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Laribi B, Kouki K, M'Hamdi M, Bettaieb T. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its bioactive constituents. Fitoterapia 2015; 103:9-26. [PMID: 25776008 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2015.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.), a member of the Apiaceae family, is among most widely used medicinal plant, possessing nutritional as well as medicinal properties. Thus, the aim of this updated review is to highlight the importance of coriander as a potential source of bioactive constituents and to summarize their biological activities as well as their different applications from data obtained in recent literature, with critical analysis on the gaps and potential for future investigations. A literature review was carried out by searching on the electronic databases including PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar for studies focusing on the biological and pharmacological activities of coriander seed and herb bioactive constituents. All recent English-language articles published between 2000 and 2014 were searched using the terms 'C. sativum', 'medicinal plant', 'bioactive constituents', and 'biological activities'. Subsequently, coriander seed and herb essential oils have been actively investigated for their chemical composition and biological activities including antimicrobial, antioxidant, hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anxiolytic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-convulsant and anti-cancer activities, among others. Although coriander has been reported to possess a wide range of traditional medicinal uses, no report is available in its effectiveness use in reactive airway diseases such as asthma and bronchiolitis. In brief, the information presented herein will be helpful to create more interest towards this medicinal species by defining novel pharmacological and clinical applications and hence, may be useful in developing new drug formulations in the future or by employing coriander bioactive constituents in combination with conventional drugs to enhance the treatment of diseases such as Alzheimer and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bochra Laribi
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia; Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, BP 47, 4042 Chott Meriem, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Karima Kouki
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Mahmoud M'Hamdi
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia; Higher Agronomic Institute of Chott-Mariem, BP 47, 4042 Chott Meriem, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Taoufik Bettaieb
- National Agronomic Institute of Tunisia, 43, Av. Charles Nicolle, 1082 Tunis, Tunisia
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RIFM fragrance ingredient safety assessment, Linalyl hexanoate, CAS Registry Number 7779-23-9. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 82 Suppl:S49-58. [PMID: 25636724 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Revised: 01/12/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hagvall L, Berglund V, Bråred Christensson J. Air-oxidized linalyl acetate - an emerging fragrance allergen? Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:216-23. [PMID: 25645423 DOI: 10.1111/cod.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Linalyl acetate is a fragrance chemical that is prone to autoxidation. Exposure to linalyl acetate occurs through cosmetic products and essential oils, but is difficult to assess, as linalyl acetate is not labelled in the EU. OBJECTIVE To investigate the frequencies of contact allergy to oxidized linalyl acetate among dermatitis patients, and to investigate the autoxidation of linalyl acetate in terms of hydroperoxide formation and sensitization potency. PATIENTS AND METHODS Hydroperoxide formation in air-exposed linalyl acetate was determined with high-performance liquid chromatography. The sensitization potencies of hydroperoxides were determined with the local lymph node assay. One thousand seven hundred and seventeen patients were patch tested with oxidized linalyl acetate at 6.0% in petrolatum. RESULTS Of the patients, 2.2% showed positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate. Forty-three per cent of the positive patients also had positive patch test reactions to other fragrance markers. Linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were detected early in the autoxidation process, and accumulated to a concentration of 37% after 42 weeks of air exposure. The linalyl acetate hydroperoxides were classified as moderate sensitizers. CONCLUSIONS The frequency of positive reactions to oxidized linalyl acetate is comparable to that of previously studied oxidized fragrance terpenes. Oxidized linalyl acetate could thus be a common fragrance contact allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Hagvall
- Department of Dermatology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gröna stråket 16, 413 45, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Gangemi S, Minciullo PL, Miroddi M, Chinou I, Calapai G, Schmidt RJ. Contact dermatitis as an adverse reaction to some topically used European herbal medicinal products - Part 2:Echinacea purpurea-Lavandula angustifolia. Contact Dermatitis 2015; 72:193-205. [DOI: 10.1111/cod.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 11/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiano Gangemi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico ‘G. Martino’; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, IFC CNR, Messina Unit; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
