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Ren C, Zhang Q, Wang H, Wang Y. Characteristics and source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of groundwater in Hutuo River alluvial-pluvial fan, China, based on PMF model. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:9647-9656. [PMID: 33151496 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11485-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PAH contamination in water environment has become an important water quality problem in China. In this study, groundwater PAHs were monitored in September 2019 at 48 groundwater sites, and statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to analyze the characteristic of PAHs in groundwater and to identify the pollution sources of PAHs in the Hutuo River Basin, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that the concentration of the PAHs in groundwater was low and the total PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from below detection limit to 260.6 ng/L and with a mean value of 17.7 ng/L. The concentration of PAHs in groundwater was obviously affected by the land use. Based on molecular ratio method, the main source of PAHs in groundwater is the biomass combustion, while the results of PMF source analysis were more accurate and the results showed that the primary sources and contribution rate of PAHs in groundwater were wood, coal, and gasoline sources (41.4%), followed by oil and diesel sources (39.4%), and natural gas combustion (19.2%). There was obvious spatial variation in the contribution of pollution sources to PAHs at the sites of different land uses in this region. The highest contribution of nature gas combustion, oil and diesel sources, and wood, coal, and gasoline combustion to PAHs was found in the urban area (0.617 ng/L), industrial area (0.380 ng/L), and village area (0.379 ng/L), respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of PAH contamination in groundwater in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaobin Ren
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Nanyang Institute of Technology, Nanyang, 473004, China
| | - Qianqian Zhang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China.
| | - Huiwei Wang
- Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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Assessing Diazinon Pollution in the Three Major Rivers Flowing into the Caspian Sea (Iran). WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w13030335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the seasonal and spatial variations in the concentrations of a widely used organophosphorous pesticide (OPP), diazinon, and the associated risk posed by this OPP in the surface water from the three largest rivers located in the northern province of Iran: the Haraz, the Talar and the Babolrood rivers. These rivers are located in the agriculture province of Mazandaran, and are exposed to high doses of organophosphorus pesticides, especially diazinon. The concentration of diazinon was determined using gas chromatography, while the potential risk posed by diazinon was elucidated using a Risk Quotient (RQ) calculated for general (RQm) and worst-case (RQex) scenarios. The obtained results demonstrated that the average diazinon concentrations ranged from 41 ± 76 ng/L in the Talar River and 57 ± 116 ng/L in the Haraz River, to 76.5 ± 145 ng/L in the Babolrood River, with a significant difference noted between summer and autumn seasons for all three rivers. For some stations, the concentration of diazinon is higher than the standard guidelines of Australian/New Zealand Guidelines for Fresh and Marine Water Quality (FMWQ) and the United States Criteria Maximum Concentration (CMC). The calculated RQs indicated a medium risk of diazinon, RQm = 0.73 and RQex = 2.27, in the Talar River; RQm = 1.02 and RQex = 2.49 in the Haraz River; and RQm = 1.35 and RQex = 4.54 in the Babolrood River. The overall exposure of diazinon was defined to have a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1); however, the summer sampling revealed a high risk (RQm and RQex > 1), while the autumn had a medium risk (RQm and RQex < 1). The obtained results revealed not only elevated concentrations of diazinon in the studied rivers but most importantly the high risk posed by this OPP for the aquatic organisms and the wellbeing of the whole river ecosystem. The current study showed that development and implementation of appropriate standards and regulations toward diazinon in countries such as Iran are required to reduce the pollution levels and risks related to elevated concentrations of the studied pesticide.
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Zhao X, Jin H, Li D, Kaw HY, Cui M, Ji Z. Simple and rapid analysis of phthalate esters in marine sediment using ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas purge microsyringe extraction followed by GC-MS. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111667. [PMID: 33181942 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are a class of the emerging pollutants that pose a potential environmental threat to marine ecosystems. In this study, a simple analytical method using ultrasound-assisted extraction combined with gas purges microsyringe extraction (GP-MSE) coupled with GC-MS was utilized for the reliable and rapid determination of PAEs in different types of marine sediment. The analytical results showed that the method exhibited excellent reproducibility, linear responses, and detection limits, which verified the suitability of the method for the determination of PAEs in marine sediment. This approach requires minimal reagents, solvents, and sample pretreatment procedures as well as a short analysis time; thus, procedural blanks can be kept to a minimum. This method was demonstrated to be a highly efficient and sensitive quantitative analytical method for the simple detection of PAEs in marine sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Baochubei Road 36, Hangzhou 310012, China
| | - Haiyan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Baochubei Road 36, Hangzhou 310012, China; State Key Laboratory of Satellite Ocean Environment Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Baochubei Road 36, Hangzhou 310012, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai 519080, China.
| | - Donghao Li
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China.
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Meiyu Cui
- Department of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of the Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbian University, Park Road 977, Yanji City, Jilin Province 133002, China
| | - Zhongqiang Ji
- Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Dynamics, Second Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Baochubei Road 36, Hangzhou 310012, China
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Kanwischer M, Bunke D, Leipe T, Moros M, Schulz-Bull DE. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Baltic Sea - Pre-industrial and industrial developments as well as current status. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 160:111526. [PMID: 32836192 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We report on Baltic Sea polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) pressure based on the U.S. EPA PAHs in view of millennial and decadal developments utilizing data from sediment deposits and seawater. Pre-industrial PAH contents ranged from 500 to 4500 ng/g TOC. Maximum PAH contents were up to 100,000 ng/g TOC and date back to the 1960s to 1970s with maximum pollutant inputs. Contemporary sediment PAH contents with 10,000 to 35,000 ng/g TOC and seawater concentrations with about 1 to 16 ng/l show spatial variability due to different local inputs and sediment characteristics. Pre-industrial compositional change from low molecular weight to high molecular weight (HMW) PAH indicates changing sources from mostly petroleum to combustion. Application of diagnostic ratios reveals petroleum and combustion as contemporary PAH sources and that traffic emissions continuously contribute to the Baltic PAH profile. Medium to high toxicological risk to the marine community might arise from current HMW PAH contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kanwischer
- Leibniz Insitute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany.
| | - Dennis Bunke
- Leibniz Insitute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Thomas Leipe
- Leibniz Insitute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Matthias Moros
- Leibniz Insitute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Insitute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Estuaries of Two Rivers of the Sea of Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17176019. [PMID: 32824924 PMCID: PMC7503489 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17176019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The seasonal polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) variability was studied in the estuaries of the Partizanskaya River and the Tumen River, the largest transboundary river of the Sea of Japan. The PAH levels were generally low over the year; however, the PAH concentrations increased according to one of two seasonal trends, which were either an increase in PAHs during the cold period, influenced by heating, or a PAH enrichment during the wet period due to higher run-off inputs. The major PAH source was the combustion of fossil fuels and biomass, but a minor input of petrogenic PAHs in some seasons was observed. Higher PAH concentrations were observed in fresh and brackish water compared to the saline waters in the Tumen River estuary, while the PAH concentrations in both types of water were similar in the Partizanskaya River estuary, suggesting different pathways of PAH input into the estuaries. The annual riverine PAH mass flux amounted to 0.028 t/year and 2.5 t/year for the Partizanskaya River and the Tumen River, respectively. The riverine PAH contribution to the coastal water of the Sea of Japan depends on the river discharge rather than the PAH level in the river water.
