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Cross-Linked Enzyme Aggregates of Feruloyl Esterase Preparations from Thermothelomyces thermophila and Talaromyces wortmannii. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8050208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Evolution of the feruloyl esterase MtFae1a from Myceliophthora thermophila towards improved catalysts for antioxidants synthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 102:5185-5196. [PMID: 29687143 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-8995-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The chemical syntheses currently employed for industrial purposes, including in the manufacture of cosmetics, present limitations such as unwanted side reactions and the need for harsh chemical reaction conditions. In order to overcome these drawbacks, novel enzymes are developed to catalyze the targeted bioconversions. In the present study, a methodology for the construction and the automated screening of evolved variants library of a Type B feruloyl esterase from Myceliophthora thermophila (MtFae1a) was developed and applied to generation of 30,000 mutants and their screening for selecting the variants with higher activity than the wild-type enzyme. The library was generated by error-prone PCR of mtfae1a cDNA and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Screening for extracellular enzymatic activity towards 4-nitrocatechol-1-yl ferulate, a new substrate developed ad hoc for high-throughput assays of feruloyl esterases, led to the selection of 30 improved enzyme variants. The best four variants and the wild-type MtFae1a were investigated in docking experiments with hydroxycinnamic acid esters using a model of 3D structure of MtFae1a. These variants were also used as biocatalysts in transesterification reactions leading to different target products in detergentless microemulsions and showed enhanced synthetic activities, although the screening strategy had been based on improved hydrolytic activity.
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53
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Fungal feruloyl esterases: Functional validation of genome mining based enzyme discovery including uncharacterized subfamilies. N Biotechnol 2018; 41:9-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Feruloyl esterase immobilization in mesoporous silica particles and characterization in hydrolysis and transesterification. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 19:1. [PMID: 29390959 PMCID: PMC5795792 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-018-0091-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Enzymes display high reactivity and selectivity under natural conditions, but may suffer from decreased efficiency in industrial applications. A strategy to address this limitation is to immobilize the enzyme. Mesoporous silica materials offer unique properties as an immobilization support, such as high surface area and tunable pore size. Results The performance of a commercially available feruloyl esterase, E-FAERU, immobilized on mesoporous silica by physical adsorption was evaluated for its transesterification ability. We optimized the immobilization conditions by varying the support pore size, the immobilization buffer and its pH. Maximum loading and maximum activity were achieved at different pHs (4.0 and 6.0 respectively). Selectivity, shown by the transesterification/hydrolysis products molar ratio, varied more than 3-fold depending on the reaction buffer used and its pH. Under all conditions studied, hydrolysis was the dominant activity of the enzyme. pH and water content had the greatest influence on the enzyme selectivity and activity. Determined kinetic parameters of the enzyme were obtained and showed that Km was not affected by the immobilization but kcat was reduced 10-fold when comparing the free and immobilized enzymes. Thermal and pH stabilities as well as the reusability were investigated. The immobilized biocatalyst retained more than 20% of its activity after ten cycles of transesterification reaction. Conclusions These results indicate that this enzyme is more suited for hydrolysis reactions than transesterification despite good reusability. Furthermore, it was found that the immobilization conditions are crucial for optimal enzyme activity as they can alter the enzyme performance. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12858-018-0091-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Heterologous expression of two Aspergillus niger feruloyl esterases in Trichoderma reesei for the production of ferulic acid from wheat bran. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:593-601. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1894-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Insights into substrate binding of ferulic acid esterases by arabinose and methyl hydroxycinnamate esters and molecular docking. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17315. [PMID: 29230049 PMCID: PMC5725599 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-17260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid esterases (FAE, EC 3.1.1.73) cleave the arabinose hydroxycinnamate ester in plant hemicellulose and other related substrates. FAE are commonly categorised as type A-D based on catalytic activities towards model, short alkyl chain esters of hydroxycinnamates. However, this system correlates poorly with sequence and structural features of the enzymes. In this study, we investigated the basis of the type A categorisation of an FAE from Aspergillus niger, AnFaeA, by comparing its activity toward methyl and arabinose hydroxycinnamate esters. kcat/Km ratios revealed that AnFaeA hydrolysed arabinose ferulate 1600-fold, and arabinose caffeate 6.5 times more efficiently than their methyl ester counterparts. Furthermore, small docking studies showed that while all substrates adopted a catalytic orientation with requisite proximity to the catalytic serine, methyl caffeate and methyl p-coumarate preferentially formed alternative non-catalytic conformations that were energetically favoured. Arabinose ferulate was unable to adopt the alternative conformation while arabinose caffeate preferred the catalytic orientation. This study demonstrates that use of short alkyl chain hydroxycinnnamate esters can result in activity misclassification. The findings of this study provide a basis for developing a robust classification system for FAE and form the basis of sequence-function relationships for this class.
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57
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Genome sequence of Talaromyces piceus 9-3 provides insights into lignocellulose degradation. 3 Biotech 2017; 7:368. [PMID: 29062678 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-017-1001-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Many species of Penicillium have exhibited great potential for lignocellulose hydrolysis. The filamentous fungus Talaromyces piceus 9-3 (anamorph: Penicillium piceum), which was isolated from compost wastes in China, was sequenced in this study. Compared with the cellulase producer T. reesei, T. piceus 9-3 processes a lignocellulolytic enzyme system comprising more diverse enzymatic components, especially hemicellulases. This report will facilitate the use of this strain for biomass degradation.
