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Identifying Novel ATX Inhibitors via Combinatory Virtual Screening Using Crystallography-Derived Pharmacophore Modelling, Docking Study, and QSAR Analysis. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051107. [PMID: 32131468 PMCID: PMC7179221 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is considered as an interesting drug target for the therapy of several diseases. The goal of the research was to detect new ATX inhibitors which have novel scaffolds by using virtual screening. First, based on two diverse receptor-ligand complexes, 14 pharmacophore models were developed, and the 14 models were verified through a big test database. Those pharmacophore models were utilized to accomplish virtual screening. Next, for the purpose of predicting the probable binding poses of compounds and then carrying out further virtual screening, docking-based virtual screening was performed. Moreover, an excellent 3D QSAR model was established, and 3D QSAR-based virtual screening was applied for predicting the activity values of compounds which got through the above two-round screenings. A correlation coefficient r2, which equals 0.988, was supplied by the 3D QSAR model for the training set, and the correlation coefficient r2 equaling 0.808 for the test set means that the developed 3D QSAR model is an excellent model. After the filtering was done by the combinatory virtual screening, which is based on the pharmacophore modelling, docking study, and 3D QSAR modelling, we chose nine potent inhibitors with novel scaffolds finally. Furthermore, two potent compounds have been particularly discussed.
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Lee SR, Lee D, Park M, Lee JC, Park HJ, Kang KS, Kim CE, Beemelmanns C, Kim KH. Absolute Configuration and Corrected NMR Assignment of 17-Hydroxycyclooctatin, a Fused 5-8-5 Tricyclic Diterpene. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2020; 83:354-361. [PMID: 31990198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.9b00837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The absolute configuration and corrected NMR assignment of 17-hydroxycyclooctatin isolated from Streptomyces sp. M56 recovered from a nest of South African Macrotermes natalensis termites are reported. 17-Hydroxycyclooctatin is a unique tricyclic diterpene (C20) consisting of a fused 5-8-5 ring system, and in this study, its structure was unambiguously determined by a combination of HR-ESIMS and 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic experiments to produce corrected NMR assignments. The absolute configuration of 17-hydroxycyclooctatin is reported for the first time in the current study using chemical reactions and quantum chemical ECD calculations. The corrected NMR assignments were verified using a gauge-including atomic orbital NMR chemical shifts calculation, followed by DP4 probability. To understand the pharmacological properties of 17-hydroxycyclooctatin, a network pharmacological approach and molecular docking analyses were used, which also predicted its effects on human breast cancer cell lines. Cytotoxicity and antiestrogenic activity of 17-hydroxycyclooctatin were determined, and it was found this compound may be an ERα antagonist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung Rak Lee
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Dahae Lee
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Musun Park
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Chan Lee
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Park
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Eop Kim
- College of Korean Medicine , Gachon University , Seongnam 13120 , Republic of Korea
| | - Christine Beemelmanns
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology-Hans-Knöll-Institute , Beutenbergstraße 11a , 07745 Jena , Germany
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon 16419 , Republic of Korea
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Argaud D, Boulanger MC, Chignon A, Mkannez G, Mathieu P. Enhancer-mediated enrichment of interacting JMJD3-DDX21 to ENPP2 locus prevents R-loop formation and promotes transcription. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8424-8438. [PMID: 31251802 PMCID: PMC6895255 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ENPP2, which encodes for the enzyme autotaxin (ATX), is overexpressed during chronic inflammatory diseases and various cancers. However, the molecular mechanism involved in the ENPP2 transcription remains elusive. Here, in HEK 293T cells, we demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) increased the transcription process at ENPP2 locus through a NF-кB pathway and a reduction of H3K27me3 level, a histone repressive mark, by the demethylase UTX. Simultaneously, the H3K27me3 demethylase JMJD3/KDM6B was recruited to the transcription start site (TSS), within the gene body and controlled the expression of ENPP2 in a non-enzymatic manner. Mass spectrometry data revealed a novel interaction for JMJD3 with DDX21, a RNA helicase that unwinds R-loops created by nascent transcript and DNA template. Upon LPS treatment, JMJD3 is necessary for DDX21 recruitment at ENPP2 locus allowing the resolution of aberrant R-loops. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of a distant-acting enhancer decreased the expression of ENPP2 and lowered the recruitment of JMJD3–DDX21 complex at TSS and its progression through the gene body. Taken together, these findings revealed that enhancer-mediated enrichment of novel JMJD3–DDX21 interaction at ENPP2 locus is necessary for nascent transcript synthesis via the resolution of aberrant R-loops formation in response to inflammatory stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Argaud
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Marie-Chloé Boulanger
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Arnaud Chignon
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Ghada Mkannez
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec G1V-4G5, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Quebec Heart and Lung Institute/Research Center, Department of Surgery, Laval University, Quebec G1V-4G5, Canada
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Gerokonstantis DT, Nikolaou A, Magkrioti C, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Kokotos G, Moutevelis-Minakakis P. Synthesis of novel 2-pyrrolidinone and pyrrolidine derivatives and study of their inhibitory activity against autotaxin enzyme. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 28:115216. [PMID: 31864778 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), a glycoprotein (~125 kDa) isolated as an autocrine motility factor from melanoma cells, belongs to a seven-membered family of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase (ENPP), and exhibits lysophospholipase D activity. ATX is responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to produce the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which is upregulated in a variety of pathological inflammatory conditions, including fibrosis, cancer, liver toxicity and thrombosis. Given its role in human disease, the ATX-LPA axis is an interesting target for therapy, and the development of novel potent ATX inhibitors is of great importance. In the present work a novel class of ATX inhibitors, optically active derivatives of 2-pyrrolidinone and pyrrolidine heterocycles were synthesized. Some of them exhibited interesting in vitro activity, namely the hydroxamic acid 16 (IC50 700 nM) and the carboxylic acid 40b (IC50 800 nM), while the boronic acid derivatives 3k (IC50 50 nM), 3l (IC50 120 nM), 3 m (IC50 180 nM) and 21 (IC50 35 nM) were found to be potent inhibitors of ATX.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens 16672, Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens 16672, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece
| | - Panagiota Moutevelis-Minakakis
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15771, Greece.
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Deregulated Lysophosphatidic Acid Metabolism and Signaling in Liver Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111626. [PMID: 31652837 PMCID: PMC6893780 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to late diagnosis and scarcity of treatment options. The major risk factor for liver cancer is cirrhosis with the underlying causes of cirrhosis being viral infection (hepatitis B or C), metabolic deregulation (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in the presence of obesity and diabetes), alcohol or cholestatic disorders. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive phospholipid with numerous effects, most of them compatible with the hallmarks of cancer (proliferation, migration, invasion, survival, evasion of apoptosis, deregulated metabolism, neoangiogenesis, etc.). Autotaxin (ATX) is the enzyme responsible for the bulk of extracellular LPA production, and together with LPA signaling is involved in chronic inflammatory diseases, fibrosis and cancer. This review discusses the most important findings and the mechanisms related to ATX/LPA/LPAR involvement on metabolic, viral and cholestatic liver disorders and their progression to liver cancer in the context of human patients and mouse models. It focuses on the role of ATX/LPA in NAFLD development and its progression to liver cancer as NAFLD has an increasing incidence which is associated with the increasing incidence of liver cancer. Bearing in mind that adipose tissue accounts for the largest amount of LPA production, many studies have implicated LPA in adipose tissue metabolism and inflammation, liver steatosis, insulin resistance, glucose intolerance and lipogenesis. At the same time, LPA and ATX play crucial roles in fibrotic diseases. Given that hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is usually developed on the background of liver fibrosis, therapies that both delay the progression of fibrosis and prevent its development to malignancy would be very promising. Therefore, ATX/LPA signaling appears as an attractive therapeutic target as evidenced by the fact that it is involved in both liver fibrosis progression and liver cancer development.
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The Structural Binding Mode of the Four Autotaxin Inhibitor Types that Differentially Affect Catalytic and Non-Catalytic Functions. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101577. [PMID: 31623219 PMCID: PMC6826961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D, catalysing the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to bioactive lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA acts through two families of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) controlling key cellular responses, and it is implicated in many physiological processes and pathologies. ATX, therefore, has been established as an important drug target in the pharmaceutical industry. Structural and biochemical studies of ATX have shown that it has a bimetallic nucleophilic catalytic site, a substrate-binding (orthosteric) hydrophobic pocket that accommodates the lipid alkyl chain, and an allosteric tunnel that can accommodate various steroids and LPA. In this review, first, we revisit what is known about ATX-mediated catalysis, crucially in light of allosteric regulation. Then, we present the known ATX catalysis-independent functions, including binding to cell surface integrins and proteoglycans. Next, we analyse all crystal structures of ATX bound to inhibitors and present them based on the four inhibitor types that are established based on the binding to the orthosteric and/or the allosteric site. Finally, in light of these data we discuss how mechanistic differences might differentially modulate the activity of the ATX-LPA signalling axis, and clinical applications including cancer.