| | - Paola L. Minciullo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
- Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology; Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Policlinico ‘G. Martino’; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
| | - Marco Miroddi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
| | - Ioanna Chinou
- Division of Pharmacognosy & Chemistry of Natural Products, Department of Pharmacy; University of Athens; 157 71 Zografou Athens Greece
| | - Gioacchino Calapai
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine; University of Messina; Via Consolare Valeria 98125 Messina Italy
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Beier RC, Byrd JA, Kubena LF, Hume ME, McReynolds JL, Anderson RC, Nisbet DJ. Evaluation of linalool, a natural antimicrobial and insecticidal essential oil from basil: Effects on poultry. Poult Sci 2014; 93:267-72. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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O’Connor DW, Eppingstall B, Taffe J, van der Ploeg ES. A randomized, controlled cross-over trial of dermally-applied lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) oil as a treatment of agitated behaviour in dementia. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:315. [PMID: 24219098 PMCID: PMC3827620 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lavender essential oil shows evidence of sedative properties in neurophysiological and animal studies but clinical trials of its effectiveness as a treatment of agitation in people with dementia have shown mixed results. Study methods have varied widely, however, making comparisons hazardous. To help remedy previous methodological shortcomings, we delivered high grade lavender oil in specified amounts to nursing home residents whose agitated behaviours were recorded objectively. METHODS 64 nursing home residents with frequent physically agitated behaviours were entered into a randomized, single-blind cross-over trial of dermally-applied, neurophysiologically active, high purity 30% lavender oil versus an inactive control oil. A blinded observer counted the presence or absence of target behaviours and rated participants' predominant affect during each minute for 30 minutes prior to exposure and for 60 minutes afterwards. RESULTS Lavender oil did not prove superior to the control oil in reducing the frequency of physically agitated behaviours or in improving participants' affect. CONCLUSIONS Studies of essential oils are constrained by their variable formulations and uncertain pharmacokinetics and so optimal dosing and delivery regimens remain speculative. Notwithstanding this, topically delivered, high strength, pure lavender oil had no discernible effect on affect and behaviour in a well-defined clinical sample. TRIAL REGISTRATION Australian and New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN 12609000569202).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W O’Connor
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Kingston Centre, Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, Victoria 3192, Australia
| | - Barbara Eppingstall
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Kingston Centre, Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, Victoria 3192, Australia
| | - John Taffe
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Kingston Centre, Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, Victoria 3192, Australia
| | - Eva S van der Ploeg
- School of Psychology and Psychiatry, Monash University, Kingston Centre, Warrigal Road, Cheltenham, Victoria 3192, Australia
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Vethanayagam D, Vliagoftis H, Mah D, Beach J, Smith L, Moqbel R. Fragrance materials in asthma: a pilot study using a surrogate aerosol product. J Asthma 2013; 50:975-82. [PMID: 23829679 DOI: 10.3109/02770903.2013.822079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Many household products contain fragrances. Little is known about exposure to fragrances on human health, particularly within the airways. This study aimed to evaluate how common household fragrance products (i.e. air fresheners, cleaning products) affect people with asthma, who frequently report sensitivity to these products. Many of these products have volatile organic compounds or semi-volatile organic compounds. This study evaluated nine fragrance materials in an aerosol formulation to assess effects on airway physiology, airway inflammation and symptom perception in normal controls and those with asthma. METHODS The effects of fragrances were evaluated in people without asthma, people with mild asthma and people with moderate asthma in a four-way crossover placebo-controlled study. Subjects were exposed twice to a fragranced aerosol and twice to a placebo aerosol (15 and 30 min each). Subjects completed a questionnaire for 29 symptoms during and up to 3 h after each exposure scenario. Spirometry was performed prior to and 3 h post-exposure; sputum induction was conducted 3 h post-exposure. RESULTS Nasal symptoms showed the greatest frequency of response in all three subject groups, and moderate asthmatics reported the greatest symptom severity and symptom types. No significant differences were noted in physiology or cellular inflammation. CONCLUSION A trend for increased symptoms was noted in moderate asthmatics, suggesting that asthma severity may play a factor in fragrance sensitivity.