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Liu J, Lu G, Yang H, Dang T, Yan Z. Ecological impact assessment of 110 micropollutants in the Yarlung Tsangpo River on the Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2020; 262:110291. [PMID: 32094108 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrences of 110 micropollutants in the surface waters and sediments collected at eight sampling sites along the middle reaches of the Yarlung Tsangpo River were investigated in winter. A total of 47 and 45 micropollutants were detected in at least one water or sediment sample, respectively, and their total concentrations reached 790.2 ng/L and 186.5 ng/g on a dry weight basis, respectively. Their composition profiles demonstrated that the majority of micropollutants were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and UV filters. The mixture risk quotient (MRQ) values of the detected micropollutants regularly exceeded 1 for aquatic organisms at all sampling sites, and fish and invertebrates are the more sensitive organisms. The diversity and evenness of the zooplankton levels had a clear negative correlation with the micropollutant occurrences in water. The top 10 mixture components belonging to the UV filter and PAH categories explained more than 80% and 95% of the mixture risk for chronic and acute toxicology, respectively. This study is the first investigation of the presence and risk assessment of 110 micropollutants in the Yarlung Tsangpo River Basin and offers new insights into the ecological security of the water resources of the Tibetan Plateau.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China; Water Conservancy Project & Civil Engineering College, Tibet Agriculture & Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, 860000, China.
| | - Haohan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Tianjian Dang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, China
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Xie Z, Gao L, Liang Z, Chen J, Li S, Zhu A, Wu Y, Yang Z, Li R, Wang Z. Characteristics, Sources, and Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Topsoil and Surface Water from the Liuxi River Basin, South China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:401-415. [PMID: 32008048 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations, composition, sources, and risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in topsoil and surface water of the Liuxi River basin, south China were analyzed in this study. The total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 296.26 to 888.14 ng/g in topsoil and from 156.73 to 422.03 ng/L in surface water, indicating mild pollution. The PAHs in topsoil exhibited an even spatial distribution, suggesting that they originated primarily from dry and wet deposition of transported pollutants. The concentration of PAHs in surface water did not differ significantly geographically, but the concentrations of total, three-, and four-ring PAHs were significantly lower in the Liuxi River than in its tributaries. Three- and two-ring PAHs predominated in topsoil and surface water, respectively. A correlation analysis suggested that the total organic carbon content and pH exerted a negligible effect on the spatial distribution of PAHs in topsoil, and they may have common sources. Fossil fuel combustion (particularly vehicle emissions) and coking production were the dominant sources of PAHs in topsoil, whereas those in surface water were derived from a variety of sources. The total toxic equivalent concentrations of 16 PAHs in topsoil ranged from 3.73 to 105.66 ng/g (mean, 30.93 ng/g), suggesting that exposure to the basin's topsoil does not pose a risk to the environment or public health according to the Canadian soil quality guidelines. A risk assessment revealed that the total PAH concentrations in surface water posed a low ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglan Xie
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Lei Gao
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zuobing Liang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jianyao Chen
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
| | - Shaoheng Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Aiping Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Yu Wu
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhigang Yang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Rui Li
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Zhuowei Wang
- School of Geography and Planning, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 135, Xingang Xi Road, Guangzhou, 510275, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Urbanization and Geo-simulation, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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58
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Abootalebi Jahromi F, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Mohebbi-Nozar SL, Mohammadi Z, Sorooshian A, Abbasi S. Bisphenol A (BPA) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediment and bivalves from Hormozgan Province coastline in the Northern Persian Gulf: A focus on source apportionment. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 152:110941. [PMID: 32479302 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.110941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Bisphenol-A (BPA) pollution in coastal sediments and bivalves of Hormozgan Province coastline. The results indicated that the BPA concentration in some bivalves reached up to 340.16 ng g-1. The mean BPA concentration in the sediment samples was also 787.01 ng g-1. The ∑PAHs content in sediments ranged from 14.54 to 85.00 ng g-1, while values for bivalves ranged from 5.37 to 16.40 ng g-1. Individual PAH concentrations in sediments exceeded those in bivalves for which only LMW PAHs were detected. A combination of techniques including Self-Organizing Maps (SOM), Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), and Cluster Analysis (CA) were applied and both petrogenic and pyrogenic sources were identified. The risk of PAHs in the sediments was relatively low according to the sediment quality guidelines. The health risk indices suggest that exposure to PAHs through bivalve consumption does not impose harmful health effects upon consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Seyedeh Laili Mohebbi-Nozar
- Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute (PGOSERI), Iranian Fisheries Science Research Institute (IFSRI), Agricultural Research Education & Extension Organization (AREEO), Bandar Abbas 79145-1597, Iran
| | - Zargham Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA; Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Sajjad Abbasi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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Occurrence and potential health risks assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different tissues of bivalves from Hainan Island, China. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 136:111108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.111108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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60
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Mitra S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Cappello T. Historical sedimentary deposition and ecotoxicological impact of aromatic biomarkers in sediment cores from ten coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133969. [PMID: 31454597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study determines the levels, vertical distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten sediment cores of coral reef in the Persian Gulf, Iran, one of the important oil polluted marine areas in the world. The main purpose of this study was to determine the spatio-vertical distribution pattern of PAHs pollution at the four hot spot zones on the Gulf: dense industrial, medium industrial, urbanized and non-impacted zones over the past few years. Sediment quality and ecological risk were also assessed in order to determine the pollutants of concern. In detail, 23 parent (PPAHs) and 16 alkylated PAHs (APAHs), along with retene and perylene, were determined in sediment cores (0-40 cm depth). The vertical distribution of all PAHs showed a wide variation among sampling stations and depths, with a decreasing trend of concentration from surface to bottom, and a peak at 12 cm. Total concentrations of PPAHs and APAHs ranged from 35 to 1927 ng g-1 dw and 19 to 1794 ng g-1 dw respectively, with the highest concentrations at the industrial zone. The diagnostic ratio for PAHs and perylene (3 to 1277 ng g-1 dw) indicated mixed sources of PAHs, with dominance of petrogenic origins at the industrial zone and natural diagenetic inputs, respectively. The PAH concentration depicted a significant decreasing trend along the length of the core with an abrupt increase within the core length 12-20 cm. Temporal variations in contaminants can be linked to economic, coastal developments and industrial growth. Overall, the baseline data on geographical distribution, congener profiles, sources and vertical deposition of PAHs in the Persian Gulf area would be useful to establish proper monitoring plans for this sensitive ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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61
