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Wen W, Li P, Liu P, Xu S, Wang F, Huang JH. Post-Translational Modifications of BACE1 in Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Neuropharmacol 2021; 20:211-222. [PMID: 33475074 PMCID: PMC9199555 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x19666210121163224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Beta-Amyloid Cleaving Enzyme1 (BACE1) is a monospecific enzyme for the key rate-limiting step in the synthesis of beta-amyloid(Aβ) from cleavage of amyloid precursor protein (APP), to form senile plaques and causes cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Post-translation modifications of BACE1, such as acetylation, glycosylation, palmitoylation, phosphorylation, play a crucial role in the trafficking and maturation process of BACE1. The study of BACE1 is of great importance not only for understanding the formation of toxic Aβ but also for the development of an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. This paper review recent advances in the studies about BACE1, with focuses being paid to the relationship of Aβ, BACE1 with post- translational regulation of BACE1. In addition, we specially reviewed studies about the compounds that can be used to affect post-translational regulation of BACE1 or regulate BACE1 in the literature, which can be used for subsequent research on whether BACE1 is a post-translationally modified drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wen
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Ping Li
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Panwang Liu
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Shijun Xu
- Institute of Meterial Medica Integration and Transformation for Brain Disorders, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan 611137. China
| | - Fushun Wang
- Institute of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610000. China
| | - Jason H Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor Scott & White Health Science Center, Temple, TX 79409. United States
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52
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Woodley KT, Collins MO. Regulation and function of the palmitoyl-acyltransferase ZDHHC5. FEBS J 2021; 288:6623-6634. [PMID: 33415776 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein palmitoylation (S-acylation) has emerged as an important player in a range of cellular processes, and as a result, the palmitoyl-acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes which mediate this modification have entered into the spotlight. Palmitoyltransferase ZDHHC5 (ZDHHC5) is among the more unique members of the PAT family as it is mainly localised to the plasma membrane and contains an extended cytoplasmic domain with several regulatory features. ZDHHC5 plays a vital role in a wide range of processes in different cell types. In this review, we offer a summary of the functions of ZDHHC5 in synaptic plasticity, cardiac function, cell adhesion and fatty acid uptake, among other processes. We also explore recent work has revealed several mechanisms to control the activity, localisation and function of ZDHHC5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith T Woodley
- Department of Biomedical Science & Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), Firth Court, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, UK.,Barts Cancer Institute, John Vane Science Centre, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Mark O Collins
- Department of Biomedical Science & Centre for Membrane Interactions and Dynamics (CMIAD), Firth Court, Western Bank, University of Sheffield, UK
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53
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Muralidharan K, Van Camp MM, Lyon AM. Structure and regulation of phospholipase Cβ and ε at the membrane. Chem Phys Lipids 2021; 235:105050. [PMID: 33422547 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2021.105050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipase C (PLC) β and ε enzymes hydrolyze phosphatidylinositol (PI) lipids in response to direct interactions with heterotrimeric G protein subunits and small GTPases, which are activated downstream of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). PI hydrolysis generates second messengers that increase the intracellular Ca2+ concentration and activate protein kinase C (PKC), thereby regulating numerous physiological processes. PLCβ and PLCε share a highly conserved core required for lipase activity, but use different strategies and structural elements to autoinhibit basal activity, bind membranes, and engage G protein activators. In this review, we discuss recent structural insights into these enzymes and the implications for how they engage membranes alone or in complex with their G protein regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Muralidharan
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Michelle M Van Camp
- Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| | - Angeline M Lyon
- Department of Biological Sciences, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
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54
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Witkowski JM, Bryl E, Fulop T. Proteodynamics and aging of eukaryotic cells. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 194:111430. [PMID: 33421431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
All aspects of each protein existence in the eukaryotic cells, starting from the pre-translation events, through translation, multiple different post-translational modifications, functional life and eventual proteostatic removal after loss of functionality and changes in physico-chemical properties, can be collectively called the proteodynamics. With aging, passing of time as well as accumulating effects of exposures, interactions and wearing-off lead to problems at each of the above mentioned stages, eventually leading to general malfunction of the proteome. This work briefly reviews and summarizes current knowledge concerning this important topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek M Witkowski
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Ewa Bryl
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Tamas Fulop
- Research Center on Aging, Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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55
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Tewari R, Shayahati B, Fan Y, Akimzhanov AM. T cell receptor-dependent S-acylation of ZAP-70 controls activation of T cells. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100311. [PMID: 33482200 PMCID: PMC7949058 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
ZAP-70 is a tyrosine kinase essential for T cell immune responses. Upon engagement of the T cell receptor (TCR), ZAP-70 is recruited to the specialized plasma membrane domains, becomes activated, and is released to phosphorylate its laterally segregated targets. A shift in ZAP-70 distribution at the plasma membrane is recognized as a critical step in TCR signal transduction and amplification. However, the molecular mechanism supporting stimulation-dependent plasma membrane compartmentalization of ZAP-70 remains poorly understood. In this study, we identified previously uncharacterized lipidation (S-acylation) of ZAP-70 using Acyl-Biotin Exchange assay, a technique that selectively captures S-acylated proteins. We found that this posttranslational modification of ZAP-70 is dispensable for its enzymatic activity. However, the lipidation-deficient mutant of ZAP-70 failed to propagate the TCR pathway suggesting that S-acylation is essential for ZAP-70 interaction with its protein substrates. The kinetics of ZAP-70 S-acylation were consistent with TCR signaling events indicating that agonist-induced S-acylation is a part of the signaling mechanism controlling T cell activation and function. Taken together, our results suggest that TCR-induced S-acylation of ZAP-70 can serve as a critical regulator of T cell-mediated immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Tewari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Bieerkehazhi Shayahati
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, USA
| | - Askar M Akimzhanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, USA.
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56
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Mai QN, Shenoy P, Quach T, Retamal JS, Gondin AB, Yeatman HR, Aurelio L, Conner JW, Poole DP, Canals M, Nowell CJ, Graham B, Davis TP, Briddon SJ, Hill SJ, Porter CJH, Bunnett NW, Halls ML, Veldhuis NA. A lipid-anchored neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist prolongs pain relief by a three-pronged mechanism of action targeting the receptor at the plasma membrane and in endosomes. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100345. [PMID: 33515548 PMCID: PMC7949131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are traditionally known for signaling at the plasma membrane, but they can also signal from endosomes after internalization to control important pathophysiological processes. In spinal neurons, sustained endosomal signaling of the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) mediates nociception, as demonstrated in models of acute and neuropathic pain. An NK1R antagonist, Spantide I (Span), conjugated to cholestanol (Span-Chol), accumulates in endosomes, inhibits endosomal NK1R signaling, and causes prolonged antinociception. However, the extent to which the Chol-anchor influences long-term location and activity is poorly understood. Herein, we used fluorescent correlation spectroscopy and targeted biosensors to characterize Span-Chol over time. The Chol-anchor increased local concentration of probe at the plasma membrane. Over time we observed an increase in NK1R-binding affinity and more potent inhibition of NK1R-mediated calcium signaling. Span-Chol, but not Span, caused a persistent decrease in NK1R recruitment of β-arrestin and receptor internalization to early endosomes. Using targeted biosensors, we mapped the relative inhibition of NK1R signaling as the receptor moved into the cell. Span selectively inhibited cell surface signaling, whereas Span-Chol partitioned into endosomal membranes and blocked endosomal signaling. In a preclinical model of pain, Span-Chol caused prolonged antinociception (>9 h), which is attributable to a three-pronged mechanism of action: increased local concentration at membranes, a prolonged decrease in NK1R endocytosis, and persistent inhibition of signaling from endosomes. Identifying the mechanisms that contribute to the increased preclinical efficacy of lipid-anchored NK1R antagonists is an important step toward understanding how we can effectively target intracellular GPCRs in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quynh N Mai
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Priyank Shenoy
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Quach
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jeffri S Retamal
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arisbel B Gondin
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly R Yeatman
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luigi Aurelio
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joshua W Conner
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel P Poole
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meritxell Canals
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Cameron J Nowell
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Bim Graham
- Medicinal Chemistry Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Thomas P Davis
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen J Briddon
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Stephen J Hill
- Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, The University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham, UK; Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors, Universities of Birmingham and Nottingham, the Midlands, UK
| | - Christopher J H Porter
- Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Nigel W Bunnett
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, New York, USA.
| | - Michelle L Halls
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Nicholas A Veldhuis
- Drug Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Drug Delivery, Disposition and Dynamics Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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57
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Wang W, Arias DS, Deserno M, Ren X, Taylor RE. Emerging applications at the interface of DNA nanotechnology and cellular membranes: Perspectives from biology, engineering, and physics. APL Bioeng 2020; 4:041507. [PMID: 33344875 PMCID: PMC7725538 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA nanotechnology has proven exceptionally apt at probing and manipulating biological environments as it can create nanostructures of almost arbitrary shape that permit countless types of modifications, all while being inherently biocompatible. Emergent areas of particular interest are applications involving cellular membranes, but to fully explore the range of possibilities requires interdisciplinary knowledge of DNA nanotechnology, cell and membrane biology, and biophysics. In this review, we aim for a concise introduction to the intersection of these three fields. After briefly revisiting DNA nanotechnology, as well as the biological and mechanical properties of lipid bilayers and cellular membranes, we summarize strategies to mediate interactions between membranes and DNA nanostructures, with a focus on programmed delivery onto, into, and through lipid membranes. We also highlight emerging applications, including membrane sculpting, multicell self-assembly, spatial arrangement and organization of ligands and proteins, biomechanical sensing, synthetic DNA nanopores, biological imaging, and biomelecular sensing. Many critical but exciting challenges lie ahead, and we outline what strikes us as promising directions when translating DNA nanostructures for future in vitro and in vivo membrane applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weitao Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - D. Sebastian Arias
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Markus Deserno
- Department of Physics, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
| | - Xi Ren
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, USA
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58
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van Deventer S, Arp AB, van Spriel AB. Dynamic Plasma Membrane Organization: A Complex Symphony. Trends Cell Biol 2020; 31:119-129. [PMID: 33248874 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Membrane protein organization is essential for proper cellular functioning and the result of a dynamic exchange between protein monomers, nanoscale protein clusters, and microscale higher-order structures. This exchange is affected by both lipid bilayer intrinsic factors, such as lipid rafts and tetraspanins, and extrinsic factors, such as cortical actin and galectins. Because membrane organizers act jointly like instruments in a symphony, it is challenging to define the 'key' organizers. Here, we posit, for the first time, definitions of key intrinsic and extrinsic membrane organizers. Tetraspanin nanodomains are key organizers that are often overlooked. We discuss how different key organizers can collaborate, which is important to get a full grasp of plasma membrane biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sjoerd van Deventer
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Abbey B Arp
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Annemiek B van Spriel
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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59
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New Pieces in the Puzzle of uPAR Role in Cell Migration Mechanisms. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122531. [PMID: 33255171 PMCID: PMC7761155 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The urokinase (uPA) receptor (uPAR) plays a key role in cell migration. We previously showed that uPAR-negative HEK-293 cells efficiently migrate toward serum but, after uPAR ectopic expression, migrate only in a uPAR-dependent manner. In fact, migration of uPAR-transfected HEK-293 (uPAR-293) cells is impaired by anti-uPAR antibodies, without recovery of the uPAR-independent migration mechanisms formerly active. Prostate carcinoma PC3 cells, which express high endogenous uPAR levels, migrated only through a uPAR-dependent mechanism; in fact, the silencing of uPAR expression inhibited their migration. We hypothesize a crucial role of the uPAR glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol (GPI) tail, which promotes uPAR partitioning to lipid rafts, in uPAR-controlled cell migration. Here, we show that removal of the uPAR GPI-tail, or lipid rafts disruption by methyl-beta-cyclodextrin impairs migration of PC3 cells, incapable of uPAR-independent migration, whereas it restores uPAR-independent migration in uPAR-293 cells. We then show that, in PC3 cells, both uPAR signaling partners, β1 integrins and receptors for formylated peptides (FPRs), partly associate with lipid rafts. Inhibition of their interaction with uPAR impairs this association and impairs cell migration. Interestingly, blocking uPAR association with FPRs also impairs β1 integrin partitioning to lipid rafts, whereas blocking its association with β1 integrins has no effect on FPRs partitioning. On these bases, we propose that uPAR controls cell migration by connecting β1 integrins and FPRs and, through its GPI tail, by driving them into lipid rafts, thus promoting pro-migratory signals. uPAR-mediated partitioning of integrins to lipid rafts is strictly dependent on uPAR association with FPRs.
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60
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Wang HY, Bharti D, Levental I. Membrane Heterogeneity Beyond the Plasma Membrane. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:580814. [PMID: 33330457 PMCID: PMC7710808 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.580814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The structure and organization of cellular membranes have received intense interest, particularly in investigations of the raft hypothesis. The vast majority of these investigations have focused on the plasma membrane of mammalian cells, yielding significant progress in understanding membrane heterogeneity in terms of lipid composition, molecular structure, dynamic regulation, and functional relevance. In contrast, investigations on lipid organization in other membrane systems have been comparatively scarce, despite the likely relevance of membrane domains in these contexts. In this review, we summarize recent observations on lipid organization in organellar membranes, including endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endo-lysosomes, lipid droplets, and secreted membranes like lung surfactant, milk fat globule membranes, and viral membranes. Across these non-plasma membrane systems, it seems that the biophysical principles underlying lipid self-organization contribute to lateral domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Yin Wang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Deepti Bharti
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biological Physics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
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61
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Preferential Protein Partitioning in Biological Membrane with Coexisting Liquid Ordered and Liquid Disordered Phase Behavior: Underlying Design Principles. J Membr Biol 2020; 253:551-562. [PMID: 33170308 DOI: 10.1007/s00232-020-00150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Several studies now show that certain proteins exhibit selective preference toward liquid ordered (L[Formula: see text]) or toward liquid disordered (L[Formula: see text]) regions of the heterogeneous membrane and some of them have preference for the L[Formula: see text]-L[Formula: see text] interface. Spatially heterogenous organization of lipids, enriched in specific protein molecules, function as platforms for signaling and are involved in several other physiologically critical functions. In this review, we collate together some of the experimental observations of cases where proteins preferentially segregate into different phases and highlight the importance of these preferential localization in terms of underlying functions. We also try to understand the structural features and chemical makeup of the membrane-interacting motifs of these proteins. Finally, we put forth some preliminary analysis on class I viral fusion proteins, some of which are known to partition at the L[Formula: see text]-L[Formula: see text] interface, and through them we try to understand the evolutionary design principles of phase segregating proteins. Put together, this review summarizes the existing studies on preferential partitioning of proteins into different membrane phases while emphasizing the need to understand the molecular design-level features that can help us "engineer" functionally rich peptides and proteins with a programmed membrane partitioning.
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62
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Modulation and dynamics of cell membrane heterogeneities. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 233:105006. [PMID: 33144069 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.105006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies provide evidence that the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane contains lateral nanodomains, and that these are functionally important regulators of transmembrane cell signaling. Depending on their chemical composition and the biophysical mechanism bringing the lipids together, multiple types of nanodomains exist in the inner and the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane bilayer. In intact cells, these domains are smaller than the optical resolution limit of light microscopy and also highly dynamic. Recently, advanced fluorescence methods have provided data to characterize many biophysical and thermodynamic aspects of these nanodomains. In this review, we summarize the physicochemical determinants of nanodomain formation, stability and extent. Then, we detail how these nanodomains play a structural role by anchoring nucleation sites for the membrane cytoskeleton on the lipid bilayer. Further, we review the existing literature on mechanisms that modulate the nanodomain size and stability, both acute and chronic events. We conclude that regulation of the nanodomains distribution in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is important for modulation of transmembrane signaling. However, only very few modulators of nanodomain stability and size have been quantified in cells, suggesting interesting directions for future studies.
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63
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Kinnun JJ, Bolmatov D, Lavrentovich MO, Katsaras J. Lateral heterogeneity and domain formation in cellular membranes. Chem Phys Lipids 2020; 232:104976. [PMID: 32946808 PMCID: PMC7491465 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2020.104976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As early as the development of the fluid mosaic model for cellular membranes, researchers began observing the telltale signs of lateral heterogeneity. Over the decades this has led to the development of the lipid raft hypothesis and the ensuing controversy that has unfolded, as a result. Here, we review the physical concepts behind domain formation in lipid membranes, both of their structural and dynamic origins. This, then leads into a discussion of coarse-grained, phenomenological approaches that describe the wide range of phases associated with lipid lateral heterogeneity. We use these physical concepts to describe the interaction between raft-lipid species, such as long-chain saturated lipids, sphingomyelin, and cholesterol, and non-raft forming lipids, such as those with short acyl chains or unsaturated fatty acids. While debate has persisted on the biological relevance of lipid domains, recent research, described here, continues to identify biological roles for rafts and new experimental approaches have revealed the existence of lipid domains in living systems. Given the recent progress on both the biological and structural aspects of raft formation, the research area of membrane lateral heterogeneity will not only expand, but will continue to produce exciting results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Kinnun
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States.
| | - Dima Bolmatov
- Large Scale Structures Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States; Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
| | - Maxim O Lavrentovich
- Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States.
| | - John Katsaras
- Shull-Wollan Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, United States; Sample Environment Group, Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, United States.
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64
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Li Z, Cai S, Sun Y, Li L, Ding S, Wang X. When STING Meets Viruses: Sensing, Trafficking and Response. Front Immunol 2020; 11:2064. [PMID: 33133062 PMCID: PMC7550420 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.02064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To effectively defend against microbial pathogens, the host cells mount antiviral innate immune responses by producing interferons (IFNs), and hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). Upon recognition of cytoplasmic viral or bacterial DNAs and abnormal endogenous DNAs, the DNA sensor cGAS synthesizes 2',3'-cGAMP that induces STING (stimulator of interferon genes) undergoing conformational changes, cellular trafficking, and the activation of downstream factors. Therefore, STING plays a pivotal role in preventing microbial pathogen infection by sensing DNAs during pathogen invasion. This review is dedicated to the recent advances in the dynamic regulations of STING activation, intracellular trafficking, and post-translational modifications (PTMs) by the host and microbial proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohe Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Siqi Cai
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Yutong Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Li Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Siyuan Ding
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs of Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China.,Center for Innovation Marine Drug Screening and Evaluation, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
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65
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Ingólfsson HI, Bhatia H, Zeppelin T, Bennett WFD, Carpenter KA, Hsu PC, Dharuman G, Bremer PT, Schiøtt B, Lightstone FC, Carpenter TS. Capturing Biologically Complex Tissue-Specific Membranes at Different Levels of Compositional Complexity. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7819-7829. [PMID: 32790367 PMCID: PMC7553384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Plasma membranes
(PMs) contain hundreds of different lipid species
that contribute differently to overall bilayer properties. By modulation
of these properties, membrane protein function can be affected. Furthermore,
inhomogeneous lipid mixing and domains of lipid enrichment/depletion
can sort proteins and provide optimal local environments. Recent coarse-grained
(CG) Martini molecular dynamics efforts have provided glimpses into
lipid organization of different PMs: an “Average” and
a “Brain” PM. Their high complexity and large size require
long simulations (∼80 μs) for proper sampling. Thus,
these simulations are computationally taxing. This level of complexity
is beyond the possibilities of all-atom simulations, raising the question—what
complexity is needed for “realistic” bilayer properties?
We constructed CG Martini PM models of varying complexity (63 down
to 8 different lipids). Lipid tail saturations and headgroup combinations
were kept as consistent as possible for the “tissues’”
(Average/Brain) at three levels of compositional complexity. For each
system, we analyzed membrane properties to evaluate which features
can be retained at lower complexity and validate eight-component bilayers
that can act as reliable mimetics for Average or Brain PMs. Systems
of reduced complexity deliver a more robust and malleable tool for
computational membrane studies and allow for equivalent all-atom simulations
and experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helgi I Ingólfsson
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Harsh Bhatia
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Talia Zeppelin
- Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - W F Drew Bennett
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Kristy A Carpenter
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Pin-Chia Hsu
- Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gautham Dharuman
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Peer-Timo Bremer
- Center for Applied Scientific Computing, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States.,Center for Extreme Data Management Analysis and Visualization (CEDMAV) Institute, University of Utah, 72 South Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Birgit Schiøtt
- Department of Chemistry and the Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Felice C Lightstone
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Timothy S Carpenter
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
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66
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Yurtsever D, Lorent JH. Structural Modifications Controlling Membrane Raft Partitioning and Curvature in Human and Viral Proteins. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7574-7585. [PMID: 32813532 PMCID: PMC7476027 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Membrane
proteins and lipids have the capacity to associate into
lateral domains in cell membranes through mutual or collective interactions.
Lipid rafts are functional lateral domains that are formed through
collective interactions of certain lipids and which can include or
exclude proteins. These domains have been implicated in cell signaling
and protein trafficking and seem to be of importance for virus–host
interactions. We therefore want to investigate if raft and viral membrane
proteins present similar structural features, and how these features
are distributed throughout viruses. For this purpose, we performed
a bioinformatics analysis of raft and viral membrane proteins from
available online databases and compared them to nonraft proteins.
In general, transmembrane proteins of rafts and viruses had higher
proportions of palmitoyl and phosphoryl residues compared to nonraft
proteins. They differed in terms of transmembrane domain length and
thickness, with viral proteins being generally shorter and having
a smaller accessible surface area per residue. Nontransmembrane raft
proteins had increased amounts of palmitoyl, prenyl, and phosphoryl
moieties while their viral counterparts were largely myristoylated
and phosphorylated. Several of these structural determinants such
as phosphorylation are new to the raft field and are extensively discussed
in terms of raft functionality and phase separation. Surprisingly,
the proportion of palmitoylated viral transmembrane proteins was inversely
correlated to the virus size which indicated the implication of palmitoylation
in virus membrane curvature and possibly budding. The current results
provide new insights into the raft–virus interplay and unveil
possible targets for antiviral compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yurtsever
- Theoretical Biology and Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Helmuth Lorent
- Membrane Biochemistry & Biophysics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Department of Chemistry, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, NL-3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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67
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Shahid M, Kim M, Jin P, Zhou B, Wang Y, Yang W, You S, Kim J. S-Palmitoylation as a Functional Regulator of Proteins Associated with Cisplatin Resistance in Bladder Cancer. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2490-2505. [PMID: 32792852 PMCID: PMC7415425 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.45640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein S-palmitoylation is a powerful post-translational modification that regulates protein trafficking, localization, turnover, and signal transduction. Palmitoylation controls several important cellular processes, and, if dysregulated, can lead to cancer, cardiovascular disease, and neurological disorders. The role of protein palmitoylation in mediating resistance to systemic cisplatin-based chemotherapies in cancer is currently unknown. This is of particular interest because cisplatin is currently the gold standard of treatment for bladder cancer (BC), and there are no feasible options after resistance is acquired. Using unbiased global proteomic profiling of purified S-palmitoylated peptides combined with intensive bioinformatics analyses, we identified 506 candidate palmitoylated proteins significantly enriched in cisplatin-resistant BC cells. One of these proteins included PD-L1, which is highly palmitoylated in resistant cells. Pharmacological inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) suppressed PD-L1 palmitoylation and expression, which suggests the potential use of FASN-PD-L1-targeted therapeutic strategies in BC patients. Taken together, these results highlight the role of protein palmitoylation in mediating BC chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shahid
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Minhyung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Bo Zhou
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Yang Wang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Yang
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Sungyong You
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jayoung Kim
- Departments of Surgery and Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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68
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Castello-Serrano I, Lorent JH, Ippolito R, Levental KR, Levental I. Myelin-Associated MAL and PLP Are Unusual among Multipass Transmembrane Proteins in Preferring Ordered Membrane Domains. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:5930-5939. [PMID: 32436385 PMCID: PMC7792449 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c03028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Eukaryotic membranes can be partitioned into lipid-driven membrane microdomains called lipid rafts, which function to sort lipids and proteins in the plane of the membrane. As protein selectivity underlies all functions of lipid rafts, there has been significant interest in understanding the structural and molecular determinants of raft affinity. Such determinants have been described for lipids and single-spanning transmembrane proteins; however, how multipass transmembrane proteins (TMPs) partition between ordered and disordered phases has not been widely explored. Here we used cell-derived giant plasma membrane vesicles (GPMVs) to systematically measure multipass TMP partitioning to ordered membrane domains. Across a set of 24 structurally and functionally diverse multipass TMPs, the large majority (92%) had minimal raft affinity. The only exceptions were two myelin-associated four-pass TMPs, myelin and lymphocyte protein (MAL), and proteo lipid protein (PLP). We characterized the potential mechanisms for their exceptional raft affinity and observed that PLP requires cholesterol and sphingolipids for optimal association with ordered membrane domains and that PLP and MAL appear to compete for cholesterol-mediated raft affinity. These observations suggest broad conclusions about the composition of ordered membrane domains in cells and point to previously unrecognized drivers of raft affinity for multipass transmembrane proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Castello-Serrano
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Joseph H Lorent
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Rossana Ippolito
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kandice R Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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69
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Kiyoshi C, Tedeschi A. Axon growth and synaptic function: A balancing act for axonal regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in CNS trauma and disease. Dev Neurobiol 2020; 80:277-301. [PMID: 32902152 PMCID: PMC7754183 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Axons in the adult mammalian central nervous system (CNS) fail to regenerate inside out due to intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants. During CNS development, axon growth, synapse formation, and function are tightly regulated processes allowing immature neurons to effectively grow an axon, navigate toward target areas, form synaptic contacts and become part of information processing networks that control behavior in adulthood. Not only immature neurons are able to precisely control the expression of a plethora of genes necessary for axon extension and pathfinding, synapse formation and function, but also non-neuronal cells such as astrocytes and microglia actively participate in sculpting the nervous system through refinement, consolidation, and elimination of synaptic contacts. Recent evidence indicates that a balancing act between axon regeneration and synaptic function may be crucial for rebuilding functional neuronal circuits after CNS trauma and disease in adulthood. Here, we review the role of classical and new intrinsic and extrinsic neuronal determinants in the context of CNS development, injury, and disease. Moreover, we discuss strategies targeting neuronal and non-neuronal cell behaviors, either alone or in combination, to promote axon regeneration and neuronal circuit formation in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Kiyoshi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Andrea Tedeschi
- Department of Neuroscience, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Discovery Theme on Chronic Brain Injury, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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70
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Albanesi JP, Barylko B, DeMartino GN, Jameson DM. Palmitoylated Proteins in Dendritic Spine Remodeling. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2020; 12:22. [PMID: 32655390 PMCID: PMC7325885 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2020.00022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activity-responsive changes in the actin cytoskeleton are required for the biogenesis, motility, and remodeling of dendritic spines. These changes are governed by proteins that regulate the polymerization, depolymerization, bundling, and branching of actin filaments. Thus, processes that have been extensively characterized in the context of non-neuronal cell shape change and migration are also critical for learning and memory. In this review article, we highlight actin regulatory proteins that associate, at least transiently, with the dendritic plasma membrane. All of these proteins have been shown, either in directed studies or in high-throughput screens, to undergo palmitoylation, a potentially reversible, and stimulus-dependent cysteine modification. Palmitoylation increases the affinity of peripheral proteins for the membrane bilayer and contributes to their subcellular localization and recruitment to cholesterol-rich membrane microdomains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph P. Albanesi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Barbara Barylko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - George N. DeMartino
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - David M. Jameson
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, United States
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71
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Miller YI, Navia-Pelaez JM, Corr M, Yaksh TL. Lipid rafts in glial cells: role in neuroinflammation and pain processing. J Lipid Res 2020; 61:655-666. [PMID: 31862695 PMCID: PMC7193960 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.tr119000468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of microglia and astrocytes secondary to inflammatory processes contributes to the development and perpetuation of pain with a neuropathic phenotype. This pain state presents as a chronic debilitating condition and affects a large population of patients with conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and diabetes, or after surgery, trauma, or chemotherapy. Here, we review the regulation of lipid rafts in glial cells and the role they play as a key component of neuroinflammatory sensitization of central pain signaling pathways. In this context, we introduce the concept of an inflammaraft (i-raft), enlarged lipid rafts harboring activated receptors and adaptor molecules and serving as an organizing platform to initiate inflammatory signaling and the cellular response. Characteristics of the inflammaraft include increased relative abundance of lipid rafts in inflammatory cells, increased content of cholesterol per raft, and increased levels of inflammatory receptors, such as toll-like receptor (TLR)4, adaptor molecules, ion channels, and enzymes in lipid rafts. This inflammaraft motif serves an important role in the membrane assembly of protein complexes, for example, TLR4 dimerization. Operating within this framework, we demonstrate the involvement of inflammatory receptors, redox molecules, and ion channels in the inflammaraft formation and the regulation of cholesterol and sphingolipid metabolism in the inflammaraft maintenance and disruption. Strategies for targeting inflammarafts, without affecting the integrity of lipid rafts in noninflammatory cells, may lead to developing novel therapies for neuropathic pain states and other neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yury I Miller
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA. mailto:
| | | | - Maripat Corr
- Departments of MedicineUniversity of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
| | - Tony L Yaksh
- Anesthesiology,University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA
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72
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Takahara M, Kamiya N. Synthetic Strategies for Artificial Lipidation of Functional Proteins. Chemistry 2020; 26:4645-4655. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mari Takahara
- Department of Materials Science & Chemical EngineeringNational Institute of TechnologyKitakyushu College 5-20-1 Shii Kokuraminamiku Kitakyushu 802-0985 Japan
| | - Noriho Kamiya
- Department of Applied ChemistryGraduate School of Engineering 744 Motooka Nishiku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
- Division of Biotechnology, Center for Future ChemistryKyushu University 744 Motooka Nishiku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
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73
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Skryabin GO, Komelkov AV, Savelyeva EE, Tchevkina EM. Lipid Rafts in Exosome Biogenesis. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2020; 85:177-191. [PMID: 32093594 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297920020054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes (secreted extracellular vesicles formed in the intracellular vesicular transport system) play a crucial role in distant cell-cell communication. Exosomes transfer active forms of various biomolecules; the molecular composition of the exosomal cargo is a result of targeted selection and depends on the type of producer cells. The mechanisms underlying exosome formation and cargo selection are poorly understood. It is believed that there are several pathways for exosome biogenesis, although the questions about their independence and simultaneous coexistence in the cell still remain open. The least studied topic is the recently discovered mechanism of exosome formation associated with lipid rafts, or membrane lipid microdomains. Here, we present modern concepts and basic hypotheses on the mechanisms of exosome biogenesis and secretion and summarize current data on the involvement of lipid rafts and their constituent molecules in these processes. Special attention is paid to the analysis of possible role in the exosome formation of raft-forming proteins of the SPFH family, components of planar rafts, and caveolin, the main component of caveolae.
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Skryabin
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - A V Komelkov
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia.
| | - E E Savelyeva
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
| | - E M Tchevkina
- Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, 115478, Russia
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74
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Pinigin KV, Kondrashov OV, Jiménez-Munguía I, Alexandrova VV, Batishchev OV, Galimzyanov TR, Akimov SA. Elastic deformations mediate interaction of the raft boundary with membrane inclusions leading to their effective lateral sorting. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4087. [PMID: 32139760 PMCID: PMC7058020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61110-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquid-ordered lipid domains represent a lateral inhomogeneity in cellular membranes. These domains have elastic and physicochemical properties different from those of the surrounding membrane. In particular, their thickness exceeds that of the disordered membrane. Thus, elastic deformations arise at the domain boundary in order to compensate for the thickness mismatch. In equilibrium, the deformations lead to an incomplete register of monolayer ordered domains: the elastic energy is minimal if domains in opposing monolayers lie on the top of each other, and their boundaries are laterally shifted by about 3 nm. This configuration introduces a region, composed of one ordered and one disordered monolayers, with an intermediate bilayer thickness. Besides, a jump in a local monolayer curvature takes place in this intermediate region, concentrating here most of the elastic stress. This region can participate in a lateral sorting of membrane inclusions by offering them an optimal bilayer thickness and local curvature conditions. In the present study, we consider the sorting of deformable lipid inclusions, undeformable peripheral and deeply incorporated peptide inclusions, and undeformable transmembrane inclusions of different molecular geometry. With rare exceptions, all types of inclusions have an affinity to the ordered domain boundary as compared to the bulk phases. The optimal lateral distribution of inclusions allows relaxing the elastic stress at the boundary of domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin V Pinigin
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Oleg V Kondrashov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Irene Jiménez-Munguía
- National University of Science and Technology "MISiS", 4 Leninskiy prospect, Moscow, 119049, Russia
| | | | - Oleg V Batishchev
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Timur R Galimzyanov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia
| | - Sergey A Akimov
- A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31/4 Leninskiy prospekt, Moscow, 119071, Russia.
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75
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Gök C, Fuller W. Regulation of NCX1 by palmitoylation. Cell Calcium 2020; 86:102158. [PMID: 31935590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2019.102158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Palmitoylation (S-acylation) is the reversible conjugation of a fatty acid (usually C16 palmitate) to intracellular cysteine residues of proteins via a thioester linkage. Palmitoylation anchors intracellular regions of proteins to membranes because the palmitoylated cysteine is recruited to the lipid bilayer. NCX1 is palmitoylated at a single cysteine in its large regulatory intracellular loop. The presence of an amphipathic α-helix immediately adjacent to the NCX1 palmitoylation site is required for NCX1 palmitoylation. The NCX1 palmitoylation site is conserved through most metazoan phlya. Although palmitoylation does not regulate the normal forward or reverse ion transport modes of NCX1, NCX1 palmitoylation is required for its inactivation: sodium-dependent inactivation and inactivation by PIP2 depletion are significantly impaired for unpalmitoylatable NCX1. Here we review the role of palmitoylation in regulating NCX1 activity, and highlight future questions that must be addressed to fully understand the importance of this regulatory mechanism for sodium and calcium transport in cardiac muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Gök
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - William Fuller
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, UK. https://twitter.com@FullerLabGlas
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76
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Karouzaki S, Peta C, Tsirimonaki E, Mangoura D. PKCε-dependent H-Ras activation encompasses the recruitment of the RasGEF SOS1 and of the RasGAP neurofibromin in the lipid rafts of embryonic neurons. Neurochem Int 2019; 131:104582. [PMID: 31629778 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial organization of plasma membrane proteins is a key factor in the generation of distinct signal outputs, especially for PKC/Ras/ERK signalling. Regulation of activation of the membrane-bound Ras, critical for neuronal differentiation and highly specialized functions, is controlled by exchanges in nucleotides catalyzed by nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) for GTP loading and Ras activation, and by Ras GTPase Activated Proteins (RasGAPs) that lead to activation of the intrinsic GTPase activity of Ras and thus its inactivation. PKCs are potent Ras activators yet the mechanistic details of these interactions, or the involvement of specific PKC isoforms are now beginning to be addressed. Even less known is the topology where RasGAPs terminate Ras activation. Towards this aim, we isolated lipid rafts from chick embryo neural tissue and primary neuronal cultures when PKCε is the prominent isoform and in combination with in vitro kinase assays, we now show that, in response the PKCε-specific activating peptide ψεRACK, an activated PKCε is recruited to lipid rafts; similar mobility was established when PKCε was physiologically activated with the Cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) agonist methanandamide. Activation of H-Ras for both agents was then established for the first time using in vivo RasGAP activity assays, which showed similar temporal profiles of activation and lateral mobility. Moreover, we found that the GEF SOS1, and the major neuronal RasGAP neurofibromin, a specific PKCε substrate, were both transiently significantly enriched in the rafts. Finally, our in silico analysis revealed a highly probable, conserved palmitoylation site adjacent to a CARC motif on neurofibromin, both of which are included only in the RasGAP related domain type I (GRDI) with the known high H-RasGAP activity. Taken together, these results suggest that PKCε activation regulates the spatial plasma membrane enrichments of both SOS1 and neurofibromin, thus controlling the output of activated H-Ras available for downstream signalling in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Karouzaki
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Charoula Peta
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Emmanouella Tsirimonaki
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou, Athens, 11527, Greece
| | - Dimitra Mangoura
- Basic Research Center, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou, Athens, 11527, Greece.
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77
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Xiong X, Lee CF, Li W, Yu J, Zhu L, Kim Y, Zhang H, Sun H. Acid Sphingomyelinase regulates the localization and trafficking of palmitoylated proteins. Biol Open 2019; 8:bio.040311. [PMID: 31142470 PMCID: PMC6826292 DOI: 10.1242/bio.040311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In human, loss of acid sphingomyelinase (ASM/SMPD1) causes Niemann–Pick disease, type A. ASM hydrolyzes sphingomyelins to produce ceramides but protein targets of ASM remain largely unclear. Our mass spectrometry-based proteomic analyses have identified >100 proteins associated with the ASM-dependent, detergent-resistant membrane microdomains (lipid rafts), with >60% of these proteins being palmitoylated, including SNAP23, Src-family kinases Yes and Lyn, and Ras and Rab family small GTPases. Inactivation of ASM abolished the presence of these proteins in the plasma membrane, with many of them trapped in the Golgi. While palmitoylation inhibitors and palmitoylation mutants phenocopied the effects of ASM inactivation, we demonstrated that ASM is required for the transport of palmitoylated proteins, such as SNAP23 and Lyn, from the Golgi to the plasma membrane without affecting palmitoylation directly. Importantly, ASM delivered extracellularly can regulate the trafficking of SNAP23 from the Golgi to the plasma membrane. Our studies suggest that ASM, acting at the plasma membrane to produce ceramides, regulates the localization and trafficking of the palmitoylated proteins. Summary: Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) regulates palmitoylated protein trafficking and localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiahui Xiong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Chia-Fang Lee
- Protea Biosciences, 1311 Pineview drive, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Wenjing Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Jiekai Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Linyu Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Yongsoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
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78
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Rajagopal N, Nangia S. Obtaining Protein Association Energy Landscape for Integral Membrane Proteins. J Chem Theory Comput 2019; 15:6444-6455. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.9b00626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandhini Rajagopal
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 343 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Shikha Nangia
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, 343 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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79
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Gangliosides interact with synaptotagmin to form the high-affinity receptor complex for botulinum neurotoxin B. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:18098-18108. [PMID: 31431523 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1908051116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Botulinum neurotoxin type B (BoNT/B) recognizes nerve terminals by binding to 2 receptor components: a polysialoganglioside, predominantly GT1b, and synaptotagmin 1/2. It is widely thought that BoNT/B initially binds to GT1b then diffuses in the plane of the membrane to interact with synaptotagmin. We have addressed the hypothesis that a GT1b-synaptotagmin cis complex forms the BoNT/B receptor. We identified a consensus glycosphingolipid-binding motif in the extracellular juxtamembrane domain of synaptotagmins 1/2 and confirmed by Langmuir monolayer, surface plasmon resonance, and circular dichroism that GT1b interacts with synaptotagmin peptides containing this sequence, inducing α-helical structure. Molecular modeling and tryptophan fluorescence spectroscopy were consistent with the intertwining of GT1b and synaptotagmin, involving cis interactions between the oligosaccharide and ceramide moieties of GT1b and the juxtamembrane and transmembrane domains of synaptotagmin, respectively. Furthermore, a point mutation on synaptotagmin, located outside of the BoNT/B-binding segment, inhibited GT1b binding and blocked GT1b-induced potentiation of BoNT/B binding to synaptotagmin-expressing cells. Our findings are consistent with a model in which a preassembled GT1b-synaptotagmin complex constitutes the high-affinity BoNT/B receptor.
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80
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Proteomic Analysis of Lipid Rafts from RBL-2H3 Mast Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20163904. [PMID: 31405203 PMCID: PMC6720779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20163904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid rafts are highly ordered membrane microdomains enriched in cholesterol, glycosphingolipids, and certain proteins. They are involved in the regulation of cellular processes in diverse cell types, including mast cells (MCs). The MC lipid raft protein composition was assessed using qualitative mass spectrometric characterization of the proteome from detergent-resistant membrane fractions from RBL-2H3 MCs. Using two different post-isolation treatment methods, a total of 949 lipid raft associated proteins were identified. The majority of these MC lipid raft proteins had already been described in the RaftProtV2 database and are among highest cited/experimentally validated lipid raft proteins. Additionally, more than half of the identified proteins had lipid modifications and/or transmembrane domains. Classification of identified proteins into functional categories showed that the proteins were associated with cellular membrane compartments, and with some biological and molecular functions, such as regulation, localization, binding, catalytic activity, and response to stimulus. Furthermore, functional enrichment analysis demonstrated an intimate involvement of identified proteins with various aspects of MC biological processes, especially those related to regulated secretion, organization/stabilization of macromolecules complexes, and signal transduction. This study represents the first comprehensive proteomic profile of MC lipid rafts and provides additional information to elucidate immunoregulatory functions coordinated by raft proteins in MCs.
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81
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Mesa-Herrera F, Taoro-González L, Valdés-Baizabal C, Diaz M, Marín R. Lipid and Lipid Raft Alteration in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases: A Window for the Development of New Biomarkers. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3810. [PMID: 31382686 PMCID: PMC6696273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/1970] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipids in the brain are major components playing structural functions as well as physiological roles in nerve cells, such as neural communication, neurogenesis, synaptic transmission, signal transduction, membrane compartmentalization, and regulation of gene expression. Determination of brain lipid composition may provide not only essential information about normal brain functioning, but also about changes with aging and diseases. Indeed, deregulations of specific lipid classes and lipid homeostasis have been demonstrated in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). Furthermore, recent studies have shown that membrane microdomains, named lipid rafts, may change their composition in correlation with neuronal impairment. Lipid rafts are key factors for signaling processes for cellular responses. Lipid alteration in these signaling platforms may correlate with abnormal protein distribution and aggregation, toxic cell signaling, and other neuropathological events related with these diseases. This review highlights the manner lipid changes in lipid rafts may participate in the modulation of neuropathological events related to AD and PD. Understanding and characterizing these changes may contribute to the development of novel and specific diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in routinely clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fátima Mesa-Herrera
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
| | - Lucas Taoro-González
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Catalina Valdés-Baizabal
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain
| | - Raquel Marín
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Section of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
- Associate Research Unit ULL-CSIC "Membrane Physiology and Biophysics in Neurodegenerative and Cancer Diseases", University of La Laguna, Sta. Cruz de Tenerife 38200, Spain.
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82
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Hayashi F, Saito N, Tanimoto Y, Okada K, Morigaki K, Seno K, Maekawa S. Raftophilic rhodopsin-clusters offer stochastic platforms for G protein signalling in retinal discs. Commun Biol 2019; 2:209. [PMID: 31240247 PMCID: PMC6570657 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhodopsin is a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) that initiates the phototransduction cascade in retinal disc membrane. Recent studies have suggested that rhodopsin forms highly ordered rows of dimers responsible for single-photon detection by rod photoreceptors. Dimerization is also known to confer to rhodopsin a high affinity for ordered lipids (raftophilicity). However, the role of rhodopsin organization and its raftophilicity in phototransduction remains obscure, owing to the lack of direct observation of rhodopsin dynamics and distribution in native discs. Here, we explore the single-molecule and semi-multimolecule behaviour of rhodopsin in native discs. Rhodopsin forms transient meso-scale clusters, even in darkness, which are loosely confined to the disc centre. Cognate G protein transducin co-distributes with rhodopsin, and exhibits lateral translocation to the disc periphery upon activation. We demonstrate that rhodopsin offers inherently distributed and stochastic platforms for G protein signalling by self-organizing raftophilic clusters, which continually repeat generation/extinction in the disc membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumio Hayashi
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Natsumi Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Yasushi Tanimoto
- Research Centre for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Keisuke Okada
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Kenichi Morigaki
- Research Centre for Environmental Genomics, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
| | - Keiji Seno
- Faculty of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192 Japan
- International Mass Imaging Centre, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, 431-3192 Japan
| | - Shohei Maekawa
- Graduate School of Science, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501 Japan
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83
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Lin X, Gorfe AA, Levental I. Protein Partitioning into Ordered Membrane Domains: Insights from Simulations. Biophys J 2019; 114:1936-1944. [PMID: 29694870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular membranes are laterally organized into domains of distinct structures and compositions by the differential interaction affinities between various membrane lipids and proteins. A prominent example of such structures are lipid rafts, which are ordered, tightly packed domains that have been widely implicated in cellular processes. The functionality of raft domains is driven by their selective recruitment of specific membrane proteins to regulate their interactions and functions; however, there have been few general insights into the factors that determine the partitioning of membrane proteins between coexisting liquid domains. In this work, we used extensive coarse-grained and atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, potential of mean force calculations, and conceptual models to describe the partitioning dynamics and energetics of a model transmembrane domain from the linker of activation of T cells. We find that partitioning between domains is determined by an interplay between protein-lipid interactions and differential lipid packing between raft and nonraft domains. Specifically, we show that partitioning into ordered domains is promoted by preferential interactions between peptides and ordered lipids, mediated in large part by modification of the peptides by saturated fatty acids (i.e., palmitoylation). Ordered phase affinity is also promoted by elastic effects, specifically hydrophobic matching between the membrane and the peptide. Conversely, ordered domain partitioning is disfavored by the tight molecular packing of the lipids therein. The balance of these dominant drivers determines partitioning. In the case of the wild-type linker of activation of T cells transmembrane domain, these factors combine to yield enrichment of the peptide at Lo/Ld interfaces. These results define some of the general principles governing protein partitioning between coexisting membrane domains and potentially explain previous disparities among experiments and simulations across model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xubo Lin
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas; School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
| | - Ilya Levental
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas.
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84
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Barylko B, Chen YJ, Hennen J, Angert I, Chen Y, Mueller JD, Sun HQ, Taylor CA, Liou J, Yin H, Albanesi JP. Myristoylation-Dependent Palmitoylation of the Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Adaptor FRS2α. Biochemistry 2019; 58:2809-2813. [PMID: 31184863 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
An early step in signaling from activated receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) is the recruitment of cytosolic adaptor proteins to autophosphorylated tyrosines in the receptor cytoplasmic domains. Fibroblast growth factor receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α) associates via its phosphotyrosine-binding domain (PTB) to FGF receptors (FGFRs). Upon FGFR activation, FRS2α undergoes phosphorylation on multiple tyrosines, triggering recruitment of the adaptor Grb2 and the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2, resulting in stimulation of PI3K/AKT and MAPK signaling pathways. FRS2α also undergoes N-myristoylation, which was shown to be important for its localization to membranes and its ability to stimulate downstream signaling events (Kouhara et al., 1997). Here we show that FRS2α is also palmitoylated in cells and that cysteines 4 and 5 account for the entire modification. We further show that mutation of those two cysteines interferes with FRS2α localization to the plasma membrane (PM), and we quantify this observation using fluorescence fluctuation spectroscopy approaches. Importantly, prevention of myristoylation by introduction of a G2A mutation also abrogates palmitoylation, raising the possibility that signaling defects previously ascribed to the G2A mutant may actually be due to a failure of that mutant to undergo palmitoylation. Our results demonstrate that FRS2α undergoes coupled myristoylation and palmitoylation. Unlike stable cotranslational modifications, such as myristoylation and prenylation, palmitoylation is reversible due to the relative lability of the thioester linkage. Therefore, palmitoylation may provide a mechanism, in addition to phosphorylation, for dynamic regulation of FRS2 and its downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jared Hennen
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Isaac Angert
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Yan Chen
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
| | - Joachim D Mueller
- School of Physics and Astronomy , University of Minnesota , Minneapolis , Minnesota 55455 , United States
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85
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Dimova R. Giant Vesicles and Their Use in Assays for Assessing Membrane Phase State, Curvature, Mechanics, and Electrical Properties. Annu Rev Biophys 2019; 48:93-119. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biophys-052118-115342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles represent a promising and extremely useful model biomembrane system for systematic measurements of mechanical, thermodynamic, electrical, and rheological properties of lipid bilayers as a function of membrane composition, surrounding media, and temperature. The most important advantage of giant vesicles over other model membrane systems is that the membrane responses to external factors such as ions, (macro)molecules, hydrodynamic flows, or electromagnetic fields can be directly observed under the microscope. Here, we briefly review approaches for giant vesicle preparation and describe several assays used for deducing the membrane phase state and measuring a number of material properties, with further emphasis on membrane reshaping and curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rumiana Dimova
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Science Park Golm, 14424 Potsdam, Germany
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86
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Hansen AL, Mukai K, Schopfer FJ, Taguchi T, Holm CK. STING palmitoylation as a therapeutic target. Cell Mol Immunol 2019; 16:236-241. [PMID: 30796349 PMCID: PMC6460494 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutations in the STING-encoding gene TMEM173 are central to the pathology of the autoinflammatory disorder STING-associated vasculopathy with onset in infancy (SAVI). Furthermore, excessive activity of the STING signaling pathway is associated with autoinflammatory diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus and Aicardi–Goutières syndrome (AGS). Two independent studies recently identified pharmacological inhibitors of STING. Strikingly, both types of compounds are reactive nitro-containing electrophiles that target STING palmitoylation, a posttranslational modification necessary for STING signaling. As a consequence, the activation of downstream signaling molecules and the induction of type I interferons were inhibited. The compounds were effective at ameliorating inflammation in a mouse model of AGS and in blocking the production of type I interferons in primary fibroblasts from SAVI patients. This mini-review focuses on the roles of palmitoylation in STING activation and signaling and as a pharmaceutical target for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kojiro Mukai
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Francisco J Schopfer
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Tomohiko Taguchi
- Laboratory of Organelle Pathophysiology, Department of Integrative Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8578, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Christian K Holm
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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87
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Kinnun JJ, Bittman R, Shaikh SR, Wassall SR. DHA Modifies the Size and Composition of Raftlike Domains: A Solid-State 2H NMR Study. Biophys J 2019; 114:380-391. [PMID: 29401435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Docosahexaenoic acid is an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid that relieves the symptoms of a wide variety of chronic inflammatory disorders. The structural mechanism is not yet completely understood. Our focus here is on the plasma membrane as a site of action. We examined the molecular organization of [2H31]-N-palmitoylsphingomyelin (PSM-d31) mixed with 1-palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatylcholine (PDPC) or 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoylphosphatidylcholine (POPC), as a monounsaturated control, and cholesterol (chol) (1:1:1 mol) in a model membrane by solid-state 2H NMR. The spectra were analyzed in terms of segregation into ordered SM-rich/chol-rich (raftlike) and disordered PC-rich/chol-poor (nonraft) domains that are nanoscale in size. An increase in the size of domains is revealed when POPC was replaced by PDPC. Spectra that are single-component, attributed to fast exchange between domains (<45 nm), for PSM-d31 mixed with POPC and chol become two-component, attributed to slow exchange between domains (r > 30 nm), for PSM-d31 mixed with PDPC and chol. The resolution of separate signals from PSM-d31, and correspondingly from [3α-2H1]cholesterol (chol-d1) and 1-[2H31]palmitoyl-2-docosahexaenoylphosphatidylcholine (PDPC-d31), in raftlike and nonraft domains enabled us to determine the composition of the domains in the PDPC-containing membrane. Most of the lipid (28% SM, 29% chol, and 23% PDPC with respect to total lipid at 30°C) was found in the raftlike domain. Despite substantial infiltration of PDPC into raftlike domains, there appears to be minimal effect on the order of SM, implying the existence of internal structure that limits contact between SM and PDPC. Our results suggest a significant refinement to the model by which DHA regulates the architecture of ordered, sphingolipid-chol-enriched domains (rafts) in membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Kinnun
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Robert Bittman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College of CUNY, Flushing, New York
| | - Saame Raza Shaikh
- Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health and School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Stephen R Wassall
- Department of Physics, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana.
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88
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Kim T, Lei L, Seong J, Suh J, Jang Y, Jung SH, Sun J, Kim D, Wang Y. Matrix Rigidity-Dependent Regulation of Ca 2+ at Plasma Membrane Microdomains by FAK Visualized by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1801290. [PMID: 30828523 PMCID: PMC6382294 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201801290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic regulation of signal transduction at plasma membrane microdomains remains poorly understood due to limitations in current experimental approaches. Genetically encoded biosensors based on fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) can provide high spatiotemporal resolution for imaging cell signaling networks. Here, distinctive regulation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and Ca2+ signals are visualized at different membrane microdomains by FRET using membrane-targeting biosensors. It is shown that rigidity-dependent FAK and Ca2+ signals in human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are selectively activated at detergent-resistant membrane (DRM or rafts) microdomains during the cell-matrix adhesion process, with minimal activities at non-DRM domains. The rigidity-dependent Ca2+ signal at the DRM microdomains is downregulated by either FAK inhibition or lipid raft disruption, suggesting that FAK and lipid raft integrity mediate the in situ Ca2+ activation. It is further revealed that transient receptor potential subfamily M7 (TRPM7) participates in the mobilization of Ca2+ signals within DRM regions. Thus, the findings provide insights into the underlying mechanisms that regulate Ca2+ and FAK signals in hMSCs under different mechanical microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae‐Jin Kim
- Neuroscience Program and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
- Department of Biological SciencesIntegrated Biological Scienceand Institute of Systems BiologyPusan National UniversityPusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Lei Lei
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
| | - Jihye Seong
- Neuroscience Program and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Convergence Research Center for Diagnosis Treatment Care of DementiaKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Seoul02792Republic of Korea
| | - Jung‐Soo Suh
- Department of Integrated Biological SciencePusan National UniversityPusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon‐Kwan Jang
- Department of Integrated Biological SciencePusan National UniversityPusan46241Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Jung
- Natural Products Research CenterKorea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST)Gangneung25451Republic of Korea
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Cell Biology and Bone Marrow Transplantation Center of the First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310058China
- Institute of HematologyZhejiang University and Zhejiang Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and ImmunotherapyHangzhou310058China
| | - Deok‐Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering and Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative MedicineUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195USA
| | - Yingxiao Wang
- Neuroscience Program and the Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and TechnologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
- Department of BioengineeringInstitute of Engineering in MedicineUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCA92093USA
- Department of BioengineeringUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignUrbanaIL61801USA
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89
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Cheng
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Biophysics Graduate Program, Translational Data Analytics Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jeremy C. Smith
- UT/ORNL Center for Molecular Biophysics, Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6309, United States
- Department of Biochemistry and Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
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90
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Petri J, Syed MH, Rey S, Klämbt C. Non-Cell-Autonomous Function of the GPI-Anchored Protein Undicht during Septate Junction Assembly. Cell Rep 2019; 26:1641-1653.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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91
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Mallikarjunaiah KJ, Kinnun JJ, Petrache HI, Brown MF. Flexible lipid nanomaterials studied by NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18422-18457. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06179c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Advances in solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy inform the emergence of material properties from atomistic-level interactions in membrane lipid nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. J. Mallikarjunaiah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Physics
| | - Jacob J. Kinnun
- Department of Physics
- Indiana University-Purdue University
- Indianapolis
- USA
| | - Horia I. Petrache
- Department of Physics
- Indiana University-Purdue University
- Indianapolis
- USA
| | - Michael F. Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Arizona
- Tucson
- USA
- Department of Physics
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92
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Abstract
Palmitoylation or S-acylation is the posttranslational attachment of fatty acids to cysteine residues and is common among integral and peripheral membrane proteins. Palmitoylated proteins have been found in every eukaryotic cell type examined (yeast, insect, and vertebrate cells), as well as in viruses grown in these cells. The exact functions of protein palmitoylation are not well understood. Intrinsically hydrophilic proteins, especially signaling molecules, are anchored by long-chain fatty acids to the cytoplasmic face of the plasma membrane. Palmitoylation may also promote targeting to membrane subdomains enriched in glycosphingolipids and cholesterol or affect protein-protein interactions.This chapter describes (1) a standard protocol for metabolic labeling of palmitoylated proteins and also the procedures to prove a covalent and ester-type linkage of the fatty acids, (2) a simple method to analyze the fatty acid content of S-acylated proteins, (3) two methods to analyze dynamic palmitoylation for a given protein, and (4) protocols to study cell-free palmitoylation of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larisa Kordyukova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Ludwig Krabben
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marina Serebryakova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Veit
- Freie Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Zentrum für Infektionsmedizin, Institut für Virologie, Berlin, Germany.
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93
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Goins L, Spassieva S. Sphingoid bases and their involvement in neurodegenerative diseases. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 70:65-73. [PMID: 30377075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sphingoid bases (also known as long-chain bases) form the backbone of sphingolipids. Sphingolipids comprise a large group of lipid molecules, which function as the building blocks of biological membranes and play important signaling and regulatory roles within cells. The roles of sphingoid bases in neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration have yet to be fully elucidated, as they are complex and multi-faceted. This comprises a new frontier of research that may provide us with important clues regarding their involvement in neurological health and disease. This paper explores various neurological diseases and conditions which result when the metabolism of sphingoid bases and some of their derivatives, such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and psychosine, becomes compromised due to the inhibition or mutation of key enzymes. Dysregulation of sphingoid base metabolism very often manifests with neurological symptoms, as sphingolipids are highly enriched in the nervous system, where they play important signaling and regulatory roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Goins
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Stefka Spassieva
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
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94
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Rout AK, Wu X, Starich MR, Strub MP, Hammer JA, Tjandra N. The Structure of Melanoregulin Reveals a Role for Cholesterol Recognition in the Protein's Ability to Promote Dynein Function. Structure 2018; 26:1373-1383.e4. [PMID: 30174147 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Melanoregulin (Mreg) is a small, highly charged, multiply palmitoylated protein present on the membrane of melanosomes. Mreg is implicated in the transfer of melanosomes from melanocytes to keratinocytes, and in promoting the microtubule minus end-directed transport of these organelles. The possible molecular function of Mreg was identified by solving its structure using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Mreg contains six α helices forming a fishhook-like fold in which positive and negative charges occupy opposite sides of the protein's surface and sandwich a putative, cholesterol recognition sequence (CRAC motif). Mreg containing a point mutation within its CRAC motif still targets to late endosomes/lysosomes, but no longer promotes their microtubule minus end-directed transport. Moreover, wild-type Mreg does not promote the microtubule minus end-directed transport of late endosomes/lysosomes in cells transiently depleted of cholesterol. Finally, reversing the charge of three clustered acidic residues partially inhibits Mreg's ability to drive these organelles to microtubule minus ends.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok K Rout
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Xufeng Wu
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mary R Starich
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marie-Paule Strub
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John A Hammer
- Cell Biology and Physiology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Nico Tjandra
- Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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95
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Truong D, Boddy KC, Canadien V, Brabant D, Fairn GD, D'Costa VM, Coyaud E, Raught B, Pérez-Sala D, Park WS, Heo WD, Grinstein S, Brumell JH. Salmonella
exploits host Rho GTPase signalling pathways through the phosphatase activity of SopB. Cell Microbiol 2018; 20:e12938. [DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothy Truong
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Kirsten C. Boddy
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Danielle Brabant
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
| | - Gregory D. Fairn
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
| | | | - Etienne Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Brian Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre; University Health Network; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Medical Biophysics; University of Toronto; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Dolores Pérez-Sala
- Department of Structural and Chemical Biology; Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Madrid Spain
| | - Wei Sun Park
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Won Do Heo
- Department of Biological Sciences; Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST); Daejeon Republic of Korea
- Center for Cognition and Sociality; Institute of Basic Science (IBS); Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science; St. Michael's Hospital; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Biochemistry; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
| | - John H. Brumell
- Cell Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Institute of Medical Science; University of Toronto; Toronto ON Canada
- Sickkids IBD Centre; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto ON Canada
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96
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Abstract
Drug transporter proteins are critical to the distribution of a wide range of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics such as hormones, bile acids, peptides, lipids, sugars, and drugs. There are two classes of drug transporters- the solute carrier (SLC) transporters and ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters -which predominantly differ in the energy source utilized to transport substrates across a membrane barrier. Despite their hydrophobic nature and residence in the membrane bilayer, drug transporters have dynamic structures and adopt many conformations during the translocation process. Whereas there is significant literature evidence for the substrate specificity and structure-function relationship for clinically relevant drug transporters proteins, there is less of an understanding in the regulatory mechanisms that contribute to the functional expression of these proteins. Post-translational modifications have been shown to modulate drug transporter functional expression via a wide range of molecular mechanisms. These modifications commonly occur through the addition of a functional group (e.g. phosphorylation), a small protein (e.g. ubiquitination), sugar chains (e.g. glycosylation), or lipids (e.g. palmitoylation) on solvent accessible amino acid residues. These covalent additions often occur as a result of a signaling cascade and may be reversible depending on the type of modification and the intended fate of the signaling event. Here, we review the significant role in which post-translational modifications contribute to the dynamic regulation and functional consequences of SLC and ABC drug transporters and highlight recent progress in understanding their roles in transporter structure, function, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay C Czuba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | | | - Peter W Swaan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Maryland, 20 Penn Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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97
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Corradi V, Mendez-Villuendas E, Ingólfsson HI, Gu RX, Siuda I, Melo MN, Moussatova A, DeGagné LJ, Sejdiu BI, Singh G, Wassenaar TA, Delgado Magnero K, Marrink SJ, Tieleman DP. Lipid-Protein Interactions Are Unique Fingerprints for Membrane Proteins. ACS CENTRAL SCIENCE 2018; 4:709-717. [PMID: 29974066 PMCID: PMC6028153 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.8b00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Cell membranes contain hundreds of different proteins and lipids in an asymmetric arrangement. Our current understanding of the detailed organization of cell membranes remains rather elusive, because of the challenge to study fluctuating nanoscale assemblies of lipids and proteins with the required spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we use molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the lipid environment of 10 different membrane proteins. To provide a realistic lipid environment, the proteins are embedded in a model plasma membrane, where more than 60 lipid species are represented, asymmetrically distributed between the leaflets. The simulations detail how each protein modulates its local lipid environment in a unique way, through enrichment or depletion of specific lipid components, resulting in thickness and curvature gradients. Our results provide a molecular glimpse of the complexity of lipid-protein interactions, with potentially far-reaching implications for our understanding of the overall organization of real cell membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Corradi
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Eduardo Mendez-Villuendas
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Helgi I. Ingólfsson
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ruo-Xu Gu
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Iwona Siuda
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Manuel N. Melo
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anastassiia Moussatova
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Lucien J. DeGagné
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Besian I. Sejdiu
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Gurpreet Singh
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tsjerk A. Wassenaar
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Karelia Delgado Magnero
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Siewert J. Marrink
- Groningen
Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute and Zernike Institute
for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - D. Peter Tieleman
- Centre
for Molecular Simulation and Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive NW, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada
- E-mail:
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98
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Raghunathan K, Kenworthy AK. Dynamic pattern generation in cell membranes: Current insights into membrane organization. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2018-2031. [PMID: 29752898 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It has been two decades since the lipid raft hypothesis was first presented. Even today, whether these nanoscale cholesterol-rich domains are present in cell membranes is not completely resolved. However, especially in the last few years, a rich body of literature has demonstrated both the presence and the importance of non-random distribution of biomolecules on the membrane, which is the focus of this review. These new developments have pushed the experimental limits of detection and have brought us closer to observing lipid domains in the plasma membrane of live cells. Characterization of biomolecules associated with lipid rafts has revealed a deep connection between biological regulation and function and membrane compositional heterogeneities. Finally, tantalizing new developments in the field have demonstrated that lipid domains might not just be associated with the plasma membrane of eukaryotes but could potentially be a ubiquitous membrane-organizing principle in several other biological systems. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Emergence of Complex Behavior in Biomembranes edited by Marjorie Longo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnan Raghunathan
- Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, PA 15224, USA.
| | - Anne K Kenworthy
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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99
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Marin R, Diaz M. Estrogen Interactions With Lipid Rafts Related to Neuroprotection. Impact of Brain Ageing and Menopause. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:128. [PMID: 29559883 PMCID: PMC5845729 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens (E2) exert a plethora of neuroprotective actions against aged-associated brain diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Part of these actions takes place through binding to estrogen receptors (ER) embedded in signalosomes, where numerous signaling proteins are clustered. Signalosomes are preferentially located in lipid rafts which are dynamic membrane microstructures characterized by a peculiar lipid composition enriched in gangliosides, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, and sphingolipids. Rapid E2 interactions with ER-related signalosomes appear to trigger intracellular signaling ultimately leading to the activation of molecular mechanisms against AD. We have previously observed that the reduction of E2 blood levels occurring during menopause induced disruption of ER-signalosomes at frontal cortical brain areas. These molecular changes may reduce neuronal protection activities, as similar ER signalosome derangements were observed in AD brains. The molecular impairments may be associated with changes in the lipid composition of lipid rafts observed in neurons during menopause and AD. These evidences indicate that the changes in lipid raft structure during aging may be at the basis of alterations in the activity of ER and other neuroprotective proteins integrated in these membrane microstructures. Moreover, E2 is a homeostatic modulator of lipid rafts. Recent work has pointed to this relevant aspect of E2 activity to preserve brain integrity, through mechanisms affecting lipid uptake and local biosynthesis in the brain. Some evidences have demonstrated that estrogens and the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) exert synergistic effects to stabilize brain lipid matrix. DHA is essential to enhance molecular fluidity at the plasma membrane, promoting functional macromolecular interactions in signaling platforms. In support of this, DHA detriment in neuronal lipid rafts has been associated with the most common age-associated neuropathologies, namely AD and Parkinson disease. Altogether, these findings indicate that E2 may participate in brain preservation through a dual membrane-related mechanism. On the one hand, E2 interacting with ER related signalosomes may protect against neurotoxic insults. On the other hand, E2 may exert lipostatic actions to preserve lipid balance in neuronal membrane microdomains. The different aspects of the emerging multifunctional role of estrogens in membrane-related signalosomes will be discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Marin
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.,Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Mario Diaz
- Fisiología y Biofísica de la Membrana Celular en Patologías Neurodegenerativas y Tumorales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Unidad Asociada de Investigación, Universidad de La Laguna Tenerife, Tenerife, Spain.,Laboratory of Membrane Physiology and Biophysics, Department of Animal Biology, Edaphology and Geology, University of La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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100
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Gianfrancesco MA, Paquot N, Piette J, Legrand-Poels S. Lipid bilayer stress in obesity-linked inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 153:168-183. [PMID: 29462590 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The maintenance of the characteristic lipid compositions and physicochemical properties of biological membranes is essential for their proper function. Mechanisms allowing to sense and restore membrane homeostasis have been identified in prokaryotes for a long time and more recently in eukaryotes. A membrane remodeling can result from aberrant metabolism as seen in obesity. In this review, we describe how such lipid bilayer stress can account for the modulation of membrane proteins involved in the pathogenesis of obesity-linked inflammatory and metabolic disorders. We address the case of the Toll-like receptor 4 that is implicated in the obesity-related low grade inflammation and insulin resistance. The lipid raft-mediated TLR4 activation is promoted by an enrichment of the plasma membrane with saturated lipids or cholesterol increasing the lipid phase order. We discuss of the plasma membrane Na, K-ATPase that illustrates a new concept according to which direct interactions between specific residues and particular lipids determine both stability and activity of the pump in parallel with indirect effects of the lipid bilayer. The closely related sarco(endo)-plasmic Ca-ATPase embedded in the more fluid ER membrane seems to be more sensitive to a lipid bilayer stress as demonstrated by its inactivation in cholesterol-loaded macrophages or its inhibition mediated by an increased PtdCho/PtdEtn ratio in obese mice hepatocytes. Finally, we describe the model recently proposed for the activation of the conserved IRE-1 protein through alterations in the ER membrane lipid packing and thickness. Such IRE-1 activation could occur in response to abnormal lipid synthesis and membrane remodeling as observed in hepatocytes exposed to excess nutrients. Since the IRE-1/XBP1 branch also stimulates the lipid synthesis, this pathway could create a vicious cycle "lipogenesis-ER lipid bilayer stress-lipogenesis" amplifying hepatic ER pathology and the obesity-linked systemic metabolic defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco A Gianfrancesco
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Paquot
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Division of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Disorders, Department of Medicine, University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Jacques Piette
- Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Legrand-Poels
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism and Nutrition, GIGA-I3, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Laboratory of Virology and Immunology, GIGA-Molecular Biology of Diseases, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium.
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