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Abstract
GPCRs (G-protein [guanine nucleotide-binding protein]-coupled receptors) play a central physiological role in the regulation of cardiac function in both health and disease and thus represent one of the largest class of surface receptors targeted by drugs. Several antagonists of GPCRs, such as βARs (β-adrenergic receptors) and Ang II (angiotensin II) receptors, are now considered standard of therapy for a wide range of cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, coronary artery disease, and heart failure. Although the mechanism of action for GPCRs was thought to be largely worked out in the 80s and 90s, recent discoveries have brought to the fore new and previously unappreciated mechanisms for GPCR activation and subsequent downstream signaling. In this review, we focus on GPCRs most relevant to the cardiovascular system and discuss traditional components of GPCR signaling and highlight evolving concepts in the field, such as ligand bias, β-arrestin-mediated signaling, and conformational heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Wang
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W., C.G., H.A.R.)
| | | | - Howard A Rockman
- From the Department of Medicine (J.W., C.G., H.A.R.).,Department of Cell Biology (H.A.R.).,Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology (H.A.R.), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC
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Read C, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Huggins DJ, Sulentic P, Macrae RGC, Yang P, Glen RC, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. CVII. Structure and Pharmacology of the Apelin Receptor with a Recommendation that Elabela/Toddler Is a Second Endogenous Peptide Ligand. Pharmacol Rev 2019; 71:467-502. [PMID: 31492821 PMCID: PMC6731456 DOI: 10.1124/pr.119.017533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The predicted protein encoded by the APJ gene discovered in 1993 was originally classified as a class A G protein-coupled orphan receptor but was subsequently paired with a novel peptide ligand, apelin-36 in 1998. Substantial research identified a family of shorter peptides activating the apelin receptor, including apelin-17, apelin-13, and [Pyr1]apelin-13, with the latter peptide predominating in human plasma and cardiovascular system. A range of pharmacological tools have been developed, including radiolabeled ligands, analogs with improved plasma stability, peptides, and small molecules including biased agonists and antagonists, leading to the recommendation that the APJ gene be renamed APLNR and encode the apelin receptor protein. Recently, a second endogenous ligand has been identified and called Elabela/Toddler, a 54-amino acid peptide originally identified in the genomes of fish and humans but misclassified as noncoding. This precursor is also able to be cleaved to shorter sequences (32, 21, and 11 amino acids), and all are able to activate the apelin receptor and are blocked by apelin receptor antagonists. This review summarizes the pharmacology of these ligands and the apelin receptor, highlights the emerging physiologic and pathophysiological roles in a number of diseases, and recommends that Elabela/Toddler is a second endogenous peptide ligand of the apelin receptor protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Thomas L Williams
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - David J Huggins
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Petra Sulentic
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robyn G C Macrae
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom (C.R., D.N., T.L.W., D.J.H., P.S., R.G.C.M., P.Y., J.J.M., A.P.D.); The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (D.J.H., R.C.G.); and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom (R.C.G.)
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Sunjaya AP, Sunjaya AF, Ferdinal F. Apela/Elabela/Toddler: New perspectives in molecular mechanism of heart failure. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2019; 2019:e201915. [PMID: 31799290 PMCID: PMC6865182 DOI: 10.21542/gcsp.2019.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Despite significant therapeutic advances, heart failure (HF) remains unacceptably high in morbidity and mortality. Additionally, its high-care and costs make HF a deadly and costly disease. First reported independently by two group of researchers, Apela/Elabela/Toddler (ELA) is the second endogenous apelin-receptor ligand discovered which is encoded from a previously classified non-coding gene, and has emerged as a key signalling-pathway in the cardiovascular system. Aims. To explore and summarise the biological effects and diagnostic potential of ELA as a new biomarker for heart failure. Results. ELA (prepro-ELA 54 AA) is a molecule with three isoforms (ELA 11,16 and 32), recently identified as the second endogenous ligand to APJ-receptor and functions to mediate early cardiac development during zebrafish embryogenesis by inducing cardiogenesis, vasculogenesis and bone formation. In adults, it enhances cardiac contractility, promotes vasodilatory effects, mediates fluid homeostasis, reduces food intake, limits kidney dysfunction and exerts anti-atherosclerotic as well as anti-oxidative properties. Conclusion. These results show that ELA, an endogenous agonist of the APJ-receptor exerts cardiovascular effects comparable and potentially more potent than apelin and is found to be downregulated in experimental models and humans with heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony P Sunjaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Angela F Sunjaya
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Frans Ferdinal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Tarumanagara University, Jl. Letjen S. Parman No. 1, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Wang L, Zhang Y, Qu H, Xu F, Hu H, Zhang Q, Ye Y. Reduced ELABELA expression attenuates trophoblast invasion through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in early onset preeclampsia. Placenta 2019; 87:38-45. [PMID: 31546152 DOI: 10.1016/j.placenta.2019.08.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Early onset preeclampsia is linked to abnormal trophoblast invasion, leading to insufficient recasting of uterine spiral arteries and shallow placental implantation. This study investigated ELABELA (ELA) expression and its involvement in the pathogenesis of early onset preeclampsia. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR and Western blot to calculate ELA levels in the placentas. Transwell assays were utilize to assess the invasion and migration of trophoblastic Cells. Western blot was used to identify the concentrations of vital kinases in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways and invasion-related proteins in trophoblast cells. RESULTS ELA was expressed in villous cytotrophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts in placental tissue. Compared with the normal pregnancies, ELA mRNA and protein expression was significantly reduced in early onset preeclampsia placentas. In the HTR-8/SVneo cells, when ELA was knocked down, the invasion and migration capability of cells decreased significantly, with MMP2 and MMP9 expression downregulated and the expression of important kinases in the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways being significantly decreased compared to the control group. Overexpression of ELA was on the contrary. Besides, while PI3K was blocked, the invasion and migration capability of HTR-8/SVneo cells and the expression of key kinases in PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways were decreased significantly. DISCUSSION ELA stimulates the invasion and migration of trophoblastic cells through activation of downstream PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and is complicit in early onset preeclampsia pathogenesis. Our research offers a potential novel treatment for PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Hongmei Qu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, 264000, China
| | - Fengsen Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Yuanhua Ye
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Qingdao Municipal Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China; Department of Obstetrics, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266000, China.
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Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Nyimanu D, Williams TL, Crosby A, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Sawiak SJ, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. A novel cyclic biased agonist of the apelin receptor, MM07, is disease modifying in the rat monocrotaline model of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1206-1221. [PMID: 30710493 PMCID: PMC6468262 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Apelin is an endogenous vasodilatory and inotropic peptide that is down-regulated in human pulmonary arterial hypertension, although the density of the apelin receptor is not significantly attenuated. We hypothesised that a G protein-biased apelin analogue MM07, which is more stable than the endogenous apelin peptide, may be beneficial in this condition with the advantage of reduced β-arrestin-mediated receptor internalisation with chronic use. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Male Sprague-Dawley rats received either monocrotaline to induce pulmonary arterial hypertension or saline and then daily i.p. injections of either MM07 or saline for 21 days. The extent of disease was assessed by right ventricular catheterisation, cardiac MRI, and histological analysis of the pulmonary vasculature. The effect of MM07 on signalling, proliferation, and apoptosis of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells was investigated. KEY RESULTS MM07 significantly reduced the elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline. Monocrotaline-induced changes in cardiac structure and function, including right ventricular end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes, ejection fraction, and left ventricular end-diastolic volume, were attenuated by MM07. MM07 also significantly reduced monocrotaline-induced muscularisation of small pulmonary blood vessels. MM07 stimulated endothelial NOS phosphorylation and expression, promoted proliferation, and attenuated apoptosis of human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Our findings suggest that chronic treatment with MM07 is beneficial in this animal model of pulmonary arterial hypertension by addressing disease aetiology. These data support the development of G protein-biased apelin receptor agonists with improved pharmacokinetic profiles for use in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Cai Read
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Rhoda E. Kuc
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Duuamene Nyimanu
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Thomas L. Williams
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Alexi Crosby
- Department of MedicineUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Mark Southwood
- Department of PathologyPapworth Hospital NHS Foundation TrustCambridgeUK
| | - Stephen J. Sawiak
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - Robert C. Glen
- The Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, CambridgeUK and Computational and Systems Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College LondonUK
| | | | | | - Janet J. Maguire
- Experimental Medicine and ImmunotherapeuticsUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Apelin Reduces Nitric Oxide-Induced Relaxation of Cerebral Arteries by Inhibiting Activation of Large-Conductance, Calcium-Activated K Channels. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2019; 71:223-232. [PMID: 29620606 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Activation of the apelin/APJ receptor signaling system causes endothelium-dependent and nitric oxide (NO)-dependent relaxation in several peripheral arteries. The effects of apelin in cerebral arteries are unknown; however, apelin inhibits voltage-dependent increases in large-conductance, calcium-activated K channel (BKCa) currents in cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. Because NO-induced relaxation of cerebral arteries is mediated, in part, by activation of BKCa channels, the goals of this study were to determine the net effect of apelin in cerebral arteries, as well as test the hypothesis that the actions of apelin in cerebral arteries are secondary to stimulation of APJ receptors. Immunoblot and quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses detected APJ receptors in cerebral arteries of male Sprague-Dawley rats, and immunofluorescence studies using confocal microscopy confirmed APJ receptor localization in smooth muscle cells. In myograph studies, apelin itself had no direct vasomotor effect but inhibited relaxations to the NO-donor, diethylamine NONOate, and to the endothelium-dependent vasodilator, bradykinin. These effects of apelin were mimicked by the selective BKCa-channel blocker, iberiotoxin, and suppressed by the APJ receptor antagonist, F13A. Apelin also inhibited relaxations evoked by the BKCa-channel openers, NS1619 and BMS 191011, but had no effect on relaxation to levcromakalim, a selective KATP-channel opener. Apelin had no effect on diethylamine NONOate-induced or bradykinin-induced increases in cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels. Patch clamp recordings demonstrated that apelin and iberiotoxin each suppressed the increase in BKCa currents induced by DEA and NS1619 in freshly isolated cerebral artery smooth muscle cells. The results demonstrate that apelin inhibits NO-induced relaxation of cerebral arteries through a mechanism involving activation of APJ receptors and inhibition of BKCa channels in cerebral arterial smooth muscle cells.