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Dohmann JF, Thiäner JB, Achten C. Ultrasensitive detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal and harbor water using GC-APLI-MS. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110547. [PMID: 31542592 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) are a group of ubiquitous environmental pollutants among which some compounds show carcinogenic properties. The emission of PAH from anthropogenic and natural sources to the aquatic environment demands monitoring. In this study, ten different surface water samples were collected and analyzed for 48 different PAH compounds by gas chromatography-atmospheric-pressure-laser-ionization coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-APLI-MS) after liquid-liquid extraction. Results varied from 9.22 ng/L for fluoranthene in harbor water to 0.01 ng/L for 4-methylchrysene in Rhine river water. Overall low PAH concentrations were found in the samples. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) calculations were used to assess the potential environmental impact of the analyzed compounds. The results showed higher concentrations and TEQ for the samples from harbors in comparison to riverine and estuarine sampling locations. Suspected target analysis indicated the occurrence of alkylated PAH in the surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Frederik Dohmann
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jan B Thiäner
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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Lazzari L, Wagener ALR, Boyle EA, Massone CG, Godoy JMO, Lott C, Cordeiro LGMS, Carreira RS. Sedimentary record of hydrocarbons and sewage inputs from a highly populated region in South-Eastern Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 149:110565. [PMID: 31543494 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The environmental impacts of the urban expansion in Rio de Janeiro was evaluated based on the historical accumulation of black carbon (BC), aliphatic (AHs) and aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and sterols in a sediment core retrieved from Botafogo Cove. BC related to oil combustion sources increased significantly since the 1990s. AHs were associated with petroleum inputs and revealed a high level of contamination. Multivariate statistical methods (a Principal Component Analysis associated with a linear multiple regression - PCA/LMR) applied to PAHs suggests changes in the sources in recent years. This can be ascribed to a reduction in pyrogenic emissions over the last four decades and to an increase in petrogenic inputs since the 1990s. The sterol dinosterol registered the increased eutrophication over the last three decades, but the sewage marker coprostanol was present at relatively low concentrations (0.40 to 1.16 μg g-1) probably caused by enhanced bacterial activity in the sediment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Lazzari
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil.
| | - Angela L R Wagener
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
| | - Edward A Boyle
- Department of Earth Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, United States
| | - Carlos G Massone
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
| | - José Marcus O Godoy
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Lott
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
| | - Lívia G M S Cordeiro
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
| | - Renato S Carreira
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 20451-900, Brazil
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Triassi M, Nardone A, Giovinetti MC, De Rosa E, Canzanella S, Sarnacchiaro P, Montuori P. Ecological risk and estimates of organophosphate pesticides loads into the Central Mediterranean Sea from Volturno River, the river of the "Land of Fires" area, southern Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:741-754. [PMID: 31082780 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The organophosphate pesticides pollution in the Volturno River and its environmental impact on the Tyrrhenian Sea (Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. Eight selected organophosphate pesticides (diazinon, dimethoate, malathion, chlorpyrifos, pirimiphos-methyl, fenitrothion, methidathion and tolclofos-methyl) were determined in the water dissolved phase, suspended particulate matter and sediment samples collected from 10 sites in different seasons. Total organophosphate pesticides concentrations ranged from 0.12 to 65.09 ng L-1 in water (as the sum of the water dissolved phase and suspended particulate matter) and from 1.19 to 23.17 ng g-1 in sediment samples. It has been calculated that the discharge of pollutants from the Volturno river into the Tyrrhenian Sea was about 71.815, 31 g year-1; for this reason the river is to be considered one of the main mouths of organophosphate pesticides in the Tyrrhenian Sea. In relation to environmental risk assessment, the concentrations of most OPPs in water and sediments from the Volturno River and its estuary were lower than guideline values, but the mean concentration of chlorpyrifos (5.41 ng L-1) in the Volturno River and Estuary has been shown that the ecological integrity of the river watercourse is possibly at risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Nardone
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | | | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Canzanella
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Pasquale Sarnacchiaro
- Department of Economics, University Unitelma Sapienza, Viale Regina Elena 295, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University "Federico II", Via Sergio Pansini n° 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
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Saccà ML, Ferrero VEV, Loos R, Di Lenola M, Tavazzi S, Grenni P, Ademollo N, Patrolecco L, Huggett J, Caracciolo AB, Lettieri T. Chemical mixtures and fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis of natural microbial community in the Tiber river. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 673:7-19. [PMID: 30981201 PMCID: PMC6509555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The Water Framework Directive (WFD) regulates freshwater and coastal water quality assessment in Europe. Chemical and ecological water quality status is based on measurements of chemical pollutants in water and biota together with other indicators such as temperature, nutrients, species compositions (phytoplankton, microalgae, benthos and fish) and hydromorphological conditions. However, in the current strategy a link between the chemical and the ecological status is missing. In the present WFD, no microbiological indicators are foreseen for integrating the different anthropogenic pressures, including mixtures of chemicals, nutrients and temperature changes, to provide a holistic view of the freshwater ecosystem water quality. The main aim of this work was to evaluate if natural microbial populations can be valuable indicators of multiple stressors (e.g. chemical pollutants, temperature, nutrients etc.) to guide preventive and remediation actions by water authorities. A preliminary survey was conducted to identify four sites reflecting a contamination gradient from the source to the mouth of a river suitable to the objectives of the European Marie Curie project, MicroCoKit. The River Tiber (Italy) was selected as a pilot case study to investigate the correlation between bacteria taxa and the chemical status of the river. The main physicochemical parameters, inorganic elements, organic pollutants and natural microbial community composition were assessed at four selected sites corresponding to pristine, agricultural, industrial and urban areas for three consecutive years. The overall chemical results indicated a correspondence between different groups of contaminants and the main contamination sources at the selected sampling points. Phylogenetic analysis of the microbial community analyzed by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization method (FISH) revealed differences among the four sampling sites which could reflect an adaptive bacterial response to the different anthropogenic pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ludovica Saccà
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Robert Loos
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Martina Di Lenola
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Tavazzi
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy
| | - Paola Grenni
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Ademollo
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Patrolecco
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Jim Huggett
- Molecular and Cell Biology team, LGC, Queens Road, Teddington, Middlesex TW11 0LY, United Kingdom; School of Biosciences & Medicine, Faculty of Health & Medical Science, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Barra Caracciolo
- National Research Council, Water Research Institute, Via Salaria km 29,300, 00015 9 Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Teresa Lettieri
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Ispra, Italy.