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A type D ferulic acid esterase from Streptomyces werraensis affects the volume of wheat dough pastries. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 102:1269-1279. [PMID: 29188331 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8637-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A type D ferulic acid esterase (FAE) was identified in the culture supernatant of Streptomyces werraensis, purified, sequenced, and heterologously produced in E. coli BL21(DE3)Star by co-expressing chaperones groES-groEL (69 U L-1). The unique enzyme with a mass of about 48 kDa showed no similarity to other FAEs, and only moderate homology (78.5%) to a Streptomycete β-xylosidase. The purified reSwFAED exhibited a temperature optimum of 40 °C, a pH optimum in the range from pH seven to eight and a clear preference for bulky natural substrates, such as 5-O-trans-feruloyl-L-arabinofuranose (FA) and β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→2)-5-O-trans-feruloyl-L-arabinofuranose (FAX), compared to the synthetic standard substrate methyl ferulate. Treatment of wheat dough with as little as 0.03 U or 0.3 U kg-1 reSwFAED activity resulted in a significant increase of the bun volume (8.0 or 9.7%, resp.) after baking when combined with polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus. For the first time, the long-standing, but rarely proven positive effect of a FAE in baking was confirmed.
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Chi DH, Giap VD, Anh LPH, Nghi DH. Feruloyl esterase from Alternaria tenuissima that hydrolyses lignocellulosic material to release hydroxycinnamic acids. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683817060047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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60
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A stereoselective esterase from Bacillus megaterium : Purification, gene cloning, expression and catalytic properties. Protein Expr Purif 2017; 136:66-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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61
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Manavalan T, Liu R, Zhou Z, Zou G. Optimization of acetyl xylan esterase gene expression in Trichoderma reesei and its application to improve the saccharification efficiency on different biomasses. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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62
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Nieter A, Kelle S, Linke D, Berger RG. A p-coumaroyl esterase from Rhizoctonia solani with a pronounced chlorogenic acid esterase activity. N Biotechnol 2017; 37:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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63
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Long L, Ding D, Han Z, Zhao H, Lin Q, Ding S. Thermotolerant hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes from Eupenicillium parvum 4-14 display high efficiency upon release of ferulic acid from wheat bran. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 121:422-34. [PMID: 27171788 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize the hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes from novel fungi, and evaluate the potential of novel enzyme system in releasing ferulic acid (FA) from biomass resource. METHODS AND RESULTS A hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzyme-producing fungus 4-14 was isolated from soil by Congo red staining method, and identified as Eupenicillium parvum based on the morphologic and molecular phylogenetic analysis. The optimum temperature of fungal growth was 37°C. Hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes were produced by this fungus in solid-state fermentation (SSF), and their maximum activities were 554, 385, 218, 2·62 and 5·25 U g(-1) for CMCase, xylanase, β-glucosidase, FPase and FAE respectively. These enzymes displayed the best catalytic ability at low pH values (pH 4·5-5·0). The optimum temperatures were 70°C, 70°C, 75°C and 55°C for CMCase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and FAE respectively. CMCase, xylanase and FAE were stable at different pHs or high temperature (60°C). Enzymatic hydrolysis experiment indicated that the maximum (76·8 ± 4)% of total alkali-extractable FA was released from de-starched wheat bran by the fungal enzyme system. CONCLUSIONS High activities of thermotolerant CMCase, β-glucosidase, xylanase and FAE were produced by the newly isolated fungus E. parvum 4-14 in SSF. The fungal enzyme system displayed high efficiency at releasing FA from wheat bran. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study provides a new fungal strain for researches of novel hemicellulolytic and cellulolytic enzymes and will improve the bioconversion and utilization of agricultural by-products.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Long
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - D Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Z Han
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - H Zhao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
| | - Q Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, Nanjing, China
| | - S Ding
- College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, China
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Acylation of soluble polysaccharides in a biphasic system catalyzed by a CE2 acetyl esterase. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 163:208-215. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Dilokpimol A, Mäkelä MR, Mansouri S, Belova O, Waterstraat M, Bunzel M, de Vries RP, Hildén KS. Expanding the feruloyl esterase gene family of Aspergillus niger by characterization of a feruloyl esterase, FaeC. N Biotechnol 2017; 37:200-209. [PMID: 28285179 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A feruloyl esterase (FAE) from Aspergillus niger N402, FaeC was heterologously produced in Pichia pastoris X-33 in a yield of 10mg/L. FaeC was most active at pH 7.0 and 50°C, and showed broad substrate specificity and catalyzed the hydrolysis of methyl 3,4-dimethoxycinnamate, ethyl ferulate, methyl ferulate, methyl p-coumarate, ethyl coumarate, methyl sinapate, and methyl caffeate. The enzyme released both ferulic acid and p-coumaric acid from wheat arabinoxylan and sugar beet pectin (up to 3mg/g polysaccharide), and acted synergistically with a commercial xylanase increasing the release of ferulic acid up to six-fold. The expression of faeC increased over time in the presence of feruloylated polysaccharides. Cinnamic, syringic, caffeic, vanillic and ferulic acid induced the expression of faeC. Overall expression of faeC was very low in all tested conditions, compared to two other A. niger FAE encoding genes, faeA and faeB. Our data showed that the fae genes responded differently towards the feruloylated polysaccharides and tested monomeric phenolic compounds suggesting that the corresponding FAE isoenzymes may target different substrates in a complementary manner. This may increase the efficiency of the degradation of diverse plant biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia R Mäkelä
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sadegh Mansouri
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Belova
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Waterstraat
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ronald P de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S Hildén
- Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Viikki Biocenter 1, University of Helsinki, Finland.