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Liu Y, Wang L, Shi H. The biological function of ELABELA and APJ signaling in the cardiovascular system and pre-eclampsia. Hypertens Res 2019; 42:928-934. [PMID: 30626933 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-018-0193-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Pre-eclampsia (PE) is a pregnancy-specific syndrome that is characterized by hypertension and proteinuria. The etiology of PE is not completely understood but is believed to involve placental insufficiency and maternal vascular damage. Growing evidence supports an important role for the apelin receptor (APJ) system in regulating cardiovascular physiology. There are two vertebrate APJ ligands, APELIN and ELABELA, both of which mediate vasodilatory functions. A recent study linked deficient ELABELA signaling and the development of PE, though the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. In this review, we summarize the biological function of the ELABELA and APJ system in cardiovascular homeostasis and discuss the potential mechanisms by which ELABELA and APJ regulate placenta trophoblast invasion and vascular functions and participate in the development of PE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Hongjun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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Kuba K, Sato T, Imai Y, Yamaguchi T. Apelin and Elabela/Toddler; double ligands for APJ/Apelin receptor in heart development, physiology, and pathology. Peptides 2019; 111:62-70. [PMID: 29684595 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for the G protein-coupled receptor APJ/AGTRL1/APLNR and is widely expressed throughout human body. In adult hearts Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor axis is potently inotropic, vasodilatory, and pro-angiogenic and thereby contributes to maintaining homeostasis in normal and pathological hearts. Apelin-APJ/Apelin receptor is also involved in heart development including endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, and coronary vascular formation. APJ/Apelin receptor had been originally identified as an orphan receptor for its sequence similarity to Angiotensin II type 1 receptor, and it was later deorphanized by identification of Apelin in 1998. Both Apelin and Angiotensin II are substrates for Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which degrades the peptides and thus negatively regulates their agonistic activities. Elabela/Toddler, which shares little sequence homology with Apelin, has been recently identified as a second endogenous APJ ligand. Elabela plays crucial roles in heart development and disease conditions presumably at time points or at areas of the heart different from Apelin. Apelin and Elabela seem to constitute a spatiotemporal double ligand system to control APJ/Apelin receptor signaling in the heart. These expanding knowledges of Apelin systems would further encourage therapeutic applications of Apelin, Elabela, or their synthetic derivatives for cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan.
| | - Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan; Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
| | - Yumiko Imai
- Laboratory of Regulation of Intractable Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0085, Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yamaguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Sato T, Kuba K. [The functional role of endogenous APJ agonists; Apelin and Elabela/Toddler in cardiovascular diseases]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2019; 153:172-178. [PMID: 30971657 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.153.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Apelin is an endogenous peptide ligand for APJ receptor, which is widely expressed in human body, and exerts various physiological effects such as vasodilation, inotropic effect, water balance, heart development, angiogenesis and energy metabolism. The beneficial effects of Apelin in cardiovascular diseases have been elucidated, and the roles of Apelin in aging-associated diseases are recently implicated. The mechanisms for therapeutic effects of Aplein include an antagonistic action to renin-angiotensin system (RAS) in addition to inotropic and vasodilatory actions. We have revealed that endogenous Apelin negatively regulates RAS via upregulation of Angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). In addition, a second ligand for APJ receptor, Elabela/Toddler, was identified as an essential hormone for heart development, and it has been reported to have physiological effects similar to Apelin. We and others have shown that Elabela exerts inotropic and protective effects in the heart. Although the number of heart failure patients is rapidly increasing, the pathophysiology of heart failure remains elusive and further development of new therapeutic option is awaited. Apelin is a unique bifunctional molecule, which has both inotropic and cardioprotective effects in heart failure, and thus further elucidation of the mechanisms for Apelin/Elabela-APJ signaling would contribute to development of a novel therapeutics for heart failure patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teruki Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
- Department of Cardiology, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Keiji Kuba
- Department of Biochemistry and Metabolic Science, Akita University Graduate School of Medicine
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GPCR structure and function relationship: identification of a biased apelin receptor mutant. Biochem J 2018; 475:3813-3826. [PMID: 30409826 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biased ligands of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) may have improved therapeutic benefits and safety profiles. However, the molecular mechanism of GPCR biased signaling remains largely unknown. Using apelin receptor (APJ) as a model, we systematically investigated the potential effects of amino acid residues around the orthosteric binding site on biased signaling. We discovered that a single residue mutation I109A (I1093.32) in the transmembrane domain 3 (TM3) located in the deep ligand-binding pocket was sufficient to convert a balanced APJ into a G protein signaling biased receptor. APJ I109A mutant receptor retained full capabilities in ligand binding and G protein activation, but was defective in GRK recruitment, β-arrestin recruitment, and downstream receptor-mediated ERK activation. Based on molecular dynamics simulations, we proposed a molecular mechanism for biased signaling of I109A mutant receptor. We postulate that due to the extra space created by I109A mutation, the phenyl group of the last residue (Phe-13) of apelin rotates down and initiates a cascade of conformational changes in TM3. Phe-13 formed a new cluster of hydrophobic interactions with the sidechains of residues in TM3, including F1103.33 and M1133.36, which stabilizes the mutant receptor in a conformation favoring biased signaling. Interruption of these stabilizing interactions by double mutation F110A/I109A or M113A/I109A largely restored the β-arrestin-mediated signaling. Taken together, we describe herein the discovery of a biased APJ mutant receptor and provide detailed molecular insights into APJ signaling selectivity, facilitating the discovery of novel therapeutics targeting APJ.
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van Gastel J, Hendrickx JO, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Luttrell LM, Martin B, Maudsley S. β-Arrestin Based Receptor Signaling Paradigms: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Complex Age-Related Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1369. [PMID: 30546309 PMCID: PMC6280185 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) were first characterized as signal transducers that elicit downstream effects through modulation of guanine (G) nucleotide-binding proteins. The pharmacotherapeutic exploitation of this signaling paradigm has created a drug-based field covering nearly 50% of the current pharmacopeia. Since the groundbreaking discoveries of the late 1990s to the present day, it is now clear however that GPCRs can also generate productive signaling cascades through the modulation of β-arrestin functionality. β-Arrestins were first thought to only regulate receptor desensitization and internalization - exemplified by the action of visual arrestin with respect to rhodopsin desensitization. Nearly 20 years ago, it was found that rather than controlling GPCR signal termination, productive β-arrestin dependent GPCR signaling paradigms were highly dependent on multi-protein complex formation and generated long-lasting cellular effects, in contrast to G protein signaling which is transient and functions through soluble second messenger systems. β-Arrestin signaling was then first shown to activate mitogen activated protein kinase signaling in a G protein-independent manner and eventually initiate protein transcription - thus controlling expression patterns of downstream proteins. While the possibility of developing β-arrestin biased or functionally selective ligands is now being investigated, no additional research has been performed on its possible contextual specificity in treating age-related disorders. The ability of β-arrestin-dependent signaling to control complex and multidimensional protein expression patterns makes this therapeutic strategy feasible, as treating complex age-related disorders will likely require therapeutics that can exert network-level efficacy profiles. It is our understanding that therapeutically targeting G protein-independent effectors such as β-arrestin will aid in the development of precision medicines with tailored efficacy profiles for disease/age-specific contextualities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jhana O Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Louis M Luttrell
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Medical Genetics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Translational Neurobiology Group, Centre for Molecular Neuroscience, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium
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63
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Lou Y, Luo M, Lu Y, Li Z, Wang Y, Miao L. Elabela, a newly discovered APJ ligand: Similarities and differences with Apelin. Peptides 2018; 109:23-32. [PMID: 30267732 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Apelin/APJ system is involved in a wide range of biological functions. For a long time, Apelin was thought to be the only ligand for APJ. Recently, a new peptide that acts via APJ and has similar functions, called Elabela, was identified. Elabela has beneficial effects on body fluid homeostasis, cardiovascular health, and renal insufficiency, as well as potential benefits for metabolism and diabetes. In this review, the properties and biological functions of this new peptide are discussed in comparison with those of Apelin. Important areas for future study are also discussed, with the consideration that research on Apelin could guide future research on Elabela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixian Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China; Pediatric Research Institute, Department of Pediatrics, University of Louisville, Louisville, 40202, USA
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Cardiovascular Center, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yan Lou
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Manyu Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yue Lu
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Zhuo Li
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China
| | - Yangwei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
| | - Lining Miao
- Department of Nephrology, Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China.
