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Hai P, Zhou Y, Zhang R, Ma J, Li Y, Shao JY, Wang LV. Label-free high-throughput detection and quantification of circulating melanoma tumor cell clusters by linear-array-based photoacoustic tomography. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2017; 22:41004. [PMID: 27832253 PMCID: PMC5995136 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.22.4.041004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cell (CTC) clusters, arising from multicellular groupings in a primary tumor, greatly elevate the metastatic potential of cancer compared with single CTCs. High-throughput detection and quantification of CTC clusters are important for understanding the tumor metastatic process and improving cancer therapy. Here, we applied a linear-array-based photoacoustic tomography (LA-PAT) system and improved the image reconstruction for label-free high-throughput CTC cluster detection and quantification <italic<in vivo</italic<. The feasibility was first demonstrated by imaging CTC cluster <italic<ex vivo</italic<. The relationship between the contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and the number of cells in melanoma tumor cell clusters was investigated and verified. Melanoma CTC clusters with a minimum of four cells could be detected, and the number of cells could be computed from the CNR. Finally, we demonstrated imaging of injected melanoma CTC clusters in rats <italic<in vivo</italic<. Similarly, the number of cells in the melanoma CTC clusters could be quantified. The data showed that larger CTC clusters had faster clearance rates in the bloodstream, which agreed with the literature. The results demonstrated the capability of LA-PAT to detect and quantify melanoma CTC clusters <italic<in vivo</italic< and showed its potential for tumor metastasis study and cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Hai
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yong Zhou
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Ruiying Zhang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jun Ma
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Yang Li
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Jin-Yu Shao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Optical Imaging Laboratory, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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52
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In Vivo Flow Cytometry of Circulating Tumor-Associated Exosomes. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:1628057. [PMID: 27965916 PMCID: PMC5124641 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1628057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) demonstrated the potential as prognostic markers of metastatic development. However, the incurable metastasis can already be developed at the time of initial diagnosis with the existing CTC assays. Alternatively, tumor-associated particles (CTPs) including exosomes can be a more valuable prognostic marker because they can be released from the primary tumor long before CTCs and in larger amount. However, little progress has been made in high sensitivity detection of CTPs, especially in vivo. We show here that in vivo integrated photoacoustic (PA) and fluorescence flow cytometry (PAFFC) platform can provide the detection of melanoma and breast-cancer-associated single CTPs with endogenously expressed melanin and genetically engineered proteins or exogenous dyes as PA and fluorescent contrast agents. The two-beam, time-of-light PAFFC can measure the sizes of CTCs and CTPs and identify bulk and rolling CTCs and CTC clusters, with no influence on blood flow instability. This technique revealed a higher concentration of CTPs than CTCs at an early cancer stage. Because a single tumor cell can release many CTPs and in vivo PAFFC can examine the whole blood volume, PAFFC diagnostic platform has the potential to dramatically improve (up to 105-fold) the sensitivity of cancer diagnosis.
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53
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Harrington WN, Haji MR, Galanzha EI, Nedosekin DA, Nima ZA, Watanabe F, Ghosh A, Biris AS, Zharov VP. Photoswitchable non-fluorescent thermochromic dye-nanoparticle hybrid probes. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36417. [PMID: 27824110 PMCID: PMC5099817 DOI: 10.1038/srep36417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins with controllable light-dark states and spectral shifts in emission in response to light have led to breakthroughs in the study of cell biology. Nevertheless, conventional photoswitching is not applicable for weakly fluorescent proteins and requires UV light with low depth penetration in bio-tissue. Here we introduce a novel concept of photoswitchable hybrid probes consisting of thermochromic dye and absorbing nanoparticles, in which temperature-sensitive light-dark states and spectral shifts in absorption can be switched through controllable photothermal heating of doped nanoparticles. The proof-of-concept is demonstrated through the use of two different types of temperature-sensitive dyes doped with magnetic nanoparticles and reversibly photoswitched by a near-infrared laser. Photoacoustic imaging revealed the high contrast of these probes, which is sufficient for their visualization in cells and deep tissue. Our results suggest that these new photoswitchable multicolour probes can be used for multimodal cellular diagnostics and potentially for magnetic and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter N. Harrington
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Mwafaq R. Haji
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR
| | - Anindya Ghosh
- Chemistry Department, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock AR
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
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54
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Wang J, Chen F, Arconada-Alvarez SJ, Hartanto J, Yap LP, Park R, Wang F, Vorobyova I, Dagliyan G, Conti PS, Jokerst JV. A Nanoscale Tool for Photoacoustic-Based Measurements of Clotting Time and Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Heparin. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6265-6271. [PMID: 27668964 PMCID: PMC5623117 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Heparin anticoagulation therapy is an indispensable feature of clinical care yet has a narrow therapeutic window and is the second most common intensive care unit (ICU) medication error. The active partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) monitors heparin but suffers from long turnaround times, a variable reference range, limited utility with low molecular weight heparin, and poor correlation to dose. Here, we describe a photoacoustic imaging technique to monitor heparin concentration using methylene blue as a simple and Federal Drug Administration-approved contrast agent. We found a strong correlation between heparin concentration and photoacoustic signal measured in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and blood. Clinically relevant heparin concentrations were detected in blood in 32 s with a detection limit of 0.28 U/mL. We validated this imaging approach by correlation to the aPTT (Pearson's r = 0.86; p < 0.05) as well as with protamine sulfate treatment. This technique also has good utility with low molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) including a blood detection limit of 72 μg/mL. We then used these findings to create a nanoparticle-based hybrid material that can immobilize methylene blue for potential applications as a wearable/implantable heparin sensor to maintain drug levels in the therapeutic window. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first use of photoacoustics to image anticoagulation therapy with significant potential implications to the cardiovascular and surgical community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxin Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - James Hartanto
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Li-Peng Yap
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Ryan Park
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- University of Science and Technology Beijing, Research Center for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, Beijing 100083, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ivetta Vorobyova
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Grant Dagliyan
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Peter S. Conti
- Molecular Imaging Center, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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55
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Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry for Single Sickle Cell Detection In Vitro and In Vivo. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2016; 2016:2642361. [PMID: 27699143 PMCID: PMC5028878 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2642361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Control of sickle cell disease (SCD) stage and treatment efficiency are still time-consuming which makes well-timed prevention of SCD crisis difficult. We show here that in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has a potential for real-time monitoring of circulating sickled cells in mouse model. In vivo data were verified by in vitro PAFC and photothermal (PT) and PA spectral imaging of sickle red blood cells (sRBCs) expressing SCD-associated hemoglobin (HbS) compared to normal red blood cells (nRBCs). We discovered that PT and PA signal amplitudes from sRBCs in linear mode were 2–4-fold lower than those from nRBCs. PT and PA imaging revealed more profound spatial hemoglobin heterogeneity in sRBCs than in nRBCs, which can be associated with the presence of HbS clusters with high local absorption. This hypothesis was confirmed in nonlinear mode through nanobubble formation around overheated HbS clusters accompanied by spatially selective signal amplification. More profound differences in absorption of sRBCs than in nRBCs led to notable increase in PA signal fluctuation (fluctuation PAFC mode) as an indicator of SCD. The obtained data suggest that noninvasive label-free fluctuation PAFC has a potential for real-time enumeration of sRBCs both in vitro and in vivo.