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Magkrioti C, Galaris A, Kanellopoulou P, Stylianaki EA, Kaffe E, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and chronic inflammatory diseases. J Autoimmun 2019; 104:102327. [PMID: 31471142 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2019.102327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein, widely present in biological fluids including blood. ATX catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth factor-like, signaling phospholipid. LPA exerts pleiotropic effects mediated by its G-protein-coupled receptors that are widely expressed and exhibit overlapping specificities. Although ATX also possesses matricellular properties, the majority of ATX reported functions in adulthood are thought to be mediated through the extracellular production of LPA. ATX-mediated LPA synthesis is likely localized at the cell surface through the possible interaction of ATX with integrins or other molecules, while LPA levels are further controlled by a group of membrane-associated lipid-phosphate phosphatases. ATX expression was shown to be necessary for embryonic development, and ATX deficient embryos exhibit defective vascular homeostasis and aberrant neuronal system development. In adult life, ATX is highly expressed in the adipose tissue and has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and glucose homeostasis with multiple implications in metabolic disorders. Additionally, LPA has been shown to affect multiple cell types, including stromal and immune cells in various ways. Therefore, LPA participates in many processes that are intricately involved in the pathogenesis of different chronic inflammatory diseases such as vascular homeostasis, skeletal and stromal remodeling, lymphocyte trafficking and immune regulation. Accordingly, increased ATX and LPA levels have been detected, locally and/or systemically, in patients with chronic inflammatory diseases, most notably idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), chronic liver diseases, and rheumatoid arthritis. Genetic and pharmacological studies in mice have confirmed a pathogenetic role for ATX expression and LPA signaling in chronic inflammatory diseases, and provided the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions, as exemplified by the ongoing clinical trials for IPF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Apostolos Galaris
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, 16672, Athens, Greece.
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Abstract
Stem cells are a rare subpopulation defined by the potential to self-renew and differentiate into specific cell types. A population of stem-like cells has been reported to possess the ability of self-renewal, invasion, metastasis, and engraftment of distant tissues. This unique cell subpopulation has been designated as cancer stem cells (CSC). CSC were first identified in leukemia, and the contributions of CSC to cancer progression have been reported in many different types of cancers. The cancer stem cell hypothesis attempts to explain tumor cell heterogeneity based on the existence of stem cell-like cells within solid tumors. The elimination of CSC is challenging for most human cancer types due to their heightened genetic instability and increased drug resistance. To combat these inherent abilities of CSC, multi-pronged strategies aimed at multiple aspects of CSC biology are increasingly being recognized as essential for a cure. One of the most challenging aspects of cancer biology is overcoming the chemotherapeutic resistance in CSC. Here, we provide an overview of autotaxin (ATX), lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and their signaling pathways in CSC. Increasing evidence supports the role of ATX and LPA in cancer progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Several studies have demonstrated the ATX-LPA axis signaling in different cancers. This lipid mediator regulatory system is a novel potential therapeutic target in CSC. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking ATX-LPA signaling to CSC and its impact on cancer progression and metastasis. We also provide evidence for the efficacy of cancer therapy involving the pharmacological inhibition of this signaling pathway.
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Simiao Pill Attenuates Collagen-Induced Arthritis in Rats through Suppressing the ATX-LPA and MAPK Signalling Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:7498527. [PMID: 31001354 PMCID: PMC6437962 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7498527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective Simiao pill (SM), a traditional Chinese formula, has been used as an antirheumatic drug in clinical practice for hundreds of years. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is characterized by chronic synovial inflammation and hyperplasia, cartilage destruction, and joint damage. This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of SM on collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats. It also aimed to explore whether this protective effect of SM was related to the inhibition of the ATX-LPA and MAPK signalling pathways. Materials and Methods Rats were injected with a collagen II emulsion at the end of the tail and on the back to induce arthritis. Treatment with different doses of SM was conducted by intragastric administration. Then, body weights and arthritis scores were measured. The serum levels of tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1β, C-reactive protein (CRP), osteoprotegerin (OPG), autotaxin (ATX), and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) were determined by ELISA. Pathological changes in the joints were measured by micro-CT and assessed via haematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. The expression of ATX, LPA receptor 1 (LPA1) was detected by immunohistochemical staining, and the expression of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) was detected by Western blotting. Results SM significantly alleviated arthritis symptoms, inhibited bone erosion, and decreased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, CRP, ATX, and LPA in the sera of CIA rats. Importantly, SM clearly reduced the protein expression of LPA1 and ATX. The activation of the MAPK signalling pathway was also inhibited by SM in the synovial tissues of CIA rats. Conclusions The antirheumatic effects of SM were associated with the regulation of the ATX-LPA and MAPK pathways, the suppression of proinflammatory cytokine production, and the alleviation of cartilage and bone injury. These findings suggest that SM might be a promising alternative candidate for RA therapy.
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Bourgeois R, Piché ME, Auclair A, Grenier-Larouche T, Mitchell PL, Poirier P, Biertho L, Marceau S, Hould FS, Biron S, Lebel S, Lescelleur O, Julien F, Martin J, Tchernof A, Mathieu P, Carpentier AC, Arsenault BJ. Acute and chronic effect of bariatric surgery on circulating autotaxin levels. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14004. [PMID: 30821134 PMCID: PMC6395307 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX), an adipose tissue-derived lysophospholipase, has been involved in the pathophysiology of cardiometabolic diseases. The impact of bariatric surgery on circulating ATX levels is unknown. We examined the short- (24 h, 5 days) and longer-term (6 and 12 months) impact of bariatric surgery; as well as the short-term effect of caloric restriction (CR) on plasma ATX levels in patients with severe obesity. We measured ATX levels in 69 men and women (mean age: 41 ± 11 years, body mass index: 49.8 ± 7.1 kg/m2 ), before and after biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch surgery (BPD-DS) as well as in a control group (patients with severe obesity without surgery; n = 34). We also measured ATX levels in seven patients with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes who underwent a 3-day CR protocol before their BPD-DS. At baseline, ATX levels were positively associated with body mass index, fat mass, insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) as well as insulin and leptin levels and negatively with fat-free mass. ATX concentrations decreased 26.2% at 24 h after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 253.2 ± 68.9 pg/mL, P < 0.0001) and by 16.4% at 12 months after BPD-DS (342.9 ± 152.3 pg/mL to 286.8 ± 182.6 pg/mL, P = 0.04). ATX concentrations were unchanged during follow-up in the control group (P = 0.4), and not influenced by short-term CR. In patients with severe obesity, bariatric surgery induced a rapid and sustained decrease in plasma ATX levels. Acute changes in ATX may not be explained by bariatric surgery-induced CR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaëlle Bourgeois
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie-Eve Piché
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Audrey Auclair
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Thomas Grenier-Larouche
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Laurent Biertho
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Marceau
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Frédéric-Simon Hould
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Simon Biron
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéfane Lebel
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Odette Lescelleur
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - François Julien
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Julie Martin
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - André Tchernof
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- School of Nutrition, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Patrick Mathieu
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - André C Carpentier
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
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Robering JW, Gebhardt L, Wolf K, Kühn H, Kremer AE, Fischer MJM. Lysophosphatidic acid activates satellite glia cells and Schwann cells. Glia 2019; 67:999-1012. [PMID: 30637823 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pruritus is a common and disabling symptom in patients with hepatobiliary disorders, particularly in those with cholestatic features. Serum levels of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) and its forming enzyme autotaxin were increased in patients suffering from hepatic pruritus, correlated with itch severity and response to treatment. Here we show that in a culture of dorsal root ganglia LPA 18:1 surprisingly activated a large fraction of satellite glia cells, and responses to LPA 18:1 correlated inversely with responses to neuronal expressed transient receptor potential channels. LPA 18:1 caused only a marginal activation of heterologously expressed TRPV1, and responses in dorsal root ganglion cultures from TRPV1-deficient mice were similar to controls. LPA 18:1 desensitized subsequent responsiveness to chloroquine and TGR5 agonist INT-777. The LPA 18:1-induced increase in cytoplasmatic calcium stems from the endoplasmatic reticulum. LPA receptor expression in dorsal root ganglia and Schwann cells, LPAR1 immunohistochemistry, and pharmacological results indicate a signaling pathway through LPA receptor 1. Peripheral rat Schwann cells, which are of glial lineage as the satellite glia cells, were also responsive to LPA 18:1. Summarizing, LPA 18:1 primarily activates rather glial cells than neurons, which may subsequently modulate neuronal responsiveness and sensory sensations such as itch and pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan W Robering
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Gebhardt
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katharina Wolf
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helen Kühn
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas E Kremer
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael J M Fischer