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66
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Song YR, Baik SH. Molecular cloning, purification, and characterization of a novel thermostable cinnamoyl esterase from Lactobacillus helveticus KCCM 11223. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2017; 47:496-504. [PMID: 28045590 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2016.1275011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A gene encoding cinnamoyl esterase (CE), which breaks down chlorogenic acid (ChA) into caffeic and quinic acids, was cloned from Lactobacillus helveticus KCCM 11223. The gene with an open reading frame of 759 nucleotides was expressed in Escherichia coli, which resulted in a 51.6-fold increase in specific activity compared to L. helveticus KCCM 11223. The recombinant CE exists as a monomeric enzyme having a molecular weight of 27.4 kDa. Although the highest activity was observed at pH 7, the enzyme showed stable activity at pH 4.0-10.0. Its optimum temperature was 65°C, and it also possessed a thermophilic activity: the half-life of CE was 24.4 min at 65°C. The half-life of CE was 145.5, 80.5, and 24.4 min at 60, 62, and 65°C, respectively. The Km and Vmax values for ChA were 0.153 mM and 559.6 µM/min, respectively. Moreover, the CE showed the highest substrate specificity with methyl caffeate among other methyl esters of hydroxycinnamic acids such as methyl ferulate, methyl sinapinate, methyl p-coumarate, and methyl caffeate. Ca2+, Cu2+, and Fe2+ significantly reduced the relative activity on ChA up to 70%. This is the first report on a thermostable CE from lactic acid bacteria that can be useful to hydrolyze ChA from plant cell walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Ran Song
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and Fermented Food Research Center , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Korea.,b Korea Food Research Institute , Sungnam , Gyeonggi-do , Korea
| | - Sang-Ho Baik
- a Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, and Fermented Food Research Center , Chonbuk National University , Jeonju , Korea
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67
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An acidic feruloyl esterase from the mushroom Lactarius hatsudake : A potential animal feed supplement. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 93:290-295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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68
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Basotra N, Kaur B, Di Falco M, Tsang A, Chadha BS. Mycothermus thermophilus (Syn. Scytalidium thermophilum): Repertoire of a diverse array of efficient cellulases and hemicellulases in the secretome revealed. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 222:413-421. [PMID: 27744242 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Mycothermus thermophilus (Syn. Scytalidium thermophilum/Humicola insolens), a thermophilic fungus, is being reported to produce appreciable titers of cellulases and hemicellulases during shake flask culturing on cellulose/wheat-bran/rice straw based production medium. The sequential and differential expression profile of endoglucanases, β-glucosidases, cellobiohydrolases and xylanases using zymography was studied. Mass spectrometry analysis of secretome (Q-TOF LC/MS) revealed a total of 240 proteins with 92 CAZymes of which 62 glycosyl hydrolases belonging to 30 different families were present. Cellobiohydrolase I (17.42%), β glucosidase (8.69%), endoglucanase (6.2%), xylanase (4.16%) and AA9 (3.95%) were the major proteins in the secretome. In addition, carbohydrate esterases, polysaccharide lyases, auxiliary activity and a variety of carbohydrate binding modules (CBM) were identified using genomic database of the culture indicating to an elaborate genetic potential of this strain for hydrolysis of lignocellulosics. The cellulases from the strain hydrolyzed alkali treated rice straw and bagasse into fermentable sugars efficiently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Basotra
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Baljit Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, Punjab, India.
| | - Marcos Di Falco
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
| | - Adrian Tsang
- Center for Structural and Functional Genomics, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada.
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69
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Nieter A, Kelle S, Linke D, Berger RG. Feruloyl esterases from Schizophyllum commune to treat food industry side-streams. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 220:38-46. [PMID: 27566510 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agro-industrial side-streams are abundant and renewable resources of hydroxycinnamic acids with potential applications as antioxidants and preservatives in the food, health, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) from Schizophyllum commune were functionally expressed in Pichia pastoris with extracellular activities of 6000UL(-1). The recombinant enzymes, ScFaeD1 and ScFaeD2, released ferulic acid from destarched wheat bran and sugar beet pectin. Overnight incubation of coffee pulp released caffeic (>60%), ferulic (>80%) and p-coumaric acid (100%) indicating applicability for the valorization of food processing wastes and enhanced biomass degradation. Based on substrate specificity profiling and the release of diferulates from destarched wheat bran, the recombinant FAEs were characterized as type D FAEs. ScFaeD1 and ScFaeD2 preferably hydrolyzed feruloylated saccharides with ferulic acid esterified to the O-5 position of arabinose residues and showed an unprecedented ability to hydrolyze benzoic acid esters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Nieter
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Kelle
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, 30167 Hannover, Germany
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70
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Vine Trimming Shoots as Substrate for Ferulic Acid Esterases Production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2016; 181:813-826. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-016-2251-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Towards enzymatic breakdown of complex plant xylan structures: State of the art. Biotechnol Adv 2016; 34:1260-1274. [PMID: 27620948 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Significant progress over the past few years has been achieved in the enzymology of microbial degradation and saccharification of plant xylan, after cellulose being the most abundant natural renewable polysaccharide. Several new types of xylan depolymerizing and debranching enzymes have been described in microorganisms. Despite the increasing variety of known glycoside hydrolases and carbohydrate esterases, some xylan structures still appear quite recalcitrant. This review focuses on the mode of action of different types of depolymerizing endoxylanases and their cooperation with β-xylosidase and accessory enzymes in breakdown of complex highly branched xylan structures. Emphasis is placed on the enzymatic hydrolysis of alkali-extracted deesterified polysaccharide as well as acetylated xylan isolated from plant cell walls under non-alkaline conditions. It is also shown how the combination of selected endoxylanases and debranching enzymes can determine the nature of prebiotic xylooligosaccharides or lead to complete hydrolysis of the polysaccharide. The article also highlights the possibility for discovery of novel xylanolytic enzymes, construction of multifunctional chimeric enzymes and xylanosomes in parallel with increasing knowledge on the fine structure of the polysaccharide.