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56
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Menyaev YA, Carey KA, Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Stumhofer JS, Zharov VP. Preclinical photoacoustic models: application for ultrasensitive single cell malaria diagnosis in large vein and artery. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2016; 7:3643-3658. [PMID: 27699126 PMCID: PMC5030038 DOI: 10.1364/boe.7.003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry (PAFC) has demonstrated potential for early diagnosis of deadly diseases through detection of rare circulating tumor cells, pathogens, and clots in nearly the entire blood volume. Before clinical application, this promising diagnostic platform requires verification and optimization using adequate preclinical models. We show here that this can be addressed by examination of large mouse blood vessels which are similar in size, depth and flow velocity to human vessels used in PAFC. Using this model, we verified the capability of PAFC for ultrasensitive, noninvasive, label-free, rapid malaria diagnosis. The time-resolved detection of delayed PA signals from deep vessels provided complete elimination of background from strongly pigmented skin. We discovered that PAFC's sensitivity is higher during examination of infected cells in arteries compared to veins at similar flow rate. Our advanced PAFC platform integrating a 1060 nm laser with tunable pulse rate and width, a wearable probe with a focused transducer, and linear and nonlinear nanobubble-amplified signal processing demonstrated detection of parasitemia at the unprecedented level of 0.00000001% within 20 seconds and the potential to further improve the sensitivity 100-fold in humans, that is approximately 106 times better than in existing malaria tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Equal contribution
| | - Kai A Carey
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA; Equal contribution
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA;
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57
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Sawada T, Araki J, Yamashita T, Masubuchi M, Chiyoda T, Yunokawa M, Hoshi K, Tao S, Yamamura S, Yatsushiro S, Abe K, Kataoka M, Shimoyama T, Maeda Y, Kuroi K, Tamura K, Sawazumi T, Minami H, Suda Y, Koizumi F. Prognostic Impact of Circulating Tumor Cell Detected Using a Novel Fluidic Cell Microarray Chip System in Patients with Breast Cancer. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:173-182. [PMID: 27495793 PMCID: PMC5049925 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of circulating tumor cell (CTC) detection systems have recently been developed that show a high CTC detection rate. However, it is a big challenge to find a system that can provide better prognostic value than CellSearch in head-to-head comparison. We have developed a novel semi-automated CTC enumeration system (fluidic cell microarray chip system, FCMC) that captures CTC independently of tumor-specific markers or physical properties. Here, we compared the CTC detection sensitivity and the prognostic value of FCMC with CellSearch in breast cancer patients. FCMC was validated in preclinical studies using spike-in samples and in blood samples from 20 healthy donors and 22 breast cancer patients in this study. Using spike-in samples, a statistically higher detection rate (p = 0.010) of MDA-MB-231 cells and an equivalent detection rate (p = 0.497) of MCF-7 cells were obtained with FCMC in comparison with CellSearch. The number of CTC detected in samples from patients that was above a threshold value as determined from healthy donors was evaluated. The CTC number detected using FCMC was significantly higher than that using CellSearch (p = 0.00037). CTC numbers obtained using either FCMC or CellSearch had prognostic value, as assessed by progression free survival. The hazard ratio between CTC + and CTC − was 4.229 in CellSearch (95% CI, 1.31 to 13.66; p = 0.01591); in contrast, it was 11.31 in FCMC (95% CI, 2.245 to 57.0; p = 0.000244). CTC detected using FCMC, like the CTC detected using CellSearch, have the potential to be a strong prognostic factor for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Sawada
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan; Department of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Jungo Araki
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Toshinari Yamashita
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Manami Masubuchi
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Tsuneko Chiyoda
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Mayu Yunokawa
- Department of Breast Oncology and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Kumiko Hoshi
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Shoichi Tao
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Shohei Yamamura
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Shouki Yatsushiro
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Kaori Abe
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kataoka
- Health Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), 2217-14 Hayashi-cho, Takamatsu, Kagawa 761-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsu Shimoyama
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Maeda
- Department of Medical Oncology, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Kuroi
- Department of Breast Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan
| | - Kenji Tamura
- Department of Breast Oncology and Medical Oncology, National Cancer Center Hospital, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Tsuneo Sawazumi
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Hironobu Minami
- Department of Medical Oncology/Hematology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, 7-5-2 Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Suda
- Konica Minolta, Inc., 1 Sakuramachi, Hino, Tokyo 191-8511, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Koizumi
- Division of Clinical Research Support, Tokyo Metropolitan Cancer and Infectious Diseases Center, Komagome Hospital, 3-18-22 Honkomagome, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8677, Japan.