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64
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Strassheim D, Karoor V, Stenmark K, Verin A, Gerasimovskaya E. A current view of G protein-coupled receptor - mediated signaling in pulmonary hypertension: finding opportunities for therapeutic intervention. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2. [PMID: 31380505 PMCID: PMC6677404 DOI: 10.20517/2574-1209.2018.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Pathological vascular remodeling is observed in various cardiovascular diseases including pulmonary hypertension (PH), a disease of unknown etiology that has been characterized by pulmonary artery vasoconstriction, right ventricular hypertrophy, vascular inflammation, and abnormal angiogenesis in pulmonary circulation. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family in the genome and widely expressed in cardiovascular system. They regulate all aspects of PH pathophysiology and represent therapeutic targets. We overview GPCRs function in vasoconstriction, vasodilation, vascular inflammation-driven remodeling and describe signaling cross talk between GPCR, inflammatory cytokines, and growth factors. Overall, the goal of this review is to emphasize the importance of GPCRs as critical signal transducers and targets for drug development in PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek Strassheim
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Vijaya Karoor
- Departments of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Alexander Verin
- Vascular Biology Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Evgenia Gerasimovskaya
- Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research laboratories, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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65
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Yokoyama Y, Sekiguchi A, Fujiwara C, Uchiyama A, Uehara A, Ogino S, Torii R, Ishikawa O, Motegi SI. Inhibitory Regulation of Skin Fibrosis in Systemic Sclerosis by Apelin/APJ Signaling. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 70:1661-1672. [PMID: 29676521 DOI: 10.1002/art.40533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apelin/APJ signaling has been determined to regulate cardiac and arterial fibrosis and to be involved in the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Our objective was to elucidate the role of apelin in skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS Expression of apelin/APJ in normal and SSc fibroblasts was compared. Effects of small interfering RNA depletion and the addition of apelin in fibroblasts were analyzed. The effect of apelin injections on bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice was investigated. We analyzed the effects of the biased agonist of APJ, MM07, on skin fibrosis in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The expression of apelin in SSc fibroblasts was significantly lower than that in normal fibroblasts. Serum apelin levels were negatively correlated with the modified Rodnan skin thickness score in SSc patients. Stimulation with transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1) inhibited apelin expression in fibroblasts, suggesting that activation of TGFβ1 signaling in SSc might be responsible for reduced apelin expression in SSc fibroblasts. Small interfering RNA depletion of apelin from fibroblasts significantly enhanced fibrosis-related gene expression, and treatment with apelin protein significantly inhibited TGFβ1 signaling in fibroblasts. Administration of apelin significantly inhibited bleomycin-induced dermal fibrosis in mice. We demonstrated that MM07 had greater potential than apelin to inhibit fibrosis in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION Collectively, TGFβ1 signaling and apelin signaling may counteract each other in the fibrotic process of SSc. Inhibitory regulation of TGFβ1-induced skin fibrosis by apelin/APJ signaling may be involved in the pathogenesis of SSc and could be a therapeutic target for fibrosis in SSc patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yokoyama
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Akiko Sekiguchi
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | | | | | - Akihito Uehara
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Sachiko Ogino
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Ryoko Torii
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Osamu Ishikawa
- Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Japan
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66
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Mughal A, Sun C, O'Rourke ST. Activation of Large Conductance, Calcium-Activated Potassium Channels by Nitric Oxide Mediates Apelin-Induced Relaxation of Isolated Rat Coronary Arteries. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 366:265-273. [PMID: 29773582 PMCID: PMC6034271 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.248682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin increases coronary blood flow, cardiac contractility, and cardiac output. Based on these favorable hemodynamic effects, apelin and apelin-like analogs are being developed for treating heart failure and related disorders; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying apelin-induced coronary vasodilation are unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the signaling pathways by which apelin causes smooth muscle relaxation in coronary arteries. Receptors for apelin (APJ receptors) were expressed in coronary arteries, as determined by Western blot and polymerase chain reaction analyses. Immunofluorescence imaging studies identified APJ receptors on endothelial and smooth muscle cells. In isolated endothelial cells, apelin caused an increase in 4,5-diaminofluorescein fluorescence that was abolished by nitro-l-arginine (NLA) and F13A (H-Gln-Arg-Pro-Arg-Leu-Ser-His-Lys-Gly-Pro-Met-Pro-Ala-OH), an APJ receptor antagonist, consistent with increased nitric oxide (NO) production. In arterial rings, apelin caused endothelium-dependent relaxations that were abolished by NLA, F13A, and iberiotoxin. Neither oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ) nor DT-2, a protein kinase G inhibitor, had any effect on apelin-induced relaxations, and apelin itself had no effect on intracellular cGMP accumulation in coronary arteries. Patch-clamp studies in isolated smooth muscle cells demonstrated that the NO donors, diethyl amine NONOate and sodium nitroprusside, caused increases in large conductance, calcium-activated potassium channel (BKCa) currents, which were inhibited by iberiotoxin but not ODQ. Thus, apelin causes endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries by stimulating endothelial APJ receptors and releasing NO, which acts in a cGMP-independent manner and increases BKCa activity in the underlying smooth muscle cells. These results provide a mechanistic basis for apelin-induced coronary vasodilation and may provide guidance for the future development of novel apelin-like therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amreen Mughal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Chengwen Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
| | - Stephen T O'Rourke
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota
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67
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Iyinikkel J, Murray F. GPCRs in pulmonary arterial hypertension: tipping the balance. Br J Pharmacol 2018; 175:3063-3079. [PMID: 29468655 PMCID: PMC6031878 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive, fatal disease characterised by increased pulmonary vascular resistance and excessive proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMC). GPCRs, which are attractive pharmacological targets, are important regulators of pulmonary vascular tone and PASMC phenotype. PAH is associated with the altered expression and function of a number of GPCRs in the pulmonary circulation, which leads to the vasoconstriction and proliferation of PASMC and thereby contributes to the imbalance of pulmonary vascular tone associated with PAH; drugs targeting GPCRs are currently used clinically to treat PAH and extensive preclinical work supports the utility of a number of additional GPCRs. Here we review how GPCR expression and function changes with PAH and discuss why GPCRs continue to be relevant drug targets for the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Iyinikkel
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
| | - Fiona Murray
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and NutritionUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenUK
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68
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Wang W, Zhang D, Yang R, Xia W, Qian K, Shi Z, Brown R, Zhou H, Xi Y, Shi L, Chen L, Xu F, Sun X, Zhu D, Gong DW. Hepatic and cardiac beneficial effects of a long-acting Fc-apelin fusion protein in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e2997. [PMID: 29577579 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and exhibits anti-diabetes and anti-heart failure activities. However, short serum half-life of the apelin peptide limits its potential clinical applications. This study aimed to develop a long-acting apelin analog. METHODS To extend apelin's in vivo half-life, we made a recombinant protein by fusing the IgG Fc fragment to apelin-13 (Fc-apelin-13), conducted pharmacokinetics studies in mice, and determined in vitro biological activities in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling by reporter assays. We investigated the effects of Fc-apelin-13 on food intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance test, hepatic steatosis, and cardiac function and fibrosis by subcutaneous administration of Fc-apelin-13 in diet-induced obese mice for 4 weeks. RESULTS The estimated half-life of Fc-apelin-13 in blood was approximately 33 hours. Reporter assays showed that Fc-apelin-13 was active in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element and activating serum response element activities. Four weeks of Fc-apelin-13 treatment in obese mice did not affect food intake and body weight, but resulted in a significant improvement of glucose tolerance, and a decrease in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as well as in serum alanine transaminase levels. Moreover, cardiac stroke volume and output were increased and cardiac fibrosis was decreased in the treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Fc-apelin-13 fusion protein has an extended in vivo half-life and exerts multiple benefits on obese mice with respect to the improvement of glucose disposal, amelioration of liver steatosis and heart fibrosis, and increase of cardiac output. Hence, Fc-apelin-13 is potentially a therapeutic for obesity-associated disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhengrong Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yue Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojian Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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69
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Hwangbo C, Wu J, Papangeli I, Adachi T, Sharma B, Park S, Zhao L, Ju H, Go GW, Cui G, Inayathullah M, Job JK, Rajadas J, Kwei SL, Li MO, Morrison AR, Quertermous T, Mani A, Red-Horse K, Chun HJ. Endothelial APLNR regulates tissue fatty acid uptake and is essential for apelin's glucose-lowering effects. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/407/eaad4000. [PMID: 28904225 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus continues to pose an important clinical challenge, with most existing therapies lacking demonstrable ability to improve cardiovascular outcomes. The atheroprotective peptide apelin (APLN) enhances glucose utilization and improves insulin sensitivity. However, the mechanism of these effects remains poorly defined. We demonstrate that the expression of APLNR (APJ/AGTRL1), the only known receptor for apelin, is predominantly restricted to the endothelial cells (ECs) of multiple adult metabolic organs, including skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. Conditional endothelial-specific deletion of Aplnr (AplnrECKO ) resulted in markedly impaired glucose utilization and abrogation of apelin-induced glucose lowering. Furthermore, we identified inactivation of Forkhead box protein O1 (FOXO1) and inhibition of endothelial expression of fatty acid (FA) binding protein 4 (FABP4) as key downstream signaling targets of apelin/APLNR signaling. Both the Apln-/- and AplnrECKO mice demonstrated increased endothelial FABP4 expression and excess tissue FA accumulation, whereas concurrent endothelial Foxo1 deletion or pharmacologic FABP4 inhibition rescued the excess FA accumulation phenotype of the Apln-/- mice. The impaired glucose utilization in the AplnrECKO mice was associated with excess FA accumulation in the skeletal muscle. Treatment of these mice with an FABP4 inhibitor abrogated these metabolic phenotypes. These findings provide mechanistic insights that could greatly expand the therapeutic repertoire for type 2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Hwangbo
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Jingxia Wu
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Irinna Papangeli
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Takaomi Adachi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Saejeong Park
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Lina Zhao
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Hyekyung Ju
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Gwang-Woong Go
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Guoliang Cui
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Mohammed Inayathullah
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Judith K Job
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Jayakumar Rajadas
- Biomaterials and Advanced Drug Delivery Laboratory, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Stephanie L Kwei
- Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Ming O Li
- Immunology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Alan R Morrison
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94304, USA
| | - Hyung J Chun
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06511, USA.