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A comparative study of cytotoxic, membrane and DNA damaging effects of Origanum majorana’s essential oil and its oxygenated monoterpene component linalool on parental and epirubicin-resistant H1299 cells. Biologia (Bratisl) 2013. [DOI: 10.2478/s11756-013-0196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Politano VT, McGinty D, Lewis EM, Hoberman AM, Christian MS, Diener RM, Api AM. Uterotrophic assay of percutaneous lavender oil in immature female rats. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:123-9. [PMID: 23358464 DOI: 10.1177/1091581812472209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The estrogenic potential of lavender oil was evaluated in a percutaneous uterotrophic bioassay in immature female rats. Four groups of 10 immature female rats each were randomly selected on postpartum day (PPD) 16. During the 3-day treatment period (PPDs 19-21), the immature rats were separated from the dams, caged in groups of 5 in a litter box for 6 hours, and administered the vehicle control article (corn oil) or lavender oil at 20 or 100 mg/kg per day. All dosages were administered as a 5 mL/kg volume in a Hilltop Chamber (25 mm diameter; absorbent material removed) placed on the shaved back of each immature rat, and secured with micropore tape and Vetrap. A positive control group was gavaged twice daily with 2.5 μg/kg per day of 17α-ethinyl estradiol. Daily observations included viability, clinical signs, body weights, and body weight gains. All rats were euthanized 24 hours after the third and final treatment, the uteri and ovaries were removed, and the paired ovaries and wet and blotted uterine weights were recorded. No unscheduled deaths occurred. No skin reactions were observed. Both dosages of lavender oil significantly reduced body weight gains after the third day of treatment, but terminal body weights and mean absolute and relative uterine weights did not differ significantly from vehicle control values. Positive controls showed significant increases in body weight and increased mean absolute and relative uterine weights as expected. Based on these data, lavender oil, at dosages of 20 or 100 mg/kg, was not active in the rat uterotrophic assay and gave no evidence of estrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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Russo EB. Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 163:1344-64. [PMID: 21749363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 861] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) has been the primary focus of cannabis research since 1964, when Raphael Mechoulam isolated and synthesized it. More recently, the synergistic contributions of cannabidiol to cannabis pharmacology and analgesia have been scientifically demonstrated. Other phytocannabinoids, including tetrahydrocannabivarin, cannabigerol and cannabichromene, exert additional effects of therapeutic interest. Innovative conventional plant breeding has yielded cannabis chemotypes expressing high titres of each component for future study. This review will explore another echelon of phytotherapeutic agents, the cannabis terpenoids: limonene, myrcene, α-pinene, linalool, β-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, nerolidol and phytol. Terpenoids share a precursor with phytocannabinoids, and are all flavour and fragrance components common to human diets that have been designated Generally Recognized as Safe by the US Food and Drug Administration and other regulatory agencies. Terpenoids are quite potent, and affect animal and even human behaviour when inhaled from ambient air at serum levels in the single digits ng·mL(-1) . They display unique therapeutic effects that may contribute meaningfully to the entourage effects of cannabis-based medicinal extracts. Particular focus will be placed on phytocannabinoid-terpenoid interactions that could produce synergy with respect to treatment of pain, inflammation, depression, anxiety, addiction, epilepsy, cancer, fungal and bacterial infections (including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus). Scientific evidence is presented for non-cannabinoid plant components as putative antidotes to intoxicating effects of THC that could increase its therapeutic index. Methods for investigating entourage effects in future experiments will be proposed. Phytocannabinoid-terpenoid synergy, if proven, increases the likelihood that an extensive pipeline of new therapeutic products is possible from this venerable plant. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue-7.
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Takahashi M, Satou T, Ohashi M, Hayashi S, Sadamoto K, Koike K. Interspecies Comparison of Chemical Composition and Anxiolytic-like Effects of Lavender Oils upon Inhalation. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100601148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils have traditionally been used for decades to alleviate the symptoms of various mental problems. In terms of anxiolytic-like properties, lavender oil is probably the most commonly used and best-studied essential oil. Although there is compositional variance among the oils extracted from different origins, there have been few studies performed to date to investigate how these differences affect the expression of anxiolytic-like activity. This paper discusses the interspecies differences and contributions of the main constituents in the expression of anxiolytic-like effects upon inhalation, as assessed in mice by the elevated-plus maze test, by comparing the essential oils from six different species of Lavandula. The results showed qualitative and quantitative variations in the tested oils, which results in significant differences in their anxiolytic-like activities. Our findings also suggest that linalyl acetate (LA) works synergistically with linalool (LO) and that the presence of both LA and LO is essential for the whole oil to work as an inhaled anti-anxiety agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Takahashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Satou
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Mai Ohashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hayashi
- Green Flask Laboratory, Green Flask Co., Ltd., Meguro, Tokyo 152-0035, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Sadamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
| | - Kazuo Koike