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58
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Opoku-Damoah Y, Wang R, Zhou J, Ding Y. Versatile Nanosystem-Based Cancer Theranostics: Design Inspiration and Predetermined Routing. Theranostics 2016; 6:986-1003. [PMID: 27217832 PMCID: PMC4876623 DOI: 10.7150/thno.14860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The relevance of personalized medicine, aimed at a more individualized drug therapy, has inspired research into nano-based concerted diagnosis and therapeutics (theranostics). As the intention is to "kill two birds with one stone", scientists have already described the emerging concept as a treasured tailor for the future of cancer therapy, wherein the main idea is to design "smart" nanosystems to concurrently discharge both therapeutic and diagnostic roles. These nanosystems are expected to offer a relatively clearer view of the ingenious cellular trafficking pathway, in-situ diagnosis, and therapeutic efficacy. We herein present a detailed review of versatile nanosystems, with prominent examples of recently developed intelligent delivery strategies which have gained attention in the field of theranostics. These nanotheranostics include various mechanisms programmed in novel platforms to enable predetermined delivery of cargo to specific sites, as well as techniques to overcome the notable challenges involved in the efficacy of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing 210009, China
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59
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Cai C, Carey KA, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Sarimollaoglu M, Galanzha EI, Stumhofer JS, Zharov VP. In vivo photoacoustic flow cytometry for early malaria diagnosis. Cytometry A 2016; 89:531-42. [PMID: 27078044 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) has already demonstrated a great potential for the diagnosis of deadly diseases through ultrasensitive detection of rare disease-associated circulating markers in whole blood volume. Here, we demonstrate the first application of this powerful technique for early diagnosis of malaria through label-free detection of malaria parasite-produced hemozoin in infected red blood cells (iRBCs) as high-contrast PA agent. The existing malaria tests using blood smears can detect the disease at 0.001-0.1% of parasitemia. On the contrary, linear PAFC showed a potential for noninvasive malaria diagnosis at an extremely low level of parasitemia of 0.0000001%, which is ∼10(3) times better than the existing tests. Multicolor time-of-flight PAFC with high-pulse repetition rate lasers at wavelengths of 532, 671, and 820 nm demonstrated rapid spectral and spatial identification and quantitative enumeration of individual iRBCs. Integration of PAFC with fluorescence flow cytometry (FFC) provided real-time simultaneous detection of single iRBCs and parasites expressing green fluorescence proteins, respectively. A combination of linear and nonlinear nanobubble-based multicolor PAFC showed capability to real-time control therapy efficiency by counting of iRBCs before, during, and after treatment. Our results suggest that high-sensitivity, high-resolution ultrafast PAFC-FFC platform represents a powerful research tool to provide the insight on malaria progression through dynamic study of parasite-cell interactions directly in bloodstream, whereas portable hand-worn PAFC device could be broadly used in humans for early malaria diagnosis. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhong Cai
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205.,Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, 72079
| | - Kai A Carey
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Yulian A Menyaev
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Jason S Stumhofer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205
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60
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Bhana S, Wang Y, Huang X. Nanotechnology for enrichment and detection of circulating tumor cells. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2016; 10:1973-90. [PMID: 26139129 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.15.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a hallmark of invasive behavior of cancer, responsible for the development of metastasis. Their detection and analysis have significant impacts in cancer biology and clinical practice. However, CTCs are rare events and contain heterogeneous subpopulations, requiring highly sensitive and specific techniques to identify and capture CTCs with high efficiency. Nanotechnology shows strong promises for CTC enrichment and detection owning to the unique structural and functional properties of nanoscale materials. In this review, we discuss the CTC enrichment and detection technologies based on a variety of functional nanosystems and nanostructured substrates, with the goal to highlight the role of nanotechnology in the advancement of basic and clinical CTC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saheel Bhana
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Yongmei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
| | - Xiaohua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Memphis, Memphis, TN 38152, USA
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61
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Galanzha EI, Viegas MG, Malinsky TI, Melerzanov AV, Juratli MA, Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Zharov VP. In vivo acoustic and photoacoustic focusing of circulating cells. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21531. [PMID: 26979811 PMCID: PMC4793240 DOI: 10.1038/srep21531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo flow cytometry using vessels as natural tubes with native cell flows has revolutionized the study of rare circulating tumor cells in a complex blood background. However, the presence of many blood cells in the detection volume makes it difficult to count each cell in this volume. We introduce method for manipulation of circulating cells in vivo with the use of gradient acoustic forces induced by ultrasound and photoacoustic waves. In a murine model, we demonstrated cell trapping, redirecting and focusing in blood and lymph flow into a tight stream, noninvasive wall-free transportation of blood, and the potential for photoacoustic detection of sickle cells without labeling and of leukocytes targeted by functionalized nanoparticles. Integration of cell focusing with intravital imaging methods may provide a versatile biological tool for single-cell analysis in circulation, with a focus on in vivo needleless blood tests, and preclinical studies of human diseases in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mark G Viegas
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Taras I Malinsky
- Bauman Moscow State Technical University, Moscow, Russia, 107005
| | | | - Mazen A Juratli
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), Little Rock, Arkansas 72205.,Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (MIPT), Moscow Region, 141700, Russia
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Liu Y, Nie L, Chen X. Photoacoustic Molecular Imaging: From Multiscale Biomedical Applications Towards Early-Stage Theranostics. Trends Biotechnol 2016; 34:420-433. [PMID: 26924233 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) has ushered in a new era of observational biotechnology and has facilitated the exploration of fundamental biological mechanisms and clinical translational applications, which has attracted tremendous attention in recent years. By converting laser into ultrasound emission, PAI combines rich optical contrast, high ultrasonic spatial resolution, and deep penetration depth in a single modality. This evolutional technique enables multiscale and multicontrast visualization from cells to organs, anatomy to function, and molecules to metabolism with high sensitivity and specificity. The state-of-the-art developments and applications of PAI are described in this review. Future prospects for clinical use are also highlighted. Collectively, PAI holds great promise to drive biomedical applications towards early-stage theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (CMITM), School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine (CMITM), School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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63