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70
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Zhang J, Wan Y, Fang C, Chen J, Ouyang W, Li J, Wang Y. The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 25 (GPR25) is activated by Apelin and Apela in non-mammalian vertebrates. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 501:408-414. [PMID: 29727602 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.04.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 25 (GPR25) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor in vertebrates, that has been implicated to be associated with autoimmune diseases and regulate blood pressure in humans. However, the endogenous ligand of GPR25 remains unknown in vertebrates. Here, we reported that in non-mammalian vertebrates (zebrafish, spotted gars, and pigeons), GPR25 could be activated by Apelin and Apela peptides, which are also the two endogenous ligands of vertebrate Apelin receptor (APLNR). Using the pGL3-CRE-luciferase reporter assay and confocal microscopy, we first demonstrated that like APLNR, zebrafish GPR25 expressing in HEK293 cells could be effectively activated by zebrafish Apelin and Apela peptides, leading to the inhibition of forskolin-stimulated cAMP production and receptor internalization. Like zebrafish GPR25, pigeon and spotted gar GPR25 could also be activated by Apelin and Apela, and their activation could inhibit forskolin-induced cAMP accumulation. Interestingly, unlike zebrafish (/spotted gar/pigeon) GPR25, human GPR25 could not be activated by Apelin and Apela under the same experimental conditions. RNA-seq analysis further revealed that GPR25 is expressed in a variety of tissues, including the testes and intestine of zebrafish/spotted gars/humans, implying the potential roles of GPR25 signaling in many physiological processes in vertebrates. Taken together, our data not only provides the first proof that the orphan receptor GPR25 possesses two potential ligands 'Apelin and Apela' and its activation decreases intracellular cAMP levels in non-mammalian vertebrates, but also facilitates to unravel the physiological roles of GPR25 signaling in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yiping Wan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Junan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Wangan Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Juan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, China.
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Murza A, Trân K, Bruneau-Cossette L, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Lavigne P, Sarret P, Marsault É. Apelins, ELABELA, and their derivatives: Peptidic regulators of the cardiovascular system and beyond. Pept Sci (Hoboken) 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pep2.24064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Laurent Bruneau-Cossette
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Pierre Lavigne
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie et Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke Québec J1H 5N4 Canada
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Desimine VL, McCrink KA, Parker BM, Wertz SL, Maning J, Lymperopoulos A. Biased Agonism/Antagonism of Cardiovascular GPCRs for Heart Failure Therapy. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 339:41-61. [PMID: 29776604 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are among the most important drug targets currently used in clinic, including drugs for cardiovascular indications. We now know that, in addition to activating heterotrimeric G protein-dependent signaling pathways, GPCRs can also activate G protein-independent signaling, mainly via the βarrestins. The major role of βarrestin1 and -2, also known as arrestin2 or -3, respectively, is to desensitize GPCRs, i.e., uncoupled them from G proteins, and to subsequently internalize the receptor. As the βarrestin-bound GPCR recycles inside the cell, it serves as a signalosome transducing signals in the cytoplasm. Since both G proteins and βarrestins can transduce signals from the same receptor independently of each other, any given GPCR agonist might selectively activate either pathway, which would make it a biased agonist for that receptor. Although this selectivity is always relative (never absolute), in cases where the G protein- and βarrestin-dependent signals emanating from the same GPCR result in different cellular effects, pharmacological exploitation of GPCR-biased agonism might have therapeutic potential. In this chapter, we summarize the GPCR signaling pathways and their biased agonism/antagonism examples discovered so far that can be exploited for heart failure treatment. We also highlight important issues that need to be clarified along the journey of these ligands from bench to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Desimine
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Katie A McCrink
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Barbara M Parker
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Shelby L Wertz
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Jennifer Maning
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States
| | - Anastasios Lymperopoulos
- From the Laboratory for the Study of Neurohormonal Control of the Circulation, Nova Southeastern University College of Pharmacy, Fort Lauderdale, FL, United States.
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Xu J, Chen L, Jiang Z, Li L. Biological functions of Elabela, a novel endogenous ligand of APJ receptor. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:6472-6482. [PMID: 29350399 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor APJ and its cognate ligand, apelin, are widely expressed throughout human body. They are implicated in different key physiological processes such as angiogenesis, cardiovascular functions, fluid homeostasis, and energy metabolism regulation. Recently, a new endogenous peptidic ligand of APJ, named Elabela, has been identified and shown to play a crucial role in embryonic development. In addition, increasing evidences show that Elabela is also intimate associated with a large number of physiological processes in adulthood. However, a comprehensive summary of Elabela has not been reported to date. In this review, we provide an overview of the biological functions of Elabela. Collectively, Elabela, a potential therapeutic peptide, exerts diverse biological functions in both embryos and adult organisms, such as dysontogenesis, self-renewing of human embryonic stem cells, endoderm differentiation, heart morphogenesis, cardiac dyfunctions, blood pressure control, angiogenesis, blood pressure control, regulation of food and water intake, bone formation, and kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Xu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Linxi Chen
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Zhisheng Jiang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lanfang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, Learning Key Laboratory for Pharmacoproteomics, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, P.R. China
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Besserer-Offroy É, Bérubé P, Côté J, Murza A, Longpré JM, Dumaine R, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Leduc R, Marsault É, Sarret P. The hypotensive effect of activated apelin receptor is correlated with β-arrestin recruitment. Pharmacol Res 2018. [PMID: 29530600 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The apelinergic system is an important player in the regulation of both vascular tone and cardiovascular function, making this physiological system an attractive target for drug development for hypertension, heart failure and ischemic heart disease. Indeed, apelin exerts a positive inotropic effect in humans whilst reducing peripheral vascular resistance. In this study, we investigated the signaling pathways through which apelin exerts its hypotensive action. We synthesized a series of apelin-13 analogs whereby the C-terminal Phe13 residue was replaced by natural or unnatural amino acids. In HEK293 cells expressing APJ, we evaluated the relative efficacy of these compounds to activate Gαi1 and GαoA G-proteins, recruit β-arrestins 1 and 2 (βarrs), and inhibit cAMP production. Calculating the transduction ratio for each pathway allowed us to identify several analogs with distinct signaling profiles. Furthermore, we found that these analogs delivered i.v. to Sprague-Dawley rats exerted a wide range of hypotensive responses. Indeed, two compounds lost their ability to lower blood pressure, while other analogs significantly reduced blood pressure as apelin-13. Interestingly, analogs that did not lower blood pressure were less effective at recruiting βarrs. Finally, using Spearman correlations, we established that the hypotensive response was significantly correlated with βarr recruitment but not with G protein-dependent signaling. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that the βarr recruitment potency is involved in the hypotensive efficacy of activated APJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élie Besserer-Offroy
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Patrick Bérubé
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Richard Leduc
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Éric Marsault
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology-Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada; Institut de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec J1H 5N4, Canada.