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Cheng H, Bian Y, Wang F, Jiang X, Ji R, Gu C, Yang X, Song Y. Green conversion of crop residues into porous carbons and their application to efficiently remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water: Sorption kinetics, isotherms and mechanism. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 284:1-8. [PMID: 30925418 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rape straw- and corn cob-derived porous carbons (PCs) were fabricated by hydrothermal treatment (250 °C, 4 h) and subsequent activation (850 °C, 1 h) using a non-corrosive agent, potassium bicarbonate. The PCs exhibited a very large specific surface area (1069-1281 cm2 g-1), high pore volume (0.55-0.72 cm3 g-1), wide pore size distribution (from micropores to macropores), high hydrophobicity, and partly graphitized structure. These properties contributed to highly efficient performance for the sorption of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), with maximum sorption capacities of 592.97, 480.27, and 692.27 mg g-1 towards naphthalene, acenaphthene, and phenanthrene, respectively. A three-step sorption process with pore filling, hydrophobic effects, and π-π stacking interactions on the heterogeneous surface is a possible mechanism for the sorption of PAHs onto PCs. This study presents an environmentally friendly strategy for the reuse of crop residues in the field of organic micropollutant-contaminated water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yongrong Bian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Rongting Ji
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenggang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xinglun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Yang Song
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China.
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66
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Chemical mixtures and autochthonous microbial community in an urbanized stretch of the River Danube. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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67
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Sheikh Fakhradini S, Moore F, Keshavarzi B, Lahijanzadeh A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment of Hoor Al-Azim wetland, Iran: a focus on source apportionment, environmental risk assessment, and sediment-water partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:233. [PMID: 30900011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7360-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The concentration, source, and ecological risk of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water and sediment samples in Hoor Al-Azim wetland, a significant freshwater wetland in Lower Mesopotamia, were evaluated. Total PAHs concentrations varied from 15.3 to 160.15 ng/L, and 15.78 to 410.2 μg/Kg in water and sediment, respectively. PAHs pollution levels in sediments compared with sediment quality guidelines (SQG) were found to be moderate in two stations and low in water and the rest of sediment stations. Based on the diagnostic ratio analysis, cluster analysis (CA), and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), the mean percentage contributions were 62.62% for mixed pyrogenic and petrogenic sources (e.g., unburned and combusted fossil fuels from fishing boats and vehicle engines, incomplete combustion, oil leakage), 20.68% for auto emission, and 16.7% for pyrogenic sources (fossil fuels and biomass combustion). According to the sediment risk assessment indices such as mean effects range-median quotient (M-ERM-Q), the ecological risk of multiple PAHs was low. Risk quotient (RQ) calculation of water samples suggested high ecological risk level for Benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), and low to moderate for other individual PAHs and ΣPAHs. The result of PAHs partitioning between sediment and water phases revealed that most PAHs prefer to accumulate in sediment. Sediments probably act as a secondary source for some PAHs in the oil collection and pumping station.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sheikh Fakhradini
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
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68
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Maletić SP, Beljin JM, Rončević SD, Grgić MG, Dalmacija BD. State of the art and future challenges for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is sediments: sources, fate, bioavailability and remediation techniques. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:467-482. [PMID: 30453240 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are amongst the most abundant contaminants found in the aquatic environment. Due to their toxicity and carcinogenicity, their sources, fate, behaviour, and cleanup techniques have been widely investigated in the last several decades. When entering the sediment-water system, PAH fate is determined by particular PAH and sediment physico-chemical properties. Most of the PAHs will be associated with fine-grained, organic-rich, sediment material. This makes sediment an ultimate sink for these pollutants. This association results in sediment contamination, and in this manner, sediments represent a permanent source of water pollution from which benthic organisms may accumulate toxic compounds, predominantly in lipid-rich tissues. A tendency for biomagnification can result in critical body burdens in higher trophic species. In recent years, researchers have developed numerous methods for measuring bioavailable fractions (chemical methods, non-exhaustive extraction, and biomimetic methods), as valuable tools in a risk-based approach for remediation or management of contaminated sites. Contaminated sediments pose challenging cleanup and management problems, as conventional environmental dredging techniques are invasive, expensive, and sometimes ineffective or hard to apply to large and diverse sediment sites. Recent studies have shown that a combination of strategies including in situ approaches is likely to provide the most effective long-term solution for dealing with contaminated sediments. Such in situ approaches include, but are not limited to: bioaugmentation, biostimulation, phytoremediation, electrokinetic remediation, surfactant addition and application of different sorbent amendments (carbon-rich such as activated carbon and biochar) that can reduce exposure and limit the redistribution of contaminants in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snežana P Maletić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena M Beljin
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Srđan D Rončević
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marko G Grgić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo D Dalmacija
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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69
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Baktash MY, Asem Yousefi A, Bagheri H. Implementing a superhydrophobic substrate in immersed solvent-supported microextraction as a novel strategy for determination of organic pollutants in water samples. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 163:104-110. [PMID: 30041126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this research, a new approach for extraction and determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from sea and rain water samples was developed by implementing a superhydrophobic substrate and consuming the least amount of solvent. This version of solvent-supported microextraction enabled us to perform the procedure in the immersion mode with the slightest troubles arising from water leakage into the gas chromatography. The superhydrophobic property leads to the fixation of extracting solvent on the substrate surface during water sampling. To prepare a superhydrophobic substrate, a piece of melamine foam was coated by tannic acid and silica nanoparticles using methyltrimethoxysilane and tetramethyl orthosilicate. The morphology of the prepared foams was studied by scanning electron microscopy. The developed solvent-supported microextraction method in combination with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was applied to the isolation and determination of some typical polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from aquatic media. Influential parameters such as substrate nature, extractive solvent, eluting solvent and its quantity and extraction time were investigated. The limits of detection and quantification of the method under the optimized conditions were 0.01-0.11 µg L-1 and 0.03-1.01 µg L-1, respectively. The relative standard deviations at the concentration level of 20 µg L-1 were between 3% and 14% (n = 3). The linearity of calibration curves ranged from 0.03 to 60 µg L-1. The implementation of the solvent-supported method to the analysis of real water samples was quite successful and the relative recoveries were between 88% and 107%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yahya Baktash
- Environmental and Bio-Analytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Asem Yousefi
- Environmental and Bio-Analytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Bagheri
- Environmental and Bio-Analytical Laboratories, Department of Chemistry Sharif University of Technology, P.O. Box 11365-9516, Tehran, Iran.