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toho University, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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de Araújo DAM, Freitas C, Cruz JS. Essential oils components as a new path to understand ion channel molecular pharmacology. Life Sci 2011; 89:540-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Mademtzoglou D, Akmoutsou P, Kounatidis I, Franzios G, Drosopoulou E, Vokou D, Mavragani-Tsipidou P. Applying the Drosophila wing spot test to assess the genotoxic impact of 10 essential oil constituents used as flavouring agents or cosmetic ingredients. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.2081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Mademtzoglou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Paraskevi Akmoutsou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Ilias Kounatidis
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Gerasimos Franzios
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Elena Drosopoulou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Despoina Vokou
- Department of Ecology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - Penelope Mavragani-Tsipidou
- Department of Genetics, Development and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, Faculty of Science; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTH); GR-54124; Thessaloniki; Greece
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Di Sotto A, Mazzanti G, Carbone F, Hrelia P, Maffei F. Genotoxicity of lavender oil, linalyl acetate, and linalool on human lymphocytes in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2011; 52:69-71. [PMID: 20839219 DOI: 10.1002/em.20587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The potential genotoxicity of lavender essential oil and its major components, linalool, and linalyl acetate, was evaluated in vitro by the micronucleus test on peripheral human lymphocytes. In the range of non-toxic concentrations (0.5-100 μg/ml), linalyl acetate increased the frequency of micronuclei significantly and in concentration-dependent manner; lavender oil did so only at the highest concentration tested, whereas linalool was devoid of genotoxicity. None of the tested substances led to an increase in nucleoplasmic bridges or nuclear buds frequency. These findings suggest that the mutagenic activity of lavender oil can be related to the presence of linalyl acetate, which seems to have a profile of an aneugenic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology V. Erspamer, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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Leal-Cardoso JH, da Silva-Alves KS, Ferreira-da-Silva FW, dos Santos-Nascimento T, Joca HC, de Macedo FHP, de Albuquerque-Neto PM, Magalhães PJC, Lahlou S, Cruz JS, Barbosa R. Linalool blocks excitability in peripheral nerves and voltage-dependent Na+ current in dissociated dorsal root ganglia neurons. Eur J Pharmacol 2010; 645:86-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2010.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Patlewicz G, Mekenyan O, Dimitrova G, Kuseva C, Todorov M, Kotov S, Stoeva S, Donner EM. Can mutagenicity information be useful in an Integrated Testing Strategy (ITS) for skin sensitization? SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2010; 21:619-656. [PMID: 21120753 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2010.528447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work has investigated the utility of mutagenicity data in the development and application of Integrated Testing Strategies (ITS) for skin sensitization by focusing on the chemical mechanisms at play and substantiating these with experimental data where available. The hybrid expert system TIMES (Tissue Metabolism Simulator) was applied in the identification of the chemical mechanisms since it encodes a comprehensive set of established structure-activity relationships for both skin sensitization and mutagenicity. Based on the evaluation, the experimental determination of mutagenicity was thought to be potentially helpful in the evaluation of skin sensitization potential. This study has evaluated the dataset reported by Wolfreys and Basketter (Cutan. Ocul. Toxicol. 23 (2004), pp. 197-205). Upon an update of the experimental data, the original reported concordance of 68% was found to increase to 88%. There were several compounds that were 'outliers' in the two experimental evaluations which are discussed from a mechanistic basis. The discrepancies were found to be mainly associated with the differences between skin and liver metabolism. Mutagenicity information can play a significant role in evaluating sensitization potential as part of an ITS though careful attention needs to be made to ensure that any information is interpreted in the appropriate context.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Patlewicz
- DuPont Haskell Global Centers for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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67
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Ellis G. Special Issue 40th ISEO: toxicological challenges for essential oils in REACH. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Papa E, Luini M, Gramatica P. Quantitative structure-activity relationship modelling of oral acute toxicity and cytotoxic activity of fragrance materials in rodents. SAR AND QSAR IN ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2009; 20:767-779. [PMID: 20024809 DOI: 10.1080/10629360903438669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Fragrance materials are used as ingredients in many consumer and personal care products. The wide and daily use of these substances, as well as their mainly uncontrolled discharge through domestic sewage, make fragrance materials both potential indoor and outdoor air pollutants which are also connected to possible toxic effects on humans (asthma, allergies, headaches). Unfortunately, little is known about the environmental fate and toxicity of these substances. However, the use of alternative, predictive approaches, such as quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs), can help in filling the data gap and in the characterization of the environmental and toxicological profile of these substances. In the proposed study, ordinary least squares regression-based QSAR models were developed for three toxicological endpoints: mouse oral LD(50), inhibition of NADH-oxidase (EC(50) NADH-Ox) and the effect on mitochondrial membrane potential (EC(50) DeltaPsim). Theoretical molecular descriptors were calculated by using DRAGON software, and the best QSAR models were developed according to the principles defined by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Papa