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Trân K, Murza A, Sainsily X, Coquerel D, Côté J, Belleville K, Haroune L, Longpré JM, Dumaine R, Salvail D, Lesur O, Auger-Messier M, Sarret P, Marsault É. A Systematic Exploration of Macrocyclization in Apelin-13: Impact on Binding, Signaling, Stability, and Cardiovascular Effects. J Med Chem 2018; 61:2266-2277. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kien Trân
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Alexandre Murza
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Xavier Sainsily
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - David Coquerel
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jérôme Côté
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Karine Belleville
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Lounès Haroune
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Robert Dumaine
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Dany Salvail
- IPS Thérapeutique Inc., Sherbrooke J1G 5J6, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Lesur
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Mannix Auger-Messier
- Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
| | - Éric Marsault
- Département de Pharmacologie-Physiologie, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec, Canada
- Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke J1H 5N4, Québec Canada
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Xing Y, Zhao S, Wei Q, Gong S, Zhao X, Zhou F, AI-Lamki R, Ortmann D, Du M, Pedersen R, Shang G, Si S, Morrell NW, Yang J. A novel piperidine identified by stem cell-based screening attenuates pulmonary arterial hypertension by regulating BMP2 and PTGS2 levels. Eur Respir J 2018; 51:13993003.02229-2017. [DOI: 10.1183/13993003.02229-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in bone morphogenetic protein type II receptor (BMPRII) signalling and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). The receptor is activated by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands, which also enhance BMPR2 transcription. A small-molecule BMP upregulator with selectivity on vascular endothelium would be a desirable therapeutic intervention for PAH.We assayed compounds identified in the screening of BMP2 upregulators for their ability to increase the expression of inhibitor of DNA binding 1 (Id1), using a dual reporter driven specifically in human embryonic stem cell-derived endothelial cells. These assays identified a novel piperidine, BMP upregulator 1 (BUR1), that increased endothelial Id1 expression with a half-maximal effective concentration of 0.098 μmol·L−1. Microarray analyses and immunoblotting showed that BUR1 induced BMP2 and prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2) expression. BUR1 effectively rescued deficient angiogenesis in autologous BMPR2+/R899X endothelial cells generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and patient cells.BUR1 prevented and reversed PAH in monocrotaline rats, and restored BMPRII downstream signalling and modulated the arachidonic acid pathway in the pulmonary arterial endothelium in the Sugen 5416/hypoxia PAH mouse model.In conclusion, using stem cell technology we have provided a novel small-molecule compound which regulates BMP2 and PTGS2 levels that might be useful for the treatment of PAH.
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Adipokine apelin ameliorates chronic colitis in Il-10 -/- mice by promoting intestinal lymphatic functions. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 148:202-212. [PMID: 29309764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Both mesenteric adipose tissue (MAT) and lymphatic vessels (LVs) play important roles in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease (CD), and adipokines have been implicated in the crosstalk between MAT and LVs. Apelin, a newly identified adipokine, has been demonstrated to be crucial in the development and stabilization of LVs. We aimed to identify the expression of apelin in MAT of CD patients and explore whether apelin influences the disease course in murine colitis and determine its contributions to LVs. Expression of apelin in MAT specimens from patients with CD (n = 24) and without CD (control, n = 12) was detected. Il-10 deficient (Il-10-/-) mice with established colitis were administered apelin, and untreated and wild-type mice served as controls (n = 8 for each group). Disease activity and colonic inflammation was evaluated. The LV density, lymphatic drainage function and related signaling pathways were also analyzed. We found that MAT from CD patients expressed a higher level of apelin compared with that from controls. Systemic delivery of apelin significantly ameliorated chronic colitis in Il-10-/- mice, demonstrated by decreased disease activity index and inflammatory scores, and lower levels of Tnf-α, Il-1β and Il-6. Increased LV density and podoplanin levels indicated that apelin promoted lymphangiogenesis. Evans blue dye and fluorescent lymphangiography revealed an enhanced lymphatic drainage function in apelin-treated mice. The role of apelin was found to be related to the activation of the Akt and Erk signaling pathways. These results indicate that the adipokine apelin was highly expressed in MAT of CD patients and has a promising role in ameliorating experimental colitis by promoting intestinal lymphatic functions, suggesting the potential crosstalk between adipokines and LVs in MAT in CD status. Therapies with adipokines, such as apelin, may be a novel approach for the treatment of CD.
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78
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Arrestins in the Cardiovascular System: An Update. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2018; 159:27-57. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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79
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Vaudry H, Tonon MC, Vaudry D. Editorial: Trends in Regulatory Peptides. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:125. [PMID: 29632516 PMCID: PMC5879090 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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80
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Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu C, Wan Y, Fang C, Li J, Fang W, Yi R, Zhu G, Li J, Wang Y. Characterization of the Apelin/Elabela Receptors (APLNR) in Chickens, Turtles, and Zebrafish: Identification of a Novel Apelin-Specific Receptor in Teleosts. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:756. [PMID: 30631305 PMCID: PMC6315173 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin receptor(s) (APLNR) are suggested to mediate the actions of apelin and Elabela (ELA) peptides in many physiological processes, including cardiovascular development and food intake in vertebrates. However, the functionality of APLNR has not been examined in most vertebrate groups. Here, we characterized two APLNRs APLNR1, APLNR2) in chickens and red-eared sliders, and three APLNRs in zebrafish (APLNR2a, APLNR2b, APLNR3a), which are homologous to human APLNR. Using luciferase-reporter assays or Western blot, we demonstrated that in chickens, APLNR1 (not APLNR2) expressed in HEK293 cells was potently activated by chicken apelin-36 and ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP and MAPK/ERK signaling pathways, indicating a crucial role of APLNR1 in mediating apelin/ELA actions; in red-eared sliders, APLNR2 (not APLNR1) was potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32, suggesting that APLNR2 may mediate apelin/ELA actions; in zebrafish, both APLNR2a and APLNR2b were potently activated by apelin-36/ELA-32 and coupled to Gi-cAMP signaling pathway, as previously proposed, whereas the novel APLNR3a was specifically and potently activated by apelin. Similarly, an apelin-specific receptor (APLNR3b) sharing 57% sequence identity with zebrafish APLNR3a was identified in Nile tilapia. Collectively, our data facilitates the uncovering of the roles of APLNR signaling in different vertebrate groups and suggests a key functional switch between APLNR1 and APLNR2/3 in mediating the actions of ELA and apelin during vertebrate evolution.
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81
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Abstract
Apelin and apela (ELABELA/ELA/Toddler) are two peptide ligands for a class A G-protein-coupled receptor named the apelin receptor (AR/APJ/APLNR). Ligand-AR interactions have been implicated in regulation of the adipoinsular axis, cardiovascular system, and central nervous system alongside pathological processes. Each ligand may be processed into a variety of bioactive isoforms endogenously, with apelin ranging from 13 to 55 amino acids and apela from 11 to 32, typically being cleaved C-terminal to dibasic proprotein convertase cleavage sites. The C-terminal region of the respective precursor protein is retained and is responsible for receptor binding and subsequent activation. Interestingly, both apelin and apela exhibit isoform-dependent variability in potency and efficacy under various physiological and pathological conditions, but most studies focus on a single isoform. Biophysical behavior and structural properties of apelin and apela isoforms show strong correlations with functional studies, with key motifs now well determined for apelin. Unlike its ligands, the AR has been relatively difficult to characterize by biophysical techniques, with most characterization to date being focused on effects of mutagenesis. This situation may improve following a recently reported AR crystal structure, but there are still barriers to overcome in terms of comprehensive biophysical study. In this review, we summarize the three components of the apelinergic system in terms of structure-function correlation, with a particular focus on isoform-dependent properties, underlining the potential for regulation of the system through multiple endogenous ligands and isoforms, isoform-dependent pharmacological properties, and biological membrane-mediated receptor interaction. © 2018 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 8:407-450, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyungsoo Shin
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Calem Kenward
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jan K Rainey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Rostamzadeh F, Najafipour H, Yeganeh-Hajahmadi M, Joukar S. Opioid receptors mediate inotropic and depressor effects of apelin in rats with 2K1C-induced chronic renovascular hypertension. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2017; 45:187-197. [PMID: 28945940 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Revised: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apelin receptors (APJ) cross-talk with other G-protein-coupled receptors. However, the role of APJ interaction with opioid receptors (OPR) on the cardiovascular effects of apelin in hypertension is not clear. Renovascular hypertension was induced by placing a Plexiglas clip on the left kidney of rats. After 16 weeks, F13A (an APJ antagonist), naloxone (a general OPR inhibitor), and nor-binaltorphimine dihydrochloride (nor-BNI; a selective inhibitor of KOR) were given prior to injections of apelin at doses of 40 and 60 μg/kg. The arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure and left ventricular contractility responses were then evaluated. The arterial systolic/diastolic blood pressure in sham and 2K1C rats was 110/71 mm Hg and 171/124 mm Hg, respectively. The hypotensive effects of apelin at both doses were inhibited by F13A and naloxone. Nor-BNI completely inhibited the effects of apelin 40 on arterial pressure, and decreased the effects of 60 μg/kg. KOR inhibition also prevented the compensation for the decrease in the left ventricle +dp/dt max and -dp/dt max caused by apelin 60. The simultaneous inhibition of OPR and APJ reduced arterial pressure and increased cardiac contractility. Findings showed that the OPR, particularly KOR, mediate the inotropic, lusitropic, and depressor effects of apelin. The interaction of the OPR and APJ augments the inotropic and vasodepressor effects of apelin. This interaction may have potential clinical applications in cardiac failure since opioids are currently used in the treatment of myocardial infarction and stroke, and apelin has been introduced as a potential therapeutic agent in cardiovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Rostamzadeh
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hamid Najafipour
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Yeganeh-Hajahmadi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences and Department of Physiology and pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology and Department of Physiology and pharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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83
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Frump AL, Bonnet S, de Jesus Perez VA, Lahm T. Emerging role of angiogenesis in adaptive and maladaptive right ventricular remodeling in pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2017; 314:L443-L460. [PMID: 29097426 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00374.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Right ventricular (RV) function is the primary prognostic factor for both morbidity and mortality in pulmonary hypertension (PH). RV hypertrophy is initially an adaptive physiological response to increased overload; however, with persistent and/or progressive afterload increase, this response frequently transitions to more pathological maladaptive remodeling. The mechanisms and disease processes underlying this transition are mostly unknown. Angiogenesis has recently emerged as a major modifier of RV adaptation in the setting of pressure overload. A novel paradigm has emerged that suggests that angiogenesis and angiogenic signaling are required for RV adaptation to afterload increases and that impaired and/or insufficient angiogenesis is a major driver of RV decompensation. Here, we summarize our current understanding of the concepts of maladaptive and adaptive RV remodeling, discuss the current literature on angiogenesis in the adapted and failing RV, and identify potential therapeutic approaches targeting angiogenesis in RV failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L Frump