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He G, Xu D, Qin H, Yang S, Xing D. In vivo cell characteristic extraction and identification by photoacoustic flow cytography. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:3748-3756. [PMID: 26504626 PMCID: PMC4605035 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We present a photoacoustic flow cytography with fast cross-sectional (B-scan) imaging to precisely identify specific cells in vivo. The B-scan imaging speed of the system is up to 200 frame/s with a lateral resolution of 1.5 μm, which allows to dynamically image the flowing cells within the microvascular. The shape, size and photoacoustic intensity of the target cells are extracted from streaming images and integrated into a standard pattern to distinguish cell types. Circulating red blood cells and melanoma cells in blood vessels are simultaneously identified on melanoma-bearing mouse model. The results demonstrate that in vivo photoacoustic flow cytography can provide cells characteristics analysis and cell type's visual identification, which will be applied for noninvasively monitoring circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and analyzing hematologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Dong Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- These authors contributed equally
| | - Huan Qin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Sihua Yang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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64
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Nedosekin DA, Foster S, Nima ZA, Biris AS, Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Photothermal confocal multicolor microscopy of nanoparticles and nanodrugs in live cells. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:346-55. [PMID: 26133539 PMCID: PMC5841921 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1058818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Growing biomedical applications of non-fluorescent nanoparticles (NPs) for molecular imaging, disease diagnosis, drug delivery, and theranostics require new tools for real-time detection of nanomaterials, drug nano-carriers, and NP-drug conjugates (nanodrugs) in complex biological environments without additional labeling. Photothermal (PT) microscopy (PTM) has enormous potential for absorption-based identification and quantification of non-fluorescent molecules and NPs at a single molecule and 1.4 nm gold NP level. Recently, we have developed confocal PTM providing three-dimensional (3D) mapping and spectral identification of multiple chromophores and fluorophores in live cells. Here, we summarize recent advances in the application of confocal multicolor PTM for 3D visualization of single and clustered NPs, alone and in individual cells. In particular, we demonstrate identification of functionalized magnetic and gold-silver NPs, as well as graphene and carbon nanotubes in cancer cells and among blood cells. The potential to use PTM for super-resolution imaging (down to 50 nm), real-time NP tracking, guidance of PT nanotherapy, and multiplex cancer markers targeting, as well as analysis of non-linear PT phenomena and amplification of nanodrug efficacy through NP clustering and nano-bubble formation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Stephen Foster
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Zeid A. Nima
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, 2801 S. University Avenue, Little Rock, Arkansas 72204, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St. Little Rock, AR 72205
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65
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Runcorn TH, Murray RT, Kelleher EJR, Popov SV, Taylor JR. Duration-tunable picosecond source at 560 nm with watt-level average power. OPTICS LETTERS 2015; 40:3085-3088. [PMID: 26125373 DOI: 10.1364/ol.40.003085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A pulse source at 560 nm that is tunable in duration between 50 ps and 2.7 ns with >1 W of average power and near diffraction-limited beam quality is demonstrated. The source is based on efficient (up to 50%) second-harmonic generation in a periodically poled lithium tantalate crystal of a linearly polarized fiber-integrated Raman amplifier operating at 1120 nm. A duration-tunable ytterbium master-oscillator power-fiber amplifier is used to pulse-pump the Raman amplifier, which is seeded by a continuous-wave distributed-feedback laser diode at 1120 nm. The performance of the system using two different master oscillator schemes is compared. A pulse energy of up to 765 nJ is achieved with a conversion efficiency of 25% from the ytterbium fiber pump, demonstrating a compact and turn-key architecture for obtaining high peak-power radiation at 560 nm.
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66
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Strohm EM, Kolios MC. Classification of blood cells and tumor cells using label-free ultrasound and photoacoustics. Cytometry A 2015; 87:741-9. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Strohm
- Department of Physics; Ryerson University; Toronto Canada
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67
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Seo H, Hwang Y, Choe K, Kim P. In vivo quantitation of injected circulating tumor cells from great saphenous vein based on video-rate confocal microscopy. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2015; 6:2158-67. [PMID: 26114035 PMCID: PMC4473750 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.002158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The number of circulating tumor cell (CTC) in the peripheral blood of cancer patients can be a valuable biomarker for cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring. In this study, we implemented a custom-design video-rate confocal microscopy system in capable of direct visualization of fast flowing CTC at great saphenous vein (GSV) of a live animal model in vivo. Continuous acquisition of video-rate images at GSV revealed the highly dynamic time-dependent changes in the number of intravenously injected circulating tumor cells. By extracting a calibration factor through the hemocytometric analysis of intravenously injected long-circulating red blood cells, we established a novel quantitation method for CTC in whole body blood in vivo.
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68
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Listen to the chemical and histological information in biological tissue. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2015.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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69
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Proskurnin MA, Volkov DS, Gor’kova TA, Bendrysheva SN, Smirnova AP, Nedosekin DA. Advances in thermal lens spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934815030168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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70
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Markovic S, Li S, Niedre M. Performance of computer vision in vivo flow cytometry with low fluorescence contrast. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2015; 20:035005. [PMID: 25822954 PMCID: PMC4377326 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.20.3.035005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection and enumeration of circulating cells in the bloodstream of small animals are important in many areas of preclinical biomedical research, including cancer metastasis, immunology, and reproductive medicine. Optical in vivo flow cytometry (IVFC) represents a class of technologies that allow noninvasive and continuous enumeration of circulating cells without drawing blood samples. We recently developed a technique termed computer vision in vivo flow cytometry (CV-IVFC) that uses a high-sensitivity fluorescence camera and an automated computer vision algorithm to interrogate relatively large circulating blood volumes in the ear of a mouse. We detected circulating cells at concentrations as low as 20 cells/mL. In the present work, we characterized the performance of CV-IVFC with low-contrast imaging conditions with (1) weak cell fluorescent labeling using cell-simulating fluorescent microspheres with varying brightness and (2) high background tissue autofluorescence by varying autofluorescence properties of optical phantoms. Our analysis indicates that CV-IVFC can robustly track and enumerate circulating cells with at least 50% sensitivity even in conditions with two orders of magnitude degraded contrast than our previous in vivo work. These results support the significant potential utility of CV-IVFC in a wide range of in vivo biological models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Markovic
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Stacey Markovic, E-mail:
| | - Siyuan Li
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Mark Niedre
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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71
