid metabolism was also affected. CONCLUSIONS The broad spectrum activity of amphiphilic helical AMPs is based on multiple stresses resulting from interactions with microbial membranes; however, rather than killing through formation of pores, the AMPs appear to interfere with the coordinated and highly dynamic functioning of membrane bound multienzyme complexes such as electron transport chains and cell wall or lipid biosynthesis machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Pag
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology-Pharmaceutical Microbiology Section, University of Bonn, 53105 Bonn, Germany
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54
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Ruiz N, Wielgosz-Collin G, Poirier L, Grovel O, Petit KE, Mohamed-Benkada M, du Pont TR, Bissett J, Vérité P, Barnathan G, Pouchus YF. New Trichobrachins, 11-residue peptaibols from a marine strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum. Peptides 2007; 28:1351-8. [PMID: 17629355 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2007.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 05/25/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A marine strain of Trichoderma longibrachiatum isolated from blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) was investigated for short peptaibol production. Various 11-residue peptaibols, obtained as microheterogenous mixtures after a chromatographic fractionation, were identified by positive mass spectrometry fragmentation (ESI-IT-MS(n), CID-MS(n) and GC/EI-MS). Thirty sequences were identified, which is the largest number of analogous sequences so far observed at once. Twenty-one sequences were new, and nine others corresponded to peptaibols already described. These peptaibols belonged to the same peptidic family based on the model Ac-Aib-xxx-xxx-xxx-Aib-Pro-xxx-xxx-Aib-Pro-xxol. They were named trichobrachin A when the residue in position 2 was an Asn, and trichobrachin C when it was a Gln. Major chromatographic sub-fractions, corresponding to purified peptaibols, were assayed for their cytotoxic activity. Trichobrachin A-IX and trichobrachin C exhibited the highest activities. There was an exponential relation between their relative hydrophobicity and their cytotoxicity on KB cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ruiz
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, SMAB-EA 2160, Faculté de pharmacie, BP 53508, F-44000 Nantes, France
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He J, Eckert R, Pharm T, Simanian MD, Hu C, Yarbrough DK, Qi F, Anderson MH, Shi W. Novel synthetic antimicrobial peptides against Streptococcus mutans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51:1351-8. [PMID: 17296741 PMCID: PMC1855471 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01270-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans, a common oral pathogen and the causative agent of dental caries, has persisted and even thrived on the tooth surface despite constant removal and eradication efforts. In this study, we generated a number of synthetic antimicrobial peptides against this bacterium via construction and screening of several structurally diverse peptide libraries where the hydrophobicity and charge within each library was varied incrementally in order to generate a collection of peptides with different biochemical characteristics. From these libraries, we identified multiple peptides with robust killing activity against S. mutans. To further improve their effectiveness, the most bactericidal peptides from each library were synthesized together as one molecule, in various combinations, with and without a flexible peptide linker between each antimicrobial region. Many of these "fusion" peptides had enhanced killing activities in comparison with those of the original nonconjoined molecules. The results presented here illustrate that small libraries of biochemically constrained peptides can be used to generate antimicrobial peptides against S. mutans, several of which may be likely candidates for the development of anticaries agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian He
- UCLA School of Dentistry, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1668, USA
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56
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Zikou S, Koukkou AI, Mastora P, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Sakarellos C, Drainas C, Panou-Pomonis E. Design and synthesis of cationic Aib-containing antimicrobial peptides: conformational and biological studies. J Pept Sci 2007; 13:481-6. [PMID: 17559058 DOI: 10.1002/psc.876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Development of antimicrobial peptides has attracted considerable attention in recent years due to the excessive use of antibiotics, which has led to multiresistant bacteria. Cationic amphiphilic Aib-containing peptide models Ac-(Aib-Arg-Aib-Leu)(n)-NH2, n = 1-4, and sequential cationic polypeptides (Arg-X-Gly)(n), X = Ala, Val, Leu, were prepared and studied for their antimicrobial and hemolytic activity, as well as for their proteolytic stability. Ac-(Aib-Arg-Aib-Leu)(n)-NH2, n = 2, 3 and the polypeptide (Arg-Leu-Gly)(n) exhibited significant antimicrobial activity, and they were nontoxic at their MIC values and resistant, in particular the Aib-peptide models, to enzymatic degradation. The conformational characteristics of the peptide models were studied by circular dichroism (CD). Structure-activity relationship studies revealed the importance of the amphipathic alpha-helical conformation of the reported peptides in inducing antimicrobial effects. It is concluded that peptide models comprising cationic amino acids (Arg), helicogenic and noncoding residues (Aib) and/or hydrophobic and helix-promoting components (Leu) may lead to the development of antimicrobial therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Zikou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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57
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Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are ancient components of the innate immune system and have been isolated from organisms spanning the phylogenetic spectrum. Over an evolutionary time span, these peptides have retained potency, in the face of highly mutable target microorganisms. This fact suggests important coevolutionary influences in the host-pathogen relationship. Despite their diverse origins, the majority of antimicrobial peptides have common biophysical parameters that are likely essential for activity, including small size, cationicity, and amphipathicity. Although more than 900 different antimicrobial peptides have been characterized, most can be grouped as belonging to one of three structural classes: (1) linear, often of alpha-helical propensity; (2) cysteine stabilized, most commonly conforming to beta-sheet structure; and (3) those with one or more predominant amino acid residues, but variable in structure. Interestingly, these biophysical and structural features are retained in ribosomally as well as nonribosomally synthesized peptides. Therefore, it appears that a relatively limited set of physicochemical features is required for antimicrobial peptide efficacy against a broad spectrum of microbial pathogens. During the past several years, a number of themes have emerged within the field of antimicrobial peptide immunobiology. One developing area expands upon known microbicidal mechanisms of antimicrobial peptides to include targets beyond the plasma membrane. Examples include antimicrobial peptide activity involving structures such as extracellular polysaccharide and cell wall components, as well as the identification of an increasing number of intracellular targets. Additional areas of interest include an expanding recognition of antimicrobial peptide multifunctionality, and the identification of large antimicrobial proteins, and antimicrobial peptide or protein fragments derived thereof. The following discussion highlights such recent developments in antimicrobial peptide immunobiology, with an emphasis on the biophysical aspects of host-defense polypeptide action and mechanisms of microbial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannette Y Yount