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sébastien Bonnet
- Pulmonary Hypertension Research Group, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec Research Center, Laval University , Quebec City, Quebec , Canada
| | - Vinicio A de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary/Critical Care, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California.,Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine , Stanford, California
| | - Tim Lahm
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana.,Richard L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine , Indianapolis, Indiana
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85
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Sharma B, Ho L, Ford GH, Chen HI, Goldstone AB, Woo YJ, Quertermous T, Reversade B, Red-Horse K. Alternative Progenitor Cells Compensate to Rebuild the Coronary Vasculature in Elabela- and Apj-Deficient Hearts. Dev Cell 2017; 42:655-666.e3. [PMID: 28890073 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Organogenesis during embryonic development occurs through the differentiation of progenitor cells. This process is extraordinarily accurate, but the mechanisms ensuring high fidelity are poorly understood. Coronary vessels of the mouse heart derive from at least two progenitor pools, the sinus venosus and endocardium. We find that the ELABELA (ELA)-APJ signaling axis is only required for sinus venosus-derived progenitors. Because they do not depend on ELA-APJ, endocardial progenitors are able to expand and compensate for faulty sinus venosus development in Apj mutants, leading to normal adult heart function. An upregulation of endocardial SOX17 accompanied compensation in Apj mutants, which was also seen in Ccbe1 knockouts, indicating that the endocardium is activated in multiple cases where sinus venosus angiogenesis is stunted. Our data demonstrate that by diversifying their responsivity to growth cues, distinct coronary progenitor pools are able to compensate for each other during coronary development, thereby providing robustness to organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikram Sharma
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Lena Ho
- Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Gretchen Hazel Ford
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Biology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, CA 94132, USA
| | - Heidi I Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew B Goldstone
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Health Research and Policy - Epidemiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Y Joseph Woo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Department of Medicine and Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bruno Reversade
- Human Genetics and Embryology Laboratory, Institute of Medical Biology, A(∗)STAR, Singapore 138648, Singapore
| | - Kristy Red-Horse
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert C. Wirka
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Thomas Quertermous
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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87
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O’Carroll AM, Salih S, Griffiths PR, Bijabhai A, Knepper MA, Lolait SJ. Expression and functional implications of the renal apelinergic system in rodents. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183094. [PMID: 28817612 PMCID: PMC5560558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Apelin binds to the G protein-coupled apelin receptor (APJ; gene name aplnr) to modulate diverse physiological systems including cardiovascular function, and hydromineral and metabolic balance. Recently a second endogenous ligand for APJ, named apela, has been discovered. We confirm that apela activates signal transduction pathways (ERK activation) in cells expressing the cloned rat APJ. Previous studies suggest that exogenous apela is diuretic, attributable wholly or in part to an action on renal APJ. Thus far the cellular distribution of apela in the kidney has not been reported. We have utilized in situ hybridization histochemistry to reveal strong apela labelling in the inner medulla (IM), with lower levels observed in the inner stripe of the outer medulla (ISOM), of rat and mouse kidneys. This contrasts with renal aplnr expression where the converse is apparent, with intense labelling in the ISOM (consistent with vasa recta labelling) and low-moderate hybridization in the IM, in addition to labelling of glomeruli. Apelin is found in sparsely distributed cells amongst more prevalent aplnr-labelled cells in extra-tubular regions of the medulla. This expression profile is supported by RNA-Seq data that shows that apela, but not apelin or aplnr, is highly expressed in microdissected rat kidney tubules. If endogenous tubular apela promotes diuresis in the kidney it could conceivably do this by interacting with APJ in vasculature, or via an unknown receptor in the tubules. The comparative distribution of apela, apelin and aplnr in the rodent kidney lays the foundation for future work on how the renal apelinergic system interacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Marie O’Carroll
- Bristol Medical School, HW-LINE, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Sabrine Salih
- Bristol Medical School, HW-LINE, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Philip R. Griffiths
- Bristol Medical School, HW-LINE, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Aarifah Bijabhai
- Bristol Medical School, HW-LINE, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Mark A. Knepper
- Epithelial Systems Biology Laboratory, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Stephen J. Lolait
- Bristol Medical School, HW-LINE, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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88
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Targeting the apelin pathway as a novel therapeutic approach for cardiovascular diseases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1942-1950. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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89
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McKinnie SMK, Wang W, Fischer C, McDonald T, Kalin KR, Iturrioz X, Llorens-Cortes C, Oudit GY, Vederas JC. Synthetic Modification within the “RPRL” Region of Apelin Peptides: Impact on Cardiovascular Activity and Stability to Neprilysin and Plasma Degradation. J Med Chem 2017; 60:6408-6427. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun M. K. McKinnie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Wang Wang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - Conrad Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Tyler McDonald
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Kevin R. Kalin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Xavier Iturrioz
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Catherine Llorens-Cortes
- Laboratory of Central Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Body Fluid Homeostasis and Cardiovascular Functions, INSERM, U1050, Paris, F-75005, France
- Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology (CIRB), College de France, Paris, F-75005, France
- CNRS, UMR 7241, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Gavin Y. Oudit
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
- Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute, University of Alberta, 8440-112 Street NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2B7, Canada
| | - John C. Vederas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive NW, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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90
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Tatin F, Renaud-Gabardos E, Godet AC, Hantelys F, Pujol F, Morfoisse F, Calise D, Viars F, Valet P, Masri B, Prats AC, Garmy-Susini B. Apelin modulates pathological remodeling of lymphatic endothelium after myocardial infarction. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93887. [PMID: 28614788 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic endothelium serves as a barrier to control fluid balance and immune cell trafficking to maintain tissue homeostasis. Long-term alteration of lymphatic vasculature promotes edema and fibrosis, which is an aggravating factor in the onset of cardiovascular diseases such as myocardial infarction. Apelin is a bioactive peptide that plays a central role in angiogenesis and cardiac contractility. Despite an established role of apelin in lymphangiogenesis, little is known about its function in the cardiac lymphatic endothelium. Here, we show that apelin and its receptor APJ were exclusively expressed on newly formed lymphatic vasculature in a pathological model of myocardial infarction. Using an apelin-knockout mouse model, we identified morphological and functional defects in lymphatic vasculature associated with a proinflammatory status. Surprisingly, apelin deficiency increased the expression of lymphangiogenic growth factors VEGF-C and VEGF-D and exacerbated lymphangiogenesis after myocardial infarction. Conversely, the overexpression of apelin in ischemic heart was sufficient to restore a functional lymphatic vasculature and to reduce matrix remodeling and inflammation. In vitro, the expression of apelin prevented the alteration of cellular junctions in lymphatic endothelial cells induced by hypoxia. In addition, we demonstrated that apelin controls the secretion of the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate in lymphatic endothelial cells by regulating the level of expression of sphingosine kinase 2 and the transporter SPNS2. Taken together, our results show that apelin plays a key role in lymphatic vessel maturation and stability in pathological settings. Thus, apelin may represent a novel candidate to prevent pathological lymphatic remodeling in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Fanny Viars
- MetaToul-Lipidomique Core Facility, I2MC INSERM 1048, Toulouse, France
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91
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Endothelial and Perivascular Adipose Tissue Abnormalities in Obesity-Related Vascular Dysfunction: Novel Targets for Treatment. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2017; 69:360-368. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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92
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Schinzari F, Veneziani A, Mores N, Barini A, Di Daniele N, Cardillo C, Tesauro M. Beneficial Effects of Apelin on Vascular Function in Patients With Central Obesity. Hypertension 2017; 69:942-949. [DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.116.08916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Patients with central obesity have impaired insulin-stimulated vasodilation and increased ET-1 (endothelin 1) vasoconstriction, which may contribute to insulin resistance and vascular damage. Apelin enhances insulin sensitivity and glucose disposal but also acts as a nitric oxide (NO)–dependent vasodilator and a counter-regulator of AT
1
(angiotensin [Ang] II type 1) receptor–induced vasoconstriction. We, therefore, examined the effects of exogenous (Pyr
1
)apelin on NO-mediated vasodilation and Ang II– or ET-1–dependent vasoconstrictor tone in obese patients. In the absence of hyperinsulinemia, forearm blood flow responses to graded doses of acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside were not different during saline or apelin administration (both
P
>0.05). During intra-arterial infusion of regular insulin, however, apelin enhanced the vasodilation induced by both acetylcholine and nitroprusside (both
P
<0.05). Interestingly, the vasodilator effect of concurrent blockade of AT
1
(telmisartan) and AT
2
(PD 123,319) receptors was blunted by apelin (3±5% versus 32±9%;
P
<0.05). Similarly, during apelin administration, blockade of ET
A
receptors (BQ-123) resulted in lower vasodilator response than during saline (23±10% versus 65±12%;
P
<0.05). NO synthase inhibition by L-NMMA (
l
-
N
-monometylarginine) during the concurrent blockade of either Ang II or ET
A
receptors resulted in similar vasoconstriction in the absence or presence of apelin (
P
>0.05). In conclusion, in patients with central obesity, apelin has favorable effects not only to improve insulin-stimulated endothelium-dependent and endothelium-independent vasodilator responses but also to blunt Ang II– and ET-1–dependent vasoconstriction by a mechanism not involving NO. Taken together, our results suggest that targeting the apelin system might favorably impact some hemodynamic abnormalities of insulin-resistant states like obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Schinzari
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Augusto Veneziani
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Nadia Mores
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Angela Barini
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Nicola Di Daniele
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Carmine Cardillo
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
| | - Manfredi Tesauro
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (F.S., C.C.), Surgery (A.V.), Pharmacology (N.M.), and Biochemistry (A.B.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; and Department of Internal Medicine, University of Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy (N.D.D., M.T.)