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, University of Insubria, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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Linalool decreases HepG2 viability by inhibiting mitochondrial complexes I and II, increasing reactive oxygen species and decreasing ATP and GSH levels. Chem Biol Interact 2009; 180:39-46. [PMID: 19428344 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/20/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coriander is used as an appetizer, a common food seasoning in Mediterranean dishes, and a remedy for many ailments. In this study we tested the biochemical effect of its essential oil components, in particular linalool, its main component. The oil extract was prepared by hydro-distillation of coriander seeds. The various components were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectroscopy. The effect of the various oil components on the viability of different cell lines (HepG2, Caco2, NIH3t3, MCF7 and Hek293) was examined using MTT assay. Linalool was the most potent and HepG2 cells the most sensitive. A 50% and 100% decrease in the viability of HepG2 was obtained at 0.4 microM and 2 microM linalool, respectively. Whereas none of the other components exerted a significant effect at concentrations lower than 50 microM, myrcene and nerolidol, the structural analogues of linalool, were more potent at 100 microM than the other components decreasing HepG2 viability to 26%. The biochemical effect of linalool on mitochondria isolated from HepG2 showed a concentration-dependent inhibition in complexes I and II activities of the respiratory chain, and a time-dependent decrease in ATP level. In addition, a time-dependent decrease in glutathione (GSH) level and in the reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was obtained, indicating increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Pretreatment with the antioxidants: N-acetyl cysteine (2mM), Trolox (100 microM) and different flavonoids (50 microM) was partially protective against the linalool-induced cell death; the most effective response was that of rutin and apigenin which restored 91% of HepG2 viability. We hereby report a decrease in cell viability of HepG2 cells by linalool and identify the mitochondria as one possible target for its site of action, inhibiting complexes I and II and decreasing ATP. In addition linalool increased ROS generation and decreased GSH level.
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Lapczynski A, Letizia CS, Api AM. Addendum to Fragrance material review on linalool. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 46 Suppl 11:S190-2. [PMID: 19097259 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A Fragrance material review on linalool was published by Letizia et al. in Food and Chemical Toxicology 41 (2003) 943-964. This addendum to the earlier publication will only report studies that were conducted after the Fragrance material review was published.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lapczynski
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials Inc., Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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71
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Mitić-Culafić D, Zegura B, Nikolić B, Vuković-Gacić B, Knezević-Vukcević J, Filipic M. Protective effect of linalool, myrcene and eucalyptol against t-butyl hydroperoxide induced genotoxicity in bacteria and cultured human cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 47:260-6. [PMID: 19049815 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We studied the protective effect of monoterpenes myrcene, eucalyptol and linalool against t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) induced genotoxicity in reverse mutation assay with Escherichia coli WP2 IC185 strain and its oxyR mutant IC202, and with the comet assay in human hepatoma HepG2 and human B lymphoid NC-NC cells. The monoterpenes were tested in concentration ranges 0.05-1.5 mg/plate and 0.01-1.0 microg/ml in bacteria and mammalian cells, respectively. Suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis was detected only in IC202 strain, and correlated with the observed inhibition of lipid peroxidation by the three monoterpenes. Linalool and myrcene strongly suppressed t-BOOH induced mutagenesis. Eucalyptol, in addition to moderate suppression of t-BOOH induced mutagenesis, suppressed also spontaneous mutagenesis. In NC-NC cells linalool and myrcene reduced t-BOOH induced DNA damage by about 50% at 0.01 microg/ml, while eucalyptol was less efficient (about 50% reduction at 1.0 microg/ml). In HepG2 cells linalool and eucalyptol reduced DNA damage by 30% and 40%, respectively, while myrcene was ineffective. The repair of t-BOOH induced DNA damage, studied in HepG2 cells, was not affected by monoterpenes. The results indicate that linalool, eucalyptol and myrcene have substantial protective effect against oxidant induced genotoxicity, which is predominately mediated by their radical scavenging activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mitić-Culafić
- Chair of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 3/II, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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72
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Fatope M, Marwah R, Al Hadhrami N, Onifade A, Williams J. Identification of the Chemotypes ofOcimum forskoleiandOcimum basilicumby NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Biodivers 2008; 5:2457-63. [DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200890211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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73
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Belsito D, Bickers D, Bruze M, Calow P, Greim H, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Sipes IG, Tagami H. A toxicologic and dermatologic assessment of cyclic and non-cyclic terpene alcohols when used as fragrance ingredients. Food Chem Toxicol 2008; 46 Suppl 11:S1-S71. [PMID: 18655821 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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74