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA 90509, USA
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Porat Y, Marynka K, Tam A, Steinberg D, Mor A. Acyl-substituted dermaseptin S4 derivatives with improved bactericidal properties, including on oral microflora. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:4153-60. [PMID: 17043126 PMCID: PMC1693992 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00750-06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The 15-mer dermaseptin S4 derivative S4(1-15) was recently shown to exhibit potent activity against oral pathogens associated with caries and periodontitis. Here, we investigated possible modes for improving the peptide's properties through systematic replacement of an N-terminal amino acid(s) with various fatty acids that modulate the peptide's hydrophobicity and/or charge. Deletion of 1 to 3 residues led to progressive loss of potency as assessed by MIC experiments performed on four test bacteria. Replacing the deleted amino acids with fatty acids most often resulted in potency recovery or improvement, as evidenced by lower MICs and faster bactericidal kinetics in culture media. Best results were obtained after replacement of the N-terminal dipeptide alanine-leucine with heptanoic (C7) or aminododecanoic (NC12) acid. Circular dichroism analysis correlated antibacterial properties to the peptide's secondary structure. MIC experiments and confocal laser scanning microscopy results indicated that C7-S4(3-15) and NC12-S4(3-15) were bactericidal to various oral pathogens, including those which are immobilized in a biofilm. C7-S4(3-15) performed similarly to or better than (depending on growth medium) IB-367, a peptide assessed in clinical trials for treatment of oral mucositis, reducing CFU counts by >3 log units within 2 min of incubation. Collectively, the data indicate that substitution of fatty acids for amino acids may be a useful strategy in revealing improved derivatives of known antimicrobial peptides and suggest the suitability of such compounds for controlling pathogens associated with oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Porat
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Nagarajan V, Kaushik N, Murali B, Zhang C, Lakhera S, Elasri MO, Deng Y. A Fourier transformation based method to mine peptide space for antimicrobial activity. BMC Bioinformatics 2006; 7 Suppl 2:S2. [PMID: 17118141 PMCID: PMC1683563 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-7-s2-s2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides are currently being explored as potential candidate peptide drugs. Since antimicrobial peptides are part of the innate immune system of every living organism, it is possible to discover new candidate peptides using the available genomic and proteomic data. High throughput computational techniques could also be used to virtually scan the entire peptide space for discovering out new candidate antimicrobial peptides. Result We have identified a unique indexing method based on biologically distinct characteristic features of known antimicrobial peptides. Analysis of the entries in the antimicrobial peptide databases, based on our indexing method, using Fourier transformation technique revealed a distinct peak in their power spectrum. We have developed a method to mine the genomic and proteomic data, for the presence of peptides with potential antimicrobial activity, by looking for this distinct peak. We also used the Euclidean metric to rank the potential antimicrobial peptides activity. We have parallelized our method so that virtually any given protein space could be data mined, in search of antimicrobial peptides. Conclusion The results show that the Fourier transform based method with the property based coding strategy could be used to scan the peptide space for discovering new potential antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijayaraj Nagarajan
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Navodit Kaushik
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Beddhu Murali
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Computer Science, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Sanyogita Lakhera
- Department of Mathematics, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Mohamed O Elasri
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
| | - Youping Deng
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, 39406, USA
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Abstract
Antimicrobial host defense peptides are produced by all complex organisms as well as some microbes and have diverse and complex antimicrobial activities. Collectively these peptides demonstrate a broad range of antiviral and antibacterial activities and modes of action, and it is important to distinguish between direct microbicidal and indirect activities against such pathogens. The structural requirements of peptides for antiviral and antibacterial activities are evaluated in light of the diverse set of primary and secondary structures described for host defense peptides. Peptides with antifungal and antiparasitic activities are discussed in less detail, although the broad-spectrum activities of such peptides indicate that they are important host defense molecules. Knowledge regarding the relationship between peptide structure and function as well as their mechanism of action is being applied in the design of antimicrobial peptide variants as potential novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard Jenssen
- Centre for Microbial Diseases and Immunity Research, University of British Columbia, Lower Mall Research Station, 232-2259 Lower Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Zelezetsky I, Tossi A. Alpha-helical antimicrobial peptides--using a sequence template to guide structure-activity relationship studies. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2006; 1758:1436-49. [PMID: 16678118 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
An important class of cytolytic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) assumes an amphipathic, alpha-helical conformation that permits efficient interaction with biological membranes. Host defence peptides of this type are widespread in nature, and numerous synthetic model AMPs have been derived from these or designed de novo based on their characteristics. In this review we provide an overview of the 'sequence template' approach which we have used to design potent artificial helical AMPs, to guide structure-activity relationship studies aimed at their optimization, and to help identify novel natural AMP sequences. Combining this approach with the rational use of natural and non-proteinogenic amino acid building blocks has allowed us to probe the individual effects on the peptides' activity of structural and physico-chemical parameters such as the size, propensity for helical structuring, amphipathic hydrophobicity, cationicity, and hydrophobic or polar sector characteristics. These studies furthermore provided useful insights into alternative modes of action for natural membrane-active helical peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Zelezetsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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