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93
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Griffiths PR, Lolait SJ, Harris LE, Paton JFR, O'Carroll AM. Vasopressin V1a receptors mediate the hypertensive effects of [Pyr 1 ]apelin-13 in the rat rostral ventrolateral medulla. J Physiol 2017; 595:3303-3318. [PMID: 28255983 PMCID: PMC5451710 DOI: 10.1113/jp274178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Dysfunctions in CNS regulation of arterial blood pressure lead to an increase in sympathetic nerve activity that participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The apelin‐apelin receptor system affects arterial blood pressure homeostasis; however, the central mechanisms underlying apelin‐mediated changes in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure have not been clarified. We explored the mechanisms involved in the regulation of [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated cardiovascular control within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists. We show that [Pyr1]apelin‐13 acts as a modulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with the vasopressin V1a receptor but that [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐induced sympathoexcitation is independent of angiotensin II receptor type 1, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate and GABAA receptors. Our data confirm a role for the apelin peptide system in cardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
Abstract Apelin is a ubiquitous peptide that can elevate arterial blood pressure (ABP) yet understanding of the mechanisms involved remain incomplete. Bilateral microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), a major source of sympathoexcitatory neurones, increases ABP and sympathetic nerve activity. We aimed to investigate the potential involvement of neurotransmitter systems through which the apelin pressor response may occur within the RVLM. Adult male Wistar rats were anaesthetized and ABP was monitored via a femoral arterial catheter. Bilateral RVLM microinjection of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 significantly increased ABP (9 ± 1 mmHg) compared to saline (−1 ± 2mmHg; P < 0.001), which was blocked by pretreatment with the apelin receptor antagonist, F13A (0 ± 1 mmHg; P < 0.01). The rise in ABP was associated with an increase in the low frequency spectra of systolic BP (13.9 ± 4.3% total power; P < 0.001), indicative of sympathetic vasomotor activation. The [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated pressor response and the increased low frequency spectra of systolic BP response were fully maintained despite RVLM pretreatment with the angiotensin II type 1 receptor antagonist losartan, the oxytocin receptor antagonist desGly‐NH2, d(CH2)5[D‐Tyr2,Thr4]OVT, the ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist kynurenate or the GABAA antagonist bicuculline (P > 0.05). By contrast, the [Pyr1]apelin‐13 induced pressor and sympathoexcitatory effects were abolished by pretreatment of the RVLM with the vasopressin V1a receptor antagonist, SR 49059 (−1 ± 1 mmHg; 1.1 ± 1.1% total power, respectively; P < 0.001). These findings suggest that the pressor action of [Pyr1]apelin‐13 in the RVLM of normotensive rats is not mediated via angiotensin II type 1 receptor, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate or GABAA receptors but instead involves a close relationship with the neuropeptide modulator vasopressin. Dysfunctions in CNS regulation of arterial blood pressure lead to an increase in sympathetic nerve activity that participates in the pathogenesis of hypertension. The apelin‐apelin receptor system affects arterial blood pressure homeostasis; however, the central mechanisms underlying apelin‐mediated changes in sympathetic nerve activity and blood pressure have not been clarified. We explored the mechanisms involved in the regulation of [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐mediated cardiovascular control within the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) using selective receptor antagonists. We show that [Pyr1]apelin‐13 acts as a modulating neurotransmitter in the normotensive RVLM to affect vascular tone through interaction with the vasopressin V1a receptor but that [Pyr1]apelin‐13‐induced sympathoexcitation is independent of angiotensin II receptor type 1, oxytocin, ionotropic glutamate and GABAA receptors. Our data confirm a role for the apelin peptide system in cardiovascular regulation at the level of the RVLM and highlight that this system is a possible potential therapeutic target for the treatment of hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louise E Harris
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Julian F R Paton
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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94
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From apelin to exercise: emerging therapies for management of hypertension in pregnancy. Hypertens Res 2017; 40:519-525. [PMID: 28381873 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2017.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Studies over the last couple of decades have provided exciting new insights into mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. In addition, several novel and innovative molecules and ideas for management of the syndrome have also come forth. While our basic understanding of the initiating events of preeclampsia continues to be placental ischemia/hypoxia stimulating the release of a variety of factors from the placenta that act on the cardiovascular and renal systems, the number of candidate pathways for intervention continues to increase. Recent studies have identified apelin and its receptor, APJ, as an important contributor to the regulation of cardiovascular and fluid balance that is found to be disrupted in preeclampsia. Likewise, continued studies have revealed a critical role for the complement arm of the innate immune system in placental ischemia induced hypertension and in preeclampsia. Finally, the recent increase in animal models for studying hypertensive disorders of pregnancy has provided opportunities to evaluate the potential role for physical activity and exercise in a more mechanistic fashion. While the exact quantitative importance of the various endothelial and humoral factors that mediate vasoconstriction and elevation of arterial pressure during preeclampsia remains unclear, significant progress has been made. Thus, the goal of this review is to discuss recent efforts towards identifying therapies for hypertension during pregnancy that derive from work exploring the apelinergic system, the complement system as well as the role that exercise and physical activity may play to that end.
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95
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McAnally D, Siddiquee K, Sharir H, Qi F, Phatak S, Li JL, Berg E, Fishman J, Smith L. A Systematic Approach to Identify Biased Agonists of the Apelin Receptor through High-Throughput Screening. SLAS DISCOVERY 2017; 22:867-878. [PMID: 28314120 DOI: 10.1177/2472555217699158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Biased agonists are defined by their ability to selectively activate distinct signaling pathways of a receptor, and they hold enormous promise for the development of novel drugs that specifically elicit only the desired therapeutic response and avoid potential adverse effects. Unfortunately, most high-throughput screening (HTS) assays are designed to detect signaling of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) downstream of either G protein or β-arrestin-mediated signaling but not both. A comprehensive drug discovery program seeking biased agonists must employ assays that report on the activity of each compound at multiple discrete pathways, particularly for HTS campaigns. Here, we report a systematic approach to the identification of biased agonists of human apelin receptor (APJ). We synthesized 448 modified versions of apelin and screened them against a cascade of cell-based assays, including intracellular cAMP and β-arrestin recruitment to APJ, simultaneously. The screen yielded potent and highly selective APJ agonists. Representative hits displaying preferential signaling via either G-protein or β-arrestin were subjected to a battery of confirmation assays. These biased agonists will be useful as tools to probe the function and pharmacology of APJ and provide proof of concept of our systematic approach to the discovery of biased ligands. This approach is likely universally applicable to the search for biased agonists of GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle McAnally
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Khandaker Siddiquee
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Haleli Sharir
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Feng Qi
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sharangdhar Phatak
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Jian-Liang Li
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Eric Berg
- 3 21st Century Biochemicals Inc., Marlborough, MA, USA
| | | | - Layton Smith
- 1 Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, and Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA.,2 Center for Metabolic Origins of Disease, Cardiovascular Metabolism Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute at Lake Nona, Orlando, FL, USA
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96
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Vahidi R, Joukar S. Commentary: Acute Myocardial Response to Stretch: What We (don't) Know. Front Physiol 2017; 8:121. [PMID: 28303106 PMCID: PMC5332378 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Vahidi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Baft Branch, Islamic Azad University Baft, Iran
| | - Siyavash Joukar
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Institute of Basic and Clinical Physiology Sciences, Kerman University of Medical SciencesKerman, Iran; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical SciencesKerman, Iran; Physiology Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical SciencesKerman, Iran
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97