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Di Sotto A, Evandri MG, Mazzanti G. Antimutagenic and mutagenic activities of some terpenes in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. Mutat Res 2008; 653:130-3. [PMID: 18514567 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 04/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The mutagenic and antimutagenic effects of linalool, linalyl acetate and beta-caryophyllene were evaluated by the bacterial reverse mutation assay on Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 and TA 100, and on Escherichia coli WP2uvrA strains. Neither linalool nor beta-caryophyllene showed mutagenicity, but linalyl acetate induced a statistically significant increase in the number of revertant colonies in WP2uvrA, both with and without S9 mixture. Linalool was devoid of antimutagenic activity against 2-nitrofluorene (2NF), sodium azide (SA), methyl methane sulfonate (MMS) and 2-aminoanthracene (2AA). In contrast, beta-caryophyllene showed a strong antimutagenic activity against 2NF: at the maximum concentration tested (6.40mg/plate) the number of 2NF-induced revertant colonies was reduced by 83.9%. beta-Caryophyllene also showed to counteract the mutagenicity of SA (in TA 100), MMS and 2AA (in WP2uvrA): the effect was weak against SA (inhibition lower than 25%) and moderate against MMS and 2AA (up to 30.5%). The antimutagenic activity of beta-caryophyllene observed here suggests further studies to evaluate its possible chemopreventive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Di Sotto
- Department of Human Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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75
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Politano VT, Lewis EM, Hoberman AM, Christian MS, Diener RM, Api AM. Evaluation of the Developmental Toxicity of Linalool in Rats. Int J Toxicol 2008; 27:183-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10915810801977948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of linalool, a widely used fragrance ingredient, was evaluated in presumed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (25/group). Oral dosages of 0, 250, 500, or 1000 mg/kg/day linalool were administered by gavage on gestational days 7 to 17. The presence of spermatozoa and/or a copulatory plug in situ was designated as gestational day 0. Rats were observed for viability, clinical signs, body weights, and feed consumption. Caesarean sectioning and necropsy occurred on gestational day 21. Uteri were examined for number and distribution of implantations, live and dead fetuses, and early and late resorptions. Numbers of corpora lutea were also recorded. Fetuses were weighed and examined for gender, gross external changes, and soft tissue or skeletal alterations. There were no maternal deaths, clinical signs, or gross lesions that were considered related to linalool. During the dosage period, mean relative feed consumption was significantly reduced by 7% and mean body weight gains were reduced by 11% at 1000 mg/kg/day. During the postdosage period, feed consumption values at 1000 mg/kg/day were significantly higher than vehicle control values, which corresponded to the increase in body weight gains during this period. Caesarean section and litter parameters, as well as fetal alterations, were not affected by linalool at any of the three dosages tested. On the basis of these data, the maternal no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of linalool is 500 mg/kg/day, whereas the developmental NOAEL is ≥ 1000 mg/kg/day. It is concluded that linalool is not a developmental toxicant in rats at maternal doses of up to 1000 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie T Politano
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
| | - Elise M Lewis
- Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services, Horsham, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alan M Hoberman
- Charles River Laboratories Preclinical Services, Horsham, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Anne Marie Api
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc., Woodcliff Lake, New Jersey, USA
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76
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Sköld M, Hagvall L, Karlberg AT. Autoxidation of linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil, creates potent contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 2008; 58:9-14. [PMID: 18154552 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2007.01262.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fragrances are among the most common causes of allergic contact dermatitis. We have in previous studies shown that linalool, present in lavender oil, autoxidizes on air exposure, forming allergenic oxidation products. Oxidized linalool was found to be a frequent cause of contact allergy in a patch test study on consecutive dermatitis patients. Linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil is commonly used as a fragrance chemical in scented products. Because of structural similarities, linalyl acetate should also be susceptible to oxidation on air exposure, forming similar oxidation products as linalool. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to investigate the autoxidation of linalyl acetate and the influence of oxidation on its sensitizing potency. METHODS Analyses were performed using gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry and mass spectrometry. Sensitizing potencies of compounds were determined using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) in mice. RESULTS Analyses showed that the content of linalyl acetate decreased over time on air exposure and other compounds were formed. Hydroperoxides, an epoxide and an alcohol were identified as oxidation products from linalyl acetate. In the LLNA, linalyl acetate of high purity showed a weak sensitizing potency (EC3 25%). Autoxidation increased the sensitizing potency of linalyl acetate, and a 10 weeks oxidized sample gave an EC3 value of 3.6%. As for linalool, the hydroperoxides were shown to be the oxidation products with the highest sensitizing potency. CONCLUSION It is concluded that autoxidation of the weakly allergenic linalyl acetate leads to formation of allergenic oxidation products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sköld
- Department of Chemistry, Dermatochemistry and Skin Allergy, Göteborg University, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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77
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Bhatia SP, Wellington GA, Cocchiara J, Lalko J, Letizia CS, Api AM. Addendum to fragrance material review on linalyl cinnamate. Food Chem Toxicol 2007; 45 Suppl 1:S110-2. [PMID: 18022308 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2007.09.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S P Bhatia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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78