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Galanzha EI, Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Orza AI, Biris AS, Verkhusha VV, Zharov VP. Photoacoustic and photothermal cytometry using photoswitchable proteins and nanoparticles with ultrasharp resonances. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2015; 8:81-93. [PMID: 24259123 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201300140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (PSFPs) with controllable spectral shifts in emission in response to light have led to breakthroughs in cell biology. Conventional photoswitching, however, is not applicable to weakly fluorescent proteins. As an alternative, photothermal (PT) and photoacoustic (PA) spectroscopy have demonstrated a tremendous potential for studying absorbing nonfluorescent proteins and nanoparticles. However, little progress has been made in the development of switchable PT and PA probes with controllable spectral shifts in absorption. Here, we introduce the concept of photothermally switchable nanoparticles (PTSNs). To prove the concept, we demonstrated fast, reversible magnetic-PT switching of conventional and gold-coated magnetic nanoparticle clusters in cancer cells in vitro and PT switching of nonlinear ultrasharp plasmonic resonances in gold nanorods molecularly targeted to circulating cells in vivo. We showed that genetically encoded PSFPs with relatively slow switching can serve as triple-modal fluorescent, PT, and PA probes under static conditions, while PTSNs with ultrafast switching may provide higher PA sensitivity in the near-infrared window of tissue transparency under dynamic flow conditions. Application of nonlinear phenomena for super-resolution spectral PT and PA cytometry, microscopy, and spectral burning beyond the diffraction and spectral limits are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Slot #543, Little Rock, Arkansas, 72205, USA
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72
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Martel C, Yao J, Huang CH, Zou J, Randolph GJ, Wang LV. Photoacoustic lymphatic imaging with high spatial-temporal resolution. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2014; 19:116009. [PMID: 25408958 PMCID: PMC4407768 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.19.11.116009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite its critical function in coordinating the egress of inflammatory and immune cells out of tissues and maintaining fluid balance, the causative role of lymphatic network dysfunction in pathological settings is still understudied. Engineered-animal models and better noninvasive high spatial-temporal resolution imaging techniques in both preclinical and clinical studies will help to improve our understanding of different lymphatic-related pathologic disorders. Our aim was to take advantage of our newly optimized noninvasive wide-field fast-scanning photoacoustic (PA) microcopy system to coordinately image the lymphatic vasculature and its flow dynamics, while maintaining high resolution and detection sensitivity. Here, by combining the optical-resolution PA microscopy with a fast-scanning water-immersible microelectromechanical system scanning mirror, we have imaged the lymph dynamics over a large field-of-view, with high spatial resolution and advanced detection sensitivity. Depending on the application, lymphatic vessels (LV) were spectrally or temporally differentiated from blood vessels. Validation experiments were performed on phantoms and in vivo to identify the LV. Lymphatic flow dynamics in nonpathological and pathological conditions were also visualized. These results indicate that our newly developed PA microscopy is a promising tool for lymphatic-related biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Martel
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, 425 S Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Université de Montréal, Faculty of Medicine; Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal, Quebec H1T 1C8, Canada
- Address all correspondence to: Catherine Martel, E-mail: ; Gwendalyn J. Randolph, E-mail: ; Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
| | - Junjie Yao
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Chih-Hsien Huang
- Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Station, Texas 77843-3128, United States
| | - Jun Zou
- Texas A&M University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College Station, Texas 77843-3128, United States
| | - Gwendalyn J. Randolph
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, 425 S Euclid, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Catherine Martel, E-mail: ; Gwendalyn J. Randolph, E-mail: ; Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
| | - Lihong V. Wang
- Washington University in St. Louis, Department of Biomedical Engineering, 1 Brookings Drive, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Catherine Martel, E-mail: ; Gwendalyn J. Randolph, E-mail: ; Lihong V. Wang, E-mail:
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73
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Saha RK. Computational modeling of photoacoustic signals from mixtures of melanoma and red blood cells. THE JOURNAL OF THE ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2014; 136:2039-2049. [PMID: 25324102 DOI: 10.1121/1.4894794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A theoretical approach to model photoacoustic (PA) signals from mixtures of melanoma cells (MCs) and red blood cells (RBCs) is discussed. The PA signal from a cell approximated as a fluid sphere was evaluated using a frequency domain method. The tiny signals from individual cells were summed up obtaining the resultant PA signal. The local signal to noise ratio for a MC was about 5.32 and 5.40 for 639 and 822 nm illuminations, respectively. The PA amplitude exhibited a monotonic rise with increasing number of MCs for each incident radiation. The power spectral lines also demonstrated similar variations over a large frequency range (5-200 MHz). For instance, spectral intensity was observed to be 5.5 and 4.0 dB greater at 7.5 MHz for a diseased sample containing 1 MC and 22,952 RBCs than a normal sample composed of 22,958 RBCs at those irradiations, respectively. The envelope histograms generated from PA signals for mixtures of small numbers of MCs and large numbers of RBCs seemed to obey pre-Rayleigh statistics. The generalized gamma distribution found to facilitate better fits to the histograms than the Rayleigh and Nakagami distributions. The model provides a means to study PAs from mixtures of different populations of absorbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratan K Saha
- Surface Physics and Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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74
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Fu L, Liu F, Fu H, Liu L, Yuan S, Gao Y, Fu Z, Yu J. Circulating tumor cells correlate with recurrence in stage III small-cell lung cancer after systemic chemoradiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2014; 44:948-55. [PMID: 25135984 DOI: 10.1093/jjco/hyu109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the correlation between circulating tumor cells and the incidence of brain metastases as a first site of recurrence among patients with small-cell lung cancer after systemic chemoradiotherapy and prophylactic cranial irradiation. In addition, we assessed the contribution of circulating tumor cells for planning the appropriate total dose of prophylactic cranial irradiation for small-cell lung cancer. METHODS Patients (n = 112) with diagnosed Stage III small-cell lung cancer were treated with four cycles of platinum-based regimen and concurrent chest irradiation, and then prophylactic cranial irradiation. Blood samples for circulating tumor cell analysis were obtained before the initiation of chemotherapy and after the first and fourth cycle of chemotherapy. RESULTS Circulating tumor cells after the first cycle of chemotherapy correlated with tumor response after completion of chemotherapy (P = 0.012). Patients with brain as the first site suffered a higher rate of further metastases to other organs, and local recurrence, compared with those whose first site was the other organs (P < 0.001), and their survival rates were worse. Circulating tumor cells at baseline were the sole independent prognostic factor for specific progression-free survival. Receiver operating characteristic curves based on median specific progression-free survival revealed a circulating tumor cell cutoff at baseline of 218, and circulating tumor cells ≤218 at baseline correlated with significantly higher progression-free survival (P = 0.007), specific progression-free survival (P = 0.001) and overall survival (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Circulating tumor cells prior to the initiation of chemotherapy are a valuable predictor of specific progression-free survival in Stage III small-cell lung cancer. For patients with circulating tumor cells >218, prophylactic cranial irradiation at a total dose of 30 Gy in 15 fractions is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Fu
- Shandong University, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan
| | | | - Hui Fu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Liqing Liu