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Novel Feruloyl Esterase from Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 and Analysis of the Recombinant Enzyme Produced in Escherichia coli. Appl Environ Microbiol 2016; 82:5068-76. [PMID: 27260363 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01029-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED A total of 33 Lactobacillus strains were screened for feruloyl esterase (FE) activity using agar plates containing ethyl ferulate as the sole carbon source, and Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 demonstrated the strongest FE activity among a dozen species showing a clearing zone on the opaque plate containing ethyl ferulate. FE activities were monitored using high-performance liquid chromatography with an acetonitrile-trifluoroacetic acid gradient. To produce sufficient purified FE from L. fermentum strain NRRL B-1932 (LfFE), the cDNA encoding LfFE (Lffae) was amplified and cloned by using available closely related genome sequences and overexpressed in Escherichia coli A 29.6-kDa LfFE protein was detected from the protein extract of E. coli BL21(pLysS) carrying pET28bLffae upon IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside) induction. The recombinant LfFE containing a polyhistidine tag was purified by nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid affinity resin. The purified LfFE showed strong activities against several artificial substrates, including p-nitrophenyl acetate and 4-methylumbelliferyl p-trimethylammoniocinnamate chloride. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant LfFE were around 6.5 and 37°C, respectively, as determined using either crude or purified recombinant LfFE. This study will be essential for the production of the LfFE in E. coli on a larger scale that could not be readily achieved by L. fermentum fermentation. IMPORTANCE The production of feruloyl esterase (FE) from Lactobacillus fermentum NRRL B-1932 reported in this study will have immense potential commercial applications not only in biofuel production but also in pharmaceutical, polymer, oleo chemical, cosmetic additive, and detergent industries, as well as human health-related applications, including food flavoring, functional foods, probiotic agents, preventive medicine, and animal feed. Given the essential role FE plays in the production of hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulic acid, plus the generally regarded as safe status of lactobacilli, which therefore have less regulatory concerns, LfFE from the probiotic L. fermentum reported in this work can be directly used for increased production of high-value hydroxycinnamates and ferulic acid from natural or synthetic carbon sources.
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Pérez-Rodríguez N, Moreira CD, Torrado Agrasar A, Domínguez JM. Feruloyl esterase production by Aspergillus terreus CECT 2808 and subsequent application to enzymatic hydrolysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 91:52-8. [PMID: 27444329 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ferulic acid esterases (FAE) were produced by Aspergillus terreus CECT 2808 from vine trimming shoots (VTS) and corn cob. Later, the fungal extracts thus obtained were used to enzymatically release ferulic acid (FA) from both substrates. Our findings showed a higher FAE activity in the enzymatic extracts produced on corn cob (0.070±0.004U/mL). Nevertheless, the enzymatic extracts produced on VTS demonstrated a better performance for FA release from both corn cob (2.05±0.01mg/g) and VTS (0.19±0.003mg/g). This result was probably because of the higher xylanase/FAE ratio determined in VTS extract. Therefore, an additional assay was carried out by supplementing corn cob extract with a commercial xylanase to test the influence of FAE/xylanase ratio in FA release. The results revealed the relevance of the FAE/xylanase ratio for an optimal FA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Pérez-Rodríguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain
| | - C D Moreira
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - A Torrado Agrasar
- Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - J M Domínguez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo (Campus Ourense), As Lagoas s/n, 32004 Ourense, SPAIN and Laboratory of Agro-food Biotechnology, CITI (University of Vigo)-Tecnópole, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, San Cibrao das Viñas, 32900 Ourense, Spain.
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Gopalan N, Nampoothiri KM, Szakacs G, Parameswaran B, Pandey A. Solid-state fermentation for the production of biomass valorizing feruloyl esterase. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2016.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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76
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Lee DE, Lee S, Jang ES, Shin HW, Moon BS, Lee CH. Metabolomic Profiles of Aspergillus oryzae and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens During Rice Koji Fermentation. Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21060773. [PMID: 27314317 PMCID: PMC6273993 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rice koji, used early in the manufacturing process for many fermented foods, produces diverse metabolites and enzymes during fermentation. Using gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-TOF-MS), ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography linear trap quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-LTQ-IT-MS/MS), and multivariate analysis we generated the metabolite profiles of rice koji produced by fermentation with Aspergillus oryzae (RK_AO) or Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (RK_BA) for different durations. Two principal components of the metabolomic data distinguished the rice koji samples according to their fermenter species and fermentation time. Several enzymes secreted by the fermenter species, including α-amylase, protease, and β-glucosidase, were assayed to identify differences in expression levels. This approach revealed that carbohydrate metabolism, serine-derived amino acids, and fatty acids were associated with rice koji fermentation by A. oryzae, whereas aromatic and branched chain amino acids, flavonoids, and lysophospholipids were more typical in rice koji fermentation by B. amyloliquefaciens. Antioxidant activity was significantly higher for RK_BA than for RK_AO, as were the abundances of flavonoids, including tricin, tricin glycosides, apigenin glycosides, and chrysoeriol glycosides. In summary, we have used MS-based metabolomics and enzyme activity assays to evaluate the effects of using different microbial species and fermentation times on the nutritional profile of rice koji.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Sunmin Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Eun Seok Jang
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea.
| | - Hye Won Shin
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea.