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Yang L, Yu X, Yang Y. Autotaxin upregulated by STAT3 activation contributes to invasion in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms. Endocr Connect 2018; 7:1299-1307. [PMID: 30352421 PMCID: PMC6240148 DOI: 10.1530/ec-18-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Although the upregulation of autotaxin (ATX) is associated with many solid tumours, its role in pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNEN) has not been well elucidated. The expression of ATX in pNEN tissues and pNEN cell line BON1 was analysed by Western blot, PCR and immunocytochemistry upon exposure to interleukin-6 (IL-6). Additionally, pNEN cell line BON1 was transfected with siRNAs against ATX or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and assessed by in vitro invasion assays. The following results were obtained. The expression of ATX in pNEN tissues was significantly increased compared with that in normal pancreatic tissues. High ATX expression was strongly correlated with tumour grade, lymph node metastasis and tumour-node-metastasis stage. Furthermore, ATX downregulation notably inhibited the metastatic capacity of pNEN cells, whereas STAT3 knockdown was found to downregulate the expression of ATX. ATX expression was upregulated in BON1 cells upon stimulation with IL-6, and this was accompanied by activation/phosphorylation of STAT3. Western blot analysis of human pNEN tissue extracts confirmed increased ATX expression and STAT3 phosphorylation with elevated expression levels of IL-6. In conclusion, ATX is upregulated in pNEN and is correlated with the metastatic capacity of pNEN cells, potentially via interaction with STAT3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfei Yang
- Center for Medical Experiments, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Department of General Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongchao Yang
- Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- European Pancreas Center, Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to Y Yang:
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63
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Tintut Y, Hsu JJ, Demer LL. Lipoproteins in Cardiovascular Calcification: Potential Targets and Challenges. Front Cardiovasc Med 2018; 5:172. [PMID: 30533416 PMCID: PMC6265366 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2018.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously considered a degenerative process, cardiovascular calcification is now established as an active process that is regulated in several ways by lipids, phospholipids, and lipoproteins. These compounds serve many of the same functions in vascular and valvular calcification as they do in skeletal bone calcification. Hyperlipidemia leads to accumulation of lipoproteins in the subendothelial space of cardiovascular tissues, which leads to formation of mildly oxidized phospholipids, which are known bioactive factors in vascular cell calcification. One lipoprotein of particular interest is Lp(a), which showed genome-wide significance for the presence of aortic valve calcification and stenosis. It carries an important enzyme, autotaxin, which produces lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), and thus has a key role in inflammation among other functions. Matrix vesicles, extruded from the plasma membrane of cells, are the sites of initiation of mineral formation. Phosphatidylserine, a phospholipid in the membranes of matrix vesicles, is believed to complex with calcium and phosphate ions, creating a nidus for hydroxyapatite crystal formation in cardiovascular as well as in skeletal bone mineralization. This review focuses on the contributions of lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, and autotaxin in cardiovascular calcification, and discusses possible therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jeffrey J Hsu
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States.,Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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64
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Matralis AN, Afantitis A, Aidinis V. Development and therapeutic potential of autotaxin small molecule inhibitors: From bench to advanced clinical trials. Med Res Rev 2018; 39:976-1013. [PMID: 30462853 DOI: 10.1002/med.21551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Several years after its isolation from melanoma cells, an increasing body of experimental evidence has established the involvement of Autotaxin (ATX) in the pathogenesis of several diseases. ATX, an extracellular enzyme responsible for the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), is overexpressed in a variety of human metastatic cancers and is strongly implicated in chronic inflammation and liver toxicity, fibrotic diseases, and thrombosis. Accordingly, the ATX-LPA signaling pathway is considered a tractable target for therapeutic intervention substantiated by the multitude of research campaigns that have been successful in identifying ATX inhibitors by both academia and industry. Furthermore, from a therapeutic standpoint, the entry and the so far promising results of the first ATX inhibitor in advanced clinical trials against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) lends support to the viability of this approach, bringing it to the forefront of drug discovery efforts. The present review article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the most important series of ATX inhibitors developed so far. Special weight is lent to the design, structure activity relationship and mode of binding studies carried out, leading to the identification of advanced leads. The most significant in vitro and in vivo pharmacological results of these advanced leads are also summarized. Lastly, the development of the first ATX inhibitor entered in clinical trials accompanied by its phase 1 and 2a clinical trial data is disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios N Matralis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
| | - Antreas Afantitis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece.,NovaMechanics Ltd Cheminformatics Company, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Athens, Greece
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65
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He P, Haque A, Lin S, Cominelli F, Yun CC. Inhibition of autotaxin alleviates inflammation and increases the expression of sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 1 and Na +/H + exchanger 3 in SAMP1/Fc mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2018; 315:G762-G771. [PMID: 30118349 PMCID: PMC6293258 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00215.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is a chronic, relapsing, inflammatory disease that is often associated with malnutrition because of inflammation in the small intestine. Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted enzyme that produces extracellular lysophosphatidic acid. Increasing evidence suggests that ATX is upregulated during inflammation, and inhibition of ATX has been effective in attenuating chronic inflammatory conditions, such as arthritis and pulmonary fibrosis. This study aims to determine whether inhibition of ATX alleviates CD-associated inflammation and malnutrition by using SAMP1/Fc mice, a model of CD-like ileitis. SAMP1/Fc mice were treated the ATX inhibitor PF-8380 for 4 wk. Inhibition of ATX led to increased weight gain in SAMP1/Fc mice, decreased T helper 2 cytokine expression, including IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, and attenuated immune cell migration. SAMP1/Fc mice have low expression of Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1), suggesting impaired nutrient absorption associated with ileitis. PF-8380 treatment significantly enhanced SGLT1 expression in SAMP1/Fc mice, which could reflect the increased weight changes. However, IL-4 or IL-13 did not alter SGLT1 expression in Caco-2 cells, ruling out their direct effects on SGLT1 expression. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the expression of sucrase-isomaltase, a marker for intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation, was decreased in inflamed regions of SAMP1/Fc mice, which was partially restored by PF-8380. Moreover, expression of Na+/H+ exchanger 3 was also improved by PF-8380, suggesting that suppression of inflammation by PF-8380 enhanced IEC differentiation. Our study therefore suggests that ATX is a potential target for treating intestinal inflammation and restoration of the absorptive function of the intestine. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study is the first, to our knowledge, to determine whether autotoxin (ATX) inhibition improves inflammation and body weights in SAMP1/Fc mice, a mouse model of ileitis. ATX inhibition increased body weights of SAMP1/Fc mice and increased Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) expression. Increased SGLT1 expression in the inflamed regions was not a direct effect of cytokines but an indirect effect of increased epithelial cell differentiation upon ATX inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijian He
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Abedul Haque
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Songbai Lin
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- 3Department of Medicine, Case Digestive Health Research Institute, Case Western University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - C. Chris Yun
- 1Division of Digestive Diseases, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia,2Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Georgia,4Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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66
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Ninou I, Kaffe E, Müller S, Budd DC, Stevenson CS, Ullmer C, Aidinis V. Pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 2018; 52:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pupt.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Yang F, Chen GX. Production of extracellular lysophosphatidic acid in the regulation of adipocyte functions and liver fibrosis. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:4132-4151. [PMID: 30271079 PMCID: PMC6158478 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i36.4132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a glycerophospholipid, consists of a glycerol backbone connected to a phosphate head group and an acyl chain linked to sn-1 or sn-2 position. In the circulation, LPA is in sub-millimolar range and mainly derived from hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine, a process mediated by lysophospholipase D activity in proteins such as autotaxin (ATX). Intracellular and extracellular LPAs act as bioactive lipid mediators with diverse functions in almost every mammalian cell type. The binding of LPA to its receptors LPA1-6 activates multiple cellular processes such as migration, proliferation and survival. The production of LPA and activation of LPA receptor signaling pathways in the events of physiology and pathophysiology have attracted the interest of researchers. Results from studies using transgenic and gene knockout animals with alterations of ATX and LPA receptors genes, have revealed the roles of LPA signaling pathways in metabolic active tissues and organs. The present review was aimed to summarize recent progresses in the studies of extracellular and intracellular LPA production pathways. This includes the functional, structural and biochemical properties of ATX and LPA receptors. The potential roles of LPA production and LPA receptor signaling pathways in obesity, insulin resistance and liver fibrosis are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Yang
- School of Laboratory Medicine, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, Hubei Province, China
| | - Guo-Xun Chen
- Department of Nutrition, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States
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68