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70
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Sun R, Sun Y, Li QX, Zheng X, Luo X, Mai B. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments and marine organisms: Implications of anthropogenic effects on the coastal environment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:264-272. [PMID: 29859442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intensive human activities aggravate environmental pollution, particularly in the coastal environment. Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in the sediments and marine species from Zhanjiang Harbor, a large harbor in China. The total PAH concentrations ranged from 151 to 453 ng/g dry weight (dw) in sediments and from 86.7 to 256 ng/g wet weight (ww) in organism tissues. High levels of PAHs occurred in the sample sites next to the estuary. A decrease in PAH levels was observed in comparison to the previous survey prior to 2012. Fish exhibited lower lipid weight normalized PAH concentrations than the other species, which may be related to their efficient metabolic transformation. Three ring PAHs dominated both in marine sediments and species, but low molecular weight PAHs exhibited higher proportions in biota than in sediments (p < 0.05). Petrogenic and pyrolytic sources both contributed to the occurrence of PAHs, and the latter became increasingly important in the study area. The ecological risk from PAHs in the sediments was relatively low (9% incidence of adverse biological effect) according to the effects-based sediment quality guideline values. Exposure to PAHs via consuming seafoods might pose a health risk to local residents. Overall, these results revealed anthropogenic activities in the coastal area have an impact on the local ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runxia Sun
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yue Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, 1955 East-West Road, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Xiaobo Zheng
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Xiaojun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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71
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Škrbić BD, Kadokami K, Antić I. Survey on the micro-pollutants presence in surface water system of northern Serbia and environmental and health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 166:130-140. [PMID: 29886389 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the occurrence of 940 organic micro-pollutants in surface water of four rivers, one irrigation canal system, and two lakes in Vojvodina Province, the northern part of Serbia, summing in total eighteen samples. The number of detected chemicals ranged from 22 to 84, with 127 micro-pollutants detected at least once, representing 13% of the studied substances. The targeted compounds include n-alkanes, sterols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides polychlorinated biphenyls, pesticides, pharmaceutical active compounds, industrial chemicals, plasticizers, etc. Among the analysed compounds, sterols were the most dominant with maximum quantified concentrations. The substances which were quantified with frequency over 50% were two PAHs (2-methylnaphthalene, benzo(ghi)perylene), five sterols (cholesterol, cholestanol, stigmasterol, fucosterol, beta-sitosterol), three pharmaceuticals and personal care products (L-menthol, diethyltoluamide, caffeine), and ten household chemicals (4-tert-octylphenol, dimethyl phthalate, methyl palmitate, phenylethyl alcohol, 1-nonanol, alpha-terpineol, 2-phenoxy-ethanol, methyl myristate, acetophenone, and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol). The list of priority substances under the European Union Directive 2013/39/EU includes 49 priority substances (PSs) out of which 34 were analysed. Among these, eleven PSs were quantified, and only two compounds (fluoranthene and benzo (a) pyrene) exceeded EU Environmental Quality Standards targeted values. The obtained results were compared with the previously published data that dealt with the same targeted number of micro-pollutants in sediment samples. This revealed connections between the same sampling locations. Environmental risk assessment showed the existence of potential ecological risk as 72% of the obtained values for the ecological hazard index (HI) at investigated locations were higher that the targeted value (HI > 1). Estimated values for hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) for non-carcinogenic risk were lower than the targeted value, indicating no non-carcinogenic risk through dermal contact and non-intentional ingestion of water. Estimated values for cancer risk were all below 1 × 10-6, which is not considered to pose significant human health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Science and Technology, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Igor Antić
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Tang J, An T, Li G, Wei C. Spatial distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of SVOCs in water and sediment from Xijiang River, Pearl River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1853-1865. [PMID: 28281139 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9929-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Xijiang River is an important drinking water source in Guangxi Province, China. Along the Xijiang River and surrounding tributary, the pollution profile of three important groups of semi-volatile organic compounds, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalate esters (PAEs), was analyzed. Relatively low levels of PAHs (64-3.7 × 102 ng L-1) and OCPs (16-70 ng L-1), but high levels of PAEs (7.9 × 102-6.8 × 103 ng L-1) occurred in the water. Comparatively, low levels of OCPs (39-1.8 × 102 ng g-1) and PAEs (21-81 ng g-1), but high levels of PAHs (41-1.1 × 103 ng g-1) were found in sediment. Principal component analyses for source identification indicated petroleum-derived residues or coal and biomass combustion, and vehicular emission was the main sources for PAHs. The OCPs sources of each category were almost independent, whereas the new input of HCHs and p,p'-DDTs probably existed in some areas. PAEs were mainly originated from personal care products of urban sewage, plastic and other industrial sources. Ecological risk through the risk quotient analysis indicated a small or significant potential adverse effect on fish, daphnia and green algae. Nevertheless, the integrated risk of all pollutants should be taken into account in future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Taicheng An
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guiying Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Chaohai Wei
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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Cuevas N, Martins M, Costa PM. Risk assessment of pesticides in estuaries: a review addressing the persistence of an old problem in complex environments. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 27:1008-1018. [PMID: 29450674 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-018-1910-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Estuaries, coastal lagoons and other transition ecosystems tend to become the ultimate reservoirs of pollutants transported by continental runoff, among which pesticides constitute the class of most concern. High amounts of dissolved and particulated organic matter greatly contribute to the accumulation of pesticides that eventually become trapped in sediments or find their way along food chains. Perhaps not so surprisingly, it is common to find elevated levels of pesticides in estuarine sediments decades after their embargo. Still, it remains challenging to address ecotoxicity in circumstances that invariably imply mixtures of contaminants and multiple factors affecting bioavailability. Despite advances in methods for detecting pesticides in waters, sediments and organisms, chemical data alone are insufficient to predict risk. Many researchers have been opting for ex situ bioassays that mimic the concentrations of pesticides in estuarine waters and sediments using a range of ecologically relevant model organisms, with emphasis on fish, molluscs and crustaceans. These experimental procedures unravelled novel risk factors and important insights on toxicological mechanisms, albeit with some prejudice of ecological relevance. On the other hand, in situ bioassays, translocation experiments and passive biomonitoring strive to spot causality through an intricate mesh of confounding factors and cocktails of pollutants. Seemingly, the most informative works are integrative approaches that combine different assessment strategies, multiple endpoints and advanced computational and geographical models to determine risk. State-of-art System Biology approaches combining high-content screening approaches involving "omics" and bioinformatics, can assist discovering and predicting novel Adverse Outcome Pathways that better reflect the cumulative risk of persisting and emerging pesticides among the wide range of stressors that affect estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagore Cuevas