| | - Byoung Seok Moon
- Foods Research Institute, CJ CheilJedang Corp., Suwon 16495, Korea.
| | - Choong Hwan Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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Gherbovet O, Fauré R, Ferreira F, Durand J, Ragon M, Hostyn G, Record E, Bozonnet S, O’Donohue MJ. Design of chromogenic probes for efficient screening and evaluation of feruloyl esterase-like activities. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2016.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chyba A, Mastihuba V, Mastihubová M. Effective enzymatic caffeoylation of natural glucopyranosides. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:1567-1570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Dilokpimol A, Mäkelä MR, Aguilar-Pontes MV, Benoit-Gelber I, Hildén KS, de Vries RP. Diversity of fungal feruloyl esterases: updated phylogenetic classification, properties, and industrial applications. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2016; 9:231. [PMID: 27795736 PMCID: PMC5084320 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-016-0651-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Feruloyl esterases (FAEs) represent a diverse group of carboxyl esterases that specifically catalyze the hydrolysis of ester bonds between ferulic (hydroxycinnamic) acid and plant cell wall polysaccharides. Therefore, FAEs act as accessory enzymes to assist xylanolytic and pectinolytic enzymes in gaining access to their site of action during biomass conversion. Their ability to release ferulic acid and other hydroxycinnamic acids from plant biomass makes FAEs potential biocatalysts in a wide variety of applications such as in biofuel, food and feed, pulp and paper, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical industries. This review provides an updated overview of the knowledge on fungal FAEs, in particular describing their role in plant biomass degradation, diversity of their biochemical properties and substrate specificities, their regulation and conditions needed for their induction. Furthermore, the discovery of new FAEs using genome mining and phylogenetic analysis of current publicly accessible fungal genomes will also be presented. This has led to a new subfamily classification of fungal FAEs that takes into account both phylogeny and substrate specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adiphol Dilokpimol
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miia R. Mäkelä
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Victoria Aguilar-Pontes
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Benoit-Gelber
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kristiina S. Hildén
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ronald P. de Vries
- Fungal Physiology, CBS-KNAW Fungal Biodiversity Centre & Fungal Molecular Physiology, Utrecht University, Uppsalalaan 8, 3584CT Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Division of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Zheng JY, Liu YY, Luo WF, Zheng RC, Ying XX, Wang Z. Biocatalytic Resolution of Rac-α-Ethyl-2-Oxo-Pyrrolidineacetic Acid Methyl Ester by Immobilized Recombinant Bacillus cereus Esterase. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2015; 178:1471-80. [PMID: 26695776 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-015-1960-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A new esterase-producing strain (Bacillus cereus WZZ001) which exhibiting high hydrolytic activity and excellent enantioselectivity on rac-α-ethyl-2-oxo-pyrrolidineacetic acid methyl ester (R, S-1) has been isolated from soil sample by our laboratory. In this study, the stereoselective hydrolysis of (R, S-1) was performed using the recombinant Bacillus cereus esterase which expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3). Under the optimized conditions of pH 8.0, 35 °C, and concentration of substrate 400 mM, a successful enzymatic resolution was achieved with an e.e. s of 99.5 % and conversion of 49 %. Immobilization considerably increased the reusability of the recombinant esterase; the immobilized enzyme showed excellent reusability during 6 cycles of repeated 2 h reactions at 35 °C. Thereby, it makes the recombinant B. cereus esterase a usable biocatalyst for industrial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Yong Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin-Yan Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Feng Luo
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Chao Zheng
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Xian Ying
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao Wang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang Province, 310014, People's Republic of China.
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de Oliveira DM, Finger-Teixeira A, Mota TR, Salvador VH, Moreira-Vilar FC, Molinari HBC, Mitchell RAC, Marchiosi R, Ferrarese-Filho O, dos Santos WD. Ferulic acid: a key component in grass lignocellulose recalcitrance to hydrolysis. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2015; 13:1224-32. [PMID: 25417596 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.12292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In the near future, grasses must provide most of the biomass for the production of renewable fuels. However, grass cell walls are characterized by a large quantity of hydroxycinnamic acids such as ferulic and p-coumaric acids, which are thought to reduce the biomass saccharification. Ferulic acid (FA) binds to lignin, polysaccharides and structural proteins of grass cell walls cross-linking these components. A controlled reduction of FA level or of FA cross-linkages in plants of industrial interest can improve the production of cellulosic ethanol. Here, we review the biosynthesis and roles of FA in cell wall architecture and in grass biomass recalcitrance to enzyme hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dyoni Matias de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Aline Finger-Teixeira
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Thatiane Rodrigues Mota
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Victor Hugo Salvador
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Rogério Marchiosi
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Osvaldo Ferrarese-Filho
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
| | - Wanderley Dantas dos Santos
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Plant Biochemistry, State University of Maringá, Maringá, PR, Brazil
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82
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Liu J, Peng C, Yu G, Zhou J. Molecular simulation study of feruloyl esterase adsorption on charged surfaces: effects of surface charge density and ionic strength. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:10751-10763. [PMID: 26379082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The surrounding conditions, such as surface charge density and ionic strength, play an important role in enzyme adsorption. The adsorption of a nonmodular type-A feruloyl esterase from Aspergillus niger (AnFaeA) on charged surfaces was investigated by parallel tempering Monte Carlo (PTMC) and all-atom molecular dynamics (AAMD) simulations at different surface charge densities (±0.05 and ±0.16 C·m(-2)) and ionic strengths (0.007 and 0.154 M). The adsorption energy, orientation, and conformational changes were analyzed. Simulation results show that whether AnFaeA can adsorb onto a charged surface is mainly controlled by electrostatic interactions between AnFaeA and the charged surface. The electrostatic interactions between AnFaeA and charged surfaces are weakened when the ionic strength increases. The positively charged surface at low surface charge density and high ionic strength conditions can maximize the utilization of the immobilized AnFaeA. The counterion layer plays a key role in the adsorption of AnFaeA on the negatively charged COOH-SAM. The native conformation of AnFaeA is well preserved under all of these conditions. The results of this work can be used for the controlled immobilization of AnFaeA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Chunwang Peng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Gaobo Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab for Green Chemical Product Technology, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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83