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Leblanc R, Sahay D, Houssin A, Machuca-Gayet I, Peyruchaud O. Autotaxin-β interaction with the cell surface via syndecan-4 impacts on cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:33170-33185. [PMID: 30237860 PMCID: PMC6145688 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) promotes cancer cell metastasis through the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX binds to αvβ3 integrins controlling metastasis of breast cancer cells. We screened a series of cancer cell lines derived from diverse human and mouse solid tumors for the capacity of binding to ATX and found only a modest correlation with their level of αvβ3 integrin expression. These results strongly suggested the existence of another cell surface ATX-interacting factor. Indeed, ATXα has been shown to bind heparan-sulfate chains because of its unique polybasic insertion sequence, although the biological significance is unknown. We demonstrated here, that among all cell surface heparan-sulfate proteoglycans, syndecan-4 (SDC4) was essential for cancer cell interaction with ATXβ but was restrained by heparan-sulfate chains. In addition, exogenous ATXβ-induced MG63 osteosarcoma cell proliferation required physical interaction of ATXβ with the cell surface via an SDC4-dependent mechanism. In a preclininal mouse model, targeting SDC4 on 4T1 mouse breast cancer cells inhibited early bone metastasis formation. Furthermore, SDC4-prometastatic activity was totally abolished in absence of ATX expression. In conclusion our results determined that ATX and SDC4 are engaged in a reciprocal collaboration for cancer cell metastasis providing the rational for the development of novel anti-metastasis therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Leblanc
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Marseille, Marseille, France.,Institut Poli-Calmettes, Marseille, France.,INSERM, Unit 1068, Marseille, France.,University Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Debashish Sahay
- Department of Medicine, Colombia University Medical Center, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Audrey Houssin
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Irma Machuca-Gayet
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Olivier Peyruchaud
- INSERM, Unit 1033, Lyon, France.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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69
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Lee JH, Yu SE, Kim KH, Yu MH, Jeong IH, Cho JY, Park SJ, Lee WJ, Han SS, Kim TH, Hong EK, Woo SM, Yoo BC. Individualized metabolic profiling stratifies pancreatic and biliary tract cancer: a useful tool for innovative screening programs and predictive strategies in healthcare. EPMA J 2018; 9:287-297. [PMID: 30174764 PMCID: PMC6107458 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-018-0147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic cancer (PC) and biliary tract cancer (BTC) are highly aggressive cancers, characterized by their rarity, difficulty in diagnosis, and overall poor prognosis. Diagnosis of PC and BTC is complex and is made using a combination of appropriate clinical suspicion, imaging and endoscopic techniques, and cytopathological examination. However, the late-stage detection and poor prognosis of this tumor have led to an urgent need for biomarkers for early and/or predictive diagnosis and improved personalized treatments. WORKING HYPOTHESIS There are two hypotheses for focusing on low-mass metabolites in the blood. First, valuable information can be obtained from the masses and relative amounts of such metabolites, which present as low-mass ions (LMIs) in mass spectra. Second, metabolic profiling of individuals may provide important information regarding biological changes in disease states that is useful for the early diagnosis of PC and BTC. MATERIALS AND METHODS To assess whether profiling metabolites in serum can serve as a non-invasive screening tool for PC and BTC, 320 serum samples were obtained from patients with PC (n = 51), BTC (n = 39), colorectal cancer (CRC) (n = 100), and ovarian cancer (OVC) (n = 30), and from healthy control subjects (control) (n = 100). We obtained information on the relative amounts of metabolites, as LMIs, via triple time-of-flight mass spectrometry. All data were analyzed according to the peak area ratios of discriminative LMIs. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The levels of the 14 discriminative LMIs were higher in the PC and BTC groups than in the control, CRC and OVC groups, but only two LMIs discriminated between PC and BTC: lysophosphatidylcholine (LysoPC) (16:0) and LysoPC(20:4). The levels of these two LysoPCs were also slightly lower in the PC/BTC/CRC/OVC groups compared with the control group. Taken together, the data showed that metabolic profiling can precisely denote the status of cancer, and, thus, could be useful for screening. This study not only details efficient methods to identify discriminative LMIs for cancer screening but also provides an example of metabolic profiling for distinguishing PC from BTC. Furthermore, the two metabolites [LysoPC(16:0), LysoPC(20:4)] shown to discriminate these diseases are potentially useful when combined with other, previously identified protein or metabolic biomarkers for predictive, preventive and personalized medical approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hwa Lee
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Eun Yu
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Hee Kim
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Omics Core Laboratory, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Hyun Yu
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - In-Hye Jeong
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Jae Park
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Jin Lee
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Sik Han
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Kyung Hong
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Myung Woo
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Center for Liver Cancer, Hospital, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Biomarker Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
- Department of Cancer Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Cancer Science and Policy, National Cancer Center, Goyang, 10408 Republic of Korea
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70
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D'Souza K, Nzirorera C, Cowie AM, Varghese GP, Trivedi P, Eichmann TO, Biswas D, Touaibia M, Morris AJ, Aidinis V, Kane DA, Pulinilkunnil T, Kienesberger PC. Autotaxin-LPA signaling contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in muscle and impairs mitochondrial metabolism. J Lipid Res 2018; 59:1805-1817. [PMID: 30072447 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m082008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is an adipokine that generates the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). ATX-LPA signaling has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and systemic insulin resistance. However, it remains unclear whether the ATX-LPA pathway influences insulin function and energy metabolism in target tissues, particularly skeletal muscle, the major site of insulin-stimulated glucose disposal. The objective of this study was to test whether the ATX-LPA pathway impacts tissue insulin signaling and mitochondrial metabolism in skeletal muscle during obesity. Male mice with heterozygous ATX deficiency (ATX+/-) were protected from obesity, systemic insulin resistance, and cardiomyocyte dysfunction following high-fat high-sucrose (HFHS) feeding. HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice also had improved insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation in white adipose tissue, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. Preserved insulin-stimulated glucose transport in muscle from HFHS-fed ATX+/- mice was associated with improved mitochondrial pyruvate oxidation in the absence of changes in fat oxidation and ectopic lipid accumulation. Similarly, incubation with LPA decreased insulin-stimulated AKT phosphorylation and mitochondrial energy metabolism in C2C12 myotubes at baseline and following palmitate-induced insulin resistance. Taken together, our results suggest that the ATX-LPA pathway contributes to obesity-induced insulin resistance in metabolically relevant tissues. Our data also suggest that LPA directly impairs skeletal muscle insulin signaling and mitochondrial function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D'Souza
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Carine Nzirorera
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Andrew M Cowie
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Geena P Varghese
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Purvi Trivedi
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Thomas O Eichmann
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz and Center for Explorative Lipidomics, BioTechMed-Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Dipsikha Biswas
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Mohamed Touaibia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Université de Moncton, Moncton, New Brunswick E1A 3E9, Canada
| | - Andrew J Morris
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536 and Lexington Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Lexington, KY 40511
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", 16672 Athens, Greece
| | - Daniel A Kane
- Department of Human Kinetics, St. Francis Xavier University, Antigonish, Nova Scotia B2G 2W5, Canada
| | - Thomas Pulinilkunnil
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
| | - Petra C Kienesberger
- Dalhousie Medicine New Brunswick, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Saint John, New Brunswick E2L 4L5, Canada
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Salgado-Polo F, Fish A, Matsoukas MT, Heidebrecht T, Keune WJ, Perrakis A. Lysophosphatidic acid produced by autotaxin acts as an allosteric modulator of its catalytic efficiency. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:14312-14327. [PMID: 30026231 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.004450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted glycoprotein and the only member of the ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase family that converts lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) into lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). LPA controls key responses, such as cell migration, proliferation, and survival, implicating ATX-LPA signaling in various (patho)physiological processes and establishing it as a drug target. ATX structural and functional studies have revealed an orthosteric and an allosteric site, called the "pocket" and the "tunnel," respectively. However, the mechanisms in allosteric modulation of ATX's activity as a lysophospholipase D are unclear. Here, using the physiological LPC substrate, a new fluorescent substrate, and diverse ATX inhibitors, we revisited the kinetics and allosteric regulation of the ATX catalytic cycle, dissecting the different steps and pathways leading to LPC hydrolysis. We found that ATX activity is stimulated by LPA and that LPA activates ATX lysophospholipase D activity by binding to the ATX tunnel. A consolidation of all experimental kinetics data yielded a comprehensive catalytic model supported by molecular modeling simulations and suggested a positive feedback mechanism that is regulated by the abundance of the LPA products activating hydrolysis of different LPC species. Our results complement and extend the current understanding of ATX hydrolysis in light of the allosteric regulation by ATX-produced LPA species and have implications for the design and application of both orthosteric and allosteric ATX inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Salgado-Polo
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Alex Fish