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Marta Martins
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
- UCIBIO, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Pedro M Costa
- UCIBIO - Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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74
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Vecchiato M, Turetta C, Patti B, Barbante C, Piazza R, Bonato T, Gambaro A. Distribution of fragrances and PAHs in the surface seawater of the Sicily Channel, Central Mediterranean. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 634:983-989. [PMID: 29660892 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The Mediterranean Sea is highly influenced by several anthropic pressures, including different kinds of organic pollutants. Fragrance Materials (FMs) and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the surface seawater of the Sicily Channel in offshore and coastal areas. Total concentrations of FMs and PAHs resulted respectively up to 112ngL-1 and 43ngL-1, with similar distributions of both classes of analytes. Low values were detected in some coastal samples, due to the upwelling of deep and unpolluted waters, while the presence of gyres probably accumulates contaminants in offshore areas. Confirming previous works, the allergenic and oestrogenic Salicylates generally resulted the most abundant FMs and diagnostic ratios indicated combustion processes as the sources of PAHs. The coupling of the well-known PAHs with a new class of Personal Care Products (PCPs) helped the identification of the major environmental drivers: the results highlighted the role of mesoscale hydrodynamics and suggested long-range atmospheric transport as key factors. The first detection of the selected FMs in open sea areas supports the hypothesis of their environmental persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vecchiato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy.
| | - Clara Turetta
- Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Bernardo Patti
- Institute for Marine and Coastal Environment (IAMC-CNR), Detached Unit of Capo Granitola, via del mare 3, Campobello di Mazara, 91021, Trapani, Italy
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Rossano Piazza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
| | - Tiziano Bonato
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Società Estense Servizi Ambientali (S.E.S.A. S.p.A.), Via Comuna 5/B, 35042 Este, PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics (DAIS), Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy; Institute for the Dynamics of Environmental Processes (IDPA-CNR), Via Torino 155, 30172 Venezia-Mestre, Venice, Italy
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75
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Occurrence and Toxicological Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals in Drinking Water Resources of Southern China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15071422. [PMID: 29986385 PMCID: PMC6068901 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15071422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and heavy metals exposure is related to a variety of diseases and cancer development, posing a great health risk to humans. In this study, water samples were collected from nine important water sources in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces to determine the degree of PAHs and heavy metals contamination. Overall, the total contents of 16 PAHs and heavy metals were found within the permissible levels. In human health risk assessment, the benzo(a)pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) presented a much lower level than the guideline values announced by Chinese Environmental Protection Agency (CEPA) and United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), demonstrating that the PAHs contamination level in drinking water was mostly acceptable. For heavy metals, the Chronic daily intake (CDI), hazard quotient (HQ) or hazard index (HI) suggested that the water quality in nine water sources was desirable and did not present a risk to human health.
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76
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Bi C, Wang X, Jia J, Chen Z. Spatial variation and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons influenced by intensive land use in an urbanized river network of East China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:671-680. [PMID: 29426192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urbanized river networks are strongly influenced by intensive land use, industrial activities and population density. The spatial variations and their influencing factors of 16 priority PAHs were investigated in surface water, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments among areas under different intensive land uses (industrial areas, agricultural areas, inner city, suburban towns and island areas) in the Shanghai river network, East China. Source apportionment was carried out using isomer ratios of PAHs and Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF). Total concentrations of 16 PAHs ranged from 105.2 to 400.5 ng/L, 108.1 to 1058.8 ng/L and 104.4 to 19,480.0 ng/g in water, SPM and sediments, respectively. The concentrations of PAHs in SPM and sediments varied significantly among areas (p < 0.05), with the highest concentrations in inner city characterized by highly intensive land use and high population density. The PAH concentrations in sediments were positively correlated with those in SPM and were more strongly correlated with black carbon than with total organic carbon, indicating a stronger influence of prolonged anthropogenic contamination than the recent surface input in sediments. Biomass and coal combustion contributed strongly to total PAHs, followed by natural gas combustion in water and SPM, and vehicular emissions in sediments. Vehicular emissions were the strongest contributors in SPM and sediments of the inner city, indicating the strong influence of vehicular transportation to PAHs pollution in the urbanized river network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunjuan Bi
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Chongming Ecological Research Center, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
| | - Xueping Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Qinzhou University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Jinpu Jia
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhenlou Chen
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
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77
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Rodrigues CCDS, Santos E, Ramos BS, Damasceno FC, Correa JAM. PAH Baselines for Amazonic Surficial Sediments: A Case of Study in Guajará Bay and Guamá River (Northern Brazil). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:786-791. [PMID: 29721595 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2343-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 16 priority PAH were determined in sediment samples from the insular zone of Guajará Bay and Guamá River (Southern Amazon River mouth). Low hydrocarbon levels were observed and naphthalene was the most representative PAH. The low molecular weight PAH represented 51% of the total PAH. Statistical analysis showed that the sampling sites are not significantly different. Source analysis by PAH ratios and principal component analysis revealed that PAH are primary from a few rate of fossil fuel combustion, mainly related to the local small community activity. All samples presented no biological stress or damage potencial according to the sediment quality guidelines. This study discuss baselines for PAH in surface sediments from Amazonic aquatic systems based on source determination by PAH ratios and principal component analysis, sediment quality guidelines and through comparison with previous studies data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewerton Santos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, São Cristovão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Brunalisa Silva Ramos