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Gopalan N, Rodríguez-Duran LV, Saucedo-Castaneda G, Nampoothiri KM. Review on technological and scientific aspects of feruloyl esterases: A versatile enzyme for biorefining of biomass. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 193:534-44. [PMID: 26159377 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.06.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
With increasing focus on sustainable energy, bio-refining from lignocellulosic biomass has become a thrust area of research. With most of the works being focused on biofuels, significant efforts are also being directed towards other value added products. Feruloyl esterases (EC. 3.1.1.73) can be used as a tool for bio-refining of lignocellulosic material for the recovery and purification of ferulic acid and related hydroxycinnamic acids ubiquitously found in the plant cell wall. More and more genes coding for feruloyl esterases have been mined out from various sources to allow efficient enzymatic release of ferulic acid and allied hydroxycinnamic acids (HCAs) from plant-based biomass. A sum up on enzymatic extraction of HCAs and its recovery from less explored agro residual by-products is still a missing link and this review brushes up the achieved landmarks so far in this direction and also covers a detailed patent search on this biomass refining enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishant Gopalan
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, New Delhi, India
| | - L V Rodríguez-Duran
- Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa, Biotechnology Department, Mexico City, Iztapalapa Z.C. 09340, Mexico
| | - G Saucedo-Castaneda
- Metropolitan Autonomous University Campus Iztapalapa, Biotechnology Department, Mexico City, Iztapalapa Z.C. 09340, Mexico
| | - K Madhavan Nampoothiri
- Biotechnology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, Kerala, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR, New Delhi, India.
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84
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Cao LC, Chen R, Xie W, Liu YH. Enhancing the Thermostability of Feruloyl Esterase EstF27 by Directed Evolution and the Underlying Structural Basis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:8225-33. [PMID: 26329893 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b03424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To improve the thermostability of EstF27, two rounds of random mutagenesis were performed. A thermostable mutant, M6, with six amino acid substitutions was obtained. The half-life of M6 at 55 °C is 1680 h, while that of EstF27 is 0.5 h. The Kcat/Km value of M6 is 1.9-fold higher than that of EstF27. The concentrations of ferulic acid released from destarched wheat bran by EstF27 and M6 at their respective optimal temperatures were 223.2 ± 6.8 and 464.8 ± 11.9 μM, respectively. To further understand the structural basis of the enhanced thermostability, the crystal structure of M6 is determined at 2.0 Å. Structural analysis shows that a new disulfide bond and hydrophobic interactions formed by the mutations may play an important role in stabilizing the protein. This study not only provides us with a robust catalyst, but also enriches our knowledge about the structure-function relationship of feruloyl esterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-chuang Cao
- School of Life Sciences, ‡State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and §South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Life Sciences, ‡State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and §South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Xie
- School of Life Sciences, ‡State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and §South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-huan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, ‡State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, and §South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510275, People's Republic of China
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Impact of ferulic acid esterase producing lactobacilli and fibrolytic enzymes on conservation characteristics, aerobic stability and fiber degradability of barley silage. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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86
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He F, Zhang S, Liu X. Immobilization of feruloyl esterases on magnetic nanoparticles and its potential in production of ferulic acid. J Biosci Bioeng 2015; 120:330-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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87
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Zhou M, Huang Z, Zhou B, Luo Y, Jia G, Liu G, Zhao H, Chen X. Construction and expression of two-copy engineered yeast of feruloyl esterase. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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88
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Palani Swamy SK, Govindaswamy V. Therapeutical properties of ferulic acid and bioavailability enhancement through feruloyl esterase. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
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89
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Butiuk AP, Adachi O, Hours RA. Yerba mate as a novel inducer for fungal chlorogenate hydrolase production. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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90
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A chlorogenic acid esterase with a unique substrate specificity from Ustilago maydis. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 81:1679-88. [PMID: 25548041 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02911-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
An extracellular chlorogenic acid esterase from Ustilago maydis (UmChlE) was purified to homogeneity by using three separation steps, including anion-exchange chromatography on a Q Sepharose FF column, preparative isoelectric focusing (IEF), and, finally, a combination of affinity chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography on polyamide. SDS-PAGE analysis suggested a monomeric protein of ∼71 kDa. The purified enzyme showed maximal activity at pH 7.5 and at 37°C and was active over a wide pH range (3.5 to 9.5). Previously described chlorogenic acid esterases exhibited a comparable affinity for chlorogenic acid, but the enzyme from Ustilago was also active on typical feruloyl esterase substrates. Kinetic constants for chlorogenic acid, methyl p-coumarate, methyl caffeate, and methyl ferulate were as follows: Km values of 19.6 μM, 64.1 μM, 72.5 μM, and 101.8 μM, respectively, and kcat/Km values of 25.83 mM(-1) s(-1), 7.63 mM(-1) s(-1), 3.83 mM(-1) s(-1) and 3.75 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. UmChlE released ferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids from natural substrates such as destarched wheat bran (DSWB) and coffee pulp (CP), confirming activity on complex plant biomass. The full-length gene encoding UmChlE consisted of 1,758 bp, corresponding to a protein of 585 amino acids, and was functionally produced in Pichia pastoris GS115. Sequence alignments with annotated chlorogenic acid and feruloyl esterases underlined the uniqueness of this enzyme.