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Rakotonirainy MS, Juchauld F, Gillet M, Othman-Choulak M, Lavedrine B. The Effect of Linalool Vapour on Silver-Gelatine Photographs and Bookbinding Leathers. RESTAURATOR-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR THE PRESERVATION OF LIBRARY AND ARCHIVAL MATERIAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1515/rest.2007.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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79
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Blagojević P, Radulović N, Palić R, Stojanović G. Chemical composition of the essential oils of serbian wild-growing Artemisia absinthium and Artemisia vulgaris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:4780-9. [PMID: 16787028 DOI: 10.1021/jf060123o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of the aerial and root essential oils, hydrodistilled from Artemisia absinthium L. and Artemisia vulgaris L. (wild-growing populations from Serbia), were studied by gas chromatography, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance. During the storage of plant material under controlled conditions, a significant decrease of essential oil yields (isolated directly after drying and after 1 year of storage) and significant differences in their chemical compositions were observed. A possible mechanism for the observed oil component interconversion has been discussed. The noticeable differences in the chemical composition of the oils isolated from roots and aerial parts of A. absinthium and A. vulgaris were also correlated with the diverging biosynthetic pathways of volatiles in the respective plant organs. The antimicrobial activities against the common human pathogens of all of the isolated oils were tested according to National Committee on Clinical Laboratory Standards. The oils showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity against the tested strains. Therefore, these oils can be used as flavor and fragrance ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Blagojević
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Mathematics, Visegradska 33, 18000 Nis, Serbia and Montenegro
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80
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Kandárová H, Liebsch M, Gerner I, Schmidt E, Genschow E, Traue D, Spielmann H. The EpiDerm test protocol for the upcoming ECVAM validation study on in vitro skin irritation tests--an assessment of the performance of the optimised test. Altern Lab Anim 2005; 33:351-67. [PMID: 16185104 DOI: 10.1177/026119290503300408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
During the past decade, several validation studies have been conducted on in vitro methods for discriminating between skin irritating and non-irritating chemicals. The reconstructed human skin models, EpiDerm and EPISKIN, provided the most promising results. Based on experience of the similar performance of the two skin models, it was suggested that a common test protocol and prediction model should be developed for the prediction of skin irritation potential with the two models. When the EPISKIN protocol was applied with the EpiDerm model, an acceptable specificity (80%) was achieved, whereas the sensitivity (60%) was low. In 2003, the EPISKIN protocol was further refined by extending the post-incubation period following exposure to test chemicals. This extension and additional technical improvements to the EpiDerm protocol were evaluated with 19 chemicals from the prevalidation study. With the new test design, high sensitivity (80%) and specificity (78%) were obtained. The statistical probability for correct classifications was high, so the test was considered to be ready for formal validation. However, since test optimisation had been conducted with the same test chemicals as were used in the ECVAM prevalidation study, it was decided that the optimisation of the protocol had to be verified with a new set of chemicals. Thus, in the current study, 26 additional chemicals (10 rabbit irritants and 16 non-irritants), which had previously been selected and tested by LOREAL with EPISKIN, were evaluated in three independent experiments with EpiDerm. With this unbalanced testing set, a specificity of 94%, and a sensitivity of 60% were obtained, while the positive and negative predictivity and accuracy remained almost unchanged (around 80%) in comparison to the in vivo rabbit data. Overall, 45 chemicals (20 irritants and 25 non-irritants) were tested according to the final protocol. The resulting high positive (82%) and negative predictive values (79%) confirmed the reliability (accuracy of 80%) of the improved test protocol of the EpiDerm model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Kandárová
- Centre for Documentation and Evaluation of Alternative Methods to Animal Experiments (ZEBET), Bundesinstitut fur Risikobewertung (BfR), Diedersdorfer Weg 1, 12277 Berlin, Germany
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81
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Rogers RE, Isola DA, Jeng CJ, Lefebvre A, Smith LW. Simulated inhalation levels of fragrance materials in a surrogate air freshener formulation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:7810-6. [PMID: 16295841 DOI: 10.1021/es040534q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This study measured postapplication exposure levels of fragrance materials in a surrogate air freshener formulation in an environmentally-controlled exposure room (ECER). A five-s spray was released to simulate normal consumer use conditions. Time-course airborne fragrance material levels were sampled with Tenax tubes, and aerosol size distributions were monitored with a TSI 3320 aerodynamic particle sizer. Triplicate experiments were performed for each of the control/test substances. The control substance (unfragranced formulation) experiments indicated that the airborne fragrance materials were not detected, suggesting that the base propellant formulation did not interfere with the sampling procedure or analytical results. The test substance experiments found that the higher the volatility of the fragrance material, the higherthe airborne fragrance concentration within the ECER. In the adult breathing zone height, the maximum concentrations of the nine fragrance materials ranged from 108 to 347 microg/m3 during the first minute postapplication. In the child breathing zone height, the maximum fragrance material concentrations ranged from 125 to 362 microg/m3 during 2-6 min postapplication. Particle size distributions indicated that approximately 60-70% of the generated aerosols were less than 1 microm aerodynamic diameter. Initial peak particle mass concentrations (<5 microm) were 800-1000 microg/m3 during the first minute postapplication. Following initial peak concentrations, there was approximately 10-15 min of fluctuation, and then particle levels decayed gradually and exponentiallyto near background levels. Exposure to the test formulation would originate from two components: particle-bound and vapor-phase fragrance materials. Particle-bound fragrance exposure accounted for approximately 47% and 72% of the total exposures during the first minute postapplication period in the adult and child breathing zone heights, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E Rogers