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Minos-Timotheos Matsoukas
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and.,the Department of Pharmacy, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece
| | - Tatjana Heidebrecht
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Willem-Jan Keune
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
| | - Anastassis Perrakis
- From the Department of Biochemistry, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands and
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72
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Ninou I, Magkrioti C, Aidinis V. Autotaxin in Pathophysiology and Pulmonary Fibrosis. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:180. [PMID: 29951481 PMCID: PMC6008954 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysophospholipid signaling is emerging as a druggable regulator of pathophysiological responses, and especially fibrosis, exemplified by the relative ongoing clinical trials in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) patients. In this review, we focus on ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase-phosphodiesterase 2 (ENPP2), or as more widely known Autotaxin (ATX), a secreted lysophospholipase D (lysoPLD) largely responsible for extracellular lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) production. In turn, LPA is a bioactive phospholipid autacoid, forming locally upon increased ATX levels and acting also locally through its receptors, likely guided by ATX's structural conformation and cell surface associations. Increased ATX activity levels have been detected in many inflammatory and fibroproliferative conditions, while genetic and pharmacologic studies have confirmed a pleiotropic participation of ATX/LPA in different processes and disorders. In pulmonary fibrosis, ATX levels rise in the broncheoalveolar fluid (BALF) and stimulate LPA production. LPA engagement of its receptors activate multiple G-protein mediated signal transduction pathways leading to different responses from pulmonary cells including the production of pro-inflammatory signals from stressed epithelial cells, the modulation of endothelial physiology, the activation of TGF signaling and the stimulation of fibroblast accumulation. Genetic or pharmacologic targeting of the ATX/LPA axis attenuated disease development in animal models, thus providing the proof of principle for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Alexander Fleming Biomedical Sciences Research Center, Athens, Greece
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73
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Joachimiak Ł, Błażewska KM. Phosphorus-Based Probes as Molecular Tools for Proteome Studies: Recent Advances in Probe Development and Applications. J Med Chem 2018; 61:8536-8562. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Joachimiak
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
| | - Katarzyna M. Błażewska
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego Street 116, 90-924 Łódź, Poland
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74
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Magkrioti C, Oikonomou N, Kaffe E, Mouratis MA, Xylourgidis N, Barbayianni I, Megadoukas P, Harokopos V, Valavanis C, Chun J, Kosma A, Stathopoulos GT, Bouros E, Bouros D, Syrigos K, Aidinis V. The Autotaxin-Lysophosphatidic Acid Axis Promotes Lung Carcinogenesis. Cancer Res 2018; 78:3634-3644. [PMID: 29724718 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-3797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenesis and progression of lung cancer are governed by complex interactions between the environment and host genetic susceptibility, which is further modulated by genetic and epigenetic changes. Autotaxin (ATX, ENPP2) is a secreted glycoprotein that catalyzes the extracellular production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a growth-factor-like phospholipid that is further regulated by phospholipid phosphatases (PLPP). LPA's pleiotropic effects in almost all cell types are mediated through at least six G-protein coupled LPA receptors (LPAR) that exhibit overlapping specificities, widespread distribution, and differential expression profiles. Here we use both preclinical models of lung cancer and clinical samples (from patients and healthy controls) to investigate the expression levels, activity, and biological role of the above components of the ATX/LPA axis in lung cancer. ENPP2 was genetically altered in 8% of patients with lung cancer, whereas increased ATX staining and activity were detected in patient biopsies and sera, respectively. Moreover, PLPP3 expression was consistently downregulated in patients with lung cancer. Comparable observations were made in the two most widely used animal models of lung cancer, the carcinogen urethane-induced and the genetically engineered K-rasG12D -driven models, where genetic deletion of Enpp2 or Lpar1 resulted in disease attenuation, thus confirming a procarcinogenic role of LPA signaling in the lung. Expression profiling data analysis suggested that metabolic rewiring may be implicated in the procarcinogenic effects of the ATX/LPA axis in K-ras- G12D -driven lung cancer pathogenesis.Significance: These findings establish the role of ATX/LPA in lung carcinogenesis, thus expanding the mechanistic links between pulmonary fibrosis and cancer. Cancer Res; 78(13); 3634-44. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Nikos Oikonomou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | | | - Nikos Xylourgidis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Iliana Barbayianni
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Petros Megadoukas
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece
| | | | - Jerold Chun
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexandra Kosma
- First Pulmonary Clinic, Papanikolaou General Hospital, Greece
| | - Georgios T Stathopoulos
- Department of Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Respiratory Carcinogenesis, Faculty of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Comprehensive Pneumology Center and Institute for Lung Biology and Disease, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilian University and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Germany
| | - Evangelos Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Demosthenes Bouros
- Academic Department of Pneumonology, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Syrigos
- Oncology Unit, Sotiria Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming," Greece.
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75
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Nikolaou A, Ninou I, Kokotou MG, Kaffe E, Afantitis A, Aidinis V, Kokotos G. Hydroxamic Acids Constitute a Novel Class of Autotaxin Inhibitors that Exhibit in Vivo Efficacy in a Pulmonary Fibrosis Model. J Med Chem 2018; 61:3697-3711. [PMID: 29620892 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX) catalyzes the hydrolysis of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) generating the lipid mediator lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Both ATX and LPA are involved in various pathological inflammatory conditions, including fibrosis and cancer, and have attracted great interest as medicinal targets over the past decade. Thus, the development of novel potent ATX inhibitors is of great importance. We have developed a novel class of ATX inhibitors containing the zinc binding functionality of hydroxamic acid. Such novel hydroxamic acids that incorporate a non-natural δ-amino acid residue exhibit high in vitro inhibitory potency over ATX (IC50 values 50-60 nM). Inhibitor 32, based on δ-norleucine, was tested for its efficacy in a mouse model of pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis induced by bleomycin and exhibited promising efficacy. The novel hydroxamic ATX inhibitors provide excellent tools for the study of the role of the enzyme and could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of fibrosis and other chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | - Maroula G Kokotou
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | | | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology , Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming" , Athens 16672 , Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry , National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Panepistimiopolis , Athens 15771 , Greece
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76
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Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) as a pro-fibrotic and pro-oncogenic factor: a pivotal target to improve the radiotherapy therapeutic index. Oncotarget 2018; 8:43543-43554. [PMID: 28402936 PMCID: PMC5522168 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation-induced fibrosis is widely considered as a common but forsaken phenomenon that can lead to clinical sequela and possibly vital impairments. Lysophosphatidic acid is a bioactive lipid involved in fibrosis and probably in radiation-induced fibrosis as suggested in recent studies. Lysophosphatidic acid is also a well-described pro-oncogenic factor, involved in carcinogenesis processes (proliferation, survival, angiogenesis, invasion, migration). The present review highlights and summarizes the links between lysophosphatidic acid and radiation-induced fibrosis, lysophosphatidic acid and radioresistance, and proposes lysophosphatidic acid as a potential central actor of the radiotherapy therapeutic index. Besides, we hypothesize that following radiotherapy, the newly formed tumour micro-environment, with increased extracellular matrix and increased lysophosphatidic acid levels, is a favourable ground to metastasis development. Lysophosphatidic acid could therefore be an exciting therapeutic target, minimizing radio-toxicities and radio-resistance effects.
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77
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Benesch MGK, MacIntyre ITK, McMullen TPW, Brindley DN. Coming of Age for Autotaxin and Lysophosphatidate Signaling: Clinical Applications for Preventing, Detecting and Targeting Tumor-Promoting Inflammation. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10030073. [PMID: 29543710 PMCID: PMC5876648 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10030073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A quarter-century after the discovery of autotaxin in cell culture, the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate (LPA)-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis is now a promising clinical target for treating chronic inflammatory conditions, mitigating fibrosis progression, and improving the efficacy of existing cancer chemotherapies and radiotherapy. Nearly half of the literature on this axis has been published during the last five years. In cancer biology, LPA signaling is increasingly being recognized as a central mediator of the progression of chronic inflammation in the establishment of a tumor microenvironment which promotes cancer growth, immune evasion, metastasis, and treatment resistance. In this review, we will summarize recent advances made in understanding LPA signaling with respect to chronic inflammation and cancer. We will also provide perspectives on the applications of inhibitors of LPA signaling in preventing cancer initiation, as adjuncts extending the efficacy of current cancer treatments by blocking inflammation caused by either the cancer or the cancer therapy itself, and by disruption of the tumor microenvironment. Overall, LPA, a simple molecule that mediates a plethora of biological effects, can be targeted at its levels of production by autotaxin, LPA receptors or through LPA degradation by lipid phosphate phosphatases. Drugs for these applications will soon be entering clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
| | - Iain T K MacIntyre
- Discipline of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL AlB 3V6, Canada.