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Braga CMP, Delabona PDS, Lima DJDS, Paixão DAA, Pradella JGDC, Farinas CS. Addition of feruloyl esterase and xylanase produced on-site improves sugarcane bagasse hydrolysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2014; 170:316-324. [PMID: 25151076 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Accessory enzymes that assist biomass degradation could be used to improve the recovery of fermentable sugar for use in biorefineries. In this study, different fungal strains isolated from the Amazon rainforest were evaluated in terms of their ability to produce feruloyl esterase (FAE) and xylanase enzymes, and an assessment was made of the contributions of the enzymes in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane bagasse. In the selection step, screening using plate assays was followed by shake flask submerged cultivations. After carbon source selection and cultivation in a stirred-tank bioreactor, Aspergillusoryzae P21C3 proved to be a promising strain for production of the enzymes. Supplementation of a commercial enzyme preparation with 30% (v/v) crude enzymatic complex from A. oryzae P21C3 increased the conversion of cellulose derived from pretreated sugarcane bagasse by 36%. Supplementation with FAE and xylanase enzymes produced on-site can therefore be used to improve the hydrolysis of sugarcane bagasse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cleiton Márcio Pinto Braga
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila da Silva Delabona
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Deise Juliana da Silva Lima
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Douglas Antônio Alvaredo Paixão
- Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - José Geraldo da Cruz Pradella
- Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Brazilian Bioethanol Science and Technology Laboratory (CTBE), Rua Giuseppe Maximo Scolfaro 10000, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Sanchez Farinas
- Embrapa Instrumentation, Rua XV de Novembro 1452, 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brazil; Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of São Carlos, 13565-905 São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
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92
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Wang L, Ma Z, Du F, Wang H, Ng TB. Feruloyl esterase from the edible mushroom Panus giganteus: a potential dietary supplement. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:7822-7827. [PMID: 25065258 DOI: 10.1021/jf405654u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A novel 61 kDa feruloyl esterase (FAE) was purified to homogeneity from freshly collected fruiting bodies of Panus giganteus. The isolation procedure involved chromatography on the ion exchangers DEAE-cellulose and Q-Sepharose, followed by size exclusion chromatography on Superdex 75, which produced a purified enzyme with a high specific activity (170.0 U/mg) which was 130-fold higher than that of crude extract. The purified FAE exhibited activity toward synthetic methyl esters and short-chain fatty acid nitrophenyl esters. The Km and Vmax for this enzyme on methyl ferulate were 0.36 mM and 18.97 U/mg proteins, respectively. FAE activity was attained at a maximum at pH 4 and 40 °C, respectively. The FAE activity was inhibited by metal ions to various degrees. The purified FAE could bring about the release of ferulic acid from wheat bran and corn bran under the action of the single purified FAE, and the amount released from wheat bran rose to 51.9% (of the total amount) by the synergistic action of xylanase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Agrobiotechnology and Department of Microbiology, China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193, China
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93
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Uraji M, Arima J, Inoue Y, Harazono K, Hatanaka T. Application of two newly identified and characterized feruloyl esterases from Streptomyces sp. in the enzymatic production of ferulic acid from agricultural biomass. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104584. [PMID: 25093500 PMCID: PMC4122463 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA), a component of hemicellulose in plant cell walls, is a phenolic acid with several potential applications based on its antioxidant properties. Recent studies have shown that feruloyl esterase (FAE) is a key bacterial enzyme involved in FA production from agricultural biomass. In this study, we screened a library of 43 esterases from Streptomyces species and identified two enzymes, R18 and R43, that have FAE activity toward ethyl ferulate. In addition, we characterized their enzyme properties in detail. R18 and R43 showed esterase activity toward other hydroxycinnamic acid esters as well, such as methyl p-coumarate, methyl caffeate, and methyl sinapinate. The amino acid sequences of R18 and R43 were neither similar to each other, nor to other FAEs. We found that R18 and R43 individually showed the ability to produce FA from corn bran; however, combination with other Streptomyces enzymes, namely xylanase and α-l-arabinofuranosidase, increased FA production from biomass such as corn bran, defatted rice bran, and wheat bran. These results suggest that R18 and R43 are effective FAEs for the enzymatic production of FA from biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misugi Uraji
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kaga-gun, Okayama, Japan
| | - Jiro Arima
- Department of Agricultural, Biological, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Harazono
- Enzyme Division, Bio Chemicals Department, Nagase ChemteX Corporation, Fukuchiyama, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tadashi Hatanaka
- Research Institute for Biological Sciences (RIBS), Okayama Prefectural Technology Center for Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Kaga-gun, Okayama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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94
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Komeil D, Padilla-Reynaud R, Lerat S, Simao-Beaunoir AM, Beaulieu C. Comparative secretome analysis of Streptomyces scabiei during growth in the presence or absence of potato suberin. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:35. [PMID: 25028574 PMCID: PMC4098958 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-12-35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Suberin is a recalcitrant plant biopolymer composed of a polyphenolic and a polyaliphatic domain. Although suberin contributes to a significant portion of soil organic matter, the biological process of suberin degradation is poorly characterized. It has been suggested that Streptomyces scabiei, a plant pathogenic bacterium, can produce suberin-degrading enzymes. In this study, a comparative analysis of the S. scabiei secretome from culture media supplemented or not with potato suberin was carried out to identify enzymes that could be involved in suberin degradation. Methods S. scabiei was grown in the presence of casein only or in the presence of both casein and suberin. Extracellular proteins from 1-, 3- and 5-day-old supernatants were analyzed by LC-MS/MS to determine their putative functions. Real-time RT-PCR was performed to monitor the expression level of genes encoding several proteins potentially involved in suberin degradation. Results The effect of suberin on the extracellular protein profile of S. scabiei strain has been analyzed. A total of 246 proteins were found to be common in the data sets from both casein medium (CM) and casein-suberin medium (CSM), whereas 124 and 139 proteins were detected only in CM or CSM, respectively. The identified proteins could be divided into 19 functional groups. Two functional groups of proteins (degradation of aromatic compounds and secondary metabolism) were only associated with the CSM. A high proportion of the proteins found to be either exclusively produced, or overproduced, in presence of suberin were involved in carbohydrate metabolism. Most of the proteins included in the lipid metabolism class have been detected in CSM. Apart from lipid metabolism proteins, other identified proteins, particularly two feruloyl esterases, may also actively participate in the breakdown of suberin architecture. Both feruloyl esterase genes were overexpressed between 30 to 340 times in the presence of suberin. Conclusion This study demonstrated that the presence of suberin in S. scabiei growth medium induced the production of a wide variety of glycosyl hydrolases. Furthermore, this study has allowed the identification of extracellular enzymes that could be involved in the degradation of suberin, including enzymes of the lipid metabolism and feruloyl esterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doaa Komeil
- Department of Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Alexandria, El-Shatby 21545, Egypt
| | | | - Sylvain Lerat
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
| | | | - Carole Beaulieu
- Centre SÈVE, Département de biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 2R1, Canada
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95
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Karnaouri A, Topakas E, Antonopoulou I, Christakopoulos P. Genomic insights into the fungal lignocellulolytic system of Myceliophthora thermophila. Front Microbiol 2014; 5:281. [PMID: 24995002 PMCID: PMC4061905 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2014.00281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The microbial conversion of solid cellulosic biomass to liquid biofuels may provide a renewable energy source for transportation fuels. Cellulolytic fungi represent a promising group of organisms, as they have evolved complex systems for adaptation to their natural habitat. The filamentous fungus Myceliophthora thermophila constitutes an exceptionally powerful cellulolytic microorganism that synthesizes a complete set of enzymes necessary for the breakdown of plant cell wall. The genome of this fungus has been recently sequenced and annotated, allowing systematic examination and identification of enzymes required for the degradation of lignocellulosic biomass. The genomic analysis revealed the existence of an expanded enzymatic repertoire including numerous cellulases, hemicellulases, and enzymes with auxiliary activities, covering the most of the recognized CAZy families. Most of them were predicted to possess a secretion signal and undergo through post-translational glycosylation modifications. These data offer a better understanding of activities embedded in fungal lignocellulose decomposition mechanisms and suggest that M. thermophila could be made usable as an industrial production host for cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthi Karnaouri
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece ; Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology Luleå, Sweden
| | - Evangelos Topakas
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Synthesis and Development of Industrial Processes, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | - Io Antonopoulou
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology Luleå, Sweden
| | - Paul Christakopoulos
- Biochemical Process Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Luleå University of Technology Luleå, Sweden
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96
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97
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Nieter A, Haase-Aschoff P, Linke D, Nimtz M, Berger RG. A halotolerant type A feruloyl esterase from Pleurotus eryngii. Fungal Biol 2014; 118:348-57. [PMID: 24607359 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
An extracellular feruloyl esterase (PeFaeA) from the culture supernatant of Pleurotus eryngii was purified to homogeneity using cation exchange, hydrophobic interaction, and size exclusion chromatography. The length of the complete coding sequence of PeFaeA was determined to 1668 bp corresponding to a protein of 555 amino acids. The catalytic triad of Ser-Glu-His demonstrated the uniqueness of the enzyme compared to previously published FAEs. The purified PeFaeA was a monomer with an estimated molecular mass of 67 kDa. Maximum feruloyl esterase (FAE) activity was observed at pH 5.0 and 50 °C, respectively. Metal ions (5 mM), except Hg(2+), had no significant influence on the enzyme activity. Substrate specificity profiling characterized the enzyme as a type A FAE preferring bulky natural substrates, such as feruloylated saccharides, rather than small synthetic ones. Km and kcat of the purified enzyme for methyl ferulate were 0.15 mM and 0.85 s(-1). In the presence of 3 M NaCl activity of the enzyme increased by 28 %. PeFaeA alone released only little ferulic acid from destarched wheat bran (DSWB), whereas after addition of Trichoderma viride xylanase the concentration increased more than 20 fold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel Nieter
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany.
| | - Paul Haase-Aschoff
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Diana Linke
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Manfred Nimtz
- Helmholtz Zentrum für Infektionsforschung, Inhoffenstraße 7, D-38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ralf G Berger
- Institut für Lebensmittelchemie, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Callinstraße 5, D-30167 Hannover, Germany
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98
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Yang SQ, Tang L, Yan QJ, Zhou P, Xu HB, Jiang ZQ, Zhang P. Biochemical characteristics and gene cloning of a novel thermostable feruloyl esterase from Chaetomium sp. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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99
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Haase-Aschoff P, Linke D, Nimtz M, Popper L, Berger RG. An enzyme from Auricularia auricula-judae combining both benzoyl and cinnamoyl esterase activity. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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100
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Bonnin E, Garnier C, Ralet MC. Pectin-modifying enzymes and pectin-derived materials: applications and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:519-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5388-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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