- Toxcon Health Sciences Research Centre Inc., 9607-41 Avenue, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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82
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Smith LW. More recent studies on fragrances. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2004; 112:A865. [PMID: 15531417 PMCID: PMC1247643 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.112-a865a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
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83
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Sibanda S, Chigwada G, Poole M, Gwebu ET, Noletto JA, Schmidt JM, Rea AI, Setzer WN. Composition and bioactivity of the leaf essential oil of Heteropyxis dehniae from Zimbabwe. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2004; 92:107-111. [PMID: 15099856 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2003] [Accepted: 02/03/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The leaf oil of Heteropyxis dehniae Suess. (Heteropyxidaceae) was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC/MS. The most abundant essential oil components are linalool (58.3%), 4-terpineol (9.8%), alpha-terpineol (3.6%), and caryophyllene oxide (3.1%). The antimicrobial activity against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Candida albicans, and Aspergillus niger, and the in vitro cytotoxicity of the oil on PC-3, MDA-MB-231, Hs 578T, MCF7, SK-MEL-28, and 5637 human tumor cells were also examined. Caryophyllene oxide shows notable cytotoxic activity with LC50 values of 147-351 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samson Sibanda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Harare, Zimbabwe
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84
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl benzoate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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85
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl formate when used a a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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86
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl isovalerate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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87
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalool when used as a fragrance ingredient, is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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88
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl propionate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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89
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl isobutyrate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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90
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl butyrate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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91
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl phenylacetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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92
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl acetate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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93
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl hexanoate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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94
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Abstract
A toxicologic and dermatologic review of linalyl cinnamate when used as a fragrance ingredient is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Letizia
- Research Institute for Fragrance Materials, Inc. 50 Tice Boulevard, Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677, USA.
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Bickers DR, Calow P, Greim HA, Hanifin JM, Rogers AE, Saurat JH, Glenn Sipes I, Smith RL, Tagami H. The safety assessment of fragrance materials. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2003; 37:218-73. [PMID: 12726755 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-2300(03)00003-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Safety evaluation of the large number of diverse chemicals used as fragrance ingredients follows a systematic prioritization of data generation and analysis, consideration of exposure and critical analysis of the quality of the available information. In prior publications the research priorities used by the Research Institute for Fragrance Materials (RIFM), and the methods of exposure estimation used by industry have been summarized. This paper provides details of the approach used by the RIFM Expert Panel (REXPAN), to examine the dermal effects, systemic toxicity and environmental consequences of the use of and exposure to fragrance materials, which allow a reliable determination of safe use under intended conditions. The key to the usefulness of this analysis is the grouping of more than 2600 discrete ingredients into classes, based on chemical structures. Research sponsored by RIFM, data supplied by member companies, and relevant published reports from many sources are all considered during hazard characterization. A discussion is provided of REXPAN's decision tree approach to assessing the dermal, systemic and environmental endpoints and the types and quality of data included. This overall process results in well-documented conclusions which are provided to the International Fragrance Association (IFRA) as the basis for consideration of a new or existing Fragrance Material Standard and to industry for appropriate product risk management actions.
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