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada.
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2S2, Canada.
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78
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Balupuri A, Lee MH, Chae S, Jung E, Yoon W, Kim Y, Son SJ, Ryu J, Kang DH, Yang YJ, You JN, Kwon H, Jeong JW, Koo TS, Lee DY, Kang NS. Discovery and optimization of ATX inhibitors via modeling, synthesis and biological evaluation. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 148:397-409. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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79
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Baader M, Bretschneider T, Broermann A, Rippmann JF, Stierstorfer B, Kuttruff CA, Mark M. Characterization of the properties of a selective, orally bioavailable autotaxin inhibitor in preclinical models of advanced stages of liver fibrosis. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:693-707. [PMID: 29197066 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted phospholipase which hydrolyses lysophosphatidylcholine to generate lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). The extracellular signalling molecule LPA exerts its biological actions through activation of six GPCRs expressed in various cell types including fibroblasts. Multiple preclinical studies using knockout animals, LPA receptor antagonists or ATX inhibitors have provided evidence for a potential role of the ATX/LPA axis in tissue fibrosis. Despite growing evidence for a correlation between ATX levels and the degree of fibrosis in chronic liver diseases, including viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma, the role of ATX in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The relevance of ATX in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis was investigated by oral administration of Ex_31, a selective ATX inhibitor, in a 10 week model of carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury and in a 14 week model of choline-deficient amino acid-defined diet-induced liver injury in rats. KEY RESULTS Oral administration of Ex_31, a selective ATX inhibitor, at 15 mg·kg-1 twice daily in therapeutic intervention mode resulted in efficient ATX inhibition and more than 95% reduction in plasma LPA levels in both studies. Treatment with Ex_31 had no effect on biomarkers of liver function, inflammation, or fibrosis and did not result in histological improvements in diseased animals. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings question the role of ATX in the pathogenesis of hepatic fibrosis and the potential of small molecule ATX inhibitors for the treatment of patients with NASH and advanced stages of liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Baader
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Tom Bretschneider
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Andre Broermann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Joerg F Rippmann
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Mark
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
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80
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Synaptic phospholipids as a new target for cortical hyperexcitability and E/I balance in psychiatric disorders. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1699-1710. [PMID: 29743582 PMCID: PMC6153268 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a synaptic phospholipid, which regulates cortical excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance and controls sensory information processing in mice and man. Altered synaptic LPA signaling was shown to be associated with psychiatric disorders. Here, we show that the LPA-synthesizing enzyme autotaxin (ATX) is expressed in the astrocytic compartment of excitatory synapses and modulates glutamatergic transmission. In astrocytes, ATX is sorted toward fine astrocytic processes and transported to excitatory but not inhibitory synapses. This ATX sorting, as well as the enzymatic activity of astrocyte-derived ATX are dynamically regulated by neuronal activity via astrocytic glutamate receptors. Pharmacological and genetic ATX inhibition both rescued schizophrenia-related hyperexcitability syndromes caused by altered bioactive lipid signaling in two genetic mouse models for psychiatric disorders. Interestingly, ATX inhibition did not affect naive animals. However, as our data suggested that pharmacological ATX inhibition is a general method to reverse cortical excitability, we applied ATX inhibition in a ketamine model of schizophrenia and rescued thereby the electrophysiological and behavioral schizophrenia-like phenotype. Our data show that astrocytic ATX is a novel modulator of glutamatergic transmission and that targeting ATX might be a versatile strategy for a novel drug therapy to treat cortical hyperexcitability in psychiatric disorders.
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81
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Reduced levels of N'-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide and lysophosphatidylcholine 16:0 in the serum of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and the correlation with recurrence-free survival. Oncotarget 2017; 8:112598-112609. [PMID: 29348849 PMCID: PMC5762534 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We searched for metabolic biomarkers that may predict the prognosis of patients with intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (IHCC). To this end, a total of 237 serum samples were obtained from IHCC patients (n = 87) and healthy controls (n = 150), and serum metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Two stratified algorithms were used to select the metabolites, the levels of which predicted the prognosis of IHCC patients. We performed MS/MS and multiple-reaction-monitoring MS analyses to identify and quantify the selected metabolites. Continuous biomarker levels were dichotomized based on cutoffs that maximized between-group differences in recurrence-free survival (RFS) in terms of the log-rank test statistic. These RFS differences were analyzed using the log-rank test, and survival curves were drawn with the aid of the Kaplan–Meier method. Six metabolites (l-glutamine, lysophosphatidylcholine [LPC] 16:0, LPC 18:0, N’-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxamide [2PY], fibrinopeptide A [FPA] and uric acid) were identified as candidate metabolic biomarkers for predicting the prognosis of IHCC patients. Of these metabolites, levels of l-glutamine, uric acid, LPC 16:0, and LPC 18:0 were significantly lower in the serum from IHCC patients, whereas levels of 2PY and FPA were significantly higher (p < 0.01). 2PY and LPC 16:0 showed significantly better RFS at low level than high level (2PY, median RFS: 15.16 months vs. 5.90 months, p = 0.037; LPC 16:0, median RFS: 15.62 months vs. 9.83 months, p = 0.035). The findings of this study suggest that 2PY and LPC 16:0 identified by metabolome-based approaches may be useful biomarkers for IHCC patients.
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82
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Nikolaou A, Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Autotaxin inhibitors: a patent review (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2017; 27:815-829. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1323331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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83
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Farquhar MJ, Humphreys IS, Rudge SA, Wilson GK, Bhattacharya B, Ciaccia M, Hu K, Zhang Q, Mailly L, Reynolds GM, Ashcroft M, Balfe P, Baumert TF, Roessler S, Wakelam MJO, McKeating JA. Autotaxin-lysophosphatidic acid receptor signalling regulates hepatitis C virus replication. J Hepatol 2017; 66:919-929. [PMID: 28126468 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with an estimated 170 million hepatitis C virus (HCV) infected individuals at risk of progressive liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Autotaxin (ATX, gene name: ENPP2) is a phospholipase with diverse roles in the physiological and pathological processes including inflammation and oncogenesis. Clinical studies have reported increased ATX expression in chronic hepatitis C, however, the pathways regulating ATX and its role in the viral life cycle are not well understood. METHODS In vitro hepatocyte and ex vivo liver culture systems along with chimeric humanized liver mice and HCC tissue enabled us to assess the interplay between ATX and the HCV life cycle. RESULTS HCV infection increased hepatocellular ATX RNA and protein expression. HCV infection stabilizes hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) and we investigated a role for these transcription factors to regulate ATX. In vitro studies show that low oxygen increases hepatocellular ATX expression and transcriptome analysis showed a positive correlation between ATX mRNA levels and hypoxia gene score in HCC tumour tissue associated with HCV and other aetiologies. Importantly, inhibiting ATX-lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signalling reduced HCV replication, demonstrating a positive role for this phospholipase in the viral life cycle. LPA activates phosphoinositide-3-kinase that stabilizes HIF-1α and inhibiting the HIF signalling pathway abrogates the pro-viral activity of LPA. CONCLUSIONS Our data support a model where HCV infection increases ATX expression which supports viral replication and HCC progression. LAY SUMMARY Chronic hepatitis C is a global health problem with infected individuals at risk of developing liver disease that can progress to hepatocellular carcinoma. Autotaxin generates the biologically active lipid lysophosphatidic acid that has been reported to play a tumorigenic role in a wide number of cancers. In this study we show that hepatitis C virus infection increases autotaxin expression via hypoxia inducible transcription factor and provides an environment in the liver that promotes fibrosis and liver injury. Importantly, we show a new role for lysophosphatidic acid in positively regulating hepatitis C virus replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle J Farquhar
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Isla S Humphreys
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Garrick K Wilson
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Ke Hu
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Laurent Mailly
- INSERM U1110, University of Strasbourg, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Gary M Reynolds
- NIHR Liver Biomedical Research Unit, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Peter Balfe
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas F Baumert
- INSERM U1110, University of Strasbourg, 3 Rue Koeberlé, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Stephanie Roessler
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jane A McKeating
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Centre for Human Virology, University of Birmingham, UK.