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Yang P, Kuc RE, Brame AL, Dyson A, Singer M, Glen RC, Cheriyan J, Wilkinson IB, Davenport AP, Maguire JJ. [Pyr 1]Apelin-13 (1-12) Is a Biologically Active ACE2 Metabolite of the Endogenous Cardiovascular Peptide [Pyr 1]Apelin-13. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:92. [PMID: 28293165 PMCID: PMC5329011 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims: Apelin is a predicted substrate for ACE2, a novel therapeutic target. Our aim was to demonstrate the endogenous presence of the putative ACE2 product [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) in human cardiovascular tissues and to confirm it retains significant biological activity for the apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. The minimum active apelin fragment was also investigated. Methods and Results: [Pyr1]apelin-13 incubated with recombinant human ACE2 resulted in de novo generation of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) identified by mass spectrometry. Endogenous [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was detected by immunostaining in human heart and lung localized to the endothelium. Expression was undetectable in lung from patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. In human heart [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pKi = 8.04 ± 0.06) and apelin-13(F13A) (pKi = 8.07 ± 0.24) competed with [125I]apelin-13 binding with nanomolar affinity, 4-fold lower than for [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pKi = 8.83 ± 0.06) whereas apelin-17 exhibited highest affinity (pKi = 9.63 ± 0.17). The rank order of potency of peptides to inhibit forskolin-stimulated cAMP was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.31 ± 0.28) > [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 9.67 ± 0.04) ≥ apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 9.54 ± 0.05) > [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 9.30 ± 0.06). The truncated peptide apelin-13(R10M) retained nanomolar potency (pD2 = 8.70 ± 0.04) but shorter fragments exhibited low micromolar potency. In a β-arrestin recruitment assay the rank order of potency was apelin-17 (pD2 = 10.26 ± 0.09) >> [Pyr1]apelin-13 (pD2 = 8.43 ± 0.08) > apelin-13(R10M) (pD2 = 8.26 ± 0.17) > apelin-13(F13A) (pD2 = 7.98 ± 0.04) ≥ [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) (pD2 = 7.84 ± 0.06) >> shorter fragments (pD2 < 6). [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and apelin-13(F13A) contracted human saphenous vein with similar sub-nanomolar potencies and [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) was a potent inotrope in paced mouse right ventricle and human atria. [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) elicited a dose-dependent decrease in blood pressure in anesthetized rat and dose-dependent increase in forearm blood flow in human volunteers. Conclusions: We provide evidence that ACE2 cleaves [Pyr1]apelin-13 to [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) and this cleavage product is expressed in human cardiovascular tissues. We have demonstrated biological activity of [Pyr1]apelin-13(1–12) at the human and rodent apelin receptor in vitro and in vivo. Our data show that reported enhanced ACE2 activity in cardiovascular disease should not significantly compromise the beneficial effects of apelin based therapies for example in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Aimée L Brame
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex Dyson
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Mervyn Singer
- Division of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London London, UK
| | - Robert C Glen
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Molecular Informatics, University of CambridgeCambridge, UK; Department of Surgery and Cancer, Biomolecular Medicine, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK
| | - Joseph Cheriyan
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Ian B Wilkinson
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
| | - Janet J Maguire
- Department of Medicine, Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge Cambridge, UK
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Yang P, Read C, Kuc RE, Buonincontri G, Southwood M, Torella R, Upton PD, Crosby A, Sawiak SJ, Carpenter TA, Glen RC, Morrell NW, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Elabela/Toddler Is an Endogenous Agonist of the Apelin APJ Receptor in the Adult Cardiovascular System, and Exogenous Administration of the Peptide Compensates for the Downregulation of Its Expression in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Circulation 2017; 135:1160-1173. [PMID: 28137936 PMCID: PMC5363837 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.116.023218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Elabela/toddler (ELA) is a critical cardiac developmental peptide that acts through the G-protein–coupled apelin receptor, despite lack of sequence similarity to the established ligand apelin. Our aim was to investigate the receptor pharmacology, expression pattern, and in vivo function of ELA peptides in the adult cardiovascular system, to seek evidence for alteration in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in which apelin signaling is downregulated, and to demonstrate attenuation of PAH severity with exogenous administration of ELA in a rat model. Methods: In silico docking analysis, competition binding experiments, and downstream assays were used to characterize ELA receptor binding in human heart and signaling in cells expressing the apelin receptor. ELA expression in human cardiovascular tissues and plasma was determined using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, dual-labeling immunofluorescent staining, and immunoassays. Acute cardiac effects of ELA-32 and [Pyr1]apelin-13 were assessed by MRI and cardiac catheterization in anesthetized rats. Cardiopulmonary human and rat tissues from PAH patients and monocrotaline- and Sugen/hypoxia-exposed rats were used to show changes in ELA expression in PAH. The effect of ELA treatment on cardiopulmonary remodeling in PAH was investigated in the monocrotaline rat model. Results: ELA competed for binding of apelin in human heart with overlap for the 2 peptides indicated by in silico modeling. ELA activated G-protein– and β-arrestin–dependent pathways. We detected ELA expression in human vascular endothelium and plasma. Comparable to apelin, ELA increased cardiac contractility, ejection fraction, and cardiac output and elicited vasodilatation in rat in vivo. ELA expression was reduced in cardiopulmonary tissues from PAH patients and PAH rat models, respectively. ELA treatment significantly attenuated elevation of right ventricular systolic pressure and right ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary vascular remodeling in monocrotaline-exposed rats. Conclusions: These results show that ELA is an endogenous agonist of the human apelin receptor, exhibits a cardiovascular profile comparable to apelin, and is downregulated in human disease and rodent PAH models, and exogenous peptide can reduce the severity of cardiopulmonary remodeling and function in PAH in rats. This study provides additional proof of principle that an apelin receptor agonist may be of therapeutic use in PAH in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiran Yang
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Cai Read
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Rhoda E Kuc
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Mark Southwood
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Rubben Torella
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Paul D Upton
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Alexi Crosby
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - T Adrian Carpenter
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Robert C Glen
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Nicholas W Morrell
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Janet J Maguire
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.)
| | - Anthony P Davenport
- From Experimental Medicine and Immunotherapeutics, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.Y., C.R., R.E.K., J.J.M., A.P.D.); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, UK (G.B., S.J.S., T.A.C.); Department of Pathology, Papworth Hospital, Papworth Everard, Cambridge, UK (M.S.); Centre for Molecular Informatics, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, UK (R.T., R.C.G.); Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, UK (P.D.U., A.C., N.W.M.); and Biomolecular Medicine, Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College, London, UK (R.C.G.).
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Apelin/APJ system: A novel promising therapy target for pathological angiogenesis. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 466:78-84. [PMID: 28025030 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Apelin is the endogenous ligand of the G protein-coupled receptor APJ. Both Apelin and APJ receptor are widely distributed in various tissues such as heart, brain, limbs, retina and liver. Recent research indicates that the Apelin/APJ system plays an important role in pathological angiogenesis which is a progress of new blood branches developing from preexisting vessels via sprouting. In this paper, we review the important role of the Apelin/APJ system in pathological angiogenesis. The Apelin/APJ system promotes angiogenesis in myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, critical limb ischemia, tumor, retinal angiogenesis diseases, cirrhosis, obesity, diabetes and other related diseases. Furthermore, we illustrate the detailed mechanism of pathological angiogenesis induced by the Apelin/APJ system. In conclusion, the Apelin/APJ system would be a promising therapeutic target for angiogenesis-related diseases.
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100
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Galon-Tilleman H, Yang H, Bednarek MA, Spurlock SM, Paavola KJ, Ko B, To C, Luo J, Tian H, Jermutus L, Grimsby J, Rondinone CM, Konkar A, Kaplan DD. Apelin-36 Modulates Blood Glucose and Body Weight Independently of Canonical APJ Receptor Signaling. J Biol Chem 2016; 292:1925-1933. [PMID: 27994053 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.748103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Apelin-36 was discovered as the endogenous ligand for the previously orphan receptor APJ. Apelin-36 has been linked to two major types of biological activities: cardiovascular (stimulation of cardiac contractility and suppression of blood pressure) and metabolic (improving glucose homeostasis and lowering body weight). It has been assumed that both of these activities are modulated through APJ. Here, we demonstrate that the metabolic activity of apelin-36 can be separated from canonical APJ activation. We developed a series of apelin-36 variants in which evolutionarily conserved residues were mutated, and evaluated their ability to modulate glucose homeostasis and body weight in chronic mouse models. We found that apelin-36(L28A) retains full metabolic activity, but is 100-fold impaired in its ability to activate APJ. In contrast to its full metabolic activity, apelin-36(L28A) lost the ability to suppress blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). We took advantage of these findings to develop a longer-acting variant of apelin-36 that could modulate glucose homeostasis without impacting blood pressure (or activating APJ). Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] is 10,000-fold less potent than apelin-36 at activating the APJ receptor but retains its ability to significantly lower blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance in diet-induced obese mice. Apelin-36-[L28C(30kDa-PEG)] provides a starting point for the development of diabetes therapeutics that are devoid of the blood pressure effects associated with canonical APJ activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong Yang
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Maria A Bednarek
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Kevin J Paavola
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Brian Ko
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Carmen To
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Jian Luo
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Hui Tian
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080
| | - Lutz Jermutus
- the Department of Antibody Discovery and Protein Engineering, MedImmune Ltd., Cambridge CB21 6GH, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Grimsby
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Cristina M Rondinone
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Anish Konkar
- the Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease Research, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20878
| | - Daniel D Kaplan
- From NGM Biopharmaceuticals, South San Francisco, California 94080.
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