- Department of Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Shuanghu Yuan
- Shandong University, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan
| | - Yongsheng Gao
- Department of Pathology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jinming Yu
- Shandong University, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Jinan
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75
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Abstract
Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) of biological tissue has seen immense growth in the past decade, providing unprecedented spatial resolution and functional information at depths in the optical diffusive regime. PAI uniquely combines the advantages of optical excitation and those of acoustic detection. The hybrid imaging modality features high sensitivity to optical absorption and wide scalability of spatial resolution with the desired imaging depth. Here we first summarize the fundamental principles underpinning the technology, then highlight its practical implementation, and finally discuss recent advances toward clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong V. Wang
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
| | - Liang Gao
- Optical Imaging Laboratory, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis
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76
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Markovic S, Li B, Pera V, Sznaier M, Camps O, Niedre M. A computer vision approach to rare cell in vivo fluorescence flow cytometry. Cytometry A 2014; 83:1113-23. [PMID: 24273157 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Noninvasive enumeration of rare circulating cell populations in small animals is of great importance in many areas of biomedical research. In this work, we describe a macroscopic fluorescence imaging system and automated computer vision algorithm that allows in vivo detection, enumeration and tracking of circulating fluorescently-labeled cells from multiple large blood vessels in the ear of a mouse. This imaging system uses a 660 nm laser and a high sensitivity electron-multiplied charge coupled device camera (EMCCD) to acquire fluorescence image sequences from relatively large (∼5 × 5 mm(2) ) imaging areas. The primary technical challenge was developing an automated method for identifying and tracking rare cell events in image sequences with substantial autofluorescence and noise content. To achieve this, we developed a two-step image analysis algorithm that first identified cell candidates in individual frames, and then merged cell candidates into tracks by dynamic analysis of image sequences. The second step was critical since it allowed rejection of >97% of false positive cell counts. Overall, our computer vision IVFC (CV-IVFC) approach allows single-cell detection sensitivity at estimated concentrations of 20 cells/mL of peripheral blood. In addition to simple enumeration, the technique recovers the cell's trajectory, which in the future could be used to automatically identify, for example, in vivo homing and docking events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey Markovic
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
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77
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Nedosekin DA, Verkhusha VV, Melerzanov AV, Zharov VP, Galanzha EI. In vivo photoswitchable flow cytometry for direct tracking of single circulating tumor cells. CHEMISTRY & BIOLOGY 2014; 21:792-801. [PMID: 24816228 PMCID: PMC4174400 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2014.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitchable fluorescent proteins (PSFPs) that change their color in response to light have led to breakthroughs in studying static cells. However, using PSFPs to study cells in dynamic conditions is challenging. Here we introduce a method for in vivo ultrafast photoswitching of PSFPs that provides labeling and tracking of single circulating cells. Using in vivo multicolor flow cytometry, this method demonstrated the capability for studying recirculation, migration, and distribution of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) during metastasis progression. In tumor-bearing mice, it enabled monitoring of real-time dynamics of CTCs released from primary tumor, identifying dormant cells, and imaging of CTCs colonizing a primary tumor (self-seeding) or existing metastasis (reseeding). Integration of genetically encoded PSFPs, fast photoswitching, flow cytometry, and imaging makes in vivo single cell analysis in the circulation feasible to provide insights into the behavior of CTCs and potentially immune-related and bacterial cells in circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Vladislav V Verkhusha
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology and Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Alexander V Melerzanov
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Inststitutskii pereulok, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, 9 Inststitutskii pereulok, Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region 141700, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences (UAMS), 4301 West Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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78
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Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Menyaev YA, Juratli MA, Zharov VP. Nonlinear photoacoustic signal amplification from single targets in absorption background. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2014; 2:1-11. [PMID: 24921062 PMCID: PMC4048727 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) detection of single absorbing targets such as nanoparticles or cells can be limited by absorption background. We show here that this problem can be overcome by using the nonlinear photoacoustics based on the differences in PA signal dependences on the laser energy from targets and background. Among different nonlinear phenomena, we focused on laser generation of nanobubbles as more efficient PA signal amplifiers from strongly absorbing, highly localized targets in the presence of spatially homogenous absorption background generating linear signals only. This approach was demonstrated by using nonlinear PA flow cytometry platform for label-free detection of circulating melanoma cells in blood background in vitro and in vivo. Nonlinearly amplified PA signals from overheated melanin nanoclusters in melanoma cells became detectable above still linear blood background. Nonlinear nanobubble-based photoacoustics provide new opportunities to significantly (5-20-fold) increase PA contrast of single nanoparticles, cells, viruses and bacteria in complex biological environments.
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79
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Juratli MA, Sarimollaoglu M, Nedosekin DA, Melerzanov AV, Zharov VP, Galanzha EI. Dynamic Fluctuation of Circulating Tumor Cells during Cancer Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:128-42. [PMID: 24434542 PMCID: PMC3980600 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are a promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for metastatic tumors. We demonstrate that CTCs' diagnostic value might be increased through real-time monitoring of CTC dynamics. Using preclinical animal models of breast cancer and melanoma and in vivo flow cytometry with photoacoustic and fluorescence detection schematics, we show that CTC count does not always correlate with the primary tumor size. Individual analysis elucidated many cases where the highest level of CTCs was detected before the primary tumor starts progressing. This phenomenon could be attributed to aggressive tumors developing from cancer stem cells. Furthermore, real-time continuous monitoring of CTCs reveals that they occur at highly variable rates in a detection point over a period of time (e.g., a range of 0-54 CTCs per 5 min). These same fluctuations in CTC numbers were observed in vivo in epithelial and non-epithelial metastatic tumors, in different stages of tumor progression, and in different vessels. These temporal CTC fluctuations can explain false negative results of a one-time snapshot test in humans. Indeed, we observed wide variations in the number of CTCs in subsequent blood samples taken from the same metastatic melanoma patient, with some samples being CTC-free. If these phenomena are confirmed in our ongoing in vivo clinical trials, this could support a personalized strategy of CTC monitoring for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A Juratli
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Dmitry A Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Alexander V Melerzanov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Vladimir P Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
| | - Ekaterina I Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA.