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84
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Quan M, Cui JJ, Feng X, Huang Q. The critical role and potential target of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317694544. [PMID: 28347252 DOI: 10.1177/1010428317694544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin, an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene, is expressed in multiple tissues, and participates in numerous critical physiologic and pathologic processes including inflammation, pain, obesity, embryo development, and cancer via the generation of the bioactive lipid lysophosphatidate. Overwhelming evidences indicate that the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate signaling axis serves key roles in the numerous processes central to tumorigenesis and progression, including proliferation, survival, migration, invasion, metastasis, cancer stem cell, tumor microenvironment, and treatment resistance by interacting with a series of at least six G-protein-coupled receptors (LPAR1-6). This review provides an overview of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis and collates current knowledge regarding its specific role in pancreatic cancer. With a deeper understanding of the critical role of the autotaxin/lysophosphatidate axis in pancreatic cancer, targeting autotaxin or lysophosphatidate receptor may be a potential and promising strategy for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Quan
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jiu-Jie Cui
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Feng
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qian Huang
- Cancer Center, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
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85
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Kaffe E, Katsifa A, Xylourgidis N, Ninou I, Zannikou M, Harokopos V, Foka P, Dimitriadis A, Evangelou K, Moulas AN, Georgopoulou U, Gorgoulis VG, Dalekos GN, Aidinis V. Hepatocyte autotaxin expression promotes liver fibrosis and cancer. Hepatology 2017; 65:1369-1383. [PMID: 27981605 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Autotaxin (ATX) is a secreted lysophospholipase D that catalyzes the production of lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a pleiotropic growth-factor-like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in various chronic inflammatory disorders and different types of cancer; however, little is known about its role and mode of action in liver fibrosis and cancer. Here, increased ATX expression was detected in chronic liver disease (CLD) patients of different etiologies, associated with shorter overall survival. In mice, different hepatotoxic stimuli linked with the development of different forms of CLDs were shown to stimulate hepatocyte ATX expression, leading to increased LPA levels, activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), and amplification of profibrotic signals. Hepatocyte-specific, conditional genetic deletion and/or transgenic overexpression of ATX established a liver profibrotic role for ATX/LPA, whereas pharmacological ATX inhibition studies suggested ATX as a possible therapeutic target in CLDs. In addition, hepatocyte ATX ablation and the consequent deregulation of lipid homeostasis was also shown to attenuate hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development, thus implicating ATX/LPA in the causative link of cirrhosis and HCC. CONCLUSION ATX is a novel player in the pathogenesis of liver fibrosis and cancer and a promising therapeutic target. (Hepatology 2017;65:1369-1383).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Xylourgidis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioanna Ninou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Markella Zannikou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Vaggelis Harokopos
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Pelagia Foka
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Alexios Dimitriadis
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Evangelou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anargyros N Moulas
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Urania Georgopoulou
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece.,Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - George N Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
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86
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Cvetković Z, Milošević M, Cvetković B, Masnikosa R, Arsić A, Petrović S, Vučić V. Plasma phospholipid changes are associated with response to chemotherapy in non-Hodgkin lymphoma patients. Leuk Res 2017; 54:39-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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87
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Kokotou MG, Limnios D, Nikolaou A, Psarra A, Kokotos G. Inhibitors of phospholipase A2 and their therapeutic potential: an update on patents (2012-2016). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 27:217-225. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2017.1246540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maroula G. Kokotou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitris Limnios
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Nikolaou
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anastasia Psarra
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Kokotos
- Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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88
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Ribeiro ES, Santos JEP, Thatcher WW. Role of lipids on elongation of the preimplantation conceptus in ruminants. Reproduction 2016; 152:R115-26. [DOI: 10.1530/rep-16-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Elongation of the preimplantation conceptus is a prerequisite for successful pregnancy in ruminants and depends on histotroph secretion by the endometrium. Lipids are an essential component of the histotroph, and recent studies indicate that lipids have important roles in the elongation phase of conceptus development. The onset of elongation is marked by dynamic changes in the transcriptome of trophectoderm cells, which are associated with lipid metabolism. During elongation, the trophectoderm increases transcript expression of genes related to uptake, metabolism andde novobiosynthesis of fatty acids and prostaglandins. Expression of the genePPARGincreases substantially, and activation of the transcription factor PPARG by binding of lipid ligands appears to be crucial for the coordination of cell biology during elongation. Lipids accumulated in the epithelial cells of the endometrium during diestrus are likely the most important source of fatty acids for utilization by the conceptus and become available in the uterine lumen through exporting of exosomes, microvesicles, carrier proteins and lipoproteins. Targeting of uterine lipid metabolism and PPARG activity during preimplantation conceptus development through nutraceutical diets may be a good strategy to improve pregnancy survival and reproductive efficiency in ruminants.
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89
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Wang J, Sun Y, Qu J, Yan Y, Yang Y, Cai H. Roles of LPA receptor signaling in breast cancer. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2016; 16:1103-1111. [PMID: 27644846 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2016.1238763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION LPA and its receptors play an important role in mediating malignant behaviors in various cancers, including breast cancer. Aberrant expression of certain LPA receptors in breast cancer suggested that LPA receptors could be potential biomarkers in understanding malignant growth patterns of breast cancer. Further research considering molecular mechanisms for LPA receptors will contribute to new methods of malignant breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. Areas covered: Accumulating studies have indicated that LPA receptors correlated to proliferation, invasion, migration and metastasis both in vivo and in vitro. In this manuscript, we have reviewed LPA receptors expressions and LPA mediated biological behaviors in cell lines, mouse models and patients and their potential molecular pathways. Expert commentary: LPA receptors could be applied in early diagnosis, survival rate prediction, metastasis probability and potential treatment targets. However, further studies are required to clarify the upstream and downstream molecular mechanisms of LPA receptors in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jizhao Wang
- a The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Yuchen Sun
- b Department of Radiation Oncology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Jingkun Qu
- a The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Yan Yan
- a The Second Department of Thoracic Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
| | - Ya Yang
- c Department iii of Radiation Oncology, 2 Comprehensive Thermal Therapy Center , The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , P.R. China
| | - Hui Cai
- d The Department of Vascular Surgery , The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an , P.R. China
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90
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Waite C, Mejia R, Ascoli M. Gq/11-Dependent Changes in the Murine Ovarian Transcriptome at the End of Gestation. Biol Reprod 2016; 94:62. [PMID: 26843449 PMCID: PMC4829089 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.136952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parturition in rodents is highly dependent on the engagement of the luteal prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor, which, through activation of the Gq/11 family of G proteins, increases the expression of Akr1c18, leading to an increase in progesterone catabolism. To further understand the involvement of Gq/11 on luteolysis and parturition, we used microarray analysis to compare the ovarian transcriptome of mice with a granulosa/luteal cell-specific deletion of Galphaq/11 with their control littermates on Day 18 of pregnancy, when mice from both genotypes are pregnant, and on Day 22, when mice with a granulosa/luteal cell-specific deletion of Galphaq/11 are still pregnant but their control littermates are 1–2 days postpartum. Ovarian genes up-regulated at the end of gestation in a Galphaq/11 -dependent fashion include genes involved in focal adhesion and extracellular matrix interactions. Genes down-regulated at the end of gestation in a Galphaq/11-dependent manner include Serpina6 (which encodes corticosteroid-binding globulin); Enpp2 (which encodes autotaxin, the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of lysophosphatidic acid); genes involved in protein processing and export; reproductive genes, such as Lhcgr; the three genes needed to convert progesterone to estradiol (Cyp17a1, Hsd17b7, and Cyp19a1); and Inha. Activation of ovarian Gq/11 by engagement of the prostaglandin F2 alpha receptor on Day 18 of pregnancy recapitulated the regulation of many but not all of these genes. Thus, although the ovarian transcriptome at the end of gestation is highly dependent on the activation of Gq/11, not all of these changes are dependent on the actions of prostaglandin F2 alpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Waite
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Rachel Mejia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Mario Ascoli
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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91
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Sawyer AJ, Kyriakides TR. Matricellular proteins in drug delivery: Therapeutic targets, active agents, and therapeutic localization. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:56-68. [PMID: 26763408 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix is composed of a complex array of molecules that together provide structural and functional support to cells. These properties are mainly mediated by the activity of collagenous and elastic fibers, proteoglycans, and proteins such as fibronectin and laminin. ECM composition is tissue-specific and could include matricellular proteins whose primary role is to modulate cell-matrix interactions. In adults, matricellular proteins are primarily expressed during injury, inflammation and disease. Particularly, they are closely associated with the progression and prognosis of cardiovascular and fibrotic diseases, and cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the potential use of matricellular proteins in drug delivery including the generation of therapeutic agents based on the properties and structures of these proteins as well as their utility as biomarkers for specific diseases.