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, São Cristovão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - Flaviana Cardoso Damasceno
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Sergipe, Marechal Rondon Avenue, São Cristovão, Sergipe, 49100-000, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Martins Correa
- Geoscience Department, Federal University of Pará, Augusto Correa Street No. 1, Belém, Pará, 66075-110, Brazil
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78
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Dubovina M, Krčmar D, Grba N, Watson MA, Rađenović D, Tomašević-Pilipović D, Dalmacija B. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of organic and inorganic pollutants in the sediments of the transnational Begej canal (Serbia-Romania). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 236:773-784. [PMID: 29459332 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This research is designed to determine the level and types of pollution in the highly contaminated sediments of the international Begej canal in Timiş district, Romania and north-eastern Serbia. The cross-border canal stretch investigated is currently not navigable, but represents an important waterway between the Danube River in Serbia and the city of Timisoara. Surface sediments were monitored annually from 2008 to 2016 at 36 representative sampling locations, with a wide range of analyses, including eight heavy metals of long-term monitoring concern (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As and Hg) and the 16 USEPA PAHs. The purpose of this study was to determine the diversity and impact of anthropogenic and natural sources of pollution at the pollution hot spots on the canal: at the Itebej lock (near the border with Romania) and downstream at the Klek lock. Sediment quality and ecological risk were assessed in order to determine pollutants of concern. Several multi-proxies were applied (e.g. geo-accumulation index (Igeo), ecological risk index (RI) and total benzo[a]pyrene equivalent (B[a]Peq)). To determine and predict trends, multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis of principal component analysis (PCA/FA)) were carried out on the organic and inorganic parameters analysed. In the near-border region, acute and significant ecological impacts were observed. The heavy metals Hg, Cr, Pb, Cu and Zn, and the carcinogenic PAH dibenzo[a,h]anthracene, were historically the most frequently detected harmful substances to biota in this and the wider Pannonia region. This is the first long-term study to quantify and derivate the most frequently detected harmful substances of concern for this and similar sites in the wider region, and is additionally supported by significant national and similar environmental data from previous studies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Dubovina
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dejan Krčmar
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nenad Grba
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Malcolm A Watson
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dunja Rađenović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Dragana Tomašević-Pilipović
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo Dalmacija
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
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79
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Yu Y, Yu Z, Wang Z, Lin B, Li L, Chen X, Zhu X, Xiang M, Ma R. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multi-phases from the drinking water source area of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in South China: Distribution, source apportionment, and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12557-12569. [PMID: 29464605 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1421-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated in the water dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment collected from the water source zone of the Pearl River Delta region. The sum of 16 PAH concentrations ranged from 92.8 to 324 ng/L in the water DP, from 28.8 to 205 ng/L in the SPM, and from 55.7 to 381 ng/g (d.w.) in the sediment. Compared with other areas globally, the PAH levels were considerably moderate in the DP and SPM and relatively low in the sediment. Spatial distribution of PAHs was site-specific, and relatively higher PAH levels were found in the areas with dense population and heavy traffic. The PAH profile was dominated by two- and three-ring PAHs, and PAH pollution was identified of pyrolytic origins. Based on risk quotient, the ecological risk in water was ranked as moderate, but the adverse health risk associated with water ingestion was minimal. Naphthalene and fluorene of the sediment samples showed potential biological impairment in some locations; nevertheless, the mean effects range median quotient suggested that the ecological risk of multiple PAHs was quite low (less than 10% incidence of adverse effects).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjiang Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
| | - Ziling Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Zhengdong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Bigui Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Liangzhong Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xichao Chen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
| | - Mingdeng Xiang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Ruixue Ma
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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80
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Tarafdar A, Sinha A. Public health risk assessment with bioaccessibility considerations for soil PAHs at oil refinery vicinity areas in India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1477-1484. [PMID: 29066207 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Populations living in the vicinity of oil refinery sludge deposition sites may be at greater risk of potential exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through inhalation, ingestion, and direct contact with contaminated media. Three Indian oil refinery sludge deposition sites (at Haldia, Barauni and Guwahati) were chosen for study. Soil samples were collected from three different locations at each site. Mild solvent extraction by butanol and exhaustive extraction by acetone/hexane have been conducted to estimate the bioaccessible PAHs beside the total extractable PAHs content of the soil samples. Concentrations of 13 PAHs in the soils were found to be in a range of 67.02-95.21μg/g and bioaccessible PAHs were in a range of 19.296-36.657μg/g. A probabilistic health risk assessment with bioaccessibility considerations was carried out using Monte Carlo simulations for the estimation of the cancer risk exposed to the PAHs. The 90th percentiles cancer risks with bioaccessibility considerations of soil PAHs for children is 6.506E-05 and for the adults the risk is 6.609E-05. Risk assessments on extracted PAHs from exhaustive solvent extraction can overestimate the risk by 2.87-2.89 folds at 90% confidence level with respect to the biomimetic mild extraction procedure using butanol. According to USEPA above 1×10-6 extra risk of cancer is an alarm towards management. So, public health issues due to PAHs is imminent in these oil refinery vicinity areas. Sensitivity analysis revealed exposure duration (ED) and relative skin adherence factor for soil (AF) as the most influential parameters of the assessment. The profiling and risk assessment study with bioaccessibility considerations of PAHs from soil indicates that high PAHs concentration can lead to higher cancer risk for the vicinity area residents and local government should take immediate management actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhrajyoti Tarafdar
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India
| | - Alok Sinha
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad 826004, Jharkhand, India.