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80
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Galanzha EI, Zharov VP. Circulating Tumor Cell Detection and Capture by Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Vivo and ex Vivo. Cancers (Basel) 2013; 5:1691-738. [PMID: 24335964 PMCID: PMC3875961 DOI: 10.3390/cancers5041691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite progress in detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), existing assays still have low sensitivity (1-10 CTC/mL) due to the small volume of blood samples (5-10 mL). Consequently, they can miss up to 103-104 CTCs, resulting in the development of barely treatable metastasis. Here we analyze a new concept of in vivo CTC detection with enhanced sensitivity (up to 102-103 times) by the examination of the entire blood volume in vivo (5 L in adults). We focus on in vivo photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) of CTCs using label-free or targeted detection, photoswitchable nanoparticles with ultrasharp PA resonances, magnetic trapping with fiber-magnetic-PA probes, optical clearance, real-time spectral identification, nonlinear signal amplification, and the integration with PAFC in vitro. We demonstrate PAFC's capability to detect rare leukemia, squamous carcinoma, melanoma, and bulk and stem breast CTCs and its clusters in preclinical animal models in blood, lymph, bone, and cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the release of CTCs from primary tumors triggered by palpation, biopsy or surgery, increasing the risk of metastasis. CTC lifetime as a balance between intravasation and extravasation rates was in the range of 0.5-4 h depending on a CTC metastatic potential. We introduced theranostics of CTCs as an integration of nanobubble-enhanced PA diagnosis, photothermal therapy, and feedback through CTC counting. In vivo data were verified with in vitro PAFC demonstrating a higher sensitivity (1 CTC/40 mL) and throughput (up to 10 mL/min) than conventional assays. Further developments include detection of circulating cancer-associated microparticles, and super-rsesolution PAFC beyond the diffraction and spectral limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; E-Mail:
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 West Markham Street, Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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81
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Woo J, Baumann A, Arguello V. Recent advancements of flow cytometry: new applications in hematology and oncology. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2013; 14:67-81. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.862153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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82
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Juratli MA, Sarimollaoglu M, Siegel ER, Nedosekin DA, Galanzha EI, Suen JY, Zharov VP. Real-time monitoring of circulating tumor cell release during tumor manipulation using in vivo photoacoustic and fluorescent flow cytometry. Head Neck 2013; 36:1207-15. [DOI: 10.1002/hed.23439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mazen A. Juratli
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories at the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; Philipps University of Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories at the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Eric R. Siegel
- Department of Biostatistics; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories at the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories at the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - James Y. Suen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories at the Arkansas Nanomedicine Center; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery; University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences; Little Rock Arkansas
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83
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Pestana N, Mortensen LJ, Runnels JM, Vickers D, Murthy SK, Lin CP, Niedre M. Improved diffuse fluorescence flow cytometer prototype for high sensitivity detection of rare circulating cells in vivo. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2013; 18:077002. [PMID: 23831714 PMCID: PMC3702234 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.18.7.077002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Detection and enumeration of rare circulating cells in mice are important problems in many areas of preclinical biomedical research. Recently, we developed a new method termed "diffuse fluorescence flow cytometry" (DFFC) that uses diffuse photons to increase the blood sampling volume and sensitivity versus existing in vivo flow cytometry methods. In this work, we describe a new DFFC prototype with approximately an order-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity compared to our previous work. This sensitivity improvement is enabled by a number of technical innovations, which include a method for the removal of motion artifacts (allowing interrogation of mouse hindlegs that was less optically attenuating versus the tail) and improved collection optics and signal preamplification. We validated our system first in limb mimicking optical flow phantoms with fluorescent microspheres and then in nude mice with fluorescently labeled mesenchymal stem cells at injected concentrations of 5×103 cells/mL. In combination, these improvements resulted in an overall cell counting sensitivity of about 1 cell/mL or better in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noah Pestana
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Luke J. Mortensen
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Judith M. Runnels
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Dwayne Vickers
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Shashi K. Murthy
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Charles P. Lin
- Center for Systems Biology and Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114
| | - Mark Niedre
- Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
- Address all correspondence to: Mark Niedre, Northeastern University, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Boston, Massachusetts 02115. Tel: 617-373-5410; Fax: 617-373-8970; E-mail:
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84
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Mehrmohammadi M, Yoon SJ, Yeager D, Emelianov SY. Photoacoustic Imaging for Cancer Detection and Staging. CURRENT MOLECULAR IMAGING 2013; 2:89-105. [PMID: 24032095 PMCID: PMC3769095 DOI: 10.2174/2211555211302010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Diagnosing a cancer at its early stages of development can decrease the mortality rate significantly and reduce healthcare costs. Over the past two decades, photoacoustic imaging has seen steady growth and has demonstrated notable capabilities to detect cancerous cells and stage cancer. Furthermore, photoacoustic imaging combined with ultrasound imaging and augmented with molecular targeted contrast agents is capable of imaging cancer at the cellular and molecular level, thus opening diverse opportunities to improve diagnosis of tumors, detect circulating tumor cells and identify metastatic lymph nodes. In this paper we introduce the principles of photoacoustic imaging, and review recent developments in photoacoustic imagingas an emerging imaging modality for cancer diagnosis and staging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehrmohammadi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55901, USA
| | - Soon Joon Yoon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Douglas Yeager
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
| | - Stanislav Y. Emelianov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin TX 78712, USA
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85
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Kim JW, Galanzha EI, Zaharoff DA, Griffin RJ, Zharov VP. Nanotheranostics of circulating tumor cells, infections and other pathological features in vivo. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:813-30. [PMID: 23379366 DOI: 10.1021/mp300577s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Many life-threatening diseases are disseminated through biological fluids, such as blood, lymph, and cerebrospinal fluid. The migration of tumor cells through the vascular circulation is a mandatory step in metastasis, which is responsible for ∼90% of cancer-associated mortality. Circulating pathogenic bacteria, viruses, or blood clots lead to other serious conditions including bacteremia, sepsis, viremia, infarction, and stroke. Therefore, technologies capable of detecting circulating tumor cells (CTCs), circulating bacterial cells (CBCs), circulating endothelial cells (CECs), circulating blood clots, cancer biomarkers such as microparticles and exosomes, which contain important microRNA signatures, and other abnormal features such as malaria parasites in biological fluids may facilitate early diagnosis and treatment of metastatic cancers, infections, and adverse cardiovascular events. Unfortunately, even in a disease setting, circulating abnormal cells are rare events that are easily obscured by the overwhelming background material in whole blood. Existing detection methods mostly rely on ex vivo analyses of limited volumes (a few milliliters) of blood samples. These small volumes limit the probability of detecting CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other rare phenomena. In vivo detection platforms capable of continuously monitoring the entire blood volume may substantially increase the probability of detecting circulating abnormal cells and, in particular, increase the opportunity to identify exceedingly rare and potentially dangerous subsets of these cells, such as circulating cancer stem cells (CCSCs). In addition, in vivo detection technologies capable of destroying and/or capturing circulating abnormal cells may inhibit disease progression. This review focuses on novel therapeutic and diagnostic (theranostic) platforms integrating in vivo real-time early diagnosis and nano-bubble based targeted therapy of CTCs, CECs, CBCs and other abnormal objects in circulation. This critical review particularly focuses on nanotechnology-based theranostic (nanotheranostic) approaches, especially in vivo photoacoustic (PA) and photothermal (PT) nanotheranostic platforms. We emphasize an urgent need for in vivo platforms composed of multifunctional contrast nanoagents, which utilize diverse modalities to realize a breakthrough for early detection and treatment of harmful diseases disseminated through the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas 72701, USA.