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92
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Castagna D, Budd DC, Macdonald SJF, Jamieson C, Watson AJB. Development of Autotaxin Inhibitors: An Overview of the Patent and Primary Literature. J Med Chem 2016; 59:5604-21. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Castagna
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - David C. Budd
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Simon J. F. Macdonald
- Medicines Research Centre, GlaxoSmithKline, Gunnel
Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire, SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Craig Jamieson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Allan J. B. Watson
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied
Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, G1 1XL, U.K
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93
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Federico L, Jeong KJ, Vellano CP, Mills GB. Autotaxin, a lysophospholipase D with pleomorphic effects in oncogenesis and cancer progression. J Lipid Res 2016; 57:25-35. [PMID: 25977291 PMCID: PMC4689343 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r060020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase type 2, more commonly known as autotaxin (ATX), is an ecto-lysophospholipase D encoded by the human ENNP2 gene. ATX is expressed in multiple tissues and participates in numerous key physiologic and pathologic processes, including neural development, obesity, inflammation, and oncogenesis, through the generation of the bioactive lipid, lysophosphatidic acid. Overwhelming evidence indicates that altered ATX activity leads to oncogenesis and cancer progression through the modulation of multiple hallmarks of cancer pathobiology. Here, we review the structural and catalytic characteristics of the ectoenzyme, how its expression and maturation processes are regulated, and how the systemic integration of its pleomorphic effects on cells and tissues may contribute to cancer initiation, progression, and therapy. Additionally, the up-to-date spectrum of the most frequent ATX genomic alterations from The Cancer Genome Atlas project is reported for a subset of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Federico
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Kang Jin Jeong
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Christopher P Vellano
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Gordon B Mills
- Department of Systems Biology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
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94
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Katsifa A, Kaffe E, Nikolaidou-Katsaridou N, Economides AN, Newbigging S, McKerlie C, Aidinis V. The Bulk of Autotaxin Activity Is Dispensable for Adult Mouse Life. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143083. [PMID: 26569406 PMCID: PMC4646642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autotaxin (ATX, Enpp2) is a secreted lysophospholipase D catalysing the production of lysophosphatidic acid, a pleiotropic growth factor-like lysophospholipid. Increased ATX expression has been detected in a number of chronic inflammatory diseases and different types of cancer, while genetic interventions have proven a role for ATX in disease pathogenesis. Therefore, ATX has emerged as a potential drug target and a large number of ATX inhibitors have been developed exhibiting promising therapeutic potential. However, the embryonic lethality of ATX null mice and the ubiquitous expression of ATX and LPA receptors in adult life question the suitability of ATX as a drug target. Here we show that inducible, ubiquitous genetic deletion of ATX in adult mice, as well as long-term potent pharmacologic inhibition, are well tolerated, alleviating potential toxicity concerns of ATX therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Aris N. Economides
- Genome Engineering Technologies Group and Skeletal Diseases TFA Group, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc., Tarrytown, New York, United States of America
| | - Susan Newbigging
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Colin McKerlie
- Physiology and Experimental Medicine Research Program, the Hospital for Sick Children, Center for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center Alexander Fleming, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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95
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Benesch MGK, Tang X, Venkatraman G, Bekele RT, Brindley DN. Recent advances in targeting the autotaxin-lysophosphatidate-lipid phosphate phosphatase axis in vivo. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:272-84. [PMID: 27533936 PMCID: PMC4946318 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular lysophosphatidate (LPA) is a potent bioactive lipid that signals through six G-protein-coupled receptors. This signaling is required for embryogenesis, tissue repair and remodeling processes. LPA is produced from circulating lysophosphatidylcholine by autotaxin (ATX), and is degraded outside cells by a family of three enzymes called the lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). In many pathological conditions, particularly in cancers, LPA concentrations are increased due to high ATX expression and low LPP activity. In cancers, LPA signaling drives tumor growth, angiogenesis, metastasis, resistance to chemotherapy and decreased efficacy of radiotherapy. Hence, targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis is an attractive strategy for introducing novel adjuvant therapeutic options. In this review, we will summarize current progress in targeting the ATX-LPA-LPP axis with inhibitors of autotaxin activity, LPA receptor antagonists, LPA monoclonal antibodies, and increasing low LPP expression. Some of these agents are already in clinical trials and have applications beyond cancer, including chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Ganesh Venkatraman
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - Raie T Bekele
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, T6G 2S2, Canada.
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96
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Benesch MGK, Ko YM, Tang X, Dewald J, Lopez-Campistrous A, Zhao YY, Lai R, Curtis JM, Brindley DN, McMullen TPW. Autotaxin is an inflammatory mediator and therapeutic target in thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2015; 22:593-607. [PMID: 26037280 DOI: 10.1530/erc-15-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Autotaxin is a secreted enzyme that converts extracellular lysophosphatidylcholine to lysophosphatidate (LPA). In cancers, LPA increases tumour growth, metastasis and chemoresistance by activating six G-protein coupled receptors. We examined >200 human thyroid biopsies. Autotaxin expression in metastatic deposits and primary carcinomas was four- to tenfold higher than in benign neoplasms or normal thyroid tissue. Autotaxin immunohistochemical staining was also increased in benign neoplasms with leukocytic infiltrations. Malignant tumours were distinguished from benign tumours by high tumour autotaxin, LPA levels and inflammatory mediators including IL1β, IL6, IL8, GMCSF, TNFα, CCL2, CXCL10 and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA. We determined the mechanistic explanation for these results and revealed a vicious regulatory cycle in which LPA increased the secretion of 16 inflammatory modulators in papillary thyroid cancer cultures. Conversely, treating cancer cells with ten inflammatory cytokines and chemokines or PDGF-AA and PDGF-BB increased autotaxin secretion. We confirmed that this autotaxin/inflammatory cycle occurs in two SCID mouse models of papillary thyroid cancer by blocking LPA signalling using the autotaxin inhibitor ONO-8430506. This decreased the levels of 16 inflammatory mediators in the tumours and was accompanied by a 50-60% decrease in tumour volume. This resulted from a decreased mitotic index for the cancer cells and decreased levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and angiogenesis in the tumours. Our results demonstrate that the autotaxin/inflammatory cycle is a focal point for driving malignant thyroid tumour progression and possibly treatment resistance. Inhibiting autotaxin activity provides an effective and novel strategy for decreasing the inflammatory phenotype in thyroid carcinomas, which should complement other treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G K Benesch
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yi M Ko
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Xiaoyun Tang
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jay Dewald
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Ana Lopez-Campistrous
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Yuan Y Zhao
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Raymond Lai
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Jonathan M Curtis
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - David N Brindley
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Todd P W McMullen
- Signal Transduction Research GroupDepartment of Biochemistry, 357 Heritage Medical Research Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2S2Department of Surgery2D4.41 WC Mackenzie Health Science Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R7Department of AgriculturalFood and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2P5Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathologyUniversity of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
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97
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Mouratis MA, Magkrioti C, Oikonomou N, Katsifa A, Prestwich GD, Kaffe E, Aidinis V. Autotaxin and Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26196781 PMCID: PMC4509763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute Lung Injury (ALI) is a life-threatening, diffuse heterogeneous lung injury characterized by acute onset, pulmonary edema and respiratory failure. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a common cause of both direct and indirect lung injury and when administered to a mouse induces a lung phenotype exhibiting some of the clinical characteristics of human ALI. Here, we report that LPS inhalation in mice results in increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) levels of Autotaxin (ATX, Enpp2), a lysophospholipase D largely responsible for the conversion of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in biological fluids and chronically inflamed sites. In agreement, gradual increases were also detected in BALF LPA levels, following inflammation and pulmonary edema. However, genetic or pharmacologic targeting of ATX had minor effects in ALI severity, suggesting no major involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in acute inflammation. Moreover, systemic, chronic exposure to increased ATX/LPA levels was shown to predispose to and/or to promote acute inflammation and ALI unlike chronic inflammatory pathophysiological situations, further suggesting a differential involvement of the ATX/LPA axis in acute versus chronic pulmonary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marios-Angelos Mouratis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Christiana Magkrioti
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Oikonomou
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Katsifa
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Glenn D. Prestwich
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Eleanna Kaffe
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Aidinis
- Division of Immunology, Biomedical Sciences Research Center “Alexander Fleming”, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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98
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Abstract
A snapshot of noteworthy recent developments in the patent literature of relevance to pharmaceutical and medical research and development.
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