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81
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Gao J, Shi H, Dai Z, Mei X, Zong H, Yang H, Hu L, Li S. Linkages between the spatial toxicity of sediments and sediment dynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary and neighboring East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 233:1138-1146. [PMID: 29042135 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities are driving an increase in sediment contamination in coastal areas. This poses significant challenges for the management of estuarine ecosystems and their adjacent seas worldwide. However, few studies have been conducted on how dynamic mechanisms affect the sediment toxicity in the estuarine environment. This study was designed to investigate the linkages between sediment toxicity and hydrodynamics in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) area. High sediment toxicity was found in the Yangtze River mouth (Region I), the depocenter of the Yangtze River Delta (Region II), and the southeastern area of the adjacent sea (Region III), while low sediment toxicity was found in the northeastern offshore region (Region IV). A spatial comparison analysis and regression model indicated that the distributed pattern of sediment toxicity was likely related to hydrodynamics and circumfluence in the East China Sea (ECS) shelf. Specifically, high sediment toxicity in Region I may be affected by the Yangtze River Pump (YRP) and the low hydrodynamics there, and high toxicity in Region II can be influenced by the low sediment dynamics and fine sediment in the depocenter. The high sediment toxicity in Region III might be related to the combination of the YRP and Taiwan Warm Current, while the low toxicity in Region IV may be influenced by the local coarse-grained relict sand with strong sediment dynamics there. The present research results further suggest that it is necessary to link hydrodynamics and the spatial behavior of sediment and sediment-derived pollutants when assessing the pollution status of estuarine environments, especially for those mega-estuaries and their neighboring ocean environments with complex waves, tides and ocean currents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjuan Gao
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhijun Dai
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qiangdao 266100, China.
| | - Xuefei Mei
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haibo Zong
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Yang
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Hu
- State Key Lab of Estuarine & Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shushi Li
- School of Resources and Environment of Qinzhou University, Qinzhou, China
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82
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Škrbić BD, Kadokami K, Antić I, Jovanović G. Micro-pollutants in sediment samples in the middle Danube region, Serbia: occurrence and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:260-273. [PMID: 29032526 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This is the first comprehensive study on the occurrence of 940 semi-volatile organic compounds including sterols, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), pesticides, plasticizers, and other emerging compounds in 10 river and canal sediments collected in northern Serbia. For quantification of investigated compounds GC-MS-MS (selected reaction monitoring) and GC-MS (using both selected ion monitoring and total ion monitoring) methods were used. The number of detected compounds was in the range of 85-117, while the sum of the concentrations varied from 959 μg/kg dry-wt to 84,445 μg/kg dry-wt. Sterols were quantified with high frequency in nearly 100% of investigated samples suggesting that the studied rivers and canals have been contaminated by sewage. Regarding persistent organic compounds, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, and o,p'-DDT were the dominant members of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs). The concentration range of 11 quantified pesticides of 452 analyzed was from 0.564 to 61.6 μg/kg dry-wt, while the concentration range of 47 quantified PCBs of 90 analyzed was from 0.928 to 32.1 μg/kg dry-wt. OCPs (DDE, DDD, and γ-HCH) and several PAHs (fluoranthene, pyrene, phenanthrene, chrysene, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene) exceeded the maximum values of the sediment quality guidelines. Contents of domestic compounds comprise a large proportion of the total contaminant concentration. Overall, the study reveals that river sediments in Vojvodina Province were moderately polluted mainly by domestic wastewater. The toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) relative to benzo(a)pyrene and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin for seven carcinogenic PAHs and six quantified dioxin-like PCBs ranged from 3.59 to 103 μg TEQ/kg and from 0.001 × 10-3 to 2.10 × 10-3 μg TEQ/kg, respectively, and were in the range or lower than the literature published data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana D Škrbić
- Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
| | - Kiwao Kadokami
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Igor Antić
- Faculty of Technology, Laboratory for Chemical Contaminants and Sustainable Development, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Grigorije Jovanović
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Hajduk Veljkova 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia
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83
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Krčmar D, Dubovina M, Grba N, Pešić V, Watson M, Tričković J, Dalmacija B. Distribution of organic and inorganic substances in the sediments of the "Great Bačka Canal", a European environmental hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:833-844. [PMID: 28578241 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Great Bačka Canal in Serbia is one of the most polluted waterways in Europe. Surface sediments from the canal were subject to systematic annual monitoring between 2007 and 2014 at 33 representative sampling sites. Eight heavy metals (Ni, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, As and Hg), mineral oils, 16 EPA PAHs and selected pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) were monitored. This study aims to evaluate the quality of the sediments and determine the potential ecological risks in order to establish pollutants of interest. The spatial and temporal influence of different and intense sources of pollution are investigated. The analysis includes multivariate statistical methods (factor analysis of principal component analysis (PCA/FA)) in order to assess the extent and origin (anthropogenic or natural, geogenic sources) of the contaminants detected in the sediment samples and the risks the present to the environment. Various sources, predominantly the food industry, were found to be responsible for most of the contamination by Cd, Cu, Cr and Zn, the mineral oils and PAHs (dibenzo[a,h]anthracene and benzo[a]pyrene contributed 86.0% of the total between 2007 and 2014). In contrast, the As was convincingly of geogenic origin, and the Hg, Pb and Ni present exhibit dual origins. Cd and Cu significantly raise the levels of potential ecological risk at all sampling locations, demonstrating the long-term effects of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. Significantly, the results of this work indicate that Cu, As and dibenzo[a,h]anthracene should be added to the EU watch list of emerging contaminants. This is supported by significant national and similar environmental data from countries in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dejan Krčmar
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia.
| | - Miloš Dubovina
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nenad Grba
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Pešić
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Malcolm Watson
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Jelena Tričković
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Božo Dalmacija
- University of Novi Sad Faculty of Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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Kiełbasa A, Buszewski B. River bottom sediment from the Vistula as matrix of candidate for a new reference material. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:237-242. [PMID: 28419950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bottom sediments are very important in aquatic ecosystems. The sediments accumulate heavy metals and compounds belonging to the group of persistent organic pollutants. The accelerated solvent extraction (ASE) was used for extraction of 16 compounds from PAH group from bottom sediment of Vistula. For the matrix of candidate of a new reference material, moisture content, particle size, loss on ignition, pH, and total organic carbon were determined. A gas chromatograph with a selective mass detector (GC/MS) was used for the final analysis. The obtained recoveries were from 86% (SD=6.9) for anthracene to 119% (SD=5.4) for dibenzo(ah)anthracene. For the candidate for a new reference material, homogeneity and analytes content were determined using a validated method. The results are a very important part of the development and certification of a new reference materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kiełbasa
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100 Toruń , Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Chair of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 7 Gagarin St, 87-100 Toruń , Kuyavian-Pomeranian District, Poland.
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