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86
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Barteneva NS, Ketman K, Fasler-Kan E, Potashnikova D, Vorobjev IA. Cell sorting in cancer research--diminishing degree of cell heterogeneity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2013; 1836:105-22. [PMID: 23481260 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence of intratumor heterogeneity and its augmentation due to selective pressure of microenvironment and recent achievements in cancer therapeutics lead to the need to investigate and track the tumor subclonal structure. Cell sorting of heterogeneous subpopulations of tumor and tumor-associated cells has been a long established strategy in cancer research. Advancement in lasers, computer technology and optics has led to a new generation of flow cytometers and cell sorters capable of high-speed processing of single cell suspensions. Over the last several years cell sorting was used in combination with molecular biological methods, imaging and proteomics to characterize primary and metastatic cancer cell populations, minimal residual disease and single tumor cells. It was the principal method for identification and characterization of cancer stem cells. Analysis of single cancer cells may improve early detection of tumors, monitoring of circulating tumor cells, evaluation of intratumor heterogeneity and chemotherapeutic treatments. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of major cell sorting applications and approaches with new prospective developments such as microfluidics and microchip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha S Barteneva
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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87
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Galbraith D. Flow cytometry and cell sorting: the next generation. Methods 2013; 57:249-50. [PMID: 22939984 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2012.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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88
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Menyaev YA, Nedosekin DA, Sarimollaoglu M, Juratli MA, Galanzha EI, Tuchin VV, Zharov VP. Optical clearing in photoacoustic flow cytometry. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2013; 4:3030-41. [PMID: 24409398 PMCID: PMC3862168 DOI: 10.1364/boe.4.003030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Clinical applications of photoacoustic (PA) flow cytometry (PAFC) for detection of circulating tumor cells in deep blood vessels are hindered by laser beam scattering, that result in loss of PAFC sensitivity and resolution. We demonstrate biocompatible and rapid optical clearing (OC) of skin to minimize light scattering and thus, increase optical resolution and sensitivity of PAFC. OC effect was achieved in 20 min by sequent skin cleaning, microdermabrasion, and glycerol application enhanced by massage and sonophoresis. Using 0.8 mm mouse skin layer over a blood vessel in vitro phantom we demonstrated 1.6-fold decrease in laser spot blurring accompanied by 1.6-fold increase in PA signal amplitude from blood background. As a result, peak rate for B16F10 melanoma cells in blood flow increased 1.7-fold. By using OC we also demonstrated the feasibility of PA contrast improvement for human hand veins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian A. Menyaev
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Mustafa Sarimollaoglu
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Mazen A. Juratli
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
| | - Valery V. Tuchin
- Saratov State University, 83 Astrakhanskaya St., Saratov, 410012 Russia
- Institute of Precise Mechanics and Control of RAS, 28 Rabochaya St., Saratov, 410028 Russia
- Optoelectronics and Measurement Techniques Laboratory, University of Oulu, P.O. BOX 4500, 90014 Finland
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham St., Little Rock, AR 72205 USA
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89
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Shao J, Griffin RJ, Galanzha EI, Kim JW, Koonce N, Webber J, Mustafa T, Biris AS, Nedosekin DA, Zharov VP. Photothermal nanodrugs: potential of TNF-gold nanospheres for cancer theranostics. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1293. [PMID: 23443065 PMCID: PMC3582999 DOI: 10.1038/srep01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology has been extensively explored for drug delivery. Here, we introduce the concept of a nanodrug based on synergy of photothermally-activated physical and biological effects in nanoparticle-drug conjugates. To prove this concept, we utilized tumor necrosis factor-alpha coated gold nanospheres (Au-TNF) heated by laser pulses. To enhance photothermal efficiency in near-infrared window of tissue transparency we explored slightly ellipsoidal nanoparticles, its clustering, and laser-induced nonlinear dynamic phenomena leading to amplification and spectral sharpening of photothermal and photoacoustic resonances red-shifted relatively to linear plasmonic resonances. Using a murine carcinoma model, we demonstrated higher therapy efficacy of Au-TNF conjugates compared to laser and Au-TNF alone or laser with TNF-free gold nanospheres. The photothermal activation of low toxicity Au-TNF conjugates, which are in phase II trials in humans, with a laser approved for medical applications opens new avenues in the development of clinically relevant nanodrugs with synergistic antitumor theranostic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Shao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350108, China
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
| | - Ekaterina I. Galanzha
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Jin-Woo Kim
- Bio/Nano Technology Laboratory, Institute for Nanoscience and Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, 72701, USA
| | - Nathan Koonce
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Jessica Webber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Thikra Mustafa
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Alexandru S. Biris
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, AR, 72204, USA
| | - Dmitry A. Nedosekin
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
| | - Vladimir P. Zharov
- Phillips Classic Laser and Nanomedicine Laboratories, Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
- Arkansas Nanomedicine Center, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, 72205, USA
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90
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Hysi E, Saha RK, Kolios MC. On the use of photoacoustics to detect red blood cell aggregation. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2012; 3:2326-38. [PMID: 23024924 PMCID: PMC3447572 DOI: 10.1364/boe.3.002326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of detecting red blood cell (RBC) aggregation with photoacoustics (PAs) was investigated theoretically and experimentally using human and porcine RBCs. The theoretical PA signals and spectra generated from such samples were examined for several hematocrit levels and aggregates sizes. The effect of a finite transducer bandwidth on the received PA signal was also examined. The simulation results suggest that the dominant frequency of the PA signals from non-aggregated RBCs decreases towards clinical frequency ranges as the aggregate size increases. The experimentally measured mean spectral power increased by ~6 dB for the largest aggregate compared to the non-aggregated samples. Such results confirm the theoretical predictions and illustrate the potential of using PA imaging for detecting RBC aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eno Hysi
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - Ratan K. Saha
- Applied Material Science Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF Bidhannagar, Kolkata, 700 064, India
| | - Michael C. Kolios
- Department of Physics, Ryerson University, 350 Victoria Street, Toronto, ON, M5B 2K3